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SessionInitiationProtocol
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

TheSessionInitiationProtocol(SIP)isacommunicationsprotocolforsignalingandcontrollingmultimedia
communicationsessions.ThemostcommonapplicationsofSIPareinInternettelephonyforvoiceandvideocalls,
aswellasinstantmessaging,overInternetProtocol(IP)networks.
Theprotocoldefinesthemessagesthataresentbetweenendpoints,whichgovernestablishment,terminationand
otheressentialelementsofacall.SIPcanbeusedforcreating,modifyingandterminatingsessionsconsistingof
oneorseveralmediastreams.SIPisanapplicationlayerprotocoldesignedtobeindependentoftheunderlying
transportlayer.Itisatextbasedprotocol,incorporatingmanyelementsoftheHypertextTransferProtocol(HTTP)
andtheSimpleMailTransferProtocol(SMTP).[1]
SIPworksinconjunctionwithseveralotherapplicationlayerprotocolsthatidentifyandcarrythesessionmedia.
MediaidentificationandnegotiationisachievedwiththeSessionDescriptionProtocol(SDP).Forthetransmission
ofmediastreams(voice,video)SIPtypicallyemploystheRealtimeTransportProtocol(RTP)orSecureRealtime
TransportProtocol(SRTP).ForsecuretransmissionsofSIPmessages,theprotocolmaybeencryptedwith
TransportLayerSecurity(TLS).

Contents
1 History
2 Protocoloperation
3 Networkelements
3.1 Useragent
3.2 Proxyserver
3.3 Registrar
3.4 Redirectserver
3.5 Sessionbordercontroller
3.6 Gateway
4 SIPmessages
4.1 Requests
4.2 Responses
5 Transactions
6 Instantmessagingandpresence
7 Conformancetesting
8 Performancetesting
9 Applications
10 Implementations
11 SIPISUPinterworking
12 Encryption
13 Seealso
14 References
15 Bibliography
16 Externallinks

History
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SIPwasoriginallydesignedbyMarkHandley,HenningSchulzrinne,EveSchoolerandJonathanRosenbergin
1996.TheprotocolwasstandardizedasRFC2543in1999.InNovember2000,SIPwasacceptedasa3GPP
signalingprotocolandpermanentelementoftheIPMultimediaSubsystem(IMS)architectureforIPbased
streamingmultimediaservicesincellularnetworks.InJune2002thespecificationwasrevisedinRFC3261[2]and
variousextensionsandclarificationshavebeenpublishedsince.[3]
Theprotocolwasdesignedwiththevisiontosupportnewmultimediaapplications.Ithasbeenextendedforvideo
conferencing,streamingmultimediadistribution,instantmessaging,presenceinformation,filetransfer,faxoverIP
andonlinegames.[4][5][6]
SIPisdistinguishedbyitsproponentsforhavingrootsintheInternetcommunityratherthaninthe
telecommunicationsindustry.SIPhasbeenstandardizedprimarilybytheIETF,whileotherprotocols,suchas
H.323,havetraditionallybeenassociatedwiththeInternationalTelecommunicationUnion(ITU).

