2015

(59)



) (...
...

)
(
...
... ...
) (
.
...



.
...

Abstract

1
2
3
4
5

1
4
5
5
5
5
6
76
8
8
9
109
10
10
11
11

11
21
31
131
231
331
431
531

feasibility study

preliminary design
detailed design
final design

22
122
222
32

42
142
242
342
442

1211

invitation to Tender

12
12
13

bidding Tender

Bid Evaluation

12

132
232
332

13
13

1514
1615
16
1816
3219

Types of Engineering Contract

33
4033

41

542
642
52

152
252
352
452
552
62
162
262

72
172
82

41
42
4643

282

4946

382

5049

482

92

50
6250

102

1102

6362

2102

6563

3102

182

67
67
7068

13

23

33

43

53

7170
7371
7574
75
75
75
7675

153

253

353

453

63

76
77
7977
8079

80
80
8180

73

83

183

283

383

8381
84

93

193

293

393

8785

8988
12689
134126

14

24

34

44

135
136135
139136
140139
142141
143

153144
155154
156
158157
159
161160
162
163
164

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

15
25
35
45





.









:


.



.

Abstract
Engineering contracts are considered to plan implementation of the
project by both sides as it contains universality serve purpose for which the
contract was worked, but there are some disputes that contract does not being
solved radically, which the parties have access to justice and dispute settlement
committees and other alternative solutions.
This study aimed to explain some of the solutions that will ensure in
the contract stage as the most important stage in the project until completeness
as what is required to reduce disputes between the contracting parties, which can
develop into a dispute through the study is divided into two frameworks. The first
theoretical and the thorough study for the implementation phases of the project
since the feasibility study stage and until extradition and documentation and
claims, causes and ways to avoid disputes and divisions and ways to unseal the
stage . The second frame practical and it has been prepared questionnaire
contains data in area of research and the reality of a problem and the research
hypotheses have been analyzing the data and discuss the way to some of the
results which will help to reduce disputes in the construction industry and had to
be decision makers in the public policy of the profession of it has to be avoid

disputes occurring since the the contract stage and thus access to the
recommendations of the study is to support the most important of these results:
That there is a big effect on signing the contract without recourse to
legal departments are the reason for the emergence of problems in the stages of
the project . After tender sort contracting is formulation a well-contract view of
the critical importance of the language of the contract and formula it must be
matched with the law, and different the contract by the contractor working formula
type it.
Engineering Contract items explains the role and responsibility of each
party to the contract and that differences contractual could lead to dispute unless
there is a non thorough study and a good project with insufficient detail drawings
before signing the contract and not providing the necessary precautions additional
business reason for occurrence of a contractual dispute does not occur .


11


.
.

.
.

.
:
. . . .1



:
. . . - .

. . - .

.
. - .


. . - .

. . . ) (. . - .



.
. . . . . . - .

21
, ,


.

31
131


.

231
-1
-2

-3 .
-4

331
-1 .
-2 .
5

 -3 .
-4 .

.

431

.
:

) (
) (
.

531
.1
.
6

 .2
.
.3
.
.4
.



12







.
)(
)
(
.

/ .
8

 / .
/ .
/ .
/ .
/ .

:Feasibility study22
122
1997
).(2
)( 1

.
9



:
- .

222
:

.....

:32

Preliminary Design132
10

Detailed Design232

) (

.

Final design332


.

:42
Invitation to Tender142
) : (
60-30
11


:
/ .
/ .
/ .
/ ) (.
/ .
/ .

Bidding Tender242

.

342

) (

.

12

 Bid Evaluation442

.
.

542


.
642
.

.
:52
152
13



.

) (Heavy construction projects
) (Industrial projects )(Building construction projects

) :(
.



.


.

14


.

.

252

.

.

).(2


:
/ .(ICE )Institution of Civil Engineering .

15

 / ) )Federation international disEngineersConsulting

. ((FIDIC
/
) ( ,
) (1
2008 .

352
: .
.

452


:

Offer and Acceptance

.
16



.
:
: . . - .

The Existence of Agreement

.
.
.

The Agreement is Lawful

.
17




.

.

Agreement Language

) (

.

Type of Engineering Contract552

.

18

Type of contracting arrangements

Lump sum contract1



.



.

Cost plus of fees2

19

cost plus a percentage3

.

Schedules of rates4


) /( )(.....

