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    7 views16 pages

    Phuong Trinh Luong Giac

    Uploaded by

    ngquvu
    Phuong Trinh Luong Giac

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    Bai gidng sé 18 PHUONG TRINH LUQGNG GIAC Cing gidng nhur céc bai toan vé ham sd, cdc bai ton vé phuong trinh lwong gidc 1a mot cau hdi bat bude cé mat trong moi dé thi vé mén Toan vao cac trudng Dai hoc, Cao ding cac nam 2002-2009. Bai giang nay dé cap dén cdc phuong phap gidi phuong trinh lugng gic thy theo dang ctia ching. Luge dé chung dé giai cdc phurong trinh lrong gide duge tién hanli nhur sau: 1/ Dat diéu kién dé phuong trinh c6 nghia. Ngoai ign thong thudng nhu d6i voi mi phuong trinh khac (thi du nhu diéu kign vé mau sé, cdc biéu thire trong can cla cdc can bic chin cé mat trong phuong y trinh...), riéng déi voi phuong trinh Ivgng gidc can chu ¥ dic biét dén cdc diéu kign sau: + dé tan x c6 nghia, diéu kign la x # = tkr,keZ + Dé cot x cé nghia, digu kign lax ¢ kn ke Z. 2/ Giai phuong trinh bing cdc luge dé quen thude. 3/ So sénh nghiém tim duge voi diéu kign dat ra dé loai bd di cdc nghiém ngoai lai. §1. PHUONG TRINH BAC NHAT DOI VOI SINX VA COSX 1. Dang phuong trinh: asin x + bos x = 2 (a, b #0) Phuong trinh cé nghiém khi va chi khi a’ +b? > c°. ich giai phuong trinh nay: b in X +~j_—=— COS X = > a) a+b? Ear Dat cos@= = :sing= 2 ee Te Khi do (1) <> sin (x + a) = sina. Phuong phip 2: Xét hai kha nang sau: +Néub+c=05 cos =0 théa man phuong trinh => x=n+k20.k © Z thudc vao tap hop nghiém. +Néu b+e £0 = cos> #0, khi do dat tan =t sz: bd Ap dang eéng thie sin x= - ee ern ta quy phuong trinh da cho +t Cl +t? vé phuong trinh bac 2 déi véi t, sau dé giai tan a =t Chit ¥: Khi str dung phuong phap nay ngudi ta thudng hay quén xét kha nang cos =0, ma dat ngay tan? = t, khi dé sé dn dén kha nang c6 thé mat nghiém cua phuong trinh. Thi du 1: (Dé thi tuyén sink Dai hoe khéi D - 2007) Giai phyong trinh luong gidc: (sin teos y+ V3 cosx = 2(1). Gisi Tacd (1) 1+ sims cosx=2e2 heim + Boosx=t xt ety kon x=" 4k2n ° sin{ x42] =sind ° 3 : ° 6 (keZ) ean |x at 4kon 3 6 3 Thi du 2: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc khéi A - 2009) Giai phuong trinh lugng gidc: (1 -2sinx)cosx B = 53 (1). (1+2sinx)(1-sim: 1) Diéu kién dé (1) co nghia la sin x # | va sin x # 5 (2). Khi do: (1) cosx- V3sinx =sin2x + V3cos2x I a v3 F << —cosx ———sinx =—sin 2x + —cos2x (3) 2 2 2 2 © cos(x +2) c0s 2-2) cons Sna(2n-2)+42n 3 6 3 6 318 Dé y ring nghiém x = ot k2z bj loai (vi khéng théa man (2)), va 16 rang 2 : x=—4k 2 théa man (2) nén nghigm cba (I) la x=-2- 4+ ke ke Z. is a ig Nhén xét: ei Mac di & day (1) khéng ¢6 dang asinx + beosx = c, nhung thyre chat céch giai (3) la str dung phuong phap cua cach gidi phuong trinh asinx + beosx = c, nén ta sp xép no vao dang nay. Thi du 3: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc khdi B - 2009) Gidi phuong trinh