Protocoloperation
SIPisindependentfromtheunderlyingtransportprotocol.ItrunsontheTransmissionControlProtocol(TCP),the
UserDatagramProtocol(UDP)ortheStreamControlTransmissionProtocol(SCTP).[7]SIPcanbeusedfortwo
party(unicast)ormultiparty(multicast)sessions.
SIPemploysdesignelementssimilartotheHTTPrequest/responsetransactionmodel.[8]Eachtransactionconsists
ofaclientrequestthatinvokesaparticularmethodorfunctionontheserverandatleastoneresponse.SIPreuses
mostoftheheaderfields,encodingrulesandstatuscodesofHTTP,providingareadabletextbasedformat.
EachresourceofaSIPnetwork,suchasauseragentoravoicemailbox,isidentifiedbyauniformresource
identifier(URI),basedonthegeneralstandardsyntaxalsousedinWebservicesandemail.[9]TheURIscheme
usedforSIPissipandatypicalSIPURIhastheformsip:username@domainnameorsip:username@hostport,
wheredomainnamerequiresDNSSRVrecordstolocatetheserversforSIPdomainwhilehostportcanbeanIP
addressorafullyqualifieddomainnameofthehostandport.[10][11]
Ifsecuretransmissionisrequired,theschemesipsisusedandmandatesthateachhopoverwhichtherequestis
forwardeduptothetargetdomainmustbesecuredwithTransportLayerSecurity(TLS).Thelasthopfromthe
proxyofthetargetdomaintotheuseragenthastobesecuredaccordingtolocalpolicies.TLSprotectsagainst
attackerswhotrytolistenonthesignalinglinkbutitdoesnotproviderealendtoendsecuritytoprevent
espionageandlawenforcementinterception,astheencryptionisonlyhopbyhopandeverysingleintermediate
proxyhastobetrusted.
SIPworksinconcertwithseveralotherprotocolsandisonlyinvolvedinthesignalingportionofacommunication
session.SIPclientstypicallyuseTCPorUDPonportnumbers5060or5061toconnecttoSIPserversandother
SIPendpoints.Port5060iscommonlyusedfornonencryptedsignalingtrafficwhereasport5061istypicallyused
fortrafficencryptedwithTransportLayerSecurity(TLS).SIPisprimarilyusedinsettingupandtearingdown
voiceorvideocalls.Italsoallowsmodificationofexistingcalls.Themodificationcaninvolvechangingaddresses
orports,invitingmoreparticipants,andaddingordeletingmediastreams.SIPhasalsofoundapplicationsin
messagingapplications,suchasinstantmessaging,andeventsubscriptionandnotification.AsuiteofSIPrelated
InternetEngineeringTaskForce(IETF)rulesdefinebehaviorforsuchapplications.Thevoiceandvideostream
communicationsinSIPapplicationsarecarriedoveranotherapplicationprotocol,theRealtimeTransportProtocol
(RTP).Parameters(portnumbers,protocols,codecs)forthesemediastreamsaredefinedandnegotiatedusingthe
SessionDescriptionProtocol(SDP),whichistransportedintheSIPpacketbody.

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AmotivatinggoalforSIPwastoprovideasignalingandcallsetupprotocolforIPbasedcommunicationsthatcan
supportasupersetofthecallprocessingfunctionsandfeaturespresentinthepublicswitchedtelephonenetwork
(PSTN).SIPbyitselfdoesnotdefinethesefeaturesrather,itsfocusiscallsetupandsignaling.Thefeaturesthat
permitfamiliartelephonelikeoperations(i.e.dialinganumber,causingaphonetoring,hearingringbacktonesor
abusysignal)areperformedbyproxyserversanduseragents.Implementationandterminologyaredifferentinthe
SIPworldbuttotheenduser,thebehaviorissimilar.
SIPenabledtelephonynetworksoftenimplementmanyofthecallprocessingfeaturesofSignalingSystem7
(SS7),althoughthetwoprotocolsthemselvesareverydifferent.SS7isacentralizedprotocol,characterizedbya
complexcentralnetworkarchitectureanddumbendpoints(traditionaltelephonehandsets).SIPisaclientserver
protocol,howevermostSIPenableddevicesmayperformboththeclientandtheserverrole.Ingeneral,session
initiatorisaclient,andthecallrecipientperformstheserverfunction.SIPfeaturesareimplementedinthe
communicatingendpoints,contrarytotraditionalSS7architecture,inwhichfeaturesareimplementedinthe
networkcore.
BecauseSIPdevicesmustperformbothclientandserverroles,networkcommunicationcanbedifficultwith
modernnetworktopologies.WhenusingaconnectionorientedprotocollikeTCP,SIPnominallyexpectsthat
separateconnectionswillbeopenedforrequestsfromAtoBandrequestsfromBtoA.Theuseoffirewallsand
NATsinterfereswiththis,asitmaynotbepossibleforBtoinitiateaconnectiontoA,ifAisbehindafirewallor
NAT.SIPallowstheoriginalconnectionfromAtoBtobeusedforrequestsfromBtoA,buttherequestsmust
correctlydistinguishbetweenA'sprivateandpublicaddressesandportsthisisalsotrueofrequestson
connectionlessprotocolslikeUDP.Toaccomplishthis,SIPusesextensionslikereceivedandrport,[12]andcanbe
pairedwithotherprotocolsfordiscoveringnetworktopologysuchasTURN,STUN,andICE.

