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Problem1.25
PartA
Whatistheconversionfactorbetweenkm/handm/s?
ANSWER:
2.78101(m/s)/(km/h)
7.72105(m/s)/(km/h)
1.30104(m/s)/(km/h)
3.60(m/s)/(km/h)
16.7(m/s)/(km/h)
Correct
ConvertingbetweenDifferentUnits
Unitconversionproblemscanseemtediousandunnecessaryattimes.However,differentsystemsofunitsareusedin
differentpartsoftheworld,sowhendealingwithinternationaltransactions,documents,software,etc.,unitconversionsare
oftennecessary.
Hereisasimpleexample.Theinhabitantsofasmallislandbeginexportingbeautifulclothmadefromarareplantthat
growsonlyontheirisland.Seeinghowpopularthesmallquantitythattheyexporthasbeen,theysteadilyraisetheirprices.
AclothingmakerfromNewYork,thinkingthathecansavemoneyby"cuttingoutthemiddleman,"decidestotraveltothe
smallislandandbuytheclothhimself.Ignorantofthelocalcustomofofferingstrangersoutrageouspricesandthen
negotiatingdown,theclothingmakeraccepts(muchtoeveryone'ssurpise)theinitialpriceof400tepizes/m2 .Thepriceof
2
thisclothinNewYorkis120dollars/yard .
PartA
Iftheclothingmakerbought500m2 ofthisfabric,howmuchmoneydidhelose?Use1
0.9144 m = 1 yard .
and
Expressyouranswerindollarsusingtwosignificantfigures.
Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Tofindhowmuchmoneytheclothingmakerloses,youmustfindhowmuchmoneyhespentandhowmuchhe
wouldhavespentinNewYork.Furthermore,sincetheproblemaskshowmuchhelostindollars,youneedto
determinebothindollars.Thiswillrequireunitconversions.
Hint2.Findhowmuchhepaid
2
Expressyouranswerindollarstothreesignificantfigures.
Hint1.Findhowmuchhepaidintepizes
2
ANSWER:
1.25105 dollars
Hint3.FindthepriceinNewYork
2
YouknowthatthepriceofthefabricinNewYorkis120dollars/yard .Thus,youneedonlytofindthenumber
ofsquareyardsthattheclothingmakerpurchasedandthenmultiplytofindthepriceinNewYork.Whatwouldit
havecosthimtobuythefabricinNewYork?
Expressyouranswerindollarstothreesignificantfigures.
Hint1.Determinehowmuchclothheboughtinyard2
Youaregiventhat0.9144
.Howmuchis500 m2 ?
m = 1 yard
.Squaringbothsides,youwouldgetthat0.8361
= 1 yard
Expressyouranswerinyard2 tothreesignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
598 yard2
ANSWER:
7.18104 dollars
ANSWER:
5.3104 dollars
Correct
Stillthinkthatunitconversionisn'timportant?
Hereisawidelypublicized,truestoryabouthowfailingtoconvertunitsresultedinahugeloss.In1998,theMarsClimate
OrbiterprobecrashedintothesurfaceofMars,insteadofenteringorbit.TheresultinginquiryrevealedthatNASA
navigatorshadbeenmakingminorcoursecorrectionsinSIunits,whereasthesoftwarewrittenbytheprobe'smakers
implicitlyusedBritishunits.IntheUnitedStates,mostscientistsuseSIunits,whereasmostengineersusetheBritish,or
Imperial,systemofunits.(Interestingly,BritishunitsarenotusedinBritain.)Forthesetwogroupstobeableto
communicatetooneanother,unitconversionsarenecessary.
TheunitofforceintheSIsystemisthenewton(N),whichisdefinedintermsofbasicSIunitsas1 N = 1 kg m/s2 .
TheunitofforceintheBritishsystemisthepound(lb),whichisdefinedintermsoftheslug(Britishunitofmass),foot(
2
f t),andsecond(s)as 1 lb = 1 slug f t/s .
PartB
Findthevalueof15.0Ninpounds.Usetheconversions1
and1
slug = 14.59 kg
f t = 0.3048 m
Expressyouranswerinpoundstothreesignificantfigures.
Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Whendoingaunitconversion,youshouldbeginbycomparingtheunitsyouarestartingwithandtheunitsyou
needtofinishwith.Inthisproblem,wehavethefollowing:
Startingunits Finalunits
kgm
2
slugf t
s2
Noticethatbothhavesecondssquaredinthedenominator.Youwillonlyhavetochangetheunitsinthe
numerator.Matchuptheunitsthatmeasurethesamequantity(e.g.,kilogramsandslugsbothmeasuremass).