lwgng giac: sinx-+-cosxsin 2x + /3cos3x = 2(cosd4x + sin? x) (1). Taco: (1) < sinx +cosxsin 2x + V3cos3x ~2sin® x = 2cos 4x <= sinx(I-2sin? x) +cosxsin2x +V3c0s3x = 2cos4x <> sinxcos2x + cosxsin 2x + V3cos3x = 2cos4x © sin3x + J3cos3x = 2cos4x ¢> ssin3x + Beossrecoste x m ° voa( 3 -2) =cos4x <> 3x 7 =+4x+k20 x= ee k2n ° 6 (keZ) k OF Thi du 4: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc khéi D— 2009) Giai phuong trinh: /3cos5x — 2sin3xcos2x ~sinx =0 (1). G Tac: (1) < V3cos5x -(sin 5x +sinx) -sinx = 0 ° Boosts ~ssin5x =sinx sin £-sx] =sinx Thi du 5: Giai phuong trinh 4(sin'x+cos*x)+ V3 sin 4x =2 (1) 319 Ta cé: (1) eo a{1—Lsin?2x))s 3 sin4x = otitis + Visindx =2 <> V3sin 4x +cos4x =-1 sin 4x + Leos “s sn( 4x +2) ~sin{-2) 2 6 xe-eake S 12 2, ke Zz ms Thi du 6: Giai phuong trinh: 22 (sinx +cosx)cosx =3-+ cos2x (1). G Tacé: (1) ¢> ¥2sin2x + ¥2(1+cos2x) =3 + cos2x > V2 sin2x + (V2 -1)cos2x =3-V2 Tacd: (v2)'+(v2-1) =5-2V2 <11-6V2 =(3-v2)’. Vay (1) v6 nghiém (vi vi pham diéu — a+b>c’) Thi dy 7: Gidi phuong trinh: x + Vis-s? x exvi3—x? =I 4 x ra . 2X Are : + Néu cos = 0 thi sin x = 0 va cosx = 2cos’= - 1 = 1, khi do khdng thoa man phuong trinh. a ae X Vay cog #0. tan= = Noi +k20 Nhan xét. Néu ding phurong phap 1/, sau khi bién déi 320 Vigc gidi (2) bing phuong phap 1 vé nguyén téc thi lam duge, nhung dé ra dap s6 nhu trén thi rat khé khan. Vay v6i thi du nay, phurong phdp 2 Ia thich hop. Thi du 8: : Tim m dé phuong trinh: 2sinx + mcosx =1—m c6 nghiém thuge [- 3] Lap luan nhu thi du 7, thi cos 3 #0 Vm, vi thé dat t= tan thi phuong trinh da cho cé dang (sau khi bién adi): f(t) == 4t+ 1=2m a) ut ox e| zt] I -2<2m<6 o-1cos———sinx . 3 3 SZ 2 322 2 3 3 Vay (1) > {ons sins] =4cos? x -3cosx <> V3sin? x + cos’ x + V3 cos? xsin x -3cosxsin? Ro rang cosx #0 (vi néu cosx = 0 = sinx = 0: v6 li) Vi thé chia ca hai vé cia (2) cho cos*x va cé: V3tan? x +1+ V3 tan x —3tan?x—1—tan? x =0 x—cosx =0 (2) tanx=0 x=kn 2 tanx(V3 tan? x -4tanx +V3)=0 <> tanx= Bes xattkn, keZ tan x = V3 xa Ft he. Thi du 4: Giai phuong trinh: sinx + cosa — 4sin’, ai = 0(). + Néu cosx=0, tir (1) ta 6 hé: cosx =0 cosx=0 oy. . sinx—4cos?x=0 — |sinx =0;sinx =+1 Tir (2) (3) suy ra v6 li. Vay cosx #0 + Do cos x #0, nén chia ca hai vé cia (1) cho cos*x va co tanx(1 + tan?x) + | + tan?x - 4tan°x = 0 3tan’x — tan?x ~ tanx — 1 =0 © (tanx — 1)Gtan’x + 2tanx + 1) =0<>tanx=1 > x= + kn k eZ. Thi dy 5: Cho phuong trinh: sin ?x + (2m — 2)sinxcosx — (m + 1)cos?x = m qd) Tim m 4 phuong trinh (1) c6 nghiém Giai cosx =0 (2) sin’x=m (3) HG (2) (3) c6 nghigm <> m = I. Vay m=] 1a mét gia tri can tim. + Néu cosx # 0. Khi dé chia ca hai vé ciia (1) cho cos’x va Nlacon= On er(D i (1) <= tan? x +(2m~-2)tanx —(m+1)=m4+mtan? x <= (m ~ 1)tan’x ~ 2(m — 1)tanx + 2m + 1 = 0 (2) Dé thay A’= -m?— m + 2, vay A’>0 < -2 < m 0 (ndi riéng cosx # 0). Vi thé sau khi chia ca hai vé ctta (1) cho cos’x va rit gon, ta co: 2tan?x + 4tanx-+2_ . (1) © m(tan?x + 2) = 2tan’x + 4tan x +2 => 5 tan*x +2 Khi 0 1=(sinx —cosx)? 