A Simulation and analysis of fiber non-linearity and dispersion compensation

1. INTRODUCTION
Optical fiber is one of the most prominent topics in communication system in todays
era. Not only it helps in increasing the transmission speed but also helps in decreasing the
overall cost of the communication system. When the signal is transmitted through fiber at
transmitter, some losses are observed in receiver end and as a result data from original signal
is lost. In Single mode fiber (SMF), chromatic dispersion and polar mode dispersion takes
place. Chromatic dispersion occurs due to dependence of group index Ng to wavelength.
Erbium doped fiber amplifier can be used to compensate dispersion in optical system. Also,
chromatic dispersion can be compensated by dispersion compensation fiber and fiber Bragg
gratings. DCF compensation needs very high negative dispersion coefficient with DCFs to
compensate dispersion in a narrow band frequency. This increases the overall losses nonlinear
effects and the cost of the optical communication system. FBG is another method to
compensate dispersion. In this, propagated light which satisfies the Bragg condition is
resonated by grating structure and reflected and get only a small part of the signal and rest all
goes out of the fiber. So FBGs which compensate the dispersion by the recompression of an
optical signal for different architecture of FBGs have to be introduced. It also gives low
losses and decreases the cost of the transmission system.
The EDFA (Erbium doped fiber amplifier) is the gigantic change that happened in the
optical fiber communication systems; the loss is no longer major factor to restrict the fiber
optic transmission. Since EDFA works in 1550 nm wave band, the average Single Mode
Fiber (SMF) dispersion value in this wave band is very big, about 15-20ps / (nm.km-1). So, it
is easy to see that the dispersion become the major factor that restricts the long distance fiber
optic system. Compensation of fiber non-linearities was first proposed in 1996 with the
materials having negative nonlinear coefficient which was not so practical, so Electronic
Dispersion Compensation (EDC) allowed to virtually implement this idea. Most of the
researches have implied EDC at the receiver. To increase the system efficiency it is necessary
to reduce the non-linearity and increase the fiber capacity. Fiber capacity can be increased by
raising OSNR, reducing channel spacing or by installing higher order modulation techniques.
Non-linearities originates with the implementation of WDM systems and since then there has
been a continuous effort to reduce or completely remove these penalities. Using Digital
Signal Processing (DSP) techniques, amplification methods like that of Raman Amplification
designing fibers with large effective area are some of the available methods to compensate
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A Simulation and analysis of fiber non-linearity and dispersion compensation

