OA01aBasics,FluidsandThermalPhysics

Due:11:59pmonWednesday,August17,2016
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Problem1.25

PartA
Whatistheconversionfactorbetweenkm/handm/s?
ANSWER:
2.78101(m/s)/(km/h)
7.72105(m/s)/(km/h)
1.30104(m/s)/(km/h)
3.60(m/s)/(km/h)
16.7(m/s)/(km/h)

Correct

ConvertingbetweenDifferentUnits
Unitconversionproblemscanseemtediousandunnecessaryattimes.However,differentsystemsofunitsareusedin
differentpartsoftheworld,sowhendealingwithinternationaltransactions,documents,software,etc.,unitconversionsare
oftennecessary.
Hereisasimpleexample.Theinhabitantsofasmallislandbeginexportingbeautifulclothmadefromarareplantthat
growsonlyontheirisland.Seeinghowpopularthesmallquantitythattheyexporthasbeen,theysteadilyraisetheirprices.
AclothingmakerfromNewYork,thinkingthathecansavemoneyby"cuttingoutthemiddleman,"decidestotraveltothe
smallislandandbuytheclothhimself.Ignorantofthelocalcustomofofferingstrangersoutrageouspricesandthen
negotiatingdown,theclothingmakeraccepts(muchtoeveryone'ssurpise)theinitialpriceof400tepizes/m2 .Thepriceof
2

thisclothinNewYorkis120dollars/yard .

PartA
Iftheclothingmakerbought500m2 ofthisfabric,howmuchmoneydidhelose?Use1
0.9144 m = 1 yard .

tepiz = 0.625 dollar

and

Expressyouranswerindollarsusingtwosignificantfigures.

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Tofindhowmuchmoneytheclothingmakerloses,youmustfindhowmuchmoneyhespentandhowmuchhe
wouldhavespentinNewYork.Furthermore,sincetheproblemaskshowmuchhelostindollars,youneedto
determinebothindollars.Thiswillrequireunitconversions.

Hint2.Findhowmuchhepaid
2

Iftheclothingmakerbought500m2 atacostof400tepizes/m ,thensimplemultiplicationwillgivehow

muchhespentintepizes.Onceyou'vefoundthat,converttodollars.Howmuchdidtheclothingmakerspendin
dollars?

Expressyouranswerindollarstothreesignificantfigures.

Hint1.Findhowmuchhepaidintepizes
2

Iftheclothingmakerbought500m2 atacostof400tepizes/m ,thenhowmuchdidhepayintotal,in

tepizes?
Expressyouranswerintepizes.
ANSWER:
2.00105 tepizes

ANSWER:
1.25105 dollars

Hint3.FindthepriceinNewYork
2

YouknowthatthepriceofthefabricinNewYorkis120dollars/yard .Thus,youneedonlytofindthenumber
ofsquareyardsthattheclothingmakerpurchasedandthenmultiplytofindthepriceinNewYork.Whatwouldit
havecosthimtobuythefabricinNewYork?
Expressyouranswerindollarstothreesignificantfigures.

Hint1.Determinehowmuchclothheboughtinyard2
Youaregiventhat0.9144
.Howmuchis500 m2 ?

m = 1 yard

.Squaringbothsides,youwouldgetthat0.8361

= 1 yard

Expressyouranswerinyard2 tothreesignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
598 yard2

ANSWER:
7.18104 dollars

ANSWER:
5.3104 dollars

Correct

Stillthinkthatunitconversionisn'timportant?
Hereisawidelypublicized,truestoryabouthowfailingtoconvertunitsresultedinahugeloss.In1998,theMarsClimate
OrbiterprobecrashedintothesurfaceofMars,insteadofenteringorbit.TheresultinginquiryrevealedthatNASA
navigatorshadbeenmakingminorcoursecorrectionsinSIunits,whereasthesoftwarewrittenbytheprobe'smakers

implicitlyusedBritishunits.IntheUnitedStates,mostscientistsuseSIunits,whereasmostengineersusetheBritish,or
Imperial,systemofunits.(Interestingly,BritishunitsarenotusedinBritain.)Forthesetwogroupstobeableto
communicatetooneanother,unitconversionsarenecessary.
TheunitofforceintheSIsystemisthenewton(N),whichisdefinedintermsofbasicSIunitsas1 N = 1 kg m/s2 .
TheunitofforceintheBritishsystemisthepound(lb),whichisdefinedintermsoftheslug(Britishunitofmass),foot(
2
f t),andsecond(s)as 1 lb = 1 slug f t/s .

