Phuong Trinh Nghiem Nguyen

Trang

Phng trnh vi nghiem nguyen

Dang toan nay la mot trong nhng dang toan kho trong bo mon Toan So
, nhng phan ma toi neu ra di ay ch la nhng dang c ban nhat .
Tuy nhien, e hieu c no trc het can nam c Ly thuyet so .

Dang
Phng trnh mot an - he so nguyen

Dang tong quat : anxn + an - 1xn - 1 + ... + a1x + ao = 0 (1)

Cach giai : van dung cac tnh chat sau
Neu x = b la nghiem cua phng trnh (1) th b la c cua
ao
Neu an = 1 th nghiem hu t neu co cua (1) la so
nguyen
Qui tac tm nghiem :
Tm cac c cua ao
Th lan lt cac c cua ao vao ve trai
cua (1)

Phng trnh bac nhat hai an ( Phng trnh Diophante - Giai tch
Diophante)
{Diophante - Ngi au tien nghien cu co he thong ve Phng trnh vo nh ,
song the ky th III.Tap sach So hoc cua ong co anh hng rat ln en
s phat trien cua Ly thuyet So}

Dang tong quat : ax + by = c (2)

Cach giai : van dung cac tnh chat sau
Gia s a, b, c Z ; a, b 0 va d = (a , b) . Khi o :
Phng trnh (2) co nghiem khi va ch khi d ( c )
Neu (xo , yo) la mot nghiem cua ax + by = 1 vi (a , b) = 1
th (cxo , cyo) la mot nghiem cua phng trnh (2)
Neu (xo , yo) la mot nghiem nguyen cua (2) vi (a , b) = 1
th moi nghiem nguyen cua no c xac nh bi he thc :

x = xo + bt
y = yo - at ; vi t
Z
That vay , v (xo , yo) la mot nghiem nguyen cua (2) axo + byo =
1 axo + byo = ax + by
axo by o by
b( y o y)
yo y
t Z y =
x=
= xo +
{ (a , b) = 1
a
a
a
yo - at }
Phng trnh vo nh dang x2 + y2 = z2 ( Phng trnh Pithago )

Cach giai :
2
2
2
Phng trnh vo nh dang x + y = z co vo so nghiem
nguyen xac nh bi cong thc
( nh ly tm nghiem nay a c biet t Euclide ) :
u2 v 2
u2 v 2
x = u.v ; y =
;z=
2
2

vi u , v Z ; u , v le ; u > v ;
(u, v) = 1

V du
* Khi u = 3 ; v = 1 x = 3 ; y = 4 ; z = 5
* Khi u = 5 ; v = 3 x = 15 ; y = 8 ; z = 17

Phng trnh vo nh dang x2 - Py2 = 1 ( Phng trnh Pell ) ( P Z+ , khong

la so chnh phng )
{ ay la mot dang phng trnh Diophante bac 2, xuat phat t mot bai
toan do Archimede at ra, bai toan co 8 an so thoa man 7 phng trnh,
a en viec tm nghiem nguyen cua phng trnh : x 2 - 4729494y2 = 1 (1).
on Quc Vit THCS Nhn Ho

Phuong Trinh Nghiem Nguyen

Trang

Nam 1880 ngi ta a tm ra nghiem nguyen dng nho nhat cua (1) vi x
la so co 45 ch so , y co 38 ch so }

Cach giai :

Phng trnh Pell co nghiem x = 1 , y = 0 c goi la nghiem

tam thng .
Phng trnh Pell luon co vo so nghiem khong tam thng.
Gia s xo , yo la cac so nguyen dng nghiem ung phng
trnh Pell, the th cac cap so (x o , -yo) ; (-xo , yo) ; (-xo , yo) cung la nghiem. Do
o e tm nghiem khong tam thng cua phng trnh Pell, ta ch can tm
cac nghiem nguyen dng cua phng trnh o. Tat ca cac nghiem nguyen
dng (xk ; yk ) cua phng trnh c xac nh t ang thc :

vi k = 1, 2, 3,...trong o (x1 , y1) la nghiem nguyen dng nho nhat .

Vi P nho , viec tm (x1 , y1) khong kho khan lam - chung ta
ch viec th lan lt y = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5... e tm x 2 = Py2 + 1 la mot so chnh
phng .

Tai sao P la so nguyen dng khong chnh phng ? . Ta hay xet

phng trnh tong quat hn, o la phng trnh : x 2 - Py2 = 1 (*) trong
o P la so nguyen dng cho trc .

V x, y co mat ve trai cua (*) di dang bnh phng nen ta co the

han che viec tm cac nghiem nguyen khong am .
Hien nhien rang x = 1 ; y = 0 la mot nghiem - goi la nghiem tam
thng cua (*). Ta con phai tm cac nghiem khong tam thng (x, y > 0)
Neu trong phng trnh P la mot so chnh phng P = k 2 (kZ+) th (*) ch
co nghiem tam thng, that vay khi o (*) co dang x2 - (ky)2 = 1 va chu y
rang hieu cua hai so chnh phng bang 1 khi hai so chnh phng ay la 1
hoac 0 x2 = 1 ; (ky)2 = 0 x = 1 ; y = 0 .

