PHNG TRNH NGHIM NGUYN

A.Cc phng trnh c bn:

I)Phng trnh bc nht hai n:
nh ngha: ax + by = c vi a, b, c l cc s nguyn cho trc
inh l: Gi s a ,b l xc s nguyn dng v d= ( a, b) khi (1) v nghim nu c d
v v s nghim nu c d
Hn na nu (x 0 , y 0 ) l nghim ca (1) th phng trnh c nhim tng qut
b
a

(x,y)= x 0 + n, y 0 + n
d
d

Chng minh :ginh cho bn c

V d1: Gii phng trnh nhim nguyn: 21x + 6 y = 1988 .
1988
Gii: Ta c 7 x + 2 y =
khng tn ti x,y Z tha 7x + 2y khng nguyn
3
V d 2: Gii phng trnh nhim nguyn: 12x+3y=216
216 3 y
y
Gii:Ta c x =
= 18 y = 4n x = 18 n(n Z )
12
4
II) Phng trnh PITAGO:
nh ngha: x 2 + y 2 = z 2
nh l:
1. (x, y, z ) = 1 (x, y ) = ( y , z ) = (z , x ) = 1
2. (x, y, z ) = 1 x,y khc tnh chn , l
(r , s ) = 1
3.
th r = t 2 , s = h 2
2
rs = k
Chng minh:Ginh cho bn c xem nh mt bi tp
Gii phng trnh PITAGO:
x y z
Gi s (x, y, z ) = d (x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) = , , = 1
d d d
Theo nh l 1 ta c th gi s y 0 chn
Ta c: x 02 + y 02 = z 02 y 02 = (z 0 x 0 )(z 0 + x 0 )

x0 = m 2 n 2
z 0 + x 0 = 2m
z + x0 z 0 x0

Theo nh l 2: 0
y 0 = 2mn
,
= 1
2
z 0 x 0 = 2n
2 2

2
2
z0 = m + n
vi m,n l cc s nguyn
2

B.Cc phng trnh khng mu mc:

Chng ta lm quen nhng phng trnh nghim nguyn c bn nht v lu i nht

trong ton hc.Nhng cng nh mi lnh vc khc trong ton hc phng trng nhim
nguyn ngy cng pht trin, cng kh . in hnh l phng trnh x n + y n = z n mi
n gn y ngi ta mi gii c nhng phi dng n nhng kin thc ton cao cp
v li th v cng su sc,
Tuy nhin nu ch xt cc bi ton ph thng th chng ta c th c kt ba phng
php c bn nht
1) S dng cc tng cht ca s nguyn ,cc nh l ca s hc
2) S dng bt ng thc thu hp min gi tr ca tp nghim, sau c th th tng
gi tr
3)Phng php li v hn ,phng php ny do FERMAT sng to ra khi gii phng
trnh
1/ S dng cc tng cht ca s nguyn ,cc nh l ca s hc
a/a v dng tch:
tng ca b i to n l a v d ng f 1 (x, y ,...) f 2 (x, y.....).... f n (x, y ,...) = a1 a 2 ...a n
v i a1 , a 2 ,..., a n Z .Ri xt mi trng hp c th
V d: Gii phng trnh nhim nguyn d ng: 21 x + 6 y + 1 xy = 123
Gii: y (6 + 21x ) + (21x + 6 ) = 129 (21x + 6)( y + 1) = 129 =43.3
21x + 6 = 43 v y+1=3
hay 21x+6=3 v y+1=43
T t c u cho ta kt qu v nghim
V d: Gii phng trnh nhim nguyn khng m: x 2 + x + 1 = y 2 (1)

2 y 2 x 1 = 1
2
Gii: (1) 4 y 2 (2 x + 1) = 3 (2 y 2 x 1)(2 y + 2 x + 1) = 3
2 y + 2 x + 1 = 3
Do 2y-2x-1 v 2y+2x+1 u l y = 1 x = 0
V y ph ng trnh c nghim (x,y)=(1,0)

b/a v dng tng:

t ng l a v f 1k1 (x, y ,..) + f 2k (x, y..) + .... + f nk (x, y,...) = a1k + a 2k + a3k + ... + a nk
vi k, a1k + a 2k + .... + a nk Z
V d: Gii phng trnh nhim nguyn d ng: 2 x 2 + y 2 + 2 xy = 25 (1)
x = 3
x = 3
2
Gii: (1) x 2 + (x + y ) = 25 = 3 2 + 4 2

x + y = 4
y = 1
V d :Gii phng trnh nhim nguyn khng m x 2 + y 3 3 y 2 = 65 3 y (1)
x = 0
x = 8
3
Gii: (1) x 2 + ( y 1) = 64 = 0 2 + 4 3 = 8 2 + 0 3
hay
y 1 = 4
y 1 = 0
V y (x, y ) = (0;5); (8;1)

c/a v dng phn s: :

t ng b i to n l :

f (x, y...) a
= = a0 +
g (x, y...) b

1
a1 +

1
an
V d:Gi i phng trnh nghim nguyn 31(xyzt + xy + xt + zt + 1) = 40( yzt + y + t ) (1)
x = 1
y = 3
40 xyzt + xy + xt + zt + 1
1
1

Gi i(1
=
x+
=1+

1
1
yzt + y + t
31
z = 2
y+
3+
1
1
t = 4
z+
2+
t
4
d/Sdng tnh chia ht
V d: Gii phng trnh nghim nguyn: x 2 + x( y 2 ) + 3 y = 0(1)
Gii:
x 2 + 2x + 3
2
(1) y =
= x +1+
2 | (x + 1) x + 1 { 1,1,2,2}
x +1
x +1
x { 2,0,3,1} ( x, y ) = (2,3), (0,3), (3,3), (1,3)
V d:Gii phng trnh nghim nguyn dng: 3 x + 4 y = 5 z
a 2 + .....