Labour only5

.

Do and charge6
) (
.

20

Design and contract7

.

Classification of contracts formation

Bilateral contract1
.

Unilateral contract2
.

Express contract3
.

Implied in- fact contract4

.

Quasi contract5
.

Formal contract6
21

Informal contract7
.

Classification of contract (Enforceability

Valid contract1
.

Void contract2
.

Voidable contract3
.

Unenforceable contract4
.

Classification of contract (Performance

Executed contract1
22

Executory contract2
.

Classification by method of
evaluation contract price
Fixed price contract1
) (Lump sum


.

. . - .

23

 ) .

. . . - .

Price adjustment contract2

) (

.

Cost plus contract3

.

- .

24

 - .

.
. . . - .

-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 ) (.

Target cost contract4

. ).(Re-measurement25


. - , .

. - .

Bills of quantity contract5

) ( ,
,
)( )( ,
.

, .

).(revaluation

Schedule of rate contract6

26

 ) . (Unit price contract

. :
.

.

. . . :

other method classified by evaluating

contract price

Competitive contract7
)(
.

27



Prequalification Forms





: .

Negotiated contract8

:
. ) (.

28

 ,
.

- ) (.

. . - )( .

Package contract9

: .

. . - .

29

Turnkey contract10
: .... .
: .

Continuating contract11

.

.30

 - .

: .

Running contract12

.
). Contract Price Adjustment (CPA

Service contract13


: .

31

 62
162

)
(


.

262

32

1
)(
:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-5 .
-6 .
)(
)( 1

)(
.
)(
) ( .

33


:
) (1

.
) (2
)( 1

)(
.

.
)( .



.
)( .
34

 :) (1 .
) (2 .
) (3 .
) (4 .

.

2
)(
.
)(

.

35

)( ) (
.


.

.
)(

. )
(
.
)(
.
)( .
)(

36




.

.

.
)(
)
( :
) (1 .
) (2 .
) (3 .
) (4 .

37

)(
) (


.
)(

:
) (1 .
) (2
.



) .(

38

 ) (2
.
)(


.
)(


.
)(


.

.

39

72
172




)( 1

82
182

40


)( 3

282
" "quality " "qualitas

):(9
. . . . ):(4
-1 :
-2 :
41

 -3 :
-4 :
-5 :

382

: .
: .
: .
: .

,

.

42

 .
:
-1 ) (
.
-2
.
-3
.
-4
.

)(6-5

:
.1 ) (

.

43

 .2
.
.3

.
.4

.
.5 )
(.
.6

.
)(5

).(7
44

 :

):(8
.1
.
.2
.
.3 . .
.4
.
.5
.

Total quality management 482

9T.Q.M

45

1

.




)( .

(
.

46

(
.

(1
.
(2 )
( .
(3
.
(4 .
(5
.
(6 .
(7
.
(8 .

47

 (9 .
(10 )
, (.
(11 .
(12 .
(13
.

92
:
( ) :
( ) : (
.

)(1

(

.

48

)(1

(

.

)(1

):(1
(1 .

)(1

(2 .
31
.

)(1

102


.


.

49

1102





.
:

.

.


:

50

1
. . . - .

2
2
- .

3
.
.... .

51

 . . . . .
.

5
. . .

6
. .52

 . - .

7
. .
- .

. .

53

-1 .
-2
.
3

.
) (



.

-1 .

54

 -2
.
-3 .
-4 .
-5
.
-6 .
-7

.

.

55



) (.

2




.
.
) (
.

.

56



).(1

5
6

1
) : (
) : (
.

) (


.
57

2






.

: .

3


.
.

58

.

:
-1


.
-2
.


.

59

 -3

.
-4
.







.

7
4

.
60



.
.

.
.

2102


.



:
-1

61


.
-2


.
-3
.
-4
.

3102



.
.

62

 ) (
:
-1
.
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-5
.
) /
( :
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .

63


)
(
.


) ( .







.

.

64

8
9
4102

.
:
-1
.
-2 .
-3
.

65

13

.

:
( .
( .

23
(1 ) (
(2 .
(3 .
66

 (4 /.

33


).(10

.1


)(11

.2 :

).(12
.

67

 .3 :
.

)(13

.
.4 :



).(13
.5 .
.6 .
.7 .
.8 .
.9
.
.10 .
68

 .11 .
.12
.