the ambiguities. Signal degradation can also be due to periodic amplification, combined
effect of group velocities and kerr non-linearities. On the other hand impairments caused due
to chromatic dispersion can be controlled by optical phase conjugation, dispersion
compensating devices, differential delay method, microchip compensation. Dispersion
compensation fibers can be used at the place of single mode fibers to control the dispersion
which are designed with negative coefficient. The positive compensation is cancelled out
with the negative coefficient of the EDFA thus providing a reliable communication by
increasing the coefficient with respect to the positive dispersion generated. Single mode fiber
is in great interest due to its high data rate carrying capacity with low loss in transmission but
the dispersion is an penality which degrades the overall performance. At higher bit rates cross
talk is an another problem which is mainly observed in telecommunication field where a user
wants to exchange data with desired user but the line is attached to an unwanted receiver. As
the installation of Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifer (EDFA) improves the link distance but they
also induce nonlinearities, So there must be a match between the values used for practical
implementation.
LITERATURE REVIEW
M. I. Hayee and A. E. Willner [5] analyzed 10 Gb/s non dispersion managed and dispersion
managed wavelength division multiplexed systems which use the pre compensation, post
compensation and dual compensation of each channel to mitigate dispersion and nonlinear
effects. They observed that the dual compensation method gives the minimum penalty for
each dispersion managed WDM systems. Furthermore, they have found that the optimal
amount of pre or post compensation depends upon the specific dispersion map used in the
wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system. Fariborz Mousavi Madani and Kazuro
Kikuchi [6] investigated the performance limit of 10, 20, and 40 Gb/s WDM systems
employing the higher order DCF by extensive computer simulations. They have realized that
in conventional long distance wavelengthdivision multiplexed (WDM) dispersion-managed
transmission systems, since both the dispersion-shifted fiber (DSF) and the standard singlemode fiber (SMF) have positive dispersion slope, perfect dispersion compensation can be
achieved only for a single wavelength channel. In contrast, WDM dispersion managed
systems comprised of a SMF followed by a higher order dispersion compensation fiber
(DCF) with opposite second and third-order dispersions can clear out this drawback. J.-J. Yu,
Kejian Guan, Zhenbo Xu and Bojun Yang [7] analyzed the effects of different compensation
ratios with dispersion post-compensation on nonlinear signal channel and WDM systems
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with 10 Gb/s NRZ per channel. Post dispersion compensation enhanced the performance of
the nonlinear single channel system and the nonlinear WDM system. But the enhanced
distance of the nonlinear WDM system was not as obvious as that of the single channel
transmission system, because the cross phase modulation effect played an important role in
the nonlinear WDM system. The numerical results showed that in order to achieve good
performance, the length of DCF should be precisely selected. R. S. Kaler, A.K.Shrama and
T.S.Sharma [10] presented simulative results for DWDM systems using NRZ format with
ultra high capacity upto 1.28 Tb/s and spectral efficiency 0.4 b/s/Hz. They investigated the
impact of signal to noise ratio on channel spacing, dispersion, length of fiber and number of
channels. Jyoti Choudhary, Lalit Singh Garia and Rajendra Singh Shahi [11] analyzed 16
channels DWDM optical communication system for different dispersion compensation
schemes pre, post and mix dispersion compensation scheme using DCF using different
modulation system NRZ, CS-RZ, DRZ and MDRZ at different bit rates 10 Gb/s, 20 Gb/s and
40 Gb/s. They observed that at high bit rate MDRZ format gives better performance than
others and found that mix- dispersion compensation scheme shows better performance as
compare to other schemes on the basis of Q factor, bit error rate (BER) and eye opening over
50 km of single mode fiber (SMF) and 10 km of dispersion compensating fiber (DCF).

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1.1 FIBER NON-LINEARITIES

1 . SELF-PHASE MODULATION (SPM):
The higher intensity portions of an optical pulse encounter a higher refractive index
of the ber compared with the lower intensity portions while it travels through the ber. In
fact time varying signal intensity produces a time varying refractive index in a medium that
has an intensity-dependant refractive index. The leading edge will experience a positive
refractive index gradient (dn/dt) and trailing edge a negative refractive index gradient
(dn/dt). This temporally varying index change results in a temporally varying phase change,
as shown in Figure 1.1. The optical phase changes with time in exactly the same way as the
optical signal. Since, this nonlinear phase modulation is self-induced the nonlinear
phenomenon responsible for it is called as self-phase modulation. Dierent parts of the pulse
undergo dierent phase shift because of intensity dependence of phase uctuations. This
results in frequency chirping. The rising edge of the pulse nds frequency shif tin upper side
where as the trailing edge experiences shift in lowerside. Hence primary 258 Singh and
Singh eect of SPM is to broaden the spectrum of the pulse [8], keeping the temporal shape
unaltered. The SPM eects are more pronounced in systems with high-transmitted power
because the chirping eect is proportional to transmitted signal power.

Fig1.1: Phenomenological description of spectral broadening of pulse due to SPM.

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2. CROSS PHASE MODULATION:
The response of any dielectric to light becomes Non-linear for intense
electromagnetic fields, and optical fibers are no exception. On a fundamental level, the origin
of Non-linear response is related to a harmonic motion of a bound electron under the
influence of an applied field [4]. Cross phase Modulation (XPM) had been derived from the
fact that the refractive index of the fiber in nonlinearity converts the optical intensity
fluctuations in other co propagating channel. In addition since the refractive index seen by
particular wavelength is influenced by both the optical intensity of that wave and by the
optical power fluctuation of the neighbouring wavelength, SPM is always present when XPM
occurs.