Onceyou'vedonethis,createafraction(e.g.,1 hour/60 minutes)basedonconversionfactorssuchthatthe
oldunitiscanceledoutoftheexpressionandthenewunitappearsintheposition(i.e.,numeratoror
denominator)oftheoldunit.Inthisproblem,therearetwopairswithinthestartingandfinalunitsthatmustbe
convertedinthisway(i.e.,kilograms/slugsandmeters/feet).
Hint2.Calculatethefirstconversion
Thefirststepistoeliminatekilogramsfromtheexpressionfornewtonsinfavorofslugs.Whatisthevalueof15
2
2
kg m/s in slug m/s ?
Expressyouranswerinslugmeterspersecondsquaredtofoursignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
1.028
ANSWER:
15.0N= 3.37 lb
Correct
Thus,iftheNASAnavigatorsbelievedthattheywereenteringaforcevalueof15N(3.37lb),theywereactually
enteringavaluenearlyfourandahalftimeshigher,15lb.Thoughtheseerrorswereonlyintinycourse
corrections,theyaddedupduringthetripofmanymillionsofkilometers.
Intheend,theblameforthelossofthe125milliondollarprobewasplacedonthelackofcommunicationbetween
peopleatNASAthatallowedtheunitsmismatchtogounnoticed.Nonetheless,thisstorymakesapparenthow
importantitistocarefullylabeltheunitsusedtomeasureanumber.
VideoTutor:PressureinWaterandAlcohol
First,launchthevideobelow.Youwillbeaskedtouseyourknowledgeofphysicstopredicttheoutcomeofanexperiment.
Then,closethevideowindowandanswerthequestionontheright.Youcanwatchthevideoagainatanypoint.
PartA
Rank,fromsmallesttolargest,thepressuresinthetankofmotionlessfluidshowninthefigure.
Torankitemsasequivalent,overlapthem.
Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Recallthatthepressureatanypointinanopencontaineroffluidisduetotheweightoftheoverlyingfluidplus
theweightoftheoverlyingair.
Also,thinkaboutthefactthatthisfluidismotionless.Whatdoesthattellyouaboutthepressureatanytwo
pointsonthesamehorizontallevel,suchaspointsBandC?
ANSWER:
Reset
Smallest
Largest
B
A
Help
D
Thecorrectrankingcannotbedetermined.
Correct
Pressuredependsonverticaldistancefromthefluidsurface.Aswedescenddeeperinthefluid,thepressure
increases.
FluidPressureinaUTube
AUtubeisfilledwithwater,andthetwoarmsarecapped.The
tubeiscylindrical,andtherightarmhastwicetheradiusofthe
leftarm.Thecapshavenegligiblemass,arewatertight,andcan
freelyslideupanddownthetube.
PartA
Aoneinchdepthofsandispouredontothecaponeacharm.Afterthecapshavemoved(ifnecessary)toreestablish
equilibrium,istherightcaphigher,lower,orthesameheightastheleftcap?
Hint1.Pressureatthesurface
Thepressureatthebaseofeacharmdependsonthepressureatthesurfaceofeacharm,nottheweightatthe
surfaceofeacharm.
Hint2.Evaluatetheweightofthesand
Comparetheweightofthesandonthetwocaps.Whichofthefollowingistrue?
ANSWER:
greaterthan
Theweightofthesandontherightcapis
lessthan
theweightofthesandontheleftcap.
equalto
Hint3.Evaluatethepressureappliedbythesand
Nowcomparethepressureexertedbythesandonthetwocaps.Whichofthefollowingistrue?
ANSWER:
greaterthan
Thepressureexertedbythesandontherightcapis
lessthan
equalto
thepressureexertedbythesandontheleftcap.
ANSWER:
higher
lower
thesameheight
Correct
Althoughoneinchofsandontherightcapismuchheavierthanoneinchofsandontheleftcap,thepressures
exertedbythesandarethesameonbothcaps.Sincethepressuresexertedbythesandareequal,thepressures
atthebaseofeacharmduetothewatermustbeequal.Thisrequiresequalheightsofwaterinthetwoarms.
PartB
Thesandisremovedanda1.0kgmassblockisplacedoneachcap.Afterthecapshavemoved(ifnecessary)to
reestablishequilibrium,istherightcaphigher,lower,orthe
sameheightastheleftcap?