Nh vay : ieu kien can e phng trnh (*) co nghiem khong

tam thng la P khong phai la mot so chnh phng .
@ e tm s thu v khi nghien cu phng trnh nghiem nguyen ,

mi cac Ban nghien cu ky day cac minh hoa sau :

Minh hoa
Tm nghiem nguyen cua x2 - 5x + 6 = 0

Nghiem nguyen neu co phai la c cua 6, bao gom cac so : 1 ;

2;3;6
at f( x ) = x2 - 5x + 6 f( 2 ) = f( 3 ) = 0 Phng trnh co 2 nghiem
nguyen x = 2 ; 3

Tm nghiem hu t cua 3x2 - 5x + 2 = 0 (1)

Ta co (1) 9x2 - 5.3x - 6 = 0 ; at 3x = t t2 - 5t - 6 = 0 (2)

Nghiem nguyen neu co cua (2) phai la c cua 6 ; de thay (2) co

hai nghiem t = -1 , t = 6
1
Khi t = -1 3x = -1 x = 3
Khi t = 6 3x = 6 x = 2
{Phng phap at lien tiep cac an phu }

Tm cac nghiem nguyen cua phng trnh 8x + 11y = 73

V (8 , 11) = 1 nen phng trnh co nghiem nguyen 8x = 73 - 11y x = 9 - y

1 3y
.
8

1 3y
1+ t
= t Z Ta co : 3y + 8t = 1 3y = 1 - 8t y = -3t +
8
3
1+ t
at
= u Z Ta co : t = 3u - 1
3
at

Vay : x = 9 - y + t ; y = -3t + u ; t = 3u - 1 x = 11u + 5 ; y = -8u + 3 vi u

Tm nghiem nguyen dng , nho nhat ( x , y ) cua phng trnh 17x - 29y
= 100 (1)
V (17 , 29) = 1 phng trnh co nghiem nguyen

on Quc Vit THCS Nhn Ho

Phuong Trinh Nghiem Nguyen

(1) x = 6 + 2y -

Trang

2 5y
2 5y
t -1
t -1
. at
= t Z y = 3t + 2.
; at
=u
17
17
5
5

Z t = 5u + 1
Vay : x = 29u + 11 ; y = 17u + 3

V x , y > 0 29u + 11 > 0 va 17u + 3 > 0 u >

, ...

-3
va u Z u = 0 , 1 , 2
17

Nghiem nguyen dng nho nhat la x = 11 ; y = 3 khi u = 0

{S dung tnh chia het cua a thc }

Tm nghiem nguyen dng cua phng trnh : z

Ta co yz = x - 1 +
2t

x2 x 2
xy+1

1+2y - x
1 + 2y - x = 0 hoac 1 + 2y - x xy + 1
xy + 1

Neu 1 + 2y - x = 0 th yz = x - 1 nen yz = 2y z = 2 ; y = t N* ; x = 1 +
2y

Neu 1 + 2y - x xy + 1 th 2y x(y + 1) hay x y + 1 2 y 1 2 x = 1 ;

y=1;z=2
6) Tm nghiem (x , y) nguyen cua phng trnh : y2 = x5 + 2x4 - 3x3 - 4x2 +
4x
Ta co y2 = x.(x - 1)2(x + 2)2 x = t2 vi t Z y = t.(t2 - 1)(t2 + 2)
hoac khi x = -2 th y = 0
Vi moi x nguyen dng, chng minh rang cac a thc sau ay chia
het cho a thc x2 + x + 1
x11 + x28 + x1953
x7 + x11 + x1995
1)

Ta co x3 = x3 + x2 + x - x2 - x - 1 + 1 = (x2 + x + 1)(x - 1) + 1 1 (mod x2 + x +

vi k N : x3k 1k 1 ; x3k + 1 x ; x3k + 2 x2 (mod x2 + x + 1 )

vi 3 so a, b, c chia cho 3 cho cac so d khac nhau oi mot th x a + xb
+ xc 0 (mod x2 + x + 1 )
{ Tng t : Chng minh rang x7 + x11 + x1995 chia het cho a thc x2 - x + 1
}

Cho p la mot so nguyen to , hay giai phng trnh y

x2 px 1
x-1

trong

tap Z
Ta co y = x + 1 + p +

p
x-1=1;p
x-1

Ton tai hay khong nghiem nguyen cua phng trnh : 2x - 3y = - 5xy +
39
Ta co 2x - 3y = - 5xy + 39 2x = y.(3 - 5x) + 39 y =

2 x 39
3 5x

e y nguyen th ieu kien can ( cha la k u ) la 2x - 39

(2x - 39)2 (3 - 5x)2
(2x - 39)2 - (3 - 5x)2 0 ( -3x - 36)(7x - 42) 0 -12 x 6

3 - 5x

Tm ngiem nguyen cua phng trnh 5x - 3y = 2xy - 11

5x 11

Ta co y = 2 x 3 e y Z , ta can co 5x + 11 2x + 3 (5x + 11)2

(2x + 3)2
x5
3
x ; x 2 . Nhng y = 2 2 x 3 y nguyen khi x = -5 (x , y) = (-5 , 2)
8
la mot nghiem
3
Vi x -5, ta thay kc e y nguyen la x + 5 2x+ 3 x 2 x
8
= -2 ; -1 ; 0 ; 1 ; 2 .