2 sinxcosx = 324 sau dé ding phép thay bién t = sinx — cosx (— vis sin’xcosx + sinxcos’x + sinx + cosx = (sinx + cosx)? <> (sinx + cosx)(sinxcosx + | — sinx ~ cosx) = 0 sinx +cosx=0 (2) sinxcosx +1~(sinx+cosx)=0 (3) Dé thay (2) <> sinx =-cosx © tanx=-l @x= tthe k eZ. Dat sin x + cos x =t (2 + kx =k2m;x = S +kankeZ. Thi du 2: Giai phuong trinh: 1 + sin’x + cos*x = 3 sin2x (). Giai Ta c6 (1) <> 1 + (sinx + cosx)(sin’x — sinxcosx + cos”x) = 3sinxcosx €> I + (sinx + cosx)(I — sinxcosx) — 3sinxcosx = 0 (2) Dit t = sinxcosx (- 4 v2 (loai) x=nt+k2n =0ot'+3P—-3t-5=0 Vay sinx+cosx= —1 <> oos(x-2) keZ. x= 4k2n? 2 325 Thi du 3: Giai phuong trinh 1+ tanx =2V2sin (). _ Didu kign dé (1) 06 nghia lx # Stk, ke Z : 2). Khi dd (1) <> 142% =2V2sinx <> sinx+cosx-2V2sinxcosx (3) cosx Dit t = sinxtcosx (V2 cos{ x2) =1eox= Toke, ke Z. + Nbut= —Je tae sine + c0sx= J Vay phuong trinh cé ba ho nghiém nhu trén Thi du 4: =1 (1). Giai phuong trinh: |sinx—cosx|+4sin: Dit t= sinx - cosx (-V2 (sinx - cosx)"= 1 -v2sts0 = 4 +1-3=0 sin 2x=0 & x= ik eZ. Thi du 5: Cho phyong trinh sin’x — cos’x = m (1). Tim m dé phuong trinh c6 nghigm. 8 Tacé (1) <> (sinx — cosx)(1 + sinxcosx) = m (2). Dit t = sinx-cosx (-V2 2sinxcosx(1 + 2cosx) — (1 + 2cosx) =0 © (2cosx + 1)(sin2x - 1)=0 1 xt shan ° ske Z. sin2x =1 xottkn COS x = — 327 328 Thi dy 2: (Dé thi tayén sinh Dai gc khdi B- 2007) Giai phuong trinh lugng gidc: 2sin’2x+sin7x—1=sinx (1). G Ta c6(1)° <> (2sin’2x — 1) + (sin7 inx) = 0 <> -cos4x + 2cos4xsin3x = 0 <> cos4x(2sin3x — 1)=0 kn > cos4x =0 2 1e xe ik es ike Z sin3x == 18 3 am 2k 18 3 Thi du 3: (Dé thi tayén sinh Dai hoc khbi A - 2006) 2(sin’ x +e0s°x) sin XCOSX Giai phuong trinh: =0 (1). pnwons v2 -2sinx ° Giai Dé (1) cé nghia can cé sinx # 2 (2). Khi dé (1) © afr ~Fsin? 2x] ~5sin2x =0 sin 2x =1 ; oo 3sin’2xtsin2x—4=0 | 4. (sin2x=—* loai vi |sin2x| >1) sin2x =-— 3 3 © sin2x=1 o x= Eek k eZ (3) Két hgp (2) va (3) suy ra x = 3. k2x,k €Z langhiém can tim. Thi du 4: (Dé thi tayén sinh Dai hoc khéi A - 2005) Giai phuong trinh: cos’3xcos2x—cos’x=0 (1) Gi Ap dung cong thite “ha bac”, ta cor (1) e LESOSX gog9y — L082 2 y €5 cos6xcos2x = 1 <> (4cos*2x — 3c0s2x)cos2x = | © 4cos'2x — 3cos’2x — 1 = 0 <> cos’2x = 1 =0 1 +cosdx=2 roosix=1eox= ke keZ. Thi du $: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc khéi D - 2003) isi phuomg tinh: sin?( 2-2 ta? x-eos? 5 =0 q). Diéu kign dé (1) c6 nghia la x # pe kn, ke Z (2) Ap dung céng thitc “ha bac”, ta cé: x 1-cos| x-~ 2 2) |-cos*x 1+cosx _ cos?x 2 <= (1 —sinx)(1 - cosx)(1 + cosx) ~ cos”x(1 + cosx) = 0 <= (1 + cosx)(1 — sinx)(sinx + cosx) = 0 ae 0 x=ntk2n cosx =1 © |siax=1 o> tanx =1 G)ke Z. Tir (2) va (3) suy ra: x=0+ kanx=—+ke,k eZ. Thi du 6 Giai phuong trinh: (1 — tanx)(1 + sin2x) = 1 + tanx (1) Diéu kién dé (1) cé nghia la x # Soke, keZ (2) Khi 46 (1) > (t-tana)( 16 a }=t+tanx © 2tan’x(1-+tanx)=0 1+ tan* x ee | tamx=0 aot (a Pea . tanx=-I xa—tekn Thi dy 7: Giai phuong trinh: 2sin3x(1 — 4sin’x) = 1 (1). Giai Dé thay cosx = 0 khdng théa man (1), tir 46 (1) © 2sin3xcosx{1 - 4(1 — cos*x)] = cosx <> 2sin3x(4c0s°x — 3cosx) = cosx n 2n xan <> 2sin3xcos3x=cosx <> sin6x=sin (5- x) ° oF skeZ,. 