So Tay Ky Thuat Thi Cong PDF

So tay Ky thuat thi cong
Trng i Hc Kin Trc Tp.HCM

Khoa xy dng
S TAY K THUT THI CNG

Lu hnh ni b
ThS. LNG THANH DNG
Giang vien: Ths. Lng Thanh Dung
Trang
HNG DAN O AN THI CONG

1. AT VA CONG TAC AT
1.1 o ti xop:
o ti xop la he so anh gia s tang the tch cua at a thi cong ao len so vi at nguyen
tho.
K
V V0
x100%
V0
Trong o, V0 - the tch at nguyen tho.

V - the tch cua at sau khi ao.
Phan loai:
- o ti xop ban au K0 : khi at ao len con nam trong gau may ao, trong xe chuyen ch
hay chat ong cha c am nen.
- o ti xop cuoi cung K1 : khi at a c am chat.
- Cap at cang cao th o ti xop cang ln, at xop rong co o ti xop nho.
1.2 o am:
o am la ty le theo % cua nc cha trong at.
G G0
W
x100%
G0
Trong o, G, G0 - trong lng t nhien va trong lng kho cua mau th nghiem.
Phan loai
- W < 5% : at kho, at rat cng va kho thi cong
- 5%<W < 30% : at am, rat phu hp cho thi cong
- W > 30% : at t, trang thai lay loi anh hng nhieu en thi cong.
1.3 o doc t nhien mai at:
o doc t nhien cua mai at la goc ln nhat cua mai doc khi ta ao (vi at nguyen trang)
hay khi ta o ong (at ap) ma khong gay sut l at.
o doc t nhien cua mai at phu thuoc goc ma sat trong cua at, o dnh cua at C, o am
W, tai trong tac dung len mat at va chieu sau ho ao H.
o doc t nhien: i tg
H
B
m
1 B
o soai m cua mai doc: m
cot g
i H
B
= H
Trong o :
i - o doc t nhien cua at;
- goc cua mat trt.
H - chieu cao ho ao.
B - chieu rong cua mai doc
1.4. Phan cap at :
Da vao mc o kho de khi thi cong e xep hang at thanh cac nhom at. Cap at cang
cao cang kho thi cong, mc o chi ph lao ong, may moc cang ln.
Trang
- at trong thi cong bang thu cong phan lam 09 cap

- at trong thi cong bang c gii thi phan lam 04 cap.
Phan loai at theo thi cong c gii
Cap 1 : at trong trot, at bun, cat pha set, cuoi soi co kch thc nho h 80 mm
Cap 2 : at set quanh, at lan re cay, cat soi, cuoi soi, co kch thc ln hn 80 mm.
Cap 3 : at lan soi cuoi, at set ran chac
Cap 4 : at set ran, hoang tho ran chac, a c lam ti.
Khi ao cac ho tam thi phai tuan theo o doc cho trong bang :
Loai at
H = 1,5 m
1 : 0,6
1 : 0,5
1 : 0,75
1:0
1:0
1:0
at ap
at cat
at cat pha
at tht
at set
Set kho
o doc cho phep (H/B)

H3m
1:1
1:1
1 : 0,67
1 : 0,5
1 : 0,25
1 : 0,5
H5m
1 : 1,25
1:1
1 : 0,85
1 : 0,75
1 : 0,5
1 : 0,5
2. XAC NH KHOI LNG AT AO

2.1 Tnh khoi lng at ho mong :
- Neu ho ao co kch thc mat bang va chieu sau ln, mat ay ho mong phai lay ln
hn kch thc mat bang xay dng o 2m ( khoang lu khong ).
- Neu la ranh mong nha th chieu rong ranh ao phai lay ln hn chieu rong mong nha
0,2 0,3m.
- Khoi lng ho mong co mat tren va mat di hnh ch nhat th tnh nh sau: phan
thanh cac hnh lang tru va cac hnh thap e tnh the tch roi cong don lai.
c
H
V [ab (c a )(b d ) cd ]
6
Trong o :
a,b: la chieu dai va chieu rong mat ay
c,d: chieu dai va chieu rong mat tren
d
H
b
a
2.2. Tnh khoi lng at ao va ap :

b1
b2
Khoi lng at ap:
-h1
+h2
0
h 1 0 0 a1b1 1
v1
a1
Vap V1 h tb 1 F
x
h1 a1b1
3
2
6
v3
0
Khoi lng at ao:
v2
a2
0 0 h2 h3 h4 h5 2 1
Vao V2 V3
l
a
b
1 1
6
2
+h3
+h4
+h5
O at co khoi lng at ao va at ap
2.3 Tnh khoi lng at mai doc
l1
1
mh1
h
l2
mh2
2
0
2
Giang vien: Ths. Lng1 Thanh h
Du
ng
A O
A P
Trang
Mai doc
2
h2
l2
l1
h1
mh1
V1
h2
mh2
l1 m 2
2
( h1 h2 )
4
V2
l2 m 2
h2 )
6
2.4 Tnh khoi lng ong at o