Gii:
X t theo modulo 3
z
z
5 z ( 1) (mod 3) 4 y ( 1) (mod 3) z ch n , t z= 2h
Suy ra 5 h 2 y 5 h + 2 y = 3 x . Do 5 h 2 y ,5 h + 2 y khng ng thi chia h t cho 3

)(

5 + 2 = 3
n n h
5 2 y = 1
h
y
h
y
Ta c: 5 h + 2 y ( 1) + ( 1) 0(mod 3) v 5 h 2 y ( 1) + ( 1) 1(mod 3) h
l ,y chn
Nu y>2 th 5 h + 2 y 1(mod 4) 3 x 1(mod 4) x chn 3 x 1(mod 8)
Ta c :5 5 h + 2 y (mod 8) do h l 5 3 x (mod 8) 5 1(mod 8)
v l
Do y=2 x = 2, y = 2
h

V d: Gii phng trnh nghim nguyn: x 3 + y 3 = 21xy + 6 (1)

Gii: (1) (x + y ) = 3 xy(x + y ) + 21xy + 6
3

t a=x+y v b=xy ta c 3b =
Bn c c th t gii tip
e/S dng tnh s nguyn t

a3 6
349
= a 2 7 a + 49
349 a + 7
a+7
a+7

x p
nh l 1: x 2 + y 2 p = 4k + 3 ngu n t th
y p
Chng minh : Theo nh l Fermat ta c:
V d: Gii phng trnh nghim nguyn: x 2 + 5 = y 3
Nhn xt 1: x, y khc tnh chn l
Nhn xt 2: nu x l th x 2 18
Thc vy ta c
x = 2k + 1, k Z
x 2 1 = 4k (k + 1)8
( do k (k + 1) 2 )
Nhn xt 3: y 3 6 / 8, y.
Ta quay li bi ton.
Nu x l th x 2 18 y 3 68 v l
Nu x chn th y l x 2 + 4 = ( y 1)( y 2 + y + 1)
Ta thy x 2 + 4 khng c cnguyn t dng 4k + 3 theo nh l 1. Suy ra y 1
c dng 4k + 1 , ngha l y 2 + y + 1 3 4 y 2 + y + 1 = 4t + 3 y 2 + y + 1 c c nguyn
t l 4k + 3 . T y ta c iu mu thun.
Nh vy phng trnh cho v nghim.
Bi tp tng t: Gii phng trnh nghim nguyn: x 2 = y 3 + 7
2/S dng bt ng thc thu hp min gi tr ca tp nghim, sau c
th th tng gi tr
V d 2 :Gii phng trnh nghim nguyn dng: a + b + c = abc
Ta thy bc ca v phi ln hn bc ca v tri nn khi a,b,c ln th abc s ln
hn a+b+c. iu ny hng cho ta n vic s dng bt ng thc.
Nhn xt thm rng a,b,c c vai tr nh nhau nn ta c th gi s a b c .
Nu c 2 , suy ra a + b = c (ab 1) 2ab 2 ( do c 2, ab c 2 > 1 )
4
a = b(2a 1) 2 2(2a 1) 2 = 4a 4 a c 2 v l
3
a + b + 1 = ab (a 1)(b 1) = 2
b 1 = 1 b = 2

a 1 = 2 a = 3
Vy (a, b, c ) = (3, 2,1) v cc hon v.
V d 1: Gii phng trnh nghim nguyn: y 2 = x 2 ( x 2 + x + 1) + ( x + 1)2
Gii:
Do c = 1 . Suy ra

x 1
x 3

Nhn xt rng x 2 + + < y 2 < x 2 + +

2 2
2 2

Nu x l, r rng khng tn ti ( x, y ) nguyn tho phng trnh.

x
Nu x chn, suy ra y = x 2 + + 1 . n y bn c th t gii d dng J.
2
V d 3:Gii phng trnh nghim nguyn dng: x 2 + xy + y 2 = x 2 y 2 .
Gii:
T phng trnh ta c: ( x + y ) 2 = xy ( xy + 1) x 2 y 2 < ( x + y ) 2 < ( xy + 1) 2
T y ta c iu mu thun v ( x + y ) nm gia hai s chnh phng lin tip.
Nh vy phng trnh v nghim.
6
21
2
x
y
V d 4: Gii phng trnh nghim nguyn dng:
+
+
+
= .
y + 21 27 x + y x + 6 z
2
Do z nguyn dng nn 2 . (1)
z
V tri p dng bt ng thc:
a
b
c
d
+
+
+
2 vi a = x, b = y , c = 21, d = 6 ta thu c:
b+c c+d d +a a+b
x
y
6
21
2
+
+
+
= > 2 (2)( do du bng x = y = 21 = 6 khng
y + 21 27 x + y x + 6 z
th xy ra)
T (1) v (2) ta suy ra phng trnh v nghim.
V d 5: Gii phng trnh nghim nguyn dng y 3 z 2 + ( y 3 2 xy ) z + x( x y ) = 0 .
2