Hint1.Evaluatethepressureappliedbythe1.0kgblocks
Comparethepressureexertedonthewaterfromthetwo1kgblocks.Whichofthefollowingistrue?
ANSWER:
greaterthan
Thepressureexertedontherightcapis
lessthan
thepressureexertedontheleftcap.
equalto
ANSWER:
higher
lower
thesameheight
Correct
Althoughthemassesoftheblocksareequal,thepressuresexertedbythemonthecapsarenotequal.Thereisa
greaterpressureontheleftcap,whichresultsinagreaterpressureatthebaseoftheleftarm.Tocompensatefor
thisincreasedpressure,theheightofthewatercolumnintherightarmwillhavetobegreaterthanintheleftarm.
PartC
Ifa1.0kgmassblockisontheleftcap,howmuchtotalmassmustbeplacedontherightcapsothatthecaps
equilibrateatequalheight?
Expressyouranswerinkilograms.
Hint1.Meaningofequalwaterlevels
Equalwaterlevelsinthetwoarmsrequireequalpressuresonthetwocaps.Rememberthatpressureisforce
divdedbyareaandthatareaisproportionaltothesquareoftheradius.
ANSWER:
4.0 kg
Correct
PartD
Thelocationsofthetwocapsatequilibriumarenowasgiveninthisfigure.Thedashedlinerepresentsthelevelofthe
waterintheleftarm.
Whatisthemassofthewaterlocatedintherightarm
betweenthedashedlineandtherightcap?
Expressyouranswerinkilograms.
Hint1.Pressureatthedashedline
Thepressureatthelocationofthedashedlinemustbeequalinthetwoarms.Therefore,thetotalmassabove
thelineintheleftarm,dividedbytheareaoftheleftarm,mustequalthetotalmassabovethelineintheright
arm,dividedbytheareaoftherightarm.
ANSWER:
3.0 kg
Correct
VideoTutor:WeighingWeightsinWater
First,launchthevideobelow.Youwillbeaskedtouseyourknowledgeofphysicstopredicttheoutcomeofanexperiment.
Then,closethevideowindowandanswerthequestionontheright.Youcanwatchthevideoagainatanypoint.
PartA
Supposethatwerepeattheexperimentshowninthevideo,butwereplaceoneofthecylinderswithacylinderthathas
twicetheradius(anduselargercontainersofwater).Iftheheightoftheoriginalcylinderish,howdeeplymustwe
submergethenewcylindertogetthesameweightreductionasinthevideo?
Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Howdoesthereductioninthecylindersweightrelatetotheamountofwaterthecylinderdisplaces?
Howdoesthevolumeofacylinderdependonthecylindersradiusandheight?
ANSWER:
h
1
4
4h
1
2
2h
Correct
Togetthesamereductioninweight,thesamevolumeofcylindermustbesubmerged.Thevolumeofacylinderis
2
V = r h ,soifwedoubletheradius,wemustreducethedepthofimmersionbyafactoroffour.
BuoyantForceConceptualQuestion
ArectangularwoodenblockofweightW floatswithexactlyonehalfofitsvolumebelowthewaterline.
PartA
Whatisthebuoyantforceactingontheblock?
Hint1.Archimedes'principle
Theupwardbuoyantforceonafloating(orsubmerged)objectisequaltotheweightoftheliquiddisplacedby
theobject.
Mathematically,thebuoyantforceFbuoyant onafloating(orsubmerged)objectis
F buoyant = gV
whereisthedensityofthefluid,V isthesubmergedvolumeoftheobject,andgistheaccelerationdueto
gravity.
Hint2.Whathappensatequilibrium
Theblockisinequilibrium,sothenetforceactingonitisequaltozero.
ANSWER:
2W
W
1
2
Thebuoyantforcecannotbedetermined.
Correct
PartB
Thedensityofwateris1.00g/cm3 .Whatisthedensityoftheblock?
Hint1.ApplyingArchimedes'principle
InPartA,youdeterminedthatthebuoyantforce,andhencetheweightofthewaterdisplaced,isequaltothe
weightoftheblock.Notice,however,thatthevolumeofthewaterdisplacedisonehalfofthevolumeofthe
block.
Hint2.Density
ThedensityofamaterialofmassmandvolumeV is
=
m
V
ANSWER:
2.00g/cm3
between1.00and2.00g/cm3
1.00g/cm3
between0.50and1.00g/cm3
0.50g/cm3
Thedensitycannotbedetermined.