43
1


28 ).(1




.

2
28

69

 .


28

.


)
().(1

53
:


.

70



:
-1
)) :
((.
).(1

.
-2
.
:
.1 .
.2 : .
.3
.

71

 .4
.
.5
.
.6
.
.7

).(14

.

153
( :

.
( .
( ) (.
72

( ) (.
( .
( ) (.
( .
(.
( .
( .

253
-

- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .

73

 -
.
- .
- .

353

.

453
- .
- .
- .
- .
-
.
- .
- .
- .
74

 - .
- .
- .

63




.
)( 1

73

).(15

).(16
75

 :
.

.

83
183
/1




.


.

2
76


:
.

. .
. .
. .
. ) ( .
. .
. .
. .
. .
) (
) (

) (
.
77

3


. :
- .
-
.

4



)(

78

283

) (

.

383
:
(1 .
(2 .
(3 .

.

93
1193
79

(



.
( 56
.
(
28

.
( 56
28
28 56
-
.

80

(
).(1
(

.

1293
(
28
.

( .

(
1

28 .

( .

81

(
1

(
1

( 84


.
.

(
1

1393
:

82

( ) ( .

( .

.

.

83

14


.

: .

84


80
22 46 12
30 50
5 15 .

.


.
.

85

) (1

26

32.5%

10>5

18

30

29

%36.2

40>30

23

%28.8

50>40

24

%30.0

50

%5.0

1.2%

43

53.8%

17

21.2%

19

23.8%

0%

22

%27.5

86

%22.5

46

%57.5

12

%15.0

43

%53.8

25

%31.2

12

%15.0

54

%67.5

25

%31.2

%1.2

12

%15.0

19

%23.8

49

%61.2

24

) (


.


.
87

 : :

.
: ) (:
:
.


.
)( 8

. %5

34
) (%32.5 ) (5 ) (%25
15>11 10>5 )(%22.5
) (%20 15 .

88

 ) (%36.2 30 ) (%30
50>40 ) (%28.8 40>30 ) (%5 50
.
) (%53.8 ) (%23.8
) (%21.2 ) (%1.2 .
) (%57.5 ) (%27.5
) (%15 ,
: ) (%53.8
) (%31.2 ) (%15 .
) (%67.5 ) (%31.2 )(%1.2
.
) (%61.2 ) (%23.8 ,
) (%15.

.7

89

11.2

10-5

23.8

19

15-10

22.5

18

20-15

42.5

34

20

%100

80

2.96

1.06

20 42.5

11.2 201522.5 151023.8

105

2
42.5

45
40
35
30

23.8

25
20
15

22.5

11.2

10
5
0
(5-10)

(10-15)

15-20

20

: .8

90

 3
%

13.8

11

%10-5

18.8

15

%15-10

30.0

24

%20-15

37.5

30

%20

%100

80

2.91

1.05

302037.5
10513.8151018.82015
3
37.5

40
35

30

30
25
20

18.8
13.8

15
10
5
0
5-10%

10-15%

15-20%

%20

: .9

4
91

11.2

%10-5

17.5

14

%15-10

27.5

22

%20-15

43.8

35

%20

%100

80

3.03

1.03

27.52043.8

11.2151017.52015

105

43.8

50
40

27.5
30

17.5
20

11.2

10
0
5-10%

10-15%

15-20%

%20

92

 .2

(5)
%

11.2

31.2

25

41.2

33

16.2

13

%100

80

2.62

0.891

31.2 41.2
11.216.2

93

 5
41.2

50

31.2

40
30
20

16.2

11.2

10
0

: .3

6
%

15.0

12

23.8

19

42.5

34

18.8

15

%100

80

2.65

0.955

18.823.842.5
15
6

94

42.5

45
40
35
30

23.8

25
20

18.8
15

15
10
5
0

: .4

7
%

16.2

13

12.5

10

25.0

20

46.2

37

%100

80

3.01

1.11

25 46.2

12.516.2
95

7
46.2

50
45
40
35

25

30
25

16.2

20

12.5

15
10
5
0

.5 :

15

18.8

13

16.2

34

42.5

18

22.5

80

%100

2.68

1.02

22.542.2
16.218.8

96

8
42.5

45
40
35
30
25

22.5
18.8

20

16.2

15
10
5
0

: .6

9
%

61.2

49

15.0

12

23.8

19

%100

80

1.62
0.847

23.8 61.2
15

97

61.2

70
60
50
40

23.8

30

15

20
10
0

.7 :