Khoi lng ong at o co the xac nh bang cong thc:
V = Va + Vb + Vc
= Va ( 1 + K0a ) + Vb ( 1 + K0b ) + Vc ( 1 + K0c )
Trong o,
-Va, Vb, Vc : the tch ong at
o tng ng vi cac
the tch at ao : Va , Vb , Vc
- K0a, K0b, K0c : o ti xop
ban au cua cac loai at khac nhau.
Trng hp ngc lai, can xac nh khoi
lng at dang nguyen the can e lap
ho ao c xac nh theo cong thc:
V Vc
V h
hayV (Vh Vc )(1 K 1 )
1 K1
Vc
Vb
Va
'
Vb
'
Lpat a V
a
Lpat b
Vc
'
Lpat c
Trong o,
Vh : the tch hnh hoc cua ho ao.
Vc : the tch hnh hoc cong trnh trong ho ao.
K1 : o ti xop cua at sau khi am.
3. THI CONG AT BANG PHNG PHAP C GII :
3.1 ao at bang may ao gau thuan ( gau nga )
Trang
a. ac iem cua may ao gau thuan

May ao gau thuan co canh tay gau ngan va khoe, may co the ao c at cap I en cap
IV. May co kha nang t hanh cao, no co the lam viec ma khong can cac loai may khac ho tr.
Khi lam viec may va ao, quay, o at len xe van chuyen. Dung tch gau cua may t 0,35
en 6m3.
May ao gau thuan ch lam viec c nhng ni kho rao. Khi ao at may ng di ho
nen phai m ng cho may len xuong.
b. Cac s o lam viec cua may gau thuan
Co hai cach ao chnh oi vi may ao gau thuan: ao doc va ao ngang.
ao doc la may tien theo chieu dai cua khoang ao.
Khi chieu rong ho ao t 1,5 en 1,9 lan ban knh ao ln nhat, bo tr ao doc o vao hai
xe hai ben. Khi ho ao hep hn 1,5 Rmax va ch co mot ng cut dan en cho ao, nen bo
tr ao doc o sau.
ao ngang la truc phan quay cua gau vuong goc vi hng di chuyen cua may. ao
ngang c ap dung khi khoang ao rong.
o sau cua ng ao H phai xac nh theo ieu kien at o len xe thuan tien
H = Ho (Hxe + 0,8m) (4-3)
Trong o:
H : chieu cao ng ao
Ho : chieu cao o at
Hxe : chieu cao mieng cua thung xe
0,8m : chieu cao d tr an toan
May ao gau thuan s dung phu hp khi ao cac ho mong sau, rong ni khong co
nc ngam, khi pha nui hay khai thac cac mo lo thien.
3.2. May ao gau nghch
Cac thong so cua may ao gau nghch cho tren hnh 4.9
Trang
a. ac iem cua may ao gau nghch

May ao gau nghch ( con goi la gau xap) ao c nhng ho co chieu sau khong ln lam
(< 6m). may c s dung ao ho mong cac cong trnh dan dung va cong nghiep, ao mng,
ng hao at cac ong thoat nc. Khi ao may ng tren b nen no co the ao c nhng
ni co nc ngam. Khi ao bang may ao gau nghch khong phai m ng len xuong. May
co the ao ho co vach thang ng hoac mai doc. Dung tch gau t 0,15 en 1m3.
b. Cac s o ao cua may ao gau nghch
May ao gau nghch dung e ao cac ho mong, mng ranh theo hai s o sau:
ao doc : moi lt i may co the ao ho rong t 3 en 5m.
ao ngang : chieu rong cua ho hep hn so vi s o ao doc, theo s o nay may ng
ao kem on nh hn.
3.3. NANG SUAT CUA MAY AO :
3.3.1. Nang suat may ao mot gau
Cac may ao mot gau hoat ong theo chu ky nen nang suat cua may xac nh theo cong
thc:
PKT
3600 K s
.q.
Tck
K1
Trong o:
PKT
: nang suat ky thuat (m3/h)
Tck
: chu ky hoat ong cua may (s)
q
: dung tch cua gau (m3)
Ks
: he so xuc at
K1 : o ti ban au cua at
Nang suat thc te cua may:
PTD = PKT.Z.Kt
Trong o:
PTD : nang suat thc te s dung may (m3/ca may)
Z : so gi lam viec trong mot ca
Kt : he so s dung thi gian
Muon nang cao nang suat cua may, ve phng dien ky thuat ta phai giam Tck va nang
cao he so xuc at Ks. Con ve phng dien to chc can lam tang he so s dung thi gian Kt.
Trang
3.3.2. Nang suat may ao nhieu gau

May co nhieu gau gan vao he chuyen ong dang xch hay dang roto. May ao nhieu gau
ao lien tuc nh he gau chuyen ong. Chieu rong khoang ao nhieu gau thng han che nen
may ao nhieu gau thch dung cho viec ao hao chay dai. Nhng hao nay co thanh thang
ng, chieu sau nho hn 3m va co chieu rong nho hn 2m.
S o cong tac cua mot so loai may ao nh tren hnh sau
Nang suat may ao nhieu gau xac nh theo cong thc (4-7).
K
PTD 60.Z .n.q. s K t
po
Trong o:
n : so gau o at trong 1 phut
q : dung tch 1 gau
4. THI CONG EP COC
4.1. Xc nh thng s p cc :
-
Sc chu ti ca cc theo vt liu : Pvl

