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SBU 3023
TOPIC 3
OBSERVING PATTERNS AND
INHERITED TRAITS
CONTENT
Mendels insight into inheritance patterns
Mendels theory of segregation
Independent assortment
More patterns
Complex variations
Genes and environment.
MEIOSIS
Meiosis consists of two segregation: I and II.
First segregation - homologous chromosomes segregate.
Second segregation - sister chromatids segregate.
Occurs during gamete formation.
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stigma
anther
ovary
a. Flower structure
Figure 1 (continued..)
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P generation
P gametes
F1 generation
All plants are tall.
TT
tt
Tt
Punnett square
Shows all possible combinations of egg and sperm
offspring may inherit
When F1 allowed to self-pollinate, F2 were 3/4 tall and
1/4 short
F1 had passed on shortness.
Mendel reasoned 3:1 ratio only possible if:
F1 parents contained 2 separate copies of each
heritable factor (1 dominant and 1 recessive).
Factors separate when gametes form and each
gamete carries only 1 copy of each factor.
Random fusion of all possible gametes occurred at
fertilization.
Figure 2 (Continued)
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eggs
F1 gametes
TT
Tt
Tt
tt
F2 generation
sperm
offspring
F2 Phenotypic Ratio
3 tall : 1 short
Key:
T = tall plant
t = short plant
One-trait testcross
To see if the F1 carries a recessive factor, Mendel
crossed his F1 generation tall plants with truebreeding, short plants.
He reasoned that half the offspring would be tall
and half would be short.
His hypothesis that factors segregate when
gametes are formed was supported..
Testcross
Used to determine whether or not an individual
with the dominant trait has two dominant factors
for a particular trait
One-trait testcross
If a parent with the dominant phenotype has only
one dominant factor, the results among the
offspring are 1:1.
If a parent with the dominant phenotype has two
dominant factors, all offspring have the dominant
phenotype.
Parents
Parents
Possible
genotypes
Tt
tt
Tt
tt
Phenotypes
Phenotypic Ratio
a.
TT
Possible
genotype
tt
Tt
Phenotype
1 tall : 1 short
sister
chromatids
alleles of a
gene at a
gene locus
b. Duplicated chromosomes
show that sister chromatids
have identical alleles.
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Allele A
Allele B
Allele C
Two-trait inheritance
Mendel crossed tall plants with green pods (TTGG)
with short plants with yellow pods (ttgg).
F1 plants showed both dominant characteristics
tall and green pods
2 possible results for F2
If the dominant factors always go into gametes
together, F2 will have only 2 phenotypes.
Tall plants (TT) with green pods (GG)
Short plants (tt) with yellow pods (gg)
If four factors segregate into gametes
independently, 4 phenotypes would result.
P generation
P gametes
F1 generation
All plants are tall
with green pods.
TTGG
ttgg
TG
tg
TtGg
Figure 5 (continued)
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eggs
F1 gametes
TG
Tg
tG
tg
TTGG
TTGg
TtGG
TtGg
TTGg
TTgg
TtGg
Ttgg
TtGG
TtGg
ttGG
ttGg
TtGg
Ttgg
ttGg
ttgg
TG
F2 generation
sperm
Tg
tG
tg
offspring
F2 Phenotypic Ratio
9 tall plant, green pod
3 tall plant, yellow pod
3 short plant, green pod
1 short plant, yellow pod
Key:
T = tall plant
t = short plant
G = green pod
g = yellow pod
Two-trait testcross
Fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster
Used in genetics research
Wild-type fly has long wings and gray body.
Some mutants have vestigial wings and ebony
bodies.