10

25

31.2

12

15.0

37

46.2

7.5

80

%100

2.30

0.998

1531.246.2
7.5

98

 10
46.2

50
45
40

31.2

35
30
25

15

20
15

7.5

10
5
0

.3

11

48

60.0

6.2

26

32.5

1.2

80

%100

1.75

0.961

99

32.560
1.26.2
11

60
60
50
40

32.5

30
20

6.2

10

1.2

.4

12
%

33.8

27

21.2

17

45.0

36

%100

80

2.11

0.885

100

45
21.233.8
12

45
45
40

33.8

35
30

21.2

25
20
15
10
5
0

.5

13
%

85.0

68

15.0

12

%100

80

1.150

0.359

101

85
15
13
85
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

15
0

.6

14
%

20.0

16

57.5

46

21.2

17

1.2

%100

80

2.03

0.683

102

2021.257.5
1.2

14
57.5
60
50
40
30

21.2

20

20
10

1.2

. .7

15
%

21.2

17

15.0

12

36.2

29

27.5

22

%100

80

2.70

0.938

103

21.227.536.2
15

15

40

36.2

35

27.5

30

21.2

25
20

15

15
10
5
0

.8
.

16

24

30.0

34

42.5

14

17.5

10.0

80

%100

104

2.07

0.938

1753042.5
10

16
42.5

45
40
35

30

30
25

17.5

20
15

10

10
5
0

.9 .

17

32

40.0

17

21.2

31

38.8

105

%100

80

1.98

0.892

40
21.238.8
17

40

38.8

40
35
30

21.2

25
20
15
10
5

.10

18
%

70.0

56

30.0

24

%100

80

1.30

106

0.461

3070
18
70
70
60
50
30

40
30
20
10
0

19
%

62.5

35

37.5

21

%100

56

37.562.5
107


.11 .

20

64

80.0

16

20.0

80

%100

1.20

0.402

2080
20

108

80
80
70
60
50
40
30

20

20
10

.12

21

20

25.0

60

75.0

80

%100

2.20

0.985

) (%75 ) (%25
.

109

 21

75
80
70
60
50
40

25

30
20
10
0

121
%

60

36

20

12

20

12

%100

60

2060
20

110

 .22

:
.1-22 .

122

36

45.0

18

22.5

18

22.5

10.0

80

%100

1.97

1.04

45
1022.522.5

111

 122
45
45
40
35
30

22.5

25

22.5

20

10

15
10
5
0

. .2-22

222
%

37.5

30

32.5

26

15.0

12

15.0

12

%100

80

2.07

1.064

37.5
151532.5
222

112

37.5

40

32.5

35
30
25
20

15

15

15
10
5
0

. .3-22

322
%

33.8

27

25.0

20

26.2

21

15.0

12

%100

80

2.22

1.07

33.8
1526.225
322

113

33.8
35
30

26.2

25

25
20

15

15
10
5
0

. .4-22

422
%

31.2

25

23.8

19

27.5

22

17.5

14

%100

80

2.31

1.097

31.2
17.523.827.5
422

114

35

31.2
27.5

30

23.8

25

17.5

20
15
10
5
0

. .5-22

522
%

33.8

27

36.2

29

16.2

13

13.8

11

%100

80

2.10

1.02

36.2
13.816.233.8
522
115

36.2

40

33.8
35
30
25

16.2

20

13.8

15
10
5
0

. .6-22
622
%

35.0

28

27.5

22

21.2

17

16.2

13

%100

80

2.18

1.09

27.535
16.221.2

622
116

35
35

27.5

30
25

21.2

20

16.2

15
10
5
0

. .7-22
722
%

43.8

35

35.0

28

12.5

10

8.8

%100

80

1.86

0.951

3543.8
22

8.812.5
7
117

43.8
45
40

35

35
30
25
20

12.5

15

8.8

10
5
0

.23

23

31

38.8

49

61.2

80

%100

1.61

0.490

38.861.2
23

118

61.2

70
60

38.8

50
40
30
20
10
0

: .24
. .1-24

124
%

35.0

28

35.0

28

16.2

13

13.8

11

%100

80

2.08

1.03

35
13.816.235

119

 124
35

35

35
30
25

16.2

20

13.8

15
10
5
0

. .2-24

224
%

38.8

31

31.2

25

16.2

13

13.8

11

%100

80

2.05

1.05

38.8

13.816.231.2

224
120

38.8
40

31.2

35
30
25

13.8

16.2

20
15
10
5
0

.25 :
)(25

13

16.2

31

38.8

15

18.8

21

26.2

80

%100

2.55

1.05

38.8

16.218.826.2

25

121

38.8
40
35

26.2

30
25

18.8

16.2

20
15
10
5
0

.26 .