XPM hinders the system performance through the same mechanism as SPM:

chirping frequency and chromatic dispersion, but XPM can damage the system performance
even more than SPM. XPM influences the system severely when number of channels is large.
Theoretically, for a 100-channels system, XPM imposes a power limit of 0.1mW per channel.
XPM only appears when two interacting light beams or pulses overlap in space. Time
pulses with two different wavelength channels will not remain superimposed since each had
different group velocity dispersion (GVD). This greatly reduces the impact of XPM for direct
detection of optical fiber transmission systems. XPM could be the problem for high rate ultradense WDM systems (2.5Gbps-10Gbps system with wavelength spacing of 25GHz or less)
and when coherent detection schemes are used. To avoid XPM should have a fiber in which
the pulses do not travel together for large distance. Thus require large group velocity change
as the function of frequency. Large dispersion will give large velocity difference which will
give small walk-off time and thus reduction in XPM will be obtained. It can be greatly
mitigated in WDM systems operating over standard non dispersion shifted single mode fiber.
One more advantage of this kind of fiber is its effective core area, which is typically 80 m2.
The term four-wave mixing is usually reserved for the interaction of four spatially or
spectrally distinct fields. FWM reduces to the previously discussed processes when two or
more of the frequencies are degenerate. FWM may be used to probe either one-photon
resonances or two-photon resonances in a material by measuring the resonant enhancement as
one or more of the frequencies are tuned. By tuning the frequencies to multiple resonances in
the material, excited state cross sections, lifetimes, and line widths may be measured. Another
unique advantage of FWM is that Raman cross sections FWM also has the advantage of
eliminating the non-resonant background signals present in the other methods. The main

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disadvantage of FWM is the complications involved in simultaneously overlapping three
coherent beams while maintaining the phase matching condition.
1.2 . DISPERSION
Telecommunication systems change the intensity of light source in order to transmit
information. Information is modulated and sent as a series of pulses representing binary
encoded data. Data can be transmitted with few errors, as long as these pulses travel through
the fiber without changing their shape. But usually, as they travel through the fiber, the pulses
start to spread, losing their original shape and overlap each other becoming indistinguishable
at the receiver input. Dispersion is the general term applied to this cause and this effect is
known as inter-symbol interference. Dispersion was initially a problem when multimode step
index fiber were introduced. Multimode graded-index fiber improved the situation, but when
they are well graded some limitations are added to the information capacity of multimode
fibers. Single-mode fiber eliminated the multipath dispersion and left only chromatic
dispersion and polarization mode dispersion to be dealt with by engineers. Both of them
causes distortion and broadening of pulse. Chromatic dispersion occurs due to the inherent
property of silica fiber i.e refractive index varies with wavelength. Hence chromatic
dispersion is a phenomenon in optical fiber which is created because of dependence of group
index to wavelength which causes a temporal broadening of the pulses as they are
propagating in the fiber. After a certain propagation distance, the broadening of the pulses
causes a significant number of errors at the receiving end thus the information is lost.
Figure 1.2 shows the broadening of pulses caused due to loss of information i.e
chromatic dispersion. And this becomes a limitation to the channel count, bit rates and
transmission distances in the fiber optic. Hence, dispersion needs to be compensated by
various dispersion compensating techniques. They are usually one of two types. The first type
is DCF or Dispersion Compensating Fiber and the second type is FBG or Fiber Bragg
grating.

Fig1.2: broadening of pulse due to chromatic dispersion

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There are three main types of dispersion in a fiber: Modal Dispersion, Material
dispersion, Waveguide dispersion.
1. MODAL DISPERSION:
Modal dispersion occurs only in Multimode fibers. Fig 1.3 represents dispersion in
step index fiber. It arises because rays follow different paths through the fiber and
consequently arrive at the other end of the fiber at different times. Mode is a mathematical
and physical concept describing the propagation of electromagnetic waves through media.

