PHUONG TRINH HAM TREN R, Q, N (FUNCTION EQUATION) Trong céc Ki thi hgc sinh gidi thuding cé bai ton gidi phuong trin him ,trong 46 cé mot s6 knéng nhé céc bai qui vé xéc dinh tinh cGngznhan_ cla ham s6. Chuyén dé nay kai théc cdc tinh chat cla him c6ng tinh, nhan tinh dé gidi cic PTH trong cac ki thi HSG trong nuéc va nude ngoai BIL: Cho him f: RR thod man f(x + y) = f(x) + fly) v6i V x,y € R (f duge goi la ham cng tinh trén R) va khéng phi 1a ham hang .Chting minh céc ménh dé sau tuong duong a) f(x) lin tc tai xe b)fG)=ax (a# 0) ©) f don ign trén (c; d) 4) f gi6i ndi ten (¢; d) a) =9b) Ta ching minh flién tuc trén R V6i x, bat ki lay dy (x.) hi ty t6i x: Cho n9+00 + xy- X14 xo 9X0 , do Flin tue tai x» nn Hi f0x.— x1 + x0) = LIM Ff) - £0) + fo] = fim sex) - £041) + £00) = £(%0) (x:) Vay f lién tuc trén R Vi f Ong tinh trén R nén f(x) = ax (1) v6i Vx € Q,ae R’ (Ban doc hay chting minh TC néy) V6i x bat ki, lay day (y,) Q hGi ty t6i x. c6: tien fy.) = IM Cay.) = ax (theo (1)) Himsa = A(x) = ax b) =9¢) vac) =>d) 18 dung nhién.Ta chting minh d) =a) Ta chi cn CM cho c> 0 lim fox (0) (do f lién tuc trén R) Ta cém™ <(X) non (ne N,x€ (Gd)) six 3|z m M Chon +0: = 50, — 0, 90 n ™m {iP tgy £(0) =f lin tuc bén phai tai 0 Do f laham 1é (Ban doc hay chting minh TC ny) =sf lién tuc bén tdi tai O =f lin tuc tai tai x= 0 Cheng minh tuong ty nhura ta cé f lién tye trén R Néu f la ham hing ta dé dang CM duge f(x) = 0 BIZ: Tim himf:R R tho man f(xy) = f(fly) voi V x, y € R (f duge goi la ham nhén tinh tren R) va lidn tuc t@i xo > 0 £(0) = 0 hoc f(0) = 1; {(1) = 0 hoe f(1) = 1 a) {(1) = 0: {(x) = 0 (nhan) b) f(1) = (0) = 1 f(x) = f(x).£(1) = £09 £(0) = f(0) = 1 (ah&n) ) £0) = 0 va (1) = 1 1 xe 0: f@)(S) = 1) =1 f(x) # 0 x> 0: f) = [Vx)P> 0xétham g:RR (x) = In{f(e?)]=9g 1a him cOng tinh trén R f(x) lign tc tai xo > 0 =>g(%) lien tuc tai xi = Inf(xs).Theo BT 1a, b a(x) = ax =f(e) = (@')' f(x) = x! véi x > 0 =) N6u f(-1) = -1 : (9) = -fC-x) = 9)" voix <0 *) N6u f(-1) = 1: £09) = fx) = Cx)" vi x <0 x nelix> 0 Vay (x)= 10 neax=0; -}q? nedc< 0 foo Ph ix 0 neax=0 Ban dgc hay gidi BT trén khi thay d6i gid thiét “ign tuc tai x> 0” bi “f gidi v6i c> 0” hoac “f don diéu trén (c; A) voi c > 0” hode “f ting tren (¢; A) voice > 0” BT:: Xéc dinh ham f cé tin nhan va tinh cOng trén R H a) f(1) = 0: £0) = 0 (nha) b) (1) = 1 va f(0) = 0 Theo CM 6 BT1 ta c6 x > 0: f(x) > 0 x>y=oftx (x) - f(y) > 0 >f ting én R . Theo BT 1c =9{(x) = ax (a> 0) Mat khae f(xy) = f(y) pany = a’xy=sa = 1 =9f() =x (hn) BIA: Tim ham f:R'—R thod man f(xy) = f() + f(y) véi¥ x, y © R° (Cam goi f 1a ham nhan —c6ng tinh trén R") va ign tye tai xo >0 HD g: ROR: 2) = fe) = la ham cOng tinh trén R , lién