26

19

23.8

22

27.5

27

33.8

12

15.0

80

%100

2.40

1.01

23.827.533.8
15
26

122

33.8
35

27.5

30

23.8
25
20

15

15
10
5
0

.27 :

27

57

71.2

14

17.5

11.2

80

%100

1.40

0.686

17.571.2

11.2

27

123

80

71.2

70
60
50
40
30

17.5
20

11.2

10
0

. .28

28
%

51.2

41

20.0

16

28.8

23

%100

80

1.77

0.871

28.851.2

20

28
124

60

51.2

50
40

28.8
30

20

20
10
0

44

.1 .

18.2

0.000

) (0.000
) (0.05
.
.2

125

14.3

0.003

) (0.003
) (0.05 .
.3

21.9

0.000

) (0.000
) (0.05
.

.4 .

13.7

0.003

126

 ) (0.003
) (0.05
.
.5 .

28.9

0.000

) (0.000 ) (0.05
.
.6 .

28.7

0.000

) (0.000 ) (0.05
.
.7
.

127

19.6

0.000

) (0.000 ) (0.05

.
.8 .

53.1

0.000

) (0.000 ) (0.05
.

.9 .

7.9

0.048

128

 ) (0.048 ) (0.05
.
.10 .

5.27

0.072

) (0.072 )(0.05

.

.11 ). (

70.3

0.000

) (0.000 ) (0.05
.

.12 .

129

20.4

0.000

) (0.000
) (0.05
.
.13 .

13.2

0.004

) (0.004 ) (0.05

.

.14 .

5.7

0.127

130

 ) (0.127 ) (0.05
.
.15 .

3.3

0.348

) (0.348 ) (0.05
.
.16 .

13

0.005

) (0.005 )(0.05
.

.17 :

6.3

0.098

131

 ) (0.098
) (0.05 .
.18 :

27.9

0.000

) (0.000
) (0.05 .

.19 :

12.9

0.005

) (0.005
) (0.05 :
.
.20 :

132

13.8

0.003

) (0.003
) (0.05
.

15

133

25

:
.

134

 -2

:
.

35

/1





) / ( )
135

(
) (

).(18
/2

.
/3 .

) / (



.
/4 )( :
)
( .

136

/5
) (
.

/6
.

/7



.
137

45
/1

.
/2

.
/3
.
/4


.
/5

.

138

 /6

.
/7

.
/8
.

-1 2006 2.
-2 . , , ),,2 -20 (767 . , .
)(123

139

 -3
1997.
-8
2 1985 .
-10 .. , ),
.2006..(7
-11 .. , ) (10 . .
) (478 , )
. 2009 .. 352
-12 ) 15 (81-80 ) 2 (267
) 8 . (109
-13 . . ) (121-118 .
) 7 (77 .. , ).(13
-14 ) 1 (495
) .(239
-15 , . ) , , ,
1416 1995 ,, 3.(317
-16 . , , ) , , ,
140

 1418 , 1998 - ,.(401

-17 , , ), . 4 , 86)(( ,
, ), (211 , , ). , 9. 309
)(( , , ),)(, ,(421 ,
, ))( ,, 1. 603
-18
2005 .

141


4- Griffith Alan , Stephenson paul , Watson paul (200) , Management system for
construction , Pearson Education

5- Hosny Abdel Hady H ,(1994)"Managements quality for construction projects"

first international conference for building and construction , Jun 23-26- Cairo
Egypt.
6- Johnson W .A . L ,(1989) "The application of quality systems to civil
engineering construction" proceeding of the conference quality assurance for the
chef executive organized by the institution of civil engineers and held in London
on 15 February 1989 19 28.
7- Jaim Prof .K . C and chitale . prof .A . K (1998)Quality Assurance and total
quality managements .KHANNA , Publishers.
9- Oberlender , Garold " project management for engineering and construction "
civil engineering series ."