Fig 1.3: Modal dispersion in step index fiber

In case of fiber, a mode is simply a path that a light ray can follow in travelling down
a fiber. The number of modes supported by a fiber ranges from 1 to over 100,000. Thus a
fiber provides a path of travels for one or thousands of light rays depending on its size and
properties. Since light reflects at different angles for different paths (or modes), the path
lengths of different modes are different. Thus different rays take a shorter or longer time to
travel the length of the fiber. The ray that goes straight down the center of the core without
reflecting, arrives at the other end first, other rays arrive later. Thus light entering the fiber at
the same time exit the other end at different times. The light has spread out in time. The
spreading of light is called modal dispersion. Modal dispersion is that type of dispersion that
results from the varying modal path lengths in the fiber. Typical modal dispersion figures for
the step index fiber are 15 to 30 ns/ km. This means that for light entering a fiber at the same
time, the ray following the longest path will arrive at the other end of 1 km long fiber 15 to
30 ns after the ray, following the shortest path.
2. WAVEGUIDE DISPERSION:
Waveguide dispersion, most significant in a single- mode fiber, occurs because optical
energy travels in both the core and cladding, which have slightly different refractive indices.
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The energy travels at slightly different velocities in the core and cladding because of the
slightly different refractive indices of the materials. Altering the internal structures of the
fiber, allows waveguide dispersion to be substantially changed, thus changing the specified
overall dispersion of the fiber. The origin of waveguide dispersion can be understood by
considering that a guided wave has a frequency-dependent distribution of wave vectors (k
vectors), whereas a plane wave (as the reference case) has only a single wave vector, which
points exactly in the propagation direction. Waveguide dispersion is important in waveguides
with small effective mode areas. Examples are optical fibers, in particular certain photonic
crystal fibers, but also other single-mode fibers as used in, e.g., optical fiber communications.
Waveguide dispersion may be tailored via the fiber design to obtain the desired dispersion
properties; see e.g. the article on dispersion-shifted fibers. For fibers with large mode areas,
waveguide dispersion is normally negligible, and material dispersion is dominant(4).

3. CHROMATIC DISPERSION:
Chromatic dispersion is caused by delay differences among the group velocities of
the different wavelengths composing the source spectrum. The consequence of the chromatic
dispersion is a broadening of the transmitted impulses.

Input signal

Output signal

Fig1.4: Chromatic dispersion in step index fiber

The chromatic dispersion is essentially due to two contributions: material dispersion

and waveguide dispersion. Chromatic dispersion in fiber is as shown in fig1.4. The material
dispersion occurs because the refractive index changes with the optical frequency. It is
generally the dominant contribution, except in the wavelength region in which it vanishes (for
silica based material this happens around 1 300 nm). The waveguide dispersion depends on
the dispersive properties of the waveguide itself. From a practical point of view, a significant
property is that the waveguide dispersion has opposite signs with respect to the material
dispersion in the wavelength range above 1300 nm.
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A Simulation and analysis of fiber non-linearity and dispersion compensation

CHAPTER 2
EFFECTS OF DISPERSION ON OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Dispersion characterized optical fiber in terms of maximum transmission
speed. When different wavelengths of light pulses are launched into the optical fiber, these
pulses travelled with different speeds due to the variation of refractive index with
wavelength. The light pulses tend to get spread out in time domain after travelling some
distance in fiber and this is continued throughout the fiber length. This phenomenon of
broadening of pulse width is known as dispersion. The pulse width gradually increases and
the peak power of pulse reduces.

Dispersion of transmitted optical signals causes the

distortion for both digital and analog transmission through optical fibres. Each pulse broadens
and overlaps with its neighbours eventually becoming indistinguishable at the receiver input.
This effect is known as inter symbol interference (ISI)[2].
Dispersion limits the information capacity at high transmission speeds and distances.
It reduces the effective bandwidth and at same time it increases the BER due to an increasing
inter symbol interference. In order to remove the spreading of optical pulses, dispersion
compensation is required. In single-mode fiber (SMF) performance is primarily limited by
chromatic dispersion (also called group velocity dispersion) which occurs because the index
of the glass varies slightly depending on the wavelength of light and the light from real
optical transmitters necessarily has nonzero spectral width. Polarization mode dispersion is
another source of limitation which occurs because, although the single mode fiber can sustain
only one transverse mode, but it carry this mode with two different polarizations and slight
distortions in a fiber can alter the propagation speeds for the two polarizations. This
phenomenon is