PartB
Findthevalueof15.0Ninpounds.Usetheconversions1

and1

slug = 14.59 kg

f t = 0.3048 m

Expressyouranswerinpoundstothreesignificantfigures.

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Whendoingaunitconversion,youshouldbeginbycomparingtheunitsyouarestartingwithandtheunitsyou
needtofinishwith.Inthisproblem,wehavethefollowing:
Startingunits Finalunits
kgm
2

slugf t
s2

Noticethatbothhavesecondssquaredinthedenominator.Youwillonlyhavetochangetheunitsinthe
numerator.Matchuptheunitsthatmeasurethesamequantity(e.g.,kilogramsandslugsbothmeasuremass).
Onceyou'vedonethis,createafraction(e.g.,1 hour/60 minutes)basedonconversionfactorssuchthatthe
oldunitiscanceledoutoftheexpressionandthenewunitappearsintheposition(i.e.,numeratoror
denominator)oftheoldunit.Inthisproblem,therearetwopairswithinthestartingandfinalunitsthatmustbe
convertedinthisway(i.e.,kilograms/slugsandmeters/feet).

Hint2.Calculatethefirstconversion
Thefirststepistoeliminatekilogramsfromtheexpressionfornewtonsinfavorofslugs.Whatisthevalueof15
2
2
kg m/s in slug m/s ?
Expressyouranswerinslugmeterspersecondsquaredtofoursignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
1.028

ANSWER:
15.0N= 3.37 lb

Correct
Thus,iftheNASAnavigatorsbelievedthattheywereenteringaforcevalueof15N(3.37lb),theywereactually
enteringavaluenearlyfourandahalftimeshigher,15lb.Thoughtheseerrorswereonlyintinycourse
corrections,theyaddedupduringthetripofmanymillionsofkilometers.
Intheend,theblameforthelossofthe125milliondollarprobewasplacedonthelackofcommunicationbetween
peopleatNASAthatallowedtheunitsmismatchtogounnoticed.Nonetheless,thisstorymakesapparenthow
importantitistocarefullylabeltheunitsusedtomeasureanumber.

VideoTutor:PressureinWaterandAlcohol

First,launchthevideobelow.Youwillbeaskedtouseyourknowledgeofphysicstopredicttheoutcomeofanexperiment.
Then,closethevideowindowandanswerthequestionontheright.Youcanwatchthevideoagainatanypoint.

PartA
Rank,fromsmallesttolargest,thepressuresinthetankofmotionlessfluidshowninthefigure.

Torankitemsasequivalent,overlapthem.

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Recallthatthepressureatanypointinanopencontaineroffluidisduetotheweightoftheoverlyingfluidplus
theweightoftheoverlyingair.
Also,thinkaboutthefactthatthisfluidismotionless.Whatdoesthattellyouaboutthepressureatanytwo
pointsonthesamehorizontallevel,suchaspointsBandC?
ANSWER:

Reset

Smallest

Largest

B
A

Help

D
Thecorrectrankingcannotbedetermined.

Correct
Pressuredependsonverticaldistancefromthefluidsurface.Aswedescenddeeperinthefluid,thepressure
increases.

FluidPressureinaUTube
AUtubeisfilledwithwater,andthetwoarmsarecapped.The
tubeiscylindrical,andtherightarmhastwicetheradiusofthe
leftarm.Thecapshavenegligiblemass,arewatertight,andcan
freelyslideupanddownthetube.

PartA
Aoneinchdepthofsandispouredontothecaponeacharm.Afterthecapshavemoved(ifnecessary)toreestablish
equilibrium,istherightcaphigher,lower,orthesameheightastheleftcap?

Hint1.Pressureatthesurface
Thepressureatthebaseofeacharmdependsonthepressureatthesurfaceofeacharm,nottheweightatthe
surfaceofeacharm.

Hint2.Evaluatetheweightofthesand
Comparetheweightofthesandonthetwocaps.Whichofthefollowingistrue?
ANSWER:
greaterthan
Theweightofthesandontherightcapis

lessthan

theweightofthesandontheleftcap.

equalto

Hint3.Evaluatethepressureappliedbythesand
Nowcomparethepressureexertedbythesandonthetwocaps.Whichofthefollowingistrue?
ANSWER:
greaterthan
Thepressureexertedbythesandontherightcapis

lessthan
equalto

thepressureexertedbythesandontheleftcap.

ANSWER:
higher
lower
thesameheight

Correct
Althoughoneinchofsandontherightcapismuchheavierthanoneinchofsandontheleftcap,thepressures
exertedbythesandarethesameonbothcaps.Sincethepressuresexertedbythesandareequal,thepressures
atthebaseofeacharmduetothewatermustbeequal.Thisrequiresequalheightsofwaterinthetwoarms.