142

 ) : (1

) (
:

.

.

.
:
.
:
(1 )(
.

(2 )(
.

(3 )(
.
144

 (4 )(
.

(5 )( .
(6 .
(7 .

)(:
-1 )(......................................... :
-2................................................... :
-3 )(..............................................................:
-4 :
5

15>11

10>5

-5:
30
40>30
50 > 40
50

145

15

 -6 :

)( :
-1

........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................
-2

146

........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................
-3 :

........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................
-4 :

)(:
-1

-2 :

-3 :

147

 -4 :

-5 .

-6 .

)(:
-1

-2

-3 .

-4
.

148

 -5 .

-6

-7



-8

. :
-1
-2 .
-3 .

149

 -9

.
:

-10

:
........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................

150

 -11 :

-12 :
-1
-2
-3
-4
-13

-14 :
-1
-2
-3

151

:
........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................
-15 .

-16
%10-5

%15-10

% 20

%20-15

-17 :
% 10-5

% 15-10

:%10-5

% 20-15
%15-10

%20
%20

%20-15

-18

-19

152

........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................
- 20

........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................

153

 ) : (2 :
....................................:
.......................................:
................................ :
..........................................:
.......................................:
...................................:

.....................................:
..........................................:

............. ......../....../......
.
....... ....../....../......: )(
)( :
) .............................................................-1(
) ............................................................ -2(

154

) ............................................................ -3(
) ............................................................ -4(
) ............................................................ -5(

......../....../.... ............... ...../....../.........
............... ................ :
)

( -1

)( .
)

( -2

) ( ..........
)

( -3

) (

.............. :

...................

..................

................. ...............

..............:

...................

..................

................. ...............

155

) (3 /:
............................: ....................:
.......................: ..................:
..............................: ................:
/ ....................:

....................:

.............................................:

.........................:

..........................................:

.......................:

156

 ) : (4 :
...........................:

..................................:

........................:

....................................:

...............................: ................................:
.........................:
__________________________________________________________________
....................................................: ..........................:
/

-1 .... ......................:

...............................................

-2 ..........................:

..............................................

-3 ..........................:

..............................................

-4 .........................:

..............................................

-5 .........................:

............................................

__________________________________ _______________________________

157

.............. :

...................

..................

................. ...............

..............:

...................

..................

................. ...............

158

 ) ( 5 :
.......................................:

................................:
...................................:

..................................:
........................................:

............................:

.......................................:

............./........../.........:

.............. ........./......../........
........... ......../........../........
:
-1 ..................................: ) ............................:(
-2 .................................:

) ............................:(

-3 ................................:

) ............................:(

.........................:
159

 ) (6 :
...................................: ..................................:
...............................: ...............................:
................................:
) (...........:

................................:
.....................................:

....................................:

.........................................:

__________________________________________________________________
............ ............/......../........:
:
-1 ..................................:) ............................:(
-2 .................................:

) ............................:(

-3 ................................:

) ............................:(

................ ...............

:
)

( :

. ..........
.............. .

160

( :

.................
.
............ .

..................:

....................

........................

.....................

...............:

....................

.........................

.....................

................:

.............. .....

........................

.....................

...............:

...................

.........................

......................

161

 ) (7 / :
..................................: ......................... ......../......../........:
/ .................................:
...................................:
................................................:
..................................:
...............................:

...................................:
__________________________________________________________________
: / ...............................
........................................ .........................
........................)( .................. ........................
/.......................................
: )............................ (


.
:

:
................................................:
.............................................:
.............................................:
.............................................:

) ( .............................:
162

 ) (8 :
.......................................: ...............................:
.....................................:

................................:

...............................:

...........................:

..........................................:

..............................:

.......... ........../......../.......
:
-1 ....................................:)...................................:(
-2 ....................................:)..................................:(
-3 ...................................:)...................................:(
............. ............ ......................


:
................................../............./..........
................. .

..................:

....................

........................

.....................

...............:

....................

.........................

.....................

................:

...................

........................

.....................

.........................

......................

...............:

...................

163

 ) : (9 :

)............................................................................./(
,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,

)( ................. ......../......../.......:
................. ........./........./.......: /
................................... .......................................................

,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,

.....................................:

164