Correct
PartC
Massesarestackedontopoftheblockuntilthetopoftheblockislevelwiththewaterline.Thisrequires20gofmass.
Whatisthemassofthewoodenblock?
Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Whenyouaddtheextramassontopoftheblock,thebuoyantforcemustchange.Relatingthemasstothenew
buoyantforcewillallowyoutowriteanequationtosolveform.
Hint2.Findthenewbuoyantforce
Withthe20gmassontheblock,twiceasmuchoftheblockisunderwater.Therefore,whathappenstothe
buoyantforceontheblock?
ANSWER:
Thebuoyantforcedoubles.
Thebuoyantforceishalved.
Thebuoyantforcedoesn'tchange.
Hint3.Systemmass
Beforethe20gmassisplacedontheblock,themassofthesystemisjustthemassoftheblock(m),and
thismassissupportedbythebuoyantforce.Withthe20gmassontop,thetotalmassofthesystemisnow
m + 20 g.
Hint4.Themassequation
TheoriginalbuoyantforcewasequaltotheweightW oftheblock.IfthenewbuoyantforceFb istwicetheold
buoyantforce,then
F b = 2W = 2mg
wheremisthemassoftheblock.
Thenewbuoyantforcemustsupporttheweightoftheblockandthemass,soaccordingtoNewton's2ndlaw
= (
+ 20)
F b = (m + 20)g .
BysettingthesetwoexpressionsforFb equaltoeachother,youcansolveform.
ANSWER:
40g
20g
10g
Correct
PartD
Thewoodenblockisremovedfromthewaterbathandplacedinanunknownliquid.Inthisliquid,onlyonethirdofthe
woodenblockissubmerged.Istheunknownliquidmoreorlessdensethanwater?
ANSWER:
moredense
lessdense
Correct
PartE
Whatisthedensityoftheunknownliquidunknown ?
Expressyouranswernumericallyingramspercubiccentimeter.
Hint1.Comparingdensities
FromPartC,themassoftheblockis20g.Inwater,onehalfoftheblockissubmerged,soonehalfofthe
volumeoftheblocktimesthedensityofthewatermustbeequivalentto20g.Intheunknownsubstance,one
thirdoftheblockissubmerged,soonethirdofthevolumeoftheblocktimesthedensityoftheunknown
substancemustbeequivalentto20g.Youcanusetheseobservationstowriteanequationforthedensityof
theunknownsubstance.
Hint2.Settinguptheequation
ThebuoyantforceontheblockinwaterFb,water isthesameasthebuoyantforceintheunknownliquid
F b,unknown ,
F b,water = F b,unknown
so
water
g(
V
2
) = unknown g(
V
3
),
unknown
= 1.5 g/cm3
Correct
ConcordeinFlight
ThesupersonicaircraftConcordehasalengthof62.5mwhensittingonthegroundonatypicaldaywhenthetemperature
is18.0 C.TheConcordeisprimarilymadeofaluminum.Inflightattwicethespeedofsound,frictionwiththeairwarms
theConcorde'sskinandcausestheaircrafttolengthenby30.0cm.(Thepassengercabinisonrollers,sotheairplane
expandsaroundthepassengercabin.)
Takethecoefficientoflinearexpansionforaluminumtobe=2.40105/ C.
PartA
WhatisthetemperatureT oftheConcorde'sskininflight?
Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Usetheequationforthelinearthermalexpansionofamaterialtocalculatethetemperaturechangeofthe
Concorde'sskinwheninflight,thenusethistofinditsfinaltemperature.
Hint2.Calculatethetemperaturechange
CalculatethetemperaturechangeT oftheConcorde'sskinwheninflight.
Hint1.Equationforlinearthermalexpansion
TheequationforlinearthermalexpansionofanobjectisL
= L 0 T
,where30.0cmisthechange
inthelengthoftheobject,2.40105/ Cisthecoefficientoflinearexpansion,whichdependsonthe
typeofmaterialbeingheatedorcooled,andT isthechangeinthetemperatureoftheobject.
ANSWER:
T
= 200 C
ANSWER:
T
= 218 C
Correct
Problem13.29
Asphericalballoonhasaradiusof7.10mandisfilledwithhelium.
PartA
kg
Howlargeacargocanitlift,assumingthattheskinandstructureoftheballoonhaveamassof950kg?Neglectthe
buoyantforceonthecargovolumeitself.
Expressyouranswerusingtwosignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
m
= 720 kg
Correct
Problem17.76
Aheliumballoon,assumedtobeaperfectsphere,hasaradiusof23.5cm.Atroomtemperature(24 C),itsinternal
pressureis1.16atm.
PartA
Determinethenumberofmolesofheliumintheballoon.
ANSWER:
= 2.59 mol
Correct
PartB
Determinethemassofheliumneededtoinflatetheballoontothesevalues.
ANSWER:
m
= 10.3 g
Correct
CoefficientofVolumeExpansionforWaterConceptualQuestion
Theanomalousexpansioncharacteristicsofliquidwaterarecrucialtomanybiologicalsystems.Ratherthanan
approximatelyconstantvalueforthecoefficientofvolumeexpansion,thevalueforwaterchangesdrastically,asillustrated
inthefigure.
PartA
BelowwhattemperatureT doeswatershrinkwhenheated?
ExpressyouranswernumericallyindegreesCelsius.
Hint1.Coefficientofvolumeexpansion
Thefractionalchangeinvolumeofasubstancewhensubjecttoachangeintemperaturedependsonthe
amountofthetemperaturechangeandthesubstance.Thecoefficientofvolumeexpansionrepresentsthe
fractionalchangeinvolumeperdegreeoftemperaturechange.Alargecoefficientofexpansionmeansthatthe
substanceexpandsbyarelativelylargeamount.
Hint2.Volumeexpansionrelation
Thedependenceofthechangeinvolumeofasubstance(V )ontheinitialvolume(V0 ),thetemperature
change(T ),andthecoefficientofvolumeexpansion()is
V = V0 T
Hint3.Negativecoefficientofvolumeexpansion
Sincetherelationshipforvolumetricexpansionis
V = V0 T
ifislessthanzero,thechangeinvolumewillbenegativewhenthechangeintemperatureispositive.
ANSWER:
T
= 4 C
Correct
PartB
Ifthetemperatureofwaterat30 Cisraisedby1 C,thewaterwillexpand.AtapproximatelywhatinitialtemperatureT
willwaterexpandbytwiceasmuchwhenraisedby1 C?
ExpressyouranswernumericallyindegreesCelsius.
Hint1.Coefficientofvolumeexpansion
Thefractionalchangeinvolumeofasubstancewhensubjecttoachangeintemperaturedependsonthe
amountofthetemperaturechangeandthesubstance.Thecoefficientofvolumeexpansionrepresentsthe
fractionalchangeinvolumeperdegreeoftemperaturechange.Alargecoefficientofexpansionmeansthatthe
substanceexpandsbyarelativelylargeamount.
Hint2.Volumeexpansionrelation
Thedependenceofthechangeinvolumeofasubstance(V )ontheinitialvolume(V0 ),thetemperature
change(T ),andthecoefficientofvolumeexpansion()is
V = V0 T
Hint3.Comparingexpansionrates
Thecoefficientofvolumeexpansionrepresentsthefractionalchangeinvolumeper1 Coftemperaturechange.
Thelargerthecoefficientofexpansion,themorethesubstanceexpands.Specifically,ifthecoefficientistwice
aslarge,thewaterwillexpandtwiceasmuch.
ANSWER:
T
= 70 C
Correct
PartC
Therelativedensityofwaterisdeterminedbytherateatwhichitexpands(andcontracts)withchangesintemperature.
AtapproximatelywhatothertemperatureT doeswaterhavethesamedensityasat1 C?
Hint1.Determinewhenliquidwaterismostdense
Asasubstanceexpands,itbecomeslessdense.Sinceatverylowtemperatureswatershrinkswhenheated,
thismeansitisactuallybecomingdenserasyouraiseitstemperature.Basedonthisidea,atwhattemperature
T isliquidwatermostdense?
ExpressyouranswernumericallyindegreesCelsius.
ANSWER:
T
= 4 C
ANSWER:
T
= 8 C
Correct
Problem17.55
Thelowestpressureattainableusingthebestavailablevacuumtechniquesisabout10 12 N/m2 .
PartA
3
Atsuchapressure,howmanymoleculesaretherepercm3 at4 C?
ANSWER:
= 262
molecules
3
cm
Correct
ScoreSummary:
Yourscoreonthisassignmentis102%.
Youreceived142.57outofapossibletotalof140points.