PartB
Thesandisremovedanda1.0kgmassblockisplacedoneachcap.Afterthecapshavemoved(ifnecessary)to
reestablishequilibrium,istherightcaphigher,lower,orthe
sameheightastheleftcap?

Hint1.Evaluatethepressureappliedbythe1.0kgblocks
Comparethepressureexertedonthewaterfromthetwo1kgblocks.Whichofthefollowingistrue?
ANSWER:
greaterthan
Thepressureexertedontherightcapis

lessthan

thepressureexertedontheleftcap.

equalto

ANSWER:
higher
lower
thesameheight

Correct
Althoughthemassesoftheblocksareequal,thepressuresexertedbythemonthecapsarenotequal.Thereisa
greaterpressureontheleftcap,whichresultsinagreaterpressureatthebaseoftheleftarm.Tocompensatefor
thisincreasedpressure,theheightofthewatercolumnintherightarmwillhavetobegreaterthanintheleftarm.

PartC
Ifa1.0kgmassblockisontheleftcap,howmuchtotalmassmustbeplacedontherightcapsothatthecaps
equilibrateatequalheight?

Expressyouranswerinkilograms.

Hint1.Meaningofequalwaterlevels
Equalwaterlevelsinthetwoarmsrequireequalpressuresonthetwocaps.Rememberthatpressureisforce
divdedbyareaandthatareaisproportionaltothesquareoftheradius.
ANSWER:
4.0 kg

Correct

PartD
Thelocationsofthetwocapsatequilibriumarenowasgiveninthisfigure.Thedashedlinerepresentsthelevelofthe
waterintheleftarm.
Whatisthemassofthewaterlocatedintherightarm
betweenthedashedlineandtherightcap?
Expressyouranswerinkilograms.

Hint1.Pressureatthedashedline
Thepressureatthelocationofthedashedlinemustbeequalinthetwoarms.Therefore,thetotalmassabove
thelineintheleftarm,dividedbytheareaoftheleftarm,mustequalthetotalmassabovethelineintheright
arm,dividedbytheareaoftherightarm.
ANSWER:
3.0 kg

Correct

VideoTutor:WeighingWeightsinWater
First,launchthevideobelow.Youwillbeaskedtouseyourknowledgeofphysicstopredicttheoutcomeofanexperiment.
Then,closethevideowindowandanswerthequestionontheright.Youcanwatchthevideoagainatanypoint.

PartA
Supposethatwerepeattheexperimentshowninthevideo,butwereplaceoneofthecylinderswithacylinderthathas
twicetheradius(anduselargercontainersofwater).Iftheheightoftheoriginalcylinderish,howdeeplymustwe
submergethenewcylindertogetthesameweightreductionasinthevideo?

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Howdoesthereductioninthecylindersweightrelatetotheamountofwaterthecylinderdisplaces?
Howdoesthevolumeofacylinderdependonthecylindersradiusandheight?
ANSWER:
h
1
4

4h
1
2

2h

Correct
Togetthesamereductioninweight,thesamevolumeofcylindermustbesubmerged.Thevolumeofacylinderis
2
V = r h ,soifwedoubletheradius,wemustreducethedepthofimmersionbyafactoroffour.

BuoyantForceConceptualQuestion
ArectangularwoodenblockofweightW floatswithexactlyonehalfofitsvolumebelowthewaterline.

PartA
Whatisthebuoyantforceactingontheblock?

Hint1.Archimedes'principle
Theupwardbuoyantforceonafloating(orsubmerged)objectisequaltotheweightoftheliquiddisplacedby
theobject.
Mathematically,thebuoyantforceFbuoyant onafloating(orsubmerged)objectis
F buoyant = gV

whereisthedensityofthefluid,V isthesubmergedvolumeoftheobject,andgistheaccelerationdueto
gravity.

Hint2.Whathappensatequilibrium
Theblockisinequilibrium,sothenetforceactingonitisequaltozero.
ANSWER:
2W
W
1
2

Thebuoyantforcecannotbedetermined.

Correct

PartB
Thedensityofwateris1.00g/cm3 .Whatisthedensityoftheblock?

Hint1.ApplyingArchimedes'principle
InPartA,youdeterminedthatthebuoyantforce,andhencetheweightofthewaterdisplaced,isequaltothe
weightoftheblock.Notice,however,thatthevolumeofthewaterdisplacedisonehalfofthevolumeofthe
block.