Coi phng trnh nh mt phng trnh bc hai theo x. Ta c:

y2
2
0 ( z + 1)(1 y ) y z +
0
4
y2

( z + 1)( y 1) y 2 z
4
iu ny ch xy ra khi y = 1 . T y cc bn d dng tm c x = z hay
1
zx=
(loi do x,z nguyn dng).
2
3)Phng php li v hn
Phng php ny do FERMAT sng to ra khi gii phng trnh x 4 + y 4 = z 4
tng ca phng php ny l gi s tm c b nghim nh nht, ta c th l lun
sao cho tm c b nghim nh hn.
V d 1: Gii phng trnh nghim nguyn dng x 2 + y 2 = 3 z 2
Gii:
Gi ( x, y, z ) l nghim nh nht nu x + y + z t gi tr nh nht.
Nhn xt: Nu x 3 th x 2 1 3 v vy nu x,y 3 th
x 2 + y 2 2(mod 3) 3 z 2 2(mod 3) v l.
Nh vy x, y phi c mt s chia ht cho 3, suy ra c hai s u chia ht cho 3.
t x = 3 x0 ; y = 3 y0 . Thay vo phng trnh ta c:

3x0 2 + 3 y0 2 = z 2 z 2 3 z 3 .
t z = 3 z0 ,ta thu c: x0 2 + y02 = 3 z02 . M r rng x0 + y0 + z0 < x + y + z do ta thu
c iu mu thun. Nh vy phng trnh v nghim.
V d 2 : Gii phng trnh nghim nguyn x 4 + y 4 = z 2 .
gii phng trnh ny, cc bn hy xem li phn phng trnh Pitago vit pha
trn.
Trc ht ta c th gi s ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) i mt nguyn t cng nhau(*).Gi ( x0 , y0 ) l b
nghim nh nht nu x04 + y04 min . Theo phng trnh Pitago th
x02 = m 2 n 2 ; y02 = 2mn; z0 = m 2 + n 2 .
Ta li xt phng trnh Pitago n 2 + xo 2 = m 2 . Ta c:
x0 = a 2 b 2 , n = 2ab, m = a 2 + b 2 (1) .Suy ra:
y0 2 = 4abm y0 2 . t y1 = 2 y0 y12 = abm .
Bn c c th d dng chng minh t gi thit (*). Suy ra:
a = a12 , b = b12 , m = m12 .
Thay vo (1) th m12 = a14 + b14 . M m12 < z0 2 = x04 + y04 (a, b) < ( x0 , y0 ) v l.
Vy phng trnh v nghim.
Bi tp luyn tp
Bi 1: Gii phng trnh nghim nguyn dng
38 x + 117 y = 109
Bi 2: Gii phng trnh nghim nguyn dng
123 x 216 y = 1988
Bi 3: Gii phng trnh nghim nguyn dng
6 x + 21 y + 88 xy = 123
Bi 4: Gii phng trnh nghim nguyn dng
12 x + 3 y + 88 xy = 621
Bi 5: Gii phng trnh nghim nguyn dng
2 x 2 + y 2 + 2 xy = 100
Bi 6: Gii phng trnh nghim nguyn dng
2 x + 2 y + 2 z = 2336
Bi 7: Gii phng trnh nghim nguyn dng
x 3 y 3 = 12 xy + 3
Bi 8: Gii phng trnh nghim nguyn dng
x + 2y
7
=
2
2
x +y
20
Bi 9: Gii phng trnh nghim nguyn dng
2x + 1 = x2 y
Bi 10: Gii phng trnh nghim nguyn dng
(1 + xy )(1 + yz )(1 + xz ) = xyzt
Bi 11: Gii phng trnh nghim nguyn dng
x 2 + py 2 = z 2 vi p l s nguyn t.

Hng dn: dng cc nh l v gii tng t phng trnh Pitago.

Bi 12: Gii phng trnh nghim nguyn dng
x 3 + y 3 + z 3 = nx 2 y 2 z 2
Hng dn: Dng bt ng thc.
Bi 13: Gii phng trnh nghim nguyn dng
( x + 1) 2 + a 2 = ( x + 2) 2 + b 2 = ( x + 3)2 + c 2 = ( x + 4) 2 + d 2
Hng dn: Xt modulo 8.
Bi 14: Gii phng trnh nghim nguyn dng
y 2 = x 4 + x3 + x 2 + x + 1
Bi 15: Gii phng trnh nghim nguyn dng
x3 2 y 3 4 z 3 = 0