L=long, l=short, G= gray, g=ebony
Cant determine genotype of long-winged graybodies fly (L_G_)
Cross with short-winged ebony-bodied fly (llgg)
P generation
LlGg
llgg
eggs
lg
LG
LlGg
Lg
F1 generation
sperm
Llgg
lG
llGg
lg
llgg
offspring
F1 Phenotypic Ratio
1
1
1
1
Key:
L = long wings
l = short wings
G = gray body
g = black body
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Key:
W = widows peak
w = straight hairline
E = unattached earlobes
e = attached earlobes
E
one
pair
one
pair
w
e
either
or
Meiosis I
E
W w
w W
Homologues can
align either way
during metaphase I.
Meiosis II
W
EW
w
ew
Ew
W
eW
1. Incomplete dominance
Heterozygote has
intermediate
phenotype.
Four-oclock flowers
Red, pink and white
NOT blending
inheritance pink
flowers can have red,
white or pink
offspring.
Human wavy hair is
intermediate between
curly and straight hair.
Figure 9: Incomplete
dominance in four-oclocks
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required for reproduction or display.
C RC R
CRCW
CWCW
2. Multiple-allele traits
Parents
IBi
IAi
eggs
i
IB
IAlB
IBi
IAi
ii
sperm
IA
offspring
Phenotypic Ratio
1 :1 :1 :1
Key:
Blood type A
Blood type B
Blood type AB
Blood type O
Polygenic inheritance
Trait is governed by 2 or more sets of alleles.
Each dominant allele has a quantitative effect
on phenotype and effects are additive.
Result in continuous variation bell-shaped
curve
Multi-factorial traits polygenic traits subject
to environmental effects
Cleft lip, diabetes, schizophrenia, allergies,
cancer
Due to combined action of many genes plus
environmental influences
Number of Men
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most
are
this
height
few
62
short
64
few
66
68
70
Height in Inches
72
74
tall
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Pleiotropy
Single genes have more than one effect.
Marfan syndrome is due to production of abnormal
connective tissue.
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Skeleton
Mitral valve
prolapse
Enlargement
of aorta
Eyes
Lungs
Skin
Lens dislocation
Severe nearsightedness
Collapsed lungs*
Aneurysm
Aortic wall tear*
SEX-LINKED INHERITANCE
Females are XX.
All eggs contain 1 X.
Males are XY.
Sperm contain either an X or a Y.
Y carries SRY gene determines maleness.
X is much larger and carries more genes.
X-linked gene on X chromosome
44 autosomes
+ XX
44 autosomes
+ XY
egg
22 + X
sperm
22 + X
44 + XX
22 + X
44 + XY
Ryan McVay/Getty RF
X-linked alleles
Fruit flies have same sex chromosome pattern as
humans.
When red-eyed female mated white mutant whiteeyed male, all offspring were red-eyed.
In the F2, the 3:1 ratio was found but all of the
white-eyed flies were males.
Y chromosome does not carry alleles for X-linked
traits.
Males always receive X from female parent, Y from
male parent.
Carrier female who carries an X-linked trait but
does not express it.
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P generation
XRXR
XrY
P gametes
Xr
XR
F1 generation
XRY
XRXr
eggs
F1 gametes
XR
Xr
XRXR
XRXr
XRY
XrY
F2 generation
sperm
XR
offspring
F2 Phenotypic Ratio
females: all red-eyed
males: 1 red-eyed
1
white-eyed
Key:
XR = red eyes
Xr = white eyes
sister
chromatids
G g
G g
G G g g
R r
R r
R R r r
tetrad
alleles
are linked
resulting
daughter
chromosomes
Figure 16 (continued)
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nonsister
chromatids
G g
Gg G g
R r
RR r r
linked alleles
sometimes cross-over
resulting
tetrad
daughter
chromosomes
b. Crossing-over results in recombination of alleles
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P generation
Offspring
GgRr
ggrr
Predicted
Observed
25%
47%
25%
47%
25%
3%
25%
3%
GgRr
ggrr
Ggrr
ggRr
F1 Phenotypic Ratio
1
1
1
1
Key:
G = gray body
g = black body
R = red eyes
r = purple eyes
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black
body
purple
eyes
6 map units
vestigial
wings