Networkelements
SIPdefinesuseragentsaswellasseveraltypesofservernetworkelements.TwoSIPendpointscancommunicate
withoutanyinterveningSIPinfrastructure.However,thisapproachisoftenimpracticalforpublicservices,which
needdirectoryservicestolocateavailablenodesinthenetwork.

Useragent
ASIPuseragent(UA)isalogicalnetworkendpointusedtocreateorreceiveSIPmessagesandtherebymanagea
SIPsession.ASIPUAcanperformtheroleofauseragentclient(UAC),whichsendsSIPrequests,andtheuser
agentserver(UAS),whichreceivestherequestsandreturnsaSIPresponse.Unlikeothernetworkprotocolswhere
therolesofclientandserverarefixed(e.g.,awebbrowseronlyactsasanHTTPclient,andneveractsasanHTTP
server),inSIPrequestscangoineitherdirection,soinalmostallcases,aSIPUAmustbecapableofperforming
bothroles.(IfaSIPUAcouldonlyperformonerole,itcouldonlyreceivecallsandhavecallshungupbythepeer,
butnotmakecallsorhangthemupitself,orviceversa.)TheserolesofUACandUASonlylastforthedurationof
aSIPtransaction.[5]
ASIPphoneisanIPphonethatimplementsclientandserverfunctionsofaSIPuseragentandprovidesthe
traditionalcallfunctionsofatelephone,suchasdial,answer,reject,callhold,andcalltransfer.[13][14]SIPphones
maybeimplementedasahardwaredeviceorasasoftphone.AsvendorsincreasinglyimplementSIPasastandard
telephonyplatform,thedistinctionbetweenhardwarebasedandsoftwarebasedSIPphonesisblurredandSIP
elementsareimplementedinthebasicfirmwarefunctionsofmanyIPcapabledevices.Examplesaredevicesfrom
NokiaandBlackBerry.[15]

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InSIP,asinHTTP,theuseragentmayidentifyitselfusingamessageheaderfieldUserAgent,containingatext
descriptionofthesoftware,hardware,ortheproductname.Theuseragentfieldissentinrequestmessages,which
meansthatthereceivingSIPservercanseethisinformation.SIPnetworkelementssometimesstorethis
information,[16]anditcanbeusefulindiagnosingSIPcompatibilityproblems.

Proxyserver
Theproxyserverisanintermediaryentitythatactsasbothaserverandaclientforthepurposeofmakingrequests
onbehalfofotherclients.Aproxyserverprimarilyplaystheroleofrouting,meaningthatitsjobistoensurethata
requestissenttoanotherentityclosertothetargeteduser.Proxiesarealsousefulforenforcingpolicy,suchasfor
determiningwhetherauserisallowedtomakeacall.Aproxyinterprets,and,ifnecessary,rewritesspecificparts
ofarequestmessagebeforeforwardingit.

Registrar
AregistrarisaSIPendpointthatacceptsREGISTERrequests,
recordingtheaddressandotherparametersfromtheuseragent,
andthatprovidesalocationserviceforsubsequentrequests.The
locationservicelinksoneormoreIPaddressestotheSIPURIof
theregisteringagent.Multipleuseragentsmayregisterforthe
sameURI,withtheresultthatallregistereduseragentsreceive
thecallstotheURI.

SIPuseragentregistrationtoSIPregistrarwith
authentication.

SIPregistrarsarelogicalelements,andarecommonlycolocated
withSIPproxies.Toimprovenetworkscalability,location
servicesmayinsteadbelocatedwitharedirectserver.

Redirectserver
Aredirectserverisauseragentserverthatgenerates3xx
(redirection)responsestorequestsitreceives,directingtheclient
tocontactanalternatesetofURIs.Aredirectserverallowsproxy
serverstodirectSIPsessioninvitationstoexternaldomains.

Sessionbordercontroller

Callflowthroughredirectserverandproxy.

SessionbordercontrollersserveasmiddleboxesbetweenUAand
SIPserversforvarioustypesoffunctions,includingnetwork
topologyhidingandassistanceinNATtraversal.

Gateway
GatewayscanbeusedtointerconnectaSIPnetworktoother
networks,suchasthepublicswitchedtelephonenetwork,which
usedifferentprotocolsortechnologies.

SIPmessages
Establishmentofasessionthroughabackto
backuseragent.
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SIPisatextbasedprotocolwithsyntaxsimilartothatofHTTP.TherearetwodifferenttypesofSIPmessages:
requestsandresponses.Thefirstlineofarequesthasamethod,definingthenatureoftherequest,andaRequest
URI,indicatingwheretherequestshouldbesent.[17]Thefirstlineofaresponsehasaresponsecode.

Requests
RequestsinitiateaSIPtransactionbetweentwoSIPentitiesforestablishing,controlling,andterminatingsessions.
Criticalmethodsincludethefollowing.
INVITE:Usedtoestablishadialogwithmediaexchangebetweenuseragents.
BYE:Terminatesanexistingsession.
REGISTER:Themethodimplementsalocationserviceforuseragents,whichindicatetheiraddress
informationtotheserver.

Responses
Responsesaresendbytheuseragentserverindicatingtheresultofareceivedrequest.Severalclassesofresponses
arerecognized,determinedbythenumericalrangeofresultcodes:[18]
1xx:Provisionalresponsestorequestsindicatetherequestwasvalidandisbeingprocessed.
2xx:200levelresponsesindicateasuccessfulcompletionoftherequest.AsaresponsetoanINVITE,it
indicatesacallisestablished.
3xx:Thisgroupindicatesaredirectionisneededforcompletionoftherequest.Therequesthastobe
completedwithanewdestination.
4xx:Therequestcontainedbadsyntaxorcannotbefulfilledattheserver.
5xx:Theserverfailedtofulfillanapparentlyvalidrequest.
6xx:Thisisaglobalfailure,astherequestcannotbefulfilledatanyserver.

Transactions
SIPdefinesatransactionmechanismtocontroltheexchangesbetweenparticipantsanddelivermessagesreliably.
Atransactionisastateofasession,whichiscontrolledbyvarioustimers.Clienttransactionssendrequestsand
servertransactionsrespondtothoserequestswithoneormoreresponses.Theresponsesmayincludeprovisional
responses,whicharesponsecodeintheform1xx,andoneormultiplefinalresponses(2xx6xx).
TransactionsarefurthercategorizedaseithertypeInviteortypeNonInvite.Invitetransactionsdifferinthatthey
canestablishalongrunningconversation,referredtoasadialoginSIP,andsoincludeanacknowledgment(ACK)
ofanynonfailingfinalresponse,e.g.,200OK.
Becauseofthesetransactionalmechanisms,unreliabletransportprotocols,suchastheUserDatagramProtocol
(UDP),aresufficientforSIPoperation.

Instantmessagingandpresence
TheSessionInitiationProtocolforInstantMessagingandPresenceLeveragingExtensions(SIMPLE)istheSIP
basedsuiteofstandardsforinstantmessagingandpresenceinformation.MSRP(MessageSessionRelayProtocol)
allowsinstantmessagesessionsandfiletransfer.

Conformancetesting
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TTCN3testspecificationlanguageisusedforthepurposesofspecifying
conformancetestsforSIPimplementations.SIPtestsuiteisdevelopedbya
SpecialistTaskForceatETSI(STF196).[20]TheSIPdevelopercommunity
meetsregularlyattheSIPForumSIPit(http://www.sipit.net/)eventstotest
interoperabilityandtestimplementationsofnewRFCs.

Performancetesting
WhendevelopingSIPsoftwareordeployinganewSIPinfrastructure,itis
veryimportanttotestcapabilityofserversandIPnetworkstohandle
certaincallload:numberofconcurrentcallsandnumberofcallsper
second.SIPperformancetestersoftwareisusedtosimulateSIPandRTP
traffictoseeiftheserverandIPnetworkarestableunderthecallload.[21]
Thesoftwaremeasuresperformanceindicatorslikeanswerdelay,
answer/seizureratio,RTPjitterandpacketloss,roundtripdelaytime.

Applications
ASIPconnectionisamarketingtermforvoiceoverInternetProtocol
(VoIP)servicesofferedbymanyInternettelephonyserviceproviders
(ITSPs).Theserviceprovidesroutingoftelephonecallsfromaclient's
privatebranchexchange(PBX)telephonesystemtothepublicswitched
telephonenetwork(PSTN).Suchservicesmaysimplifycorporate
informationsysteminfrastructurebysharingInternetaccessforvoiceand
data,andremovingthecostforBasicRateInterface(BRI)orPrimaryRate
Interface(PRI)telephonecircuits.