Sc chu ti cc theo t nn : ( Pn ,Qa )
Sc chu ti tnh ton ca cc : Ptt = min( Pn ,Qa )
Pep min : l lc p ti thiu h cc n sy thit k :
Pep min = (1,52) x Ptt
- Pep max : l lc p ln nht cho php tc dng ln cc m khng ph hoi cc:
Pep max = (23) x Ptt
- Pt : l i trng dng p cc xung su thit k
Pt 1.1 Pep max .
Trong trng hp dn p ln v v tr p lnh tm th phi tnh ton chnh xc. V d cch
tnh nh sau :
+ iu kin chng nh: Q 1,1 Pep max
+ iu kin chng lt: Mgi 1,15Mlt
Trang
- Kim tra lt ti im A:(trng hp ny phn lc ti u kia bng 0)

S tnh:
* Xt trng hp bt li khi p cc bin ca i :
Y
1050 450
1500
3000
Pepmax
2100
3000
M1
1000 1000 1000 1000
1400
1000 1000 1000 1000
9400
A
Pepmax
1500
3900
2500
1500
9400
Theo phng x :
Kim tra lt ti im A :
iu kin :
Mgi 1,15 Mlt
Theo phng y :
Kim tra lt ti im B :
iu kin :
Mgi 1,15 Mlt.
i trng ln nht l : Qmax = nt x qt
Trong : nt l s cc i trng cht ln dn p ; qt l trng lng ca 1 cc i
trng.
4.2. Chn cn trc phc v cng tc p cc:
*Tnh ton v kim tra cc thng s lm vic ca my cu khi cu i trng :
Trang
Hm
hc
HL
h1 h2
h3
h4
Rmin
Ch thch:
- HL(m) :chiu cao t cao trnh my ng n im t cu kin (v tr lp).
- h1(m) : chiu cao nng cu kin cao hn v tr lp t h1 = 1,0m.
- h2(m) : chiu cao ca cu kin.
- h3(m) : chiu cao ca thit b treo buc.
- h4 = 1,5(m) : on dy cp tnh t mc cu n puli u cn.
- hc = 1,5(m) : khong cch t khp quay tay cn n cao trnh ca cn trc.
- r = 11,5(m) : khong cch t khp quay tay cn n trc quay ca cn trc.
- Rmin : bn knh lm vic nh nht ca cn trc.
Cn trc cu lp trong iu kin khng c vt cn pha trc. Gc nghing tay cn
c th chn max = 75o.
Cc thng s kch thc cc b phn:
- Chiu cao nng mc cu: Hm = HL+ h1 + h2+ h3
- Chiu cao nh cn: H = Hm + h4
- Chiu di tay cn ti thiu: Lmin = (H-hc)/sinmax
- Tm vi gn nht ca cn trc:
Rmin = r + Lmin.cos max
- Trng lng vt cu: Q = qck + qtb .
4.3. Kim tra vn chuyn v cu lp cc
Khi cu cc, trong than cc pht sinh moment un. vic b tr ct thp thun li nht
ngi ta chn 2 im cu cc sao cho moment un trong cc l nh nht.
Trang
i vi nhng cc ngn hn 10m th c th cu cc ln t mt im.
4.4. iu kin dng p cc :

Cc c cng nhn p xong khi tho mn ng thi hai iu kin sau:
- Chiu di cc p su trong t ti thi im cui cng: Lmin Lcc Lmax
- Tr s lc p ti thi im cui cng phi t: Ppmin PpKT Ppmax
Trang
10
5. THI CNG CC KHOAN NHI ;