Chng minh rang phng trnh : 4x2 + 231y2 = 1613 vo nghiem trong
tap so nguyen

on Quc Vit THCS Nhn Ho

Phuong Trinh Nghiem Nguyen

Trang

at X = x2 0 ; Y = y2 0 4X + 231Y = 1613 X =

1613 231Y
1 Y
403 58Y
4
4

1 + Y = 4t ( tZ ) Y = 4t - 1 ; X = 403 - 58(4t - 1) + t = 461 - 231t

Ta thay Y 0 khi t

1
461
; X 0 khi t
< 2 e X , Y cung khong am
4
231

th t = 1.
Nhng t = 1 th Y = 3 = y2 y Z pcm !

Tm nghiem nguyen cua phng trnh : x2 - 81y2 = 1

Ta co y = 0 x = 1. Ta tm cac nghiem nguyen dng e suy ra cac

nghiem com lai .
Phng trnh a cho co the viet lai thanh 1 = (x + 9y)(x - 9y)
Do x , y > 0 nen x + 9y > 0 x - 9y > 0 x + 9y = 1 ; x - 9y = 1 x =
y = 0 : gia tr khong thoa.
phng trnh a cho ch co nghiem : (x , y) = (1 , 0) ; (-1 , 0)
Tong quat :

1
;
2

Phng trnh x2 - k2y2 = 1 vi k N ch co nghiem tam

thng x = 1 ; y = 0
Tm nghiem nguyen cua phng trnh x2 + 3y2 = 6xy - 6 (1)
(1) viet lai nh sau : x2 - 6xy + 3y2 + 6 = 0
e phng trnh co nghiem x nguyen th ieu kien can va u (do he
so x2 la 1) la = 6y2 - 6 = m2 : la mot so chnh phng .
Ro rang m2 la boi 6 m la boi 6 xem m = 6t vi t Z y2 - 6t2 = 1 :
Phng trnh Pell

Nghiem tam thng la (y , t) = (1 , 0) ; (-1 , 0) va nghiem nguyen

dng nho nhat la y1 = 5 ; t1 = 2
Cac nghiem nguyen dng (y k , tk) c xac nh t ang thc :
yk t k 6 (5 2 6)k

Giai phng trnh trong tap so nguyen : 3x2 + 48y2 = 1003 + 30xy (1)
Xem (1) la mot phng trnh bac II theo x : 3x2 - 30xy + 48y2 - 1003 = 0
= 81y2 + 3009 = k2 : la so chnh phng e co x nguyen ( kZ+)
k2 - 81y2 = 3009 (k + 9y)(k - 9y) = 3.17.59 . V k + 9y > k - 9y
Xay ra 4 kha nang sau ay :

k 9y 1
k 9y 3009

k 9y 3
k 9y 1003

k 9y 17
k 9y 177

k 9y 51
k 9y 59

Trong trng hp nao ta cung thay y khong nguyen Bai toan vo

nghiem !
{ Chu y , de dang ket luan ngay bai toan vo nghiem v 1003 khong
chia het cho 3 }
Tm nghiem nguyen cua phng trnh sau ay : 9x 2 - 15xy + 4y2 + 38 = 0 (1)
Xem (1) la phng trnh co an x va tham so la y .
e x nguyen , ieu kien can la = 81y2 - 1368 = k2 : chnh phng (k 0)
(2)
Nhan thay 81y2 - k2 = 1368 ch cha luy tha bac chan nen ch viec
tm cac nghiem nguyen dng se suy ra cac nghien con lai .T o (2) co
the viet lai la : (9y + k)(9y - k) = 2 3.32.19 . V y, k > 0 9y + k > 0 9y - k > 0

on Quc Vit THCS Nhn Ho

Phuong Trinh Nghiem Nguyen

Trang

va do (9y + k) + (9y - k) = 18y Ta ch xet 2 trng hp tong hai so la boi

cua 18 .
x=

15y k 15.7 51

3
18
18

cac nghiem la (x , y) = (3 , 7) ; (3 , -7)

9y k 228
9 y k 6 y 13 ; k 1 1

1513
. 111
17
18
cac nghiem la (x , y) = (17 , 13) ; (17 , -13)
x=

Tm nghiem nguyen cua phng trnh : 2x2 + 3y2 - 5xy + 3x - 2y - 3 = 0 (1)

Xem phng trnh la bac II oi vi x . Khi o (1) 2x2 + (3 - 5y)x + 3y2 - 2y

-3=0
e co x nguyen th ieu kien can la = y2 - 14y + 33 = k2 ( k nguyen
khong am) (2)
Xem (2) la phng trnh bac II oi vi y { (2) y2 - 14y + 33 - k2 = 0 }
va (2) = 16 + k2 = m2
( m Z+)
V m > k 0 ; 16 = (m + k)(m - k) ma m + k > 0 m - k > 0 . e y (m + k)
+ (m - k) = 2m nen chung ong thi chan hay le . Ta co bang :

m k 8
m=5;k=3

m k 2

m k 4

m k 4

( x , y ) = (15 , 12) ; (1 ,
( x , y ) = (13 , 11) ;
2)
(3 , 3)
( S dung tnh chat cua so nguyen to )

Tm 3 so nguyen to khac nhau biet tch cua 3 so o gap 3 lan tong

cua chung .