Hint2.Density
ThedensityofamaterialofmassmandvolumeV is
=

m
V

ANSWER:
2.00g/cm3
between1.00and2.00g/cm3
1.00g/cm3
between0.50and1.00g/cm3
0.50g/cm3
Thedensitycannotbedetermined.

Correct

PartC
Massesarestackedontopoftheblockuntilthetopoftheblockislevelwiththewaterline.Thisrequires20gofmass.
Whatisthemassofthewoodenblock?

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Whenyouaddtheextramassontopoftheblock,thebuoyantforcemustchange.Relatingthemasstothenew
buoyantforcewillallowyoutowriteanequationtosolveform.

Hint2.Findthenewbuoyantforce
Withthe20gmassontheblock,twiceasmuchoftheblockisunderwater.Therefore,whathappenstothe
buoyantforceontheblock?
ANSWER:
Thebuoyantforcedoubles.
Thebuoyantforceishalved.
Thebuoyantforcedoesn'tchange.

Hint3.Systemmass
Beforethe20gmassisplacedontheblock,themassofthesystemisjustthemassoftheblock(m),and
thismassissupportedbythebuoyantforce.Withthe20gmassontop,thetotalmassofthesystemisnow
m + 20 g.

Hint4.Themassequation
TheoriginalbuoyantforcewasequaltotheweightW oftheblock.IfthenewbuoyantforceFb istwicetheold
buoyantforce,then
F b = 2W = 2mg

wheremisthemassoftheblock.
Thenewbuoyantforcemustsupporttheweightoftheblockandthemass,soaccordingtoNewton's2ndlaw
= (

+ 20)

F b = (m + 20)g .
BysettingthesetwoexpressionsforFb equaltoeachother,youcansolveform.

ANSWER:
40g
20g
10g

Correct

PartD
Thewoodenblockisremovedfromthewaterbathandplacedinanunknownliquid.Inthisliquid,onlyonethirdofthe
woodenblockissubmerged.Istheunknownliquidmoreorlessdensethanwater?
ANSWER:
moredense
lessdense

Correct

PartE
Whatisthedensityoftheunknownliquidunknown ?
Expressyouranswernumericallyingramspercubiccentimeter.

Hint1.Comparingdensities
FromPartC,themassoftheblockis20g.Inwater,onehalfoftheblockissubmerged,soonehalfofthe
volumeoftheblocktimesthedensityofthewatermustbeequivalentto20g.Intheunknownsubstance,one
thirdoftheblockissubmerged,soonethirdofthevolumeoftheblocktimesthedensityoftheunknown
substancemustbeequivalentto20g.Youcanusetheseobservationstowriteanequationforthedensityof
theunknownsubstance.

Hint2.Settinguptheequation
ThebuoyantforceontheblockinwaterFb,water isthesameasthebuoyantforceintheunknownliquid
F b,unknown ,
F b,water = F b,unknown

so

water

g(

V
2

) = unknown g(

V
3

),

wherewater isthedensityofwater,unknown isthedensityoftheunknownliquid,V isthevolumeoftheentire

block,andgistheaccelerationduetogravity.
ANSWER:

unknown

= 1.5 g/cm3

Correct

ConcordeinFlight
ThesupersonicaircraftConcordehasalengthof62.5mwhensittingonthegroundonatypicaldaywhenthetemperature
is18.0 C.TheConcordeisprimarilymadeofaluminum.Inflightattwicethespeedofsound,frictionwiththeairwarms
theConcorde'sskinandcausestheaircrafttolengthenby30.0cm.(Thepassengercabinisonrollers,sotheairplane
expandsaroundthepassengercabin.)
Takethecoefficientoflinearexpansionforaluminumtobe=2.40105/ C.

PartA
WhatisthetemperatureT oftheConcorde'sskininflight?

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Usetheequationforthelinearthermalexpansionofamaterialtocalculatethetemperaturechangeofthe
Concorde'sskinwheninflight,thenusethistofinditsfinaltemperature.

Hint2.Calculatethetemperaturechange
CalculatethetemperaturechangeT oftheConcorde'sskinwheninflight.

Hint1.Equationforlinearthermalexpansion
TheequationforlinearthermalexpansionofanobjectisL

= L 0 T

,where30.0cmisthechange

inthelengthoftheobject,2.40105/ Cisthecoefficientoflinearexpansion,whichdependsonthe
typeofmaterialbeingheatedorcooled,andT isthechangeinthetemperatureoftheobject.
ANSWER:
T

= 200 C

ANSWER:
T

= 218 C

Correct

Problem13.29
Asphericalballoonhasaradiusof7.10mandisfilledwithhelium.