Example:User1sUACusesanInvite
ClientTransactiontosendtheinitial
INVITE(1)message.Ifnoresponse
isreceivedafteratimercontrolled
waitperiodtheUACmaychoseto
terminatethetransactionorretransmit
theINVITE.Oncearesponseis
received,User1isconfidentthe
INVITEwasdeliveredreliably.
User1sUACmustthenacknowledge
theresponse.OndeliveryoftheACK
(2)bothsidesofthetransactionare
complete.Inthiscase,adialogmay
havebeenestablished. [19]

ManyVoIPphonecompaniesallowcustomerstousetheirownSIPdevices,suchasSIPcapabletelephonesets,or
softphones.
SIPenabledvideosurveillancecamerascanmakecallstoalerttheowneroroperatorthataneventhasoccurred
forexample,tonotifythatmotionhasbeendetectedoutofhoursinaprotectedarea.
SIPisusedinaudiooverIPforbroadcastingapplicationswhereitprovidesaninteroperablemeansforaudio
interfacesfromdifferentmanufacturerstomakeconnectionswithoneanother.[22]

Implementations
TheU.S.NationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology(NIST),AdvancedNetworkingTechnologiesDivision
providesapublicdomainJavaimplementation[23]thatservesasareferenceimplementationforthestandard.The
implementationcanworkinproxyserveroruseragentscenariosandhasbeenusedinnumerouscommercialand
researchprojects.ItsupportsRFC3261infullandanumberofextensionRFCsincludingRFC6665(event
notification)andRFC3262(reliableprovisionalresponses).
NumerousothercommercialandopensourceSIPimplementationsexist.SeeListofSIPsoftware.

SIPISUPinterworking
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SIPI,ortheSessionInitiationProtocolwithencapsulatedISUP,isaprotocolusedtocreate,modify,andterminate
communicationsessionsbasedonISUPusingSIPandIPnetworks.ServicesusingSIPIincludevoice,video
telephony,faxanddata.SIPIandSIPT[24]aretwoprotocolswithsimilarfeatures,notablytoallowISUP
messagestobetransportedoverSIPnetworks.ThispreservesallofthedetailavailableintheISUPheader,which
isimportantastherearemanycountryspecificvariantsofISUPthathavebeenimplementedoverthelast30
years,anditisnotalwayspossibletoexpressallofthesamedetailusinganativeSIPmessage.SIPIwasdefined
bytheITUT,whereasSIPTwasdefinedviatheIETFRFCroute.[25]

Encryption
TheincreasingconcernsaboutthesecurityofcallsthatrunoverthepublicInternethasmadeSIPencryptionmore
popularand,infactmoredesired.BecauseVPNisnotanoptionformostserviceproviders,mostserviceproviders
thatoffersecureSIP(SIPS)connectionsuseTLSforsecuringsignaling.TherelationshipbetweenSIP(port5060)
andSIPS(port5061),issimilartothatasforHTTPandHTTPS,andusesURIsintheform
"sips:user@example.com".Themediastreams,whichoccurondifferentconnectionstothesignalingstream,can
beencryptedwithSRTP.ThekeyexchangeforSRTPisperformedwithSDES(RFC4568),orthenewerandoften
moreuserfriendlyZRTP(RFC6189),whichcanautomaticallyupgradeRTPtoSRTPusingdynamickey
exchange(andaverificationphrase).OnecanalsoaddaMIKEY(RFC3830)exchangetoSIPandinthatway
determinesessionkeysforusewithSRTP.

Seealso
VoiceoverIP
Rendezvousprotocol
PeertopeerSIP
Computertelephonyintegration(CTI)
Computersupportedtelecommunications
applications(CSTA)
H.323protocolsH.225.0andH.245
IPMultimediaSubsystem(IMS)
ExtensionstotheSessionInitiationProtocolfor
theIPMultimediaSubsystem
MediaGatewayControlProtocol(MGCP)
MessageSessionRelayProtocol(MSRP)
MobileVoIP
MSCML(MediaServerControlMarkup

MSCML(MediaServerControlMarkup
Language)
Networkconvergence
RTPaudiovideoprofile
SIGTRAN(SignalingTransport)
SIPtrunking
SIPprovider
SkinnyClientControlProtocol(SCCP)
XIMSS(XMLInterfacetoMessaging,
Scheduling,andSignaling)
ZRTP

References
1.Johnston,AlanB.(2004).SIP:UnderstandingtheSessionInitiationProtocol,SecondEdition.ArtechHouse.ISBN1
580531687.
2."SIPcoreworkinggroupcharter".Ietf.org.20101207.Retrieved20110111.
3."SearchInternetDraftsandRFCs".InternetEngineeringTaskForce.
4."WhatisSIP?".NetworkWorld.May11,2004.
5."RFC3261SIP:SessionInitiationProtocol".IETF.2002.
6.MargaretRouse."SessionInitiationProtocol(SIP)".TechTarget.
7.RFC4168,TheStreamControlTransmissionProtocol(SCTP)asaTransportfortheSessionInitiationProtocol(SIP),
IETF,TheInternetSociety(2005)
8.WilliamStallings,p.209
9.RFC3986,UniformResourceIdentifiers(URI):GenericSyntax,IETF,TheInternetSociety(2005)
10.MiikkaPoikselketal.2004.
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11.BrianReid&SteveGoodman2015.
12.RFC3581,AnExtensiontotheSessionInitiationProtocol(SIP)forSymmetricResponseRouting,IETF,TheInternet
Society(2003)
13.Azzedine(2006).Handbookofalgorithmsforwirelessnetworkingandmobilecomputing.CRCPress.p.774.
ISBN9781584884651.
14.Porter,ThomasAndyZmolekJanKanclirzAntonioRosela(2006).PracticalVoIPSecurity.Syngress.pp.7677.
ISBN9781597490603.
15."BlackBerryMVSSoftware".Na.blackberry.com.Retrieved20110111.
16."UserAgentsWeHaveKnown"(http://web.archive.org/web/20110716170218/http://www.voipuser.org/forum_topic_149
98.html)VoIPUser.org
17.Stallings,p.214
18.Stallings,pp.216217
19.JamesWright."SIPAnIntroduction"(PDF).Konnetic.Retrieved20110111.
20.ExperiencesofUsingTTCN3forTestingSIPandalsoOSP(http://portal.etsi.org/ptcc/downloads/TTCN3SIPOSP.pdf)
Archived(https://web.archive.org/web/20140330061038/http://portal.etsi.org/ptcc/downloads/TTCN3SIPOSP.pdf)March
30,2014,attheWaybackMachine.
21."PerformanceandStressTestingofSIPServers,ClientsandIPNetworks".StarTrinity.20160813.
22.Jonsson,LarsMathiasCoinchon(2008)."StreamingaudiocontributionsoverIP"(PDF).EBUTechnicalReview.
Retrieved20101227.
23."JAINSIPproject".Retrieved20110726.
24."RFC3372:SIPTContextandArchitectures".September2002.Retrieved20110111.
25.WhitePaper:"WhySIPI?ASwitchingCoreProtocolRecommendation"(http://www.4gamericas.org/documents/3G_Am
ericas_SIPI_White_Paper_August_2007FINAL.pdf)

Bibliography
BrianReidSteveGoodman(22January2015),ExamRef70342AdvancedSolutionsofMicrosoftExchangeServer2013
(MCSE),MicrosoftPress,p.24,ISBN9780735697904
MiikkaPoikselkGeorgMayerHishamKhartabilAkiNiemi(19November2004),TheIMS:IPMultimediaConcepts
andServicesintheMobileDomain,JohnWiley&Sons,p.268,ISBN9780470871140

Externallinks
Computers/Internet/Protocols/SIP/(https://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Internet/Protocols/SIP/)atDMOZ
IANA:SIPParameters(http://www.iana.org/assignments/sipparameters)
IANA:SIPEventTypesNamespace(http://www.iana.org/assignments/sipevents/sipevents.xhtml)
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Session_Initiation_Protocol&oldid=740201852"
Categories: VoIPprotocols VoIPterminology&concepts Videotelephony Applicationlayerprotocols
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Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipediaisaregisteredtrademark
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