Goi 3 so nguyen to o la a , b , c abc = 3( a + b + c ) abc 3 co

mot so chia het cho 3, gia s la so a M3 . V a nguyen to nen a = 3
b + c = 3 + b + c b( c - 1 ) = 3 + c b 3 c = 1 + c - 1 4

c 1

T o tnh c c = 2 b = 5 ; c = 5 b = 2

Tm nghiem nguyen cua phng trnh : x53 + y53 = 53z (1)

V z Z x53 + y53 53. V 53 la so nguyen to nen theo nh ly Fermat :
x53 - x 53 va y53 - y 53
Khi o (1) 53z = (x53 - x) + (y53 - y) + (x + y) co nghiem x + y = 53t ( t
Z)
Nghiem bai toan : x = u (u Z) ; y = 53t - u ; z =

u 53 (53t u) 53
53

Giai phng trnh 1 + p + p2 + p3 + p4 = x2 (1) ( p nguyen to , x nguyen )

Ta co (1) 4x2 = 4 + 4p + 4p2 + 4p3 + 4p4 (2)
Mat khac : (2x)2 = 4x2 > 4p4 + 4p3 + p2 = ( 2p2 + p)2 va (2x)2 = 4x2 < 4p4 +
2
p + 4 + 4p3 + 8p2 + 4p = ( 2p2 + p + 2)2 (2x)2 = ( 2p2 + p + 1)2 (3) . T (2) & (3)
p2 - 2p - 3 = 0 p = -1 (loai) hoac p = 3 .
Vi p = 3 x = 121 nghiem phng trnh ( p , x ) = ( 3 , 11 ) ; ( 3 , -11)

Co hay khong cac so nguyen to x , y , z thoa man phng trnh : x 2 +

y3 = z4 (1) ( Vo ch LX lan th 14 - 1980 )
T (1) , ta thay 3 so x, y, z khong cung le co t nhat mot so bang 2

.
Neu z = 2 th x2 + y3 = 16 y < 3 x2 = 8 (vo ly !).

on Quc Vit THCS Nhn Ho

Phuong Trinh Nghiem Nguyen

Trang

Neu y = 2 th 8 = (z 2 + x)(z2 - x) , ma z2 + x > 0 z2 - x > 0 va (z 2 + x) + (z2

- x) = 2z2 phan tch 8 = 2.4 , nhng khi o 2 + 4 = 2z 2 z khong nguyen
(loai)
Neu x = 2 th y3 = (z2 + 2)(z2 - 2) va do(z2 + 2) - (z2 - 2) = 4 y = 2 hoac z2 2 = 1(loai). x = 2 y = 2 z chan z = 2 : khong nghiem ung phng
trnh Bai toan vo nghiem !

Tm hai so x, y nguyen va so nguyen to p sao cho : x4 + 4y4 = p (1)

Ta thay e p nguyen to th x 0 hay y 0 ; (1) ch cha luy tha bac
chan cua x, y nen trc het ta xet cac x, y nguyen dng. Ta co p = (x2 +
2y2)2 - 4x2y2 = [(x - y)2 + y2][(x + y)2 + y2]
V (x + y)2 + y2 > 0 (x - y)2 + y2 = 1 x = y = 1 ; z = 5 co 4 bo
nghiem !

Tm nghiem nguyen cua phng trnh : 1 + x + x 2 + x3 = y3 ( Thi Toan quoc

lp 9 - 1982 )
1 2
3
Nhan thay : 1 + x + x2 = (x +
) +
> 0 y3 > x 3 y > x y x + 1
2
4

Neu y = x + 1 th 1 + x + x 2 + x3 = (x + 1)3 2x (x + 1) = 0 (x , y) = (0 , 1)
; (-1 , 0)
Neu y > x + 1 th 2x2 + 2x < 0 -1 < x < 0 : loai !

Tm nghiem nguyen cua phng trnh : x2 = y(y + 1)(y + 2)(y + 3)

at a = y2 + 3y x2 = (y2 + 3y)( y2 + 3y + 2) = a2 + 2a .
Neu a > 0 th a 2 < x2 = a2 + 2a < a2 + 2a + 1 = (a + 1) 2 x2 : khong chnh
phng ( Vo ly ! )
Vay a 0 y2 + 3y 0 -3 y 0 (x , y) = (0 , 0) ; (0 , -1) ; (0 , -2) ; (0 , -3)

Tm bo so (x , y , u , v) nguyen thoa man ang thc :

1
1
1
1
2 2 2 2 1 (1)
x
y
u
v
1 1 1 1
1
De thay rang : 2 ; 2 ; 2 ; 2 Ve trai (1) 1
x y u v
4
Vay dau = xay ra khi x = y = u = v = 2 x , y , u , v nhan cac
gia tr tuy y 2 hoac -2 .

Tm nghiem nguyen cua phng trnh : 12x2 - 3x - 2 = 5y - 8x - 2x2 (1)

1
11x

2
khi
x 2

T (1) 5y
21
2
4x 5x 2 khi x ;x 2
2

Xet x = 0, 1, 2 5y = 2, 13, 24 y khong nguyen

Xet 5y = 4x2 + 5x - 2 4x2 - 2
5 va do 4x2 - 2 2 2x2 1 (mod 10) x Z
Bai toan vo nghiem !
Tm nghiem nguyen cua phng trnh : x3 = y3 + 2y2 + 3y + 1 (1)
T (1) x3 + y2 = (y + 1)3 x y + 1. V x3 - y3 = 2y2 + 3y + 1 0 vi moi y
nguyen x y.
x = y hoac x = y + 1 nghiem cua phng trnh : ( x , y ) = (-1 , -1) ; (1 , 0
)
Tm nghiem (x , y , z) nguyen thoa man ang thc : 4xy - x - y = z2 (1)
Ta co : (1) (4x - 1)(4y - 1) = 4z 2 + 1. Goi p la c nguyen to bat ky
cua 4x - 1 (hien nhien p cung la c cua 4z 2 + 1) 4z2 -1 (mod p) (2z)p - 1
1 (mod p) {nh ly nho Fermat } (4z 2 )
p 1

p 1
2

( 1)

p 1
2

(mod p)