PartA

kg

Howlargeacargocanitlift,assumingthattheskinandstructureoftheballoonhaveamassof950kg?Neglectthe
buoyantforceonthecargovolumeitself.
Expressyouranswerusingtwosignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
m

= 720 kg

Correct

Problem17.76
Aheliumballoon,assumedtobeaperfectsphere,hasaradiusof23.5cm.Atroomtemperature(24 C),itsinternal
pressureis1.16atm.

PartA
Determinethenumberofmolesofheliumintheballoon.
ANSWER:
= 2.59 mol

Correct

PartB
Determinethemassofheliumneededtoinflatetheballoontothesevalues.
ANSWER:
m

= 10.3 g

Correct

CoefficientofVolumeExpansionforWaterConceptualQuestion
Theanomalousexpansioncharacteristicsofliquidwaterarecrucialtomanybiologicalsystems.Ratherthanan
approximatelyconstantvalueforthecoefficientofvolumeexpansion,thevalueforwaterchangesdrastically,asillustrated
inthefigure.

PartA
BelowwhattemperatureT doeswatershrinkwhenheated?
ExpressyouranswernumericallyindegreesCelsius.

Hint1.Coefficientofvolumeexpansion
Thefractionalchangeinvolumeofasubstancewhensubjecttoachangeintemperaturedependsonthe
amountofthetemperaturechangeandthesubstance.Thecoefficientofvolumeexpansionrepresentsthe
fractionalchangeinvolumeperdegreeoftemperaturechange.Alargecoefficientofexpansionmeansthatthe
substanceexpandsbyarelativelylargeamount.

Hint2.Volumeexpansionrelation
Thedependenceofthechangeinvolumeofasubstance(V )ontheinitialvolume(V0 ),thetemperature
change(T ),andthecoefficientofvolumeexpansion()is
V = V0 T

Hint3.Negativecoefficientofvolumeexpansion
Sincetherelationshipforvolumetricexpansionis
V = V0 T

ifislessthanzero,thechangeinvolumewillbenegativewhenthechangeintemperatureispositive.
ANSWER:
T

= 4 C

Correct

PartB
Ifthetemperatureofwaterat30 Cisraisedby1 C,thewaterwillexpand.AtapproximatelywhatinitialtemperatureT
willwaterexpandbytwiceasmuchwhenraisedby1 C?
ExpressyouranswernumericallyindegreesCelsius.

Hint1.Coefficientofvolumeexpansion

Thefractionalchangeinvolumeofasubstancewhensubjecttoachangeintemperaturedependsonthe
amountofthetemperaturechangeandthesubstance.Thecoefficientofvolumeexpansionrepresentsthe
fractionalchangeinvolumeperdegreeoftemperaturechange.Alargecoefficientofexpansionmeansthatthe
substanceexpandsbyarelativelylargeamount.

Hint2.Volumeexpansionrelation
Thedependenceofthechangeinvolumeofasubstance(V )ontheinitialvolume(V0 ),thetemperature
change(T ),andthecoefficientofvolumeexpansion()is
V = V0 T

Hint3.Comparingexpansionrates
Thecoefficientofvolumeexpansionrepresentsthefractionalchangeinvolumeper1 Coftemperaturechange.
Thelargerthecoefficientofexpansion,themorethesubstanceexpands.Specifically,ifthecoefficientistwice
aslarge,thewaterwillexpandtwiceasmuch.
ANSWER:
T

= 70 C

Correct

PartC
Therelativedensityofwaterisdeterminedbytherateatwhichitexpands(andcontracts)withchangesintemperature.
AtapproximatelywhatothertemperatureT doeswaterhavethesamedensityasat1 C?

Hint1.Determinewhenliquidwaterismostdense
Asasubstanceexpands,itbecomeslessdense.Sinceatverylowtemperatureswatershrinkswhenheated,
thismeansitisactuallybecomingdenserasyouraiseitstemperature.Basedonthisidea,atwhattemperature
T isliquidwatermostdense?
ExpressyouranswernumericallyindegreesCelsius.
ANSWER:
T

= 4 C

ANSWER:
T

= 8 C

Correct

Problem17.55
Thelowestpressureattainableusingthebestavailablevacuumtechniquesisabout10 12 N/m2 .

PartA
3

Atsuchapressure,howmanymoleculesaretherepercm3 at4 C?
ANSWER:
= 262

molecules
3

cm

Correct
ScoreSummary:
Yourscoreonthisassignmentis102%.
Youreceived142.57outofapossibletotalof140points.