2 ™ 2n oboe 10 5 329 §5: NGHIEM CUA PHUONG TRINH LUQNG GIAC THUOC MOT MIEN CHO TRUGC Bai ton ddi hdi tim nghiém cua phuong trinh Iugng gidc trong mét mién cy thé cho true. Voi cdc bai ton nay, phurong phap giai duge tién hanh theo cdc bude sau: 1/ Giai phuong trinh lugng gidc nhu binh thudng. 2/ Voi nghiém tim dugc, dé xac dinh sé k trong céng thite nghiém ta phai giai mot bat phuong trinh (tim nghiém nguyén). 3/ Thay gid trj k tim dugc vao céng thirc nghiém tim duge & bude 1. Thi dy I: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hgc khéi A - 2002) Tim nghiém thugc khodng (0; 27) cia phuong trinh: s{ six + 2082828038) 3+ cosax (). +2sin2x ai Diéu kign dé (1) cé nghiém [a sin2x # + 2). Khi 46 (1) pou 2sin een eco sini =34c0s2x 1+ 2sin2x > 5 SINK TOOSK, one +sin 3x + cos3x _ 3.4. c0s2x <> 5c0sx=3+2c08°x-1 1+ 2sin 2x 2 2e0s!x-Seosx+2-06> cosx= 3 (loai cosx=2) <> xeT +k2n, ke Z. +Tacé: O k=1 (do k nguyén). Vay x= , vax= = la hai nghigm thudc (0; 2m) cia (1). Thi du 2: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dei hgc khoi D - 2002) Tim nghiém thudc [0;14] ca phuong trinh cos3x - 4cos2x + 3cosx ~ 4 =0 (1) Giai Tacé (1) <> 4cos*x — 3cosx — 4(2cos’x — 1) + 3cosx - 4 =0 <> cos?’x(cosx — 2) =0 <> cosx=0 cos2x - tan’x = 1 — cosx — (1 + tan’x) <2 cos2x=~—cosx <> 2cos’x + cosx- 1=0 cosx =-1 2 ° 1 oxatek,ke ZQ) cts 3 3 + Ta xem trén doan [1;70] c6 bao nhiéu nghi¢m dang (2) Tacé: srk deme Meld 1}cnci(2-1) 3 3 n t An 24 Do k nguyén nén k = 0; 1; 2; 3... 32. Vay trén [1; 70] c6 33 nghiém dang (2). Ching lap thanh m6t cép sé c6ng voi u= © vacéng said = 2% “3 : 3 _ 2u,+(n-1)d jn Vay tng S céc nghiém nay la: S = a 363 2 (day w= 5 a-4 van=33). BAI TAP TU GIAI 3sinx — V3 cos3x. Bai 1: Giai phuong trinh lugng gidc: 4sin*x Dap sb: x= 4 2B eke ke Z. 18 3 2 3 Bai 2: Giai phuong trinh lwong gidc: 2sin4x + 3cos2x + 16sin’xcosx — 5 =0. Dap sé: x= 2-2 tka, keZ véoicosa= 4 vasina= 2, 4 2 5 5 Bai3: Giai phuong trinh lugng gide: sin3x + (V3 -2)cos3x =1. 2n 2n , 20 bx anak va xa ek ke Z. Dap so: x - a oa ane Bai 4: Giai phuong trinh lugng gidc: 4sin’x + 3cos*x — 3sinx — sin°xcosx = 0. Dap sé: x=Tekmxctt the ke Z. 331 332 Bai 5: Giai phuong trinh Iugng gidc: V2 sin? x(x + ) =2sinx. Dap sé: x=Ttkn,k eZ. Bai 6: Giai phuong trinh lugng gidc sinx — cosx + 7sin2x = 1. Dap sé: x=Be kann anekomx=4—a+koix = +a+kon, ke 2. 3y2 bday sina = 22, = 7 Bai 7: Giai phuong trinh lugng giac sin2x + Visin(x oF +) =1. Dap sé: xaT thax = T+ komx=n+k2n, ke Z. Bai 8: Tim m dé phuong trinh: sin2x + 4(cosx — sinx) = m cé nghiém. Dap sé: -4J2 -1

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