T o : 1 ( 1) 2 (mod p) p - 1 = 4k (kZ+) p = 4k + 1 . Vay moi c

nguyen to cua 4x - 1 eu co dang 4k + 1 4x - 1 cung co dang 4k + 1 hay
4x - 1 = 4k + 1 4(x - k) = 2 2
4 ( vo ly ! ) Vno !
Tm nghiem x , y nguyen dng cua phng trnh : y2 = x2 + 12x + 1995 (1)
on Quc Vit THCS Nhn Ho

Phuong Trinh Nghiem Nguyen

Trang

T phng trnh (1), ta co y2 = (x + 6)2 + 1959 1959 y 45 .

Mat khac -1959 = (x + 6) 2 - y2 = (x + y + 6)(x - y + 6) vi x + y + 6 52 va
1959 = 3 . 653
x + y + 6 = 653 ; x - y + 6 = -3 hoac x + y + 6 = 1959 ; x + 6 - y = -1
nghiem phng trnh : ( x , y ) = ( 319 , 328) ; (937 , 944)
Tm cac so t nhien n sao cho : k2 = n2 + 6n + 1989 (1) la mot so chnh

phng

T (1) k 45 va (n + k + 3)(n - k + 3) = -22.32.5.11

Mat khac n + k + 3 > n - k + 3 va (n + k + 3) + (n - k + 3) la so chan (n
+ k + 3 , n - k + 3) = (990 , -2) ; (330 , -6) ; (198 , -10) ; (110 , -18) ; (90 , -22) ; (66 ,
-30) .
n { 491 , 159 , 91 , 43 , 31 , 15 }

Giai phng trnh trong tap Z :

xy.(y + 4) = 4.(289y - x) (1)
Neu x = 0 th y = 0

Neu y 0 th (1)

4x + 1 = y3 + 8y (2)

Ta co (2) 4(x - 2y) = y3 - 1

{ x - 2y nguyen y - 1 = 4t ,

x
(y + 2)2 = 1156 =
y

22.172
x
y va (y + 2)2 la c chnh phng
cua 1156
(y + 2)2 = 1 , 4 , 172 co 6 nghiem !

tZ}
y = 4t + 1
va x = 16t3 + 12t2 + 11t + 2 ;
tZ

Giai phng trnh nghiem nguyen sau : x2 + y2 + z2 = x2y2 (1)

{ Theo mod 4, neu x2 y2 1 x2 . y2 1 x2 + y2 + z2 1 z2 1 ( vo
ly ! ) } x, y khong the eu la so le x chan hoac y chan x2 . y2
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
x +y +z
4 x = 2x1 ; y = 2y1 ; z = 2z1 x1 + y1 + z1 = 4x1 y1 (2).
Nh vay, neu (x, y, z) la nghiem (1) th x 1 ; y1 ; z1 la nghiem cua (2).

Tiep tuc nh vay, ta co : x2

x1 x
y
y
z
z
( ); y2 1 ( ); z2 1 ( ) la nghiem cua
2
4
2
4
2
4

x22 + y22 + z22 = 16x22y22 (2). Qua trnh nay co the tiep tuc mai va khi o

x y z
chan vi moi k (x, y, z) ch co the la (0, 0, 0) .
; ;
2k 2k 2k
Giai cac phng trnh nghiem nguyen sau :
x6 + 3x3 + 1 = y4
(x + 2)4 - x4 = y3 (1)
cac so

Neu x > 0 th (x3 + 1)2 < x6 + 3x3 + 1 = y4

< x6 + 4x3 + 4 = ( x3 + 2)2 y2 : (x3 +
1)2 <y2< ( x3 +2)2 y4 !
Neu x - 2th ( x3 + 2)2 < x6 + 3x3 + 1 =
y4 < x6 + 2x3 + 1 = (x3 + 1)2 : vo ly !
Neu x = -1 th y4 = -1 ( loai )
Vay x = 0 ; y = 1 : hai nghiem duy
nhat !
33)

Ta co (1) y3 = 8(x3 + 3x2 + 4x + 2) =

(2z)2 vi z2 = x3 + 3x2 + 4x + 2
vi x 0 (x + 1)3 < z3 < (x + 2)3 x + 1
< z < x + 2 vo ly !
vi x -2 at x1 = -x -2 0 , y1 = -y
x1 va y1 thoa man (x1 + 2)4 - x14 = x4
- (x + 2)4 = -y3 : ieu nay khong the
co vi x1 0 .
Vay -2 < x < 0 x = -1 ; y = 0 : nghiem

{ S dung Phng phap xuong thang }

duy nhat !