tc tai f(x) =94(x) = ax =f(e) = ax = aine*=9f(x) = alnx néu x > 0 Tacé: £1) = 0; f(-1) = 0 f@%) = fx) =9f() = fx) = aln(-9 vot x <0 Vay f(x) = a.lnl x | (nh4n) BI5:Tim ham £: RR thod man f(x + y) = f()fly) voi V x, y R( tam goi 18 ham eGng— han tinh trén R) va lién the tai x0 (nhdn) én (c; d) HD £(0) = 0 hod f(0) = 1 a) (0) f(x) = f(x + 0) = (0)f(x) = 0 (nh&n) b)f@=1 T= f(x + (29) = £009) £09 # 0 v6i moi x xx Xp fx) = HS + 3) = ISP 0 g: RAR: g(x) = In({(x)) ham g cOng tinh trén R va Lién tue tai In(f(%o)) =9g(x) = ax =>In(f(x)) = ax =(x) = e* (nh)BIG: Ham f: R> —R} cé tinh nhan va f(f(x)) = x v6i V xe R>. Ching minh a) N&u f lin tye trén R? thi f(x) = x hodc f(x) = 2 b)Cac ménh dé sau tuong duong i) f() =x ii) IMQQ=0 iti) JIM ex) = +00 ©) Cac ménh dé sau tuong duong Dio= Fa fina 1») limtgg =0 HD: a)L€p ham g: ROR a(x) = In{f(e')], g e6 tinh cOng va lign tue trén R Ta chting minh ii) =i) Cho x> 1: 168) = (8) 900 kin 400 1 Gla sity> x>0:4(L) = «1 tq) > fe) tang won RY ja sity > x>0: (2) = FE > 1 f(y) > 9) of tng wen} Lap him g: RR: (x) = In{f(e)], g c6 tinh cOng va ting trén R, theo BT1c g(x) = ax v6i a> 0 fe) = yf) Tir f(f@)) = x=a=1 ‘Mét s6 bai tap va dé thi 1) Tim ham f : RR lign tue va thod man {(0) = 0;¥ x,y e Rmax-ye Q=f(x) -fyeQ HD: Ching minh f(x) cOng tinh va lién tu trén R DS : f(x) = ax volae Q 2)Tim ham f : R -»R thoa man f(x +f) =y+fO&)V%ye Rs a F(X) 5 sin Bir Tap (C/x# Opa dp hitu han (Vé dich Singapor 97). HD: Tir f(x + f(y)) = y + f(x) V x, y © Rhy chting minh f c6 tinh cOng wren R wf 5 bind P tries OM tp hitu han suy ra f gi6i ndi wen (c; d) voi e> 0. DS: f(x) =x 3)Tim ham f: R91 04 man f(xf(y)) = yf(x) véi Vx, y eR? va JIM fe = 0 (TH &TT) HD: BAt x = yf(1) > f(f(x)) = (f(y) = £.£6)) = yf) = x voi V xe RD f(uv) = f(uf(f(v)) = f(v)F(u) Vu, ve Ro Theo BTS : f(x) 4)Tim t&t 8 céic him f, g RR thod man: S)NEu x 0 DS : (x)= a(x) pe <0 5) Tim him f : RR thoa man f(x + y) + f(xy) = £() + f(y) + f0f(y) vOiv x, ye R HD: CM f vita cé tinh cng vita cé tinh nhén 6) Tim ham f : R 9R thoa man: (£0) + £(@)H(9) + £(9) = foxy ~ 20 + FOxt + yz) VERY x,y, 2, Ce R (IMO 2002) 7) Tim tt c cdc ham f(x) xac dinh én (0; +») ,c6 dao ham tai x = 1 va thoa man: foxy) = Vx f(y) + VV £0) vOi Vx, ye (0; +) (TH&TT) HD 3 f(x) = c(1 - g(x) voia,e> 0 fi Bat g(x) = “ , gla him nn - cBng tinh trén (0; +0) DS : f(x) =ayxlnx (ae R) 8)Tim tt c@ cdc da thtic hai bién P(x; y) thoa man ba diéu kién: a) P(tx; y= "POG y) Wyte Rine N b) P(A; 0) = Ply +2; x) + P(e + x;y) + P(x + yj 2) =OVEIVX y, ze R HD Dat f(x) = P(x; 1-x) +2. Hay chting minh f cOng tinh va lién tuc wén R DS : P(x; y)= (+ y)"x-2y) voine N Nguyén Ngoc Khoa-Gv Tr.PTTH Chuyén Lé Khiét-Quang Ngai