5.1. Cch to l khoan
Khoan trong t no nc khi khong cch mp cc l khoan nh hn 1,5 m nn tin hnh cch
qung 1 l, khoan cc l nm gia hai cc b tng nn tin hnh sau t nht 24 h t khi kt
thc b tng.
5.2. ng dn
ng chng tm (casing) dng bo v thnh l khoan phn u cc, trnh l t b mt ng
thi l ng dn hng cho sut qu trnh khoan to l. Khi h ng nn c dng nh v m
bo sai s cho php.
ng chng tm c ch to thng t 6 m n 10 m trong cc xng c kh chuyn dng,
chiu dy ng thng t 6 mm n 16 mm.
Cao nh ng cao hn mt t hoc nc cao nht ti thiu 0,3 m. Cao chn ng m bo
sao cho p lc ct dung dch ln hn p lc ch ng ca t nn v hot ti thi cng pha bn
ngoi.
Cao dung dch khoan trong l phi lun gi sao cho p lc ca dung dch khoan lun ln hn
p lc ca t v nc ngm pha ngoi l khoan trnh hin tng sp thnh trc khi b
tng. Cao dung dch khoan nn cao hn mc nc ngm t nht l 1,5 m. Khi c hin tng
tht thot dung dch trong h khoan nhanh th phi c bin php x l kp thi.
o c trong khi khoan gm kim tra tim cc bng my kinh v v o c su cc lp t qua
mn khoan ly ra v su h khoan theo thit k. Cc lp t theo chiu su khoan phi c
ghi chp trong nht k khoan v h s nghim thu cc. Khong 2,0 m ly mu mt ln. Khi pht
hin a tng khc vi h s kho st a cht cng trnh cn bo ngay cho Ch u t c bin
php x l kp thi. Khi khoan n cao thit k, tin hnh o lng. lng c xc nh
bng chnh lch chiu su gia hai ln o lc khoan xong v sau 30 min. Nu lng vt qu
quy nh cn x l kp thi.
5.3. Cng tc ct thp
Ct thp c gia cng theo bn v thit k thi cng. Nh thu phi b tr mt bng gia cng, nn
ct thp, nh g, un ai, ct v buc lng thp theo ng quy nh.
Ct gia cng thng dng cng ng knh vi ct ch, un thnh vng t pha trong ct ch
khong cch t 2,5 m n 3,0 m, lin kt vi ct ch bng hn nh v dy buc theo yu cu ca
thit k. Khi chuyn ch, cu lp c th dng cch chng tm bn trong lng thp trnh hin
tng bin hnh.
ng siu m (thng l ng thp ng knh 60 mm) cn c buc cht vo ct thp ch, y
ng c bt kn v h st xung y cc, ni ng bng hn, c mng xng, m bo kn, trnh
r r nc xi mng lm tc ng, khi lp t cn m bo ng tm. Chiu di ng siu m theo
ch nh ca thit k, thng thng c t cao hn mt t san lp xung quanh cc t 10 cm
n 20 cm. Sau khi b tng cc ng c y nc sch v bt kn, trnh vt l ri vo lm
tc ng.
CH THCH: S lng ng siu m cho 1 cc thng quy nh nh sau:
- 2 ng cho cc c ng knh 60 cm;
- 3 ng cho cc c ng knh t 60 cm n 100 cm
- 4 ng cho cc c ng knh ln hn 100 cm.
5.4. X l cn lng
Trang
11
Sau khi h ct thp m cn lng vn qu quy nh phi dng bin php kh nng (air lift) hoc
bm ht bng my bm. Lin tc b sung dung dch khoan m bo cao dung dch theo
quy nh, trnh gy sp thnh l khoan.
Cng ngh kh nng c dng lm sch h khoan. Kh nn c a xung gn y h
khoan qua ng thp ng knh khong 60 mm, dy t 3 mm n 4 mm, cch y khong t 50
cm n 60 cm. Kh nn trn vi bn nng to thnh loi bn nh dng ln theo ng b tng
(ng tremi) ra ngoi; bn nng di y ng tremi li c trn vi kh nn thnh bn nh; dung
dch khoan ti c b sung lin tc b cho bn nng tro ra; qu trnh thi ra tin hnh
cho ti khi cc ch tiu ca dung dch khoan v lng t yu cu quy nh.
5.5. Cng tc btng
B tng dng thi cng cc khoan nhi phi c thit k thnh phn hn hp v iu chnh bng
th nghim, cc loi vt liu cu thnh hn hp b tng phi c kim nh cht lng theo cc
tiu chun Vit Nam hin hnh. C th dng ph gia b tng tng st ca b tng v ko
di thi gian ninh kt ca b tng. Ngoi vic m bo yu cu ca thit k v cng , hn
hp b tng c st t 18 cm n 20 cm.
ng b tng c ch b trong nh my thng c ng knh t 219 mm n 273 mm theo
t hp 0,5; 1,0; 2,0; 3,0 v 6,0 m, ng di cng c to vt hai bn lm ca x, ni ng
bng ren hnh thang hoc khp ni dy rt c bit, m bo kn kht, khng lt dung dch khoan
vo trong. y ng b tng phi lun ngp trong b tng khng t hn 1,5 m.
Dng nt dch chuyn tm thi (dng phao bng bt bin hoc nt cao su, nt nha c vt cn),
m bo cho m va b tng u tin khng tip xc trc tip vi dung dch khoan trong ng
b tng v loi tr khong chn khng khi b tng.
B tng c khng gin on trong thi gian dung dch khoan c th gi thnh h khoan
(thng thng l 4 h). Cc xe b tng u c kim tra st ng quy nh trnh tc ng
do va b tng qu kh. Dng b tng khi cao b tng cc cao hn cao ct cc
khong 1 m ( loi tr phn b tng ln dung dch khoan khi thi cng i cc).
Sau khi xong mi xe, tin hnh o dng ca b tng trong l cc, ghi vo h s v
ng b tng. Khi lng b tng thc t so vi kch thc l cc theo l thuyt khng c
vt qu 20 %. Khi tn tht b tng ln phi kim tra li bin php gi thnh l khoan.
5.6. Rt ng vch
Sau khi kt thc b tng t 15 min n 20 min cn tin hnh rt ng chng tm (casing) bng
h thng day (rt + xoay) ca my khoan hoc u rung theo phng thng ng, m bo n
nh u cc v chnh xc tm cc.
Sau khi rt ng vch t 1 h n 2 h cn tin hnh hon tr h khoan bng cch lp t hoc ct,
cm bin bo cc thi cng cm mi phng tin qua li trnh hng u cc v ng siu m.
5.7. Kim tra cht lng cc
Phng php siu m, tn x Gamma, phng php ng bin dng nh...v cc phng php
th khng ph hoi khc c dng nh gi cht lng b tng cc thi cng, tu theo
mc quan trng ca cng trnh, thit k ch nh s lng cc cn kim tra
Phng php khoan kim tra tip xc y cc vi t tin hnh trong ng t sn, ng knh t
102 mm n 114 mm cao hn mi cc t 1 m n 2 m, s lng ng t sn khoan li y
cc theo quy nh ca Thit k. Khi mi cc ta vo cui hn ln, c th b mt nc xi mng
phn tip xc y cc - cui si, cn thn trng khi nh gi cht lng b tng cc.
Bng 5- Khi lng kim tra cht lng b tng cc

Trang
12
Phng php kim tra

- Siu m, tn x Gamma c t ng trc
- Phng php ng bin dng nh
T l kim tra ti thiu, % s cc

10 n 25
50
- Khoan ly li (nu cn thit)
1 n 2
- Khoan kim tra tip xc mi cc-t
1 n 3
5.8 Kim tra sc chu ti ca cc n

Sc chu ti ca cc n do thit k xc nh. Tu theo mc quan trng ca cng trnh v tnh
phc tp ca iu kin a cht cng trnh m thit k quy nh s lng cc cn kim tra sc
chu ti.
S lng cc cn kim tra sc chu ti c quy nh da trn mc hon thin cng ngh ca
Nh thu, mc ri ro khi thi cng, tm quan trng ca cng trnh, nhng ti thiu l mi loi
ng knh 1 cc, ti a l 2 % tng s cc. Kt qu th nghim l cn c php l nghim thu
mng cc.
Phng php kim tra sc chu ti ca cc n ch yu l th tnh (nn tnh, nh tnh, nn
ngang) theo tiu chun hin hnh. i vi cc cc khng th th tnh c (cc trn sng,
bin...) th dng phng php th nghim ng bin dng ln (PDA), Osterberg, Statnamic ...
Tin hnh th tnh cc c th trc hoc sau khi thi cng cc i tr. xc nh phng n
thit k c th tin hnh th tnh cc ngoi mng cng trnh n ph hoi trc khi thi cng i
tr; chp nhn cht lng thi cng c th tin hnh th nghim khi thi cng xong. u cc th
nghim phi cao hn mt t xung quanh t 20 cm n 30 cm v c ng thp dy t 5 mm n 6
mm, di khong 1 m bao m bo khng b nt khi th nghim v phn nh ng cht lng
thi cng. Th nghim nn tnh tin hnh theo TCVN 9393:2012.
6. CNG TC COFFA
6.1. Tai trong theo TCVN 4453-95
a. Tai trong thang ng
- Gom tai trong ban than cop-pha, a giao
+ Khoang 490 - 600 kg/m3 oi vi cop pha go
+ Neu bang thep th can c theo catalogue cua nha san xuat.
- Tai trong be tong ti khoang 2500 kg/m3
- Tai trong cot thep lay theo thiet ke, trng hp khong co khoi lng cu the, lay
khoang 100kg thep trong 1m3 be tong.
- Tai trong ngi va may moc, dung cu thi cong khoang 250 Kg/m2
- Tai trong do am rung tac ong lay bang 200 Kg/m2.
b. Tai trong ngang
- Lay 50% tai trong gio cho a phng.
- Ap lc ngang cua be tong mi o vao cop pha: p = H.
- Tai trong ong tac ong len cop-pha phai ke en lc xung do phng phap o be
tong.
Bien phap o be tong
Tai trong ngang tac ong

vao cop pha (Kg/m2)
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13
o bang may bm va ong voi voi hoac o trc tiep

bang ng ong t may be tong
o trc tiep t cac thung co:
- Dung tch nho hn 0,2 m3
- Dung tch nho hn 0,2-0,8 m3
- Dung tch ln hn 0,8 m3
400
200
400
600
c. He so vt tai
Khi tnh toan cac bo phan cua cop pha theo kha nang chu lc, cac tai trong tieu chuan neu
tren phai c nhan vi he so vt tai sau ay:
Cac tai trong tieu chuan

-
Trong lng ban than cua cop pha, a giao

Trong lng be tong va cot thep
Tai trong do ngi va phng tien van chuyen
Tai trong do am chan ong
Ap lc ngang cua be tong
Tai trong do chan ong khi o be tong vao cop pha
He so vt tai trong
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,3
1,3
1,3
d. Kiem tra o vong

-Khi xac nh o vong, chuyen v dung tai trong tieu chuan.
-o vong cua cop pha khong c ln hn cac gia tr sau:
+ oi vi cop pha be mat lo ra ngoai cua cac ket cau: 1/400 nhp cua bo phan cop pha;
+ oi vi cop pha be mat b che khuat cac ket cau:1/250 nhp cua bo phan cop pha;
+ o vong an hoi cua go chong cop pha hoac o lun go chong cop pha lay bang
1/1000 nhp t do cua cac ket cau be tong cot thep tng ng.
+ Khi tnh toan on nh cua cop pha va a giao phai xet en tac ong ong thi cua tai
trong go va trong lng ban than. Neu cop pha c lap lien vi cot thep th phai tnh ca khoi
lng cot thep. He so vt tai oi vi tai trong gio la 1,2 va 0,8 oi vi cac tai trong chong
lat.
+ o vong cua cop pha ket cau dam, vom co khau o ln hn 4m xac nh theo cong
thc sau: ay L- khau o ket cau tnh bang m.
3L
f
1000
6.2 Tnh toan cop pha, cay chong
6.2.1 Tnh toan cop pha ng
a. Tai trong
- Tai trong tieu chuan: q tt .H q d
Trong o, H=0,75m khi am bang am dui
H=2R khi am bang am ngoai
H=R khi am bang am mat
vi R: ban knh tac dung cua am may
qd qd1 qd 2
+ qd1: tai trong do o be tong gay nen
Trang
14
+ qd2: tai trong do am rung

Tuy nhien vi cop pha ng, thng khi o th khong am va ngc lai do vay khi tnh toan
lay gia tr nao ln hn.
- Tai trong tnh toan: qtt n. .H nd qd
- n, nd : HS vt tai
Tai trong phan bo eu tren met dai: qtt (n. .H nd qd ).b
b: chieu rong mot dai tnh toan.
b. S o tnh toan
Coi gong (vi cot), sn (cop pha tng, mong, thanh dam) la cac goi ta, cop pha lam viec
nh mot dam lien tuc.
q .l 2
Ta co: M c tt
10
Trong o, qtt : tai trong tnh toan.
l: khoang cach cac gong sn
Mc : tr so momen chon e tnh toan
T o, ta co : l 10 M c / qtt
Mat khac: M .W
Trong o, : ng suat cho phep cua vat lieu lam cop pha
W: momen khang uon,
b.h 2
W
6
b: chieu rong dai tnh toan.
h: chieu cao cua cop pha go
Khi tnh toan vi cop pha nh hnh th W c tra bang.
c. Kiem tra o vong cua cop pha

Trang
15
o vong cua cop pha ng phai thoa man ieu kien sau:
f
1 qtc .l 4
3L
x
f
128 EJ
1000
6.2.2 Tnh toan cop pha nam

a. Tai trong
- Tai trong tieu chuan: qtc qbt qd
Trong o,
qbt
+Trong lng ban than cop pha & Trong lng be tong cot thep
+Tai trong do o be tong, Tai trong do am be tong, Tai trong do ngi va dung
cu thi cong
- Tai trong tnh toan: qtt n.qbt nd .qd
Trong o, n, nd la cac he so vt tai
- Tai trong phan bo eu tren mat cop pha: qtt ( n.qbt nd .qd ).b
b: chieu rong mot dai tnh toan.
b. S o tnh toan
Coi a lp tren (sat tam cop pha) nh cac goi ta, van lam viec nh mot dam lien tuc:
q .l 2
M c tt l 10 M c / qtt
10
Cac phan tnh toan va kiem tra con lai tng t nh phan cop pha ng
6.2.3 Kiem tra on nh cua cot chong
-Vi cay chong kim loai, sau khi tnh toan tai trong len au cot chong, kiem tra on nh theo
cong thc sau: P P
Trong o, P: tai trong at len au cot
[P]: tai trong cho phep cua cot chong
- Neu la cay chong go kiem tra theo cong thc:
P
go
.F
Trong o, : he so uon doc phu thuoc vao tra bang
F: dien tch mat cat ngang cua cot chong
go : ng suat cho phep cua go lam cot chong.
Trang
16
6.3. Thi gian tho coffa sau khi c btng

6.3.1. i vi coffa ct, thnh dm v tng
Chng ta c th tho d coffa thnh v gio ( coffa thnh bn ca ct, dm v tng ) khi
btng t cng 50daN/cm2.
6.3.2. i vi coffa sn, y dm, cu thang
Bng cng btng ti thiu tho d coffa gio chu lc (%R28) khi cha cht ti
Loi kt cu
Cng btng ti thiu cn

t tho coffa, %R28
Thi gian btng t cng

tho d coffa (ngy).
- Bn, dm, vm c khu

nh hn 2m
50
- Bn, dm, vm c khu

t 2m 8m.
70
10
- Bn, dm, vm c khu
90
23
Trang
17
ln hn 8m.
Ghi ch :
- Cc tr s ghi trong bng cha xt n nh hng ca ph gia
- i vi cc kt cu c khu nh hn 2m, cng ti thiu ca btng t tho coffa l
50%R28 nhng khng c nh hn 80daN/cm2.
7. CNG TC CT THP
Kiem tra va nghiem thu cot thep

* Cot thep sau khi lap dng phai c nghiem thu theo ban ve thiet ke va theo tieu
chuan TCVN4453-1995. Nghiem thu cot thep tien hanh ong thi vi nghiem thu cop
pha, cay chong. Ch c phep tien hanh cac cong tac tiep theo sau khi cot thep va cop
pha a c nghiem thu.
* Kiem tra cong tac bao gom cac cong viec sau:
- S phu hp cua cac loai cot thep a vao s dung so vi thiet ke.
- Cong tac gia cong cot thep: phng phap cat, uon va lam sach be mat cot thep trc
khi gia cong. Tr so sai lech cho phep oi vi cot thep a gia cong.
- Cong tac han: bac th, thiet b, que han, cong nghe han va chat lng moi han. Tr
so sai lech cho phep oi vi san pham cot thep a gia cong han.
- S phu hp ve viec thay oi cot thep so vi thiet ke.
- Van chuyen va lap dng cot thep.
+ Chung loai, v tr, kch thc va so lng cot thep a lap dng so vi thiet ke. Tr so
sai lech cho phep oi vi cong tac lap dng cot thep c quy nh.
+ S phu hp cua cac loai thep ch va chi tiet at san so vi thiet ke.
+ S phu hp cua cac loai vat lieu con ke, mat o cac iem ke va sai lech chieu day
lp be tong bao ve so vi thiet ke.
* Khi nghiem thu phai co ho s bao gom:
- Cac ban ve thiet ke co ghi ay u s thay oi ve cot thep trong qua trnh thi cong va
kem bien ban ve quyet nh thay oi;
- Cac ket qua kiem tra mau th ve chat lng thep moi han va chat lng gia cong cot
thep.
- Cac bien ban thay oi cot thep tren cong trng so vi thiet ke;
- Cac bien ban nghiem thu ky thuat trong qua trnh gia cong va lap dng cot thep
- Nhat ky thi cong.
8. THI CNG BTNG TON KHI
8.1. Chn cn trc thp :
- Cn trc thp c chn cn phi p ng c nhng yu cu sau :
+ cao: c th a vt liu n v tr cao nht ca cng trnh, m bo mt
an ton.
khong cch
Hmax > Hyc

+ Tm vi: c th bao qut ton b phm vi cng trng ang thi cng.
Rmax > Ryc
+ Sc trc: c th nng cu kin c trng lng ln nht vi tm vi ln nht.
Trang
18
Qmax > Qyc

- V tr t cn trc thp: m bo thi cng thun li, khng lm vng vu cc phng tin
thi cng khc, gc xoay khi vn chuyn l nh nht. Ngoi ra, cn phi bo m tm vi ca cn
trc vn ti c cc kho bi vt liu, cc bi tp kt cu kin.
-Xc nh cc thng s chn cn trc thp :
cao nng cn thit:
[H] H = hct+ hro + hat + hck + h1
Trong :
- hct : chiu cao cng trnh .
- hro : chiu cao ro bo v ( 1.5m ).
- hat : chiu cao an ton ( 1.0m ).
- hck : chiu cao cu kin (chn trng hp khi s dng cn trc cu dn gio)
(1.7m).
- ht : chiu cao treo buc ( 1.0m ).
Nu t cn trc thp v tr thun li nht th tm vi ca cn trc phi tho:
Rmin RmaxCT + 4
8.2. Tnh nng sut ca my trn btng
Tnh nng sut ca my trn btng c gii theo cng thc sau :
n.v.k1
P
k 2 ( m 3 / h)
1000
Trong :
P : Cng sut my trn c gii (m3/h)
v : Dung tch hu ch ca my (lt), ly bng 75% dung tch hnh hc ca my
n : S m trn trong 1 gi
k1 : H s thnh phm ca btng ( ly t 0,67 n 0,72 )
k2 : H s s dng my theo thi gian, thng ly bng 0,9 n 0,95.
Bng thi gian trn hn hp btng ( pht )
st (mm)
Dung tch my trn (lt)

Di 500
T 500 n 1000
Trn 1000
Nh hn 10
2,0
2,5
3,0
10 n 50
1,5
2,0
2,5
Trn 50
1,0
1,5
2,0
8.3. Chn xe vn chuyn btng :

Tnh s xe vn chuyn btng theo cng thc sau :
Q
L
n max ( T )
V S
Trong :
n : S xe vn chuyn btng cn
Qmax : Nng sut ln nht ca my bm (m3/h)
S : Vn tc xe vn chuyn btng (25km/h)
L : on ng vn chuyn btng (km)
T : Thi gian gin on gia cc xe (h), thng ly t 5 n 10 pht
Trang
19
V : Dung tch cha ca xe ch btng (m3).

Bng thi gian lu hn hp btng khi vn chuyn ( khng ph gia )
Nhit (0C)
Thi gian vn chuyn cho php (pht)
Ln hn 30
30
20 30
45
10 20
60
5 - 10
90
8.4. st v thi gian m btng :

Va btng pho m bo cc yu cu ca thi cng nh : m bo st, d trt ra khi
phng tin chuyn ch, d , d m,
Bng st v thi gian m btng
Stt
Loi kt cu
st
Thi gian m
4cm
15 25 giy
Btng khi ln c hoc khng c ct thp
Ct, dm, sn
4 - 6cm
12 15 giy
Kt cu nhiu ct thp
6 8cm
10 12 giy
Btng bm
12 14cm
btng kiu va dng
16 18cm
Mi dc
4 6cm
8.5. Nhng nguyn tc btng

- Nguyn tc 1 : Chiu cao ri t do ca va btng khng vt qu 2,5m, btng
khng b phn tng. Khi btng c chiu cao ln hn 2,5m cn s dng cc bin php h tr
sau :
+ Dng ng vi voi ( hin nay hay dung l ng cao su )
+ Dng mng nghing ( mng nghing nn c sn xut t thp tm va btng d trt
xung )
+ M ca btng.
- Nguyn tc 2 : btng t trn xung. m bo nguyn tc ny nng cao nng sut lao
ng. Khi btng dm, va btng c trt t v tr cao hn ming dm. Khi btng ct,
va btng phi cao hn ca v nh coffa ct. Sn cng tc vn chuyn btng mng
bng xe ci tin phi cao hn mt i mng, .Khi v m btng khng c va chm vo
ct thp.
- Nguyn tc 3 : btng t xa v gn, nguyn tc ny a ra nhm m bo khi btng
xong khng i li gy va chm v chn ng vo cc kt cu btng va xong.
- Nguyn tc 4 : Khi btng cc khi ln, cc kt cu c chiu dy ln th phi thnh
tng lp. Chiu dy v din tch mi lp c xc nh da vo bn knh nh hng v nng
sut ca loi dm s dng. Khi m th cng, chiu dy mi lp t 10 15cm. Khi dung m
di, chiu dy lp btng nh hn chiu di chy m 10cm. Khi dng m bn, chiu dy
lp btng nh hn 20cm.
8.6. Tnh din tich btng dm sn
Trang
20
btng dm sn t u ny n u kia ca cng trnh. Din tch dy sn xc nh theo

cng thc sau :
Q (t1 t 2 ).k
F
h
Trong :
F : Din tch mt dy btng (m2)
Q : Lng btng c th cung cp (m3/h)
t1 : Thi gian bt u ninh kt ca btng (h)
t2 : Thi gian vn chuyn va btng (h)
k : h s vn chuyn va btng khng ng u ( ly t 0,8 n 0,9 )
h : Chiu dy sn btng (m)
8.7. Tnh nng sut ca m btng
8.7.1. Tnh nng sut m di
Nng sut l thuyt ca m di c tnh theo cng thc sau :
3600 3
P 2r02
( m / h)
t1 t 2
Trong :
P : Nng sut l thuyt ca m di ( m3/h)
r0 : Bn knh nh hng ca m di (m)
t1 : Thi gian m ti mt v tr (s)
t2 : Thi gian di chuyn ca m t v tr ny sang v tr khc ( thng ly 10s).
Nng sut thc t ca m l :
Pt = k.P (m3/h)
Trong :
Pt : Nng sut thc t ca m
k : H s hu ch ( thng ly t 0,6 n 0,8 )
8.7.2 Tnh nng sut ca m bn
Nng sut l thuyt ca m bn c tnh theo cng thc sau :
3600 3
P F
( m / h)
t1 t 2
Trong :
P : Nng sut l thuyt ca m bn ( m3/h)
F : Din tch m bn (m2)
t1 : Thi gian m ti mt v tr (s)
t2 : Thi gian di chuyn ca m t v tr ny sang v tr khc ( thng ly 10s).
Nng sut thc t ca m bn l :
Pt = k.P (m3/h)
Trong :
Pt : Nng sut thc t ca m
Trang
21
k : H s hu ch ( thng ly t 0,6 n 0,8 )

8.8 Thi gian bo dng m btng
Bo dng btng phi m bo b mt btng lun lun t. Thi gian bo dng cn thit
khng c nh hn cc tr s trong bng sau :
Vng kh hu
Vng A
Vng B
Vng C
Ma
Thng
Rth BD %R28
TctBD ngy m
IV - IX
50 - 55
ng
X - III
40 - 50
Kh
II - VII
55 - 60
Ma
VIII - I
35 - 40
Kh
XII - IV
70
Ma
V - XI
30
Trong :
Rth BD : Cng bo dng ti hn
TctBD : Thi gian bo dng cn thit
Vng A : T Din Chu ra Bc
Vng B : Pha ng Trng Sn v t Din Chu n Thun Hi
Vng C : Ty Nguyn v Nam b
Bo dng btng trn cng trng bng cch ti nc sch ln b mt ca btng. Ln ti
nc u tin thc hin sau khi btng t 4 n 6 gi ty theo nhit ngoi tri. Tuyt i
khng btng trng mt.
Trang
22

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