Chng minh rang phng trnh sau ay khong co nghiem nguyen : 8x4
+ 4y4 + 2z4 = t4 (1)

Gia s rang (1) co nguyem nguyen (x, y, z, t) vi x la gia tr nho

nhat trong cac gia tr co the co .
T (1), ta nhan thay t chan - xem t = 2t1 ; the vao (1) va chia cho 2 ta co
: 4x4 + 2y4 + z4 = 8t14 (2)
z chan - xem z = 2z1 ; thay vao (2) 2x4 + y4 + 8z14 = t14 .
Tng t ,ta co : y = 2y1 x4 + 8y14 + 4z14 = 2t14 va cuoi cung x = 2x1
4
8x1 + 4y14 + 2z14 = t14 (x1 , y1 , z1 , t1) cung la nghiem cua phng trnh a
cho , nhng nghiem nay ta thay x 1 < x : mau thuan cach chon nghiem
au co x be nhat ! (1) vo nghiem !

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Phuong Trinh Nghiem Nguyen

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Tm ieu kien can va u cho so k e phng trnh : x2 - y2 = k

co t nhat mot nghiem nguyen .

34)

x2 - y2 = k co nghiem nguyen k 4t + 2 (*) (so d so chnh phng trong

phep chia cho 4)

k 4t + 2 :

k chan
{ (*) k = 4m } x = m + 1 ; y = m - 1
la nghiem phng trnh .
k le

{ (*) k = 2n + 1 }
x = n + 1 ; y = n la nghiem phng trnh .
Vay : Phng trnh x2 - y2 = k co t nhat mot nghiem nguyen k 4t +
2 ( tZ )
35) Chng minh rang phng trnh x2 + y2 + z2 + t2 = 2xyzt (1) khong co

nghiem nguyen
(khac tam thng )

Gia s rang phng trnh co nghiem nguyen (x, y, z, t) . V x2 + y2 + z2 +

t chan trong cac so x, y, z, t co mot so chan cac so le ( hoac 0 hoac
2 hoac 4 ).
Neu tat ca eu le th x2 + y2 + z2 + t2
4 trong khi 2xyzt khong chia
het cho 4
Neu ch co hai so le th x2 + y2 + z2 + t2 khong chia het cho 4 trong khi
2xyzt
4. Vay x, y, z, t cung chan xem x = 2x1, y = 2y1, z = 2z1, t = 2t1 ; thay
vao phng trnh a cho ta c : x12 + y12 + z12 + t12 = 8x1y1z1t1 . Lap luan
tng t nh tren cho phng trnh nay, ta c cac nghiem phai chan x1 =
2x2 , y1 = 2y2 , z1 = 2z2 , t1 = 2t2 ta c : x22 + y22 + z22 + t22 = 32.x2y2z2t2 .
Mot cach tong quat, xuat phat t nghiem (x, y, z, t) bang phng
phap xuong thang ta i en phng trnh : xs2 + ys2 + zs2 + ts2 = 22s + 1.xsyszsts
trong o : [x , y , z , t]k = 2[x , y , z , t]k + 1 ( k 1 )
2

vi moi so t nhien s :

x y z t
la cac so nguyen - o la ieu
; ; ;
2s 2s 2s 2s

khong the co c khi x,y,z,t nguyen.

35) Giai phng trnh nghiem nguyen sau : x14 + x24 + x34 + ... + x144 =

1599

Chu y rang , vi n = 2k n 4 = 16k4

16 va vi n = 2k + 1 n4 - 1 =
2
(n - 1)(n + 1)
16
Nh vay khi chia x14 + x24 + x34 + ... + x144 cho 16 th so d co c bang
so cac so le trong cac so x i , tc la khong vt qua 14 ; trong khi o
1599 = 1600 - 1 chia cho 16 co so d la -1 hay 15 Phng trnh vo nghiem !
36) Tm cac so x e A = 8x2 + 8x + 1 la so chnh phng .
at A = y2 ( yZ) Tm nghiem nguyen phng trnh 8x2 + 8x + 1 - y2 = 0
ieu kien can e co x nguyen la = 8 + 8y2 = k2 la so chnh phng
k2
8k
4 - xem k = 4t (tZ)
8 + 8y2 = 16t2 y2 - 2t2 = -1 : ay la phng trnh oi Pell (Pt oi Pell
khong co nghiem tam thng) .
2

V x =

4 k 4 4t 1 t
nen x nguyen t le .

8
8
2

Ta biet rang phng trnh oi Pell y2 - 2t2 = -1 co nghiem nguyen dng

nho nhat la y1 = t1 = 1 nen : x1

1 1
0;1 va cac nghiem nguyen
2

dng khac c xac nh t ang thc :

, t o suy ra xk .
37) Tm nghiem nguyen cua phng trnh :

a)
b)

2x = 7y + z
3x + 171 = y2

c)
d)
to )

a) Xem x = 3k ; 3k + 1 ; 3k + 2 ( k 0 )

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10x - 1 = 7y
px + 1 = y ( p nguyen

Phuong Trinh Nghiem Nguyen

Trang

Xet x = 3k : Luc nay , de thay 2 x = 7m + 1 ( m Z+) . So sanh

vi phng trnh a cho 7y + z = 7m + 1 : phng trnh nay nghiem ung
vi y = t ( t Z) va z = 7m + 1 - 7y = 8k - 7t
Vay phng trnh co nghiem : x = 3k ; y = t ; z = 8k - 7t
Xet x = 3k + 1 : Theo tren , ta co 14m = 2 x - 2 7y + z = 14m + 2 ;
phng trnh nay co nghiem y = t (tZ) ; z = 2x - 7y = 2.8k - 7y
Vay phng trnh co nghiem : x = 3k + 1 ; y = t ; z = 2.8k - 7t
Xet x = 3k + 2 : Theo tren , ta co 28m = 2x - 4 7y + z = 28m + 4 .
Vay phng trnh co nghiem : x = 3k + 2 ; y = t ; z = 4.8k - 7t
b) Phng trnh a cho 9(3x-2 + 19) = y2 { y nguyen 3x - 2 + 19 = k2
( kZ+ ) }

Neu x - 2 = 2m 19 = (k + 3m).(k - 3m) k + 3m =19 ; k - 3m = 1 k =

10 ; m = 2
nghiem phng trnh a cho : x = 2m + 2 = 6 ; y = 30 .

Neu x - 2 = 2m + 1 ( m Z+) th ta co :
k2 = 3x - 2 + 19 = 32m - 1 - 1 + 20 = 20 + (3 - 1)(

3 2k 2
32k 3 ...3 1 ) = 20 + 2(2m +
2k 2

1)
vi moi m , k2 chan nhng khong chia het cho 4 bai toan ch co
mot nghiem !
c) V 10x = 1 + 7y Z x 0 va (x , y) = (0 , 0) la mot nghiem cua phng
trnh

99...99 va neu lay 99

...99 chia cho 7 th so
Xet x > 0 , ta co 10 x - 1 =
x

dng x nho nhat thoa e la x = 6 hay A = 999999

cac so AA...AA

BB...BB
7 va ch nhng so o nghiem phng trnh la y = , vi B =

142857 (ng vi x = 6) ; x = 6n ( n Z , n 0 )
d) px = y2 - 1 = (y + 1)(y - 1) x 0 ; v p nguyen to nen y + 1 , y - 1 la cac
luy tha cua p .
Xem y - 1 = pk ; y + 1 = pk + l ( k , l nguyen khong am )
Ma (y + 1) - (y - 1) = p k ( pl - 1 ) p = 2 ; k = 1 ; l = 1 . Vay y = 1 + p k = 3 ; x =
3
x 2
3 2
5 2
38) Tm nghiem nguyen cua phng trnh : (4x ) +(
) = (x2 +
)
y
2
2
x2
5
3
5
3
Ta co : 2 ( x 2 4 x )( x 2 4 x ) y2 = x2[(x + 2)2 - 3](x - 2)2
y
2
2
2
2
{ y nguyen x = 0 hoac x = 2 hoac (x + 2)2 - 3 = k2 la so chnh phng (
k Z+ ) }
Xet (x + 2)2 - 3 = k2 3 = (x + 2 + k)(x + 2 - k) : tch hai so nguyen cung
dau ; xet cac trng hp co the xay ra, chung ta co them nghiem x = -4.
Vay cac nghiem cua phng trnh la (x , y) { (0 , 0) ; (2 , 0) ; (-4 , 24) ; (-4 ,
-24) }
39)

Tm nghiem nguyen cua phng trnh : (2x + 1)2 - 1 =

384y
(1)
(2x 1) 2 1

T (1) 384y = (4x2 + 4x)(4x2 - 4x) 24y = x2.(x - 1)(x + 1)

Neu x le th (x - 1)(x + 1)
8 va trong 3 so x , x - 1 , x + 1 co mot so chia
1
het cho 3 x2.(x - 1)(x + 1) = 24t ( t Z ) nghiem x = 2k + 1 ; y =
k.(k + 1).
6
(2k + 1)2 ( k Z )
Neu x chan th x - 1 , x + 1 la cac so le ieu kien e phng trnh co
nghiem la x2
8 x2
4
1
Vay : nghiem cua phng trnh la : x = 4k ; y = =
k.(4k - 1).4k.(4k + 1) .
6
40) Giai phng trnh nghiem nguyen : x3 + x2y + xy2 + y3 = 8(x2 + xy +

y2 + 1) (Vo ch Balan-1981)

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Phuong Trinh Nghiem Nguyen

Trang

10

Nhan xet x , y cung tnh chan - le va neu x = y th phng trnh tr

thanh x3 - 6x2 - 2 = 0 nghiem nguyen neu co (c cua -2) se la 1 ; 2 ,
nhng khong co gia tr nao thoa man !
Do x , y cung tnh chan - le x - y 2 (x - y)2 4 x2 + y2 4 + 2xy
x2 + y2 2 + 2xy (1)
( Pt a cho ) (x2 + y2)(x + y) = 8(x2 + y2) + 8(xy + 1) (x2 + y2)(x + y - 8) =
8xy + 8
Pt he qua : (x2 + y2) (x + y - 8) = 4 xy + 2 { (1) x + y - 8 < 4 }
4 < x + y < 12
x + y = 6 , 8 , 10 .
Vi x + y = 6 , 8 vo nghiem !
Vi x = 10 xy = 14
x , y la hai nghiem cua phng trnh : a 2 - 10a + 16 = 0 (x , y) = (2 , 8) ;
(8 ; 2)

41)

Tm nghiem nguyen cua cac phng trnh sau ay :

a) xy2 + 2y(x - 14045) + x = 0
c) x2 - 38y = 23
13
51
5
b) 7x2 + 7y2 = 1820
d) y x 2 x 2 x
( HSG Lp 9 - 1994 )

6
2
3
a) Neu y = 0 th x = 0 ; xet y 0 . Khi o phng trnh co the a ve dang :
x
( y 1 ) 2 28090
y

ieu kien can e y + 1 Z la

x
Z (y + 1)2 la c so chnh phng cua
y

28090 = 532.2.5
(y + 1)2 ch co the la 1 hoac 532
Neu (y + 1)2 = 1 th y = -2 x = - 56180
Neu (y + 1)2 = 53 th y = 52 ; - 54 x =

532 .10y
10y 520 ; 540
532

b) Nhan thay 7 va 13 la cac c cua 1820 nen x 2

13 x
13 ; y2
7
y
7
Xem x = 13u ; y = 7v ( u, v Z) 13u2 + 7v2 = 20 13u2 13 ; 7v2 7 13u2 +
7v2 20
ang thc xay ra khi va ch khi u2 = v2 = 1 (x , y) = (13 , 7) ; (13 , -7) ;
(-13 , 7) ; (-13 , -7)
c) Phng trnh a cho co the viet di dang : x 2 - 4 = 38y + 19 = 2(2y + 1)
(x + 2)(x - 2) = 19(2y + 1)
x le x + 2 hoac x - 2 chia het cho 19

Neu x + 2 = 19t ( t nguyen dng le ) th x = 19t - 2 va y =

2
x 23 (19 t 2) 2 23 19 t 2 4 t 1

38
38
2
19 t 2 4 t 1

Neu x - 2 = 19t ( t nguyen dng le ) th x = 19t + 2 va y =

2
x
(
x

1
)(
x

2
)
13 2 51 2 5
x
x x = 2x3 + 25x2 - 2x +
d) Ta co : y =
Z , vi moi x
6
2
3
6
Z
(Chu y rang : vi moi x Z : x( x 1)( x 2) luon chia het cho 6 )
42) Chng minh rang phng trnh khong co nghiem y nguyen am

vi moi m nguyen :

5y2 - 7y - 32 + 8m2 = 0

7k
vi k = = 49 +
10
7k
7k
160(4 - m2) ma de thay k Z+ ( k = 0 y Z ) y =
va y =
<0k
10
10
> 7 . Khi o = k2 > 49 m2 < 4 m2 = 0 ; 1
Neu m2 = 0 th = 689 : khong chnh phng y Z

Nghiem cua phng trnh phai co dang y =

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Phuong Trinh Nghiem Nguyen

Trang

Neu m2 = 1 th = 529 = 232 y =

11

7 23
Z pcm !
10

Ap dung
Bai 65 : Tm cac nghiem nguyen cua phng trnh
a) 12x - 5y = 21
a) x = 3 + 5t ; y = 3 + 12t , t
b) 12x + 17y = 41
Z
c) x + 3y = 0
b) x = 2 + 17t ; y = 1 - 12t , t
d) 2x - y = 1
Z
e) 3x + 2y = 4
c) x = -3t ; y = t , t Z
d) x = t ; y = 2t - 1 , t Z
e) x = 2t ; y = 2 - 3t , t Z
Bai 66 : Tm nghiem nguyen dng , nho nhat cua phng trnh
f) 16x - 25y = 1
a) x = 11 ; y = 7
g) 41x - 37y = 187
b) x = 19 ; y = 16
Bai 67 : Tm cac nghiem nguyen cua phng trnh
h)
x2 - 6xy + 5y2 = 121
a)
(x - 5y)(x - y) = 121
4
i)x + 2x7y - x14 - y2 = 7 (x, yZ+)
b)
(x2 - x7 + y)(x2 + x7 - y)
=7
j)2x2 + 2xy - x + y = 112 (x, yZ+)
c)
y = -x + 1 + 111 : (2x
k)
xy2 + 2xy - 243y + x = 0
(x, yZ+)

l)6x2 + 5y2 = 74
m)
xy + 3x - 5y = -3
n)
x2 = y2 + 2y + 13
o)
19x2 + 28y2 = 729

+ 1)

d)
e)
f)
g)

x.(y + 1)2 = 243y

6(x2 - 4) = 5(10 - y2)
(x - 5)(y + 3) = -18
(x - y - 1)(x + y + 1) =

12
h)
Vo nghiem !
Bai 68 : Giai cac phng trnh sau trong tap so nguyen :
a)
-6x2 - 2y2 + 6xy + 8x + 3y a) (x) = -3[(y - 7)2 + 5:3] < 0

= 168
b)

2x2y2
c)
d)
Bai 69 :
e)
f)
g)

b) Vo nghiem !
c) 6y2 = 42 - k2 y2 = 7 - k2 : 6 7 k2
= 36
2x2 + 3y2 = 19 - 4x
d) 3(2x2 + 1) = 5(y2 - 8x) 2x2 + 1 5
6x2 - 5y2 = -40x - 3
Vno !
Giai cac phng trnh sau trong tap so nguyen :
4x2 + 231y2 = 1631
a)
Vo nghiem !
2
2
x - 100y = 1
b)
(x , y) = (1 , 0) ; (-1 , 0)
(x2 + y2)2 = 8x2y2 + 4xy +
c)
Dan en pt Pell va oi
1987x2 + 1988y2 = 3000 -

Pell

d)
x = 12
e)
(x, y, z, t) = (4, 2, 1, 1) va
+
cac hoan v .
z, tZ )
Bai 70 : Giai cac phng trnh sau trong tap so nguyen :
j)
x3 - 3y3 - 9z3 = 0
a)
T/c chia het cho 3
3
3
3
k)
5x + 11y + 13z = 0
b)
T/c chia het cho 13
h)
i)

x + x + x + x = 271440
x + y + z + t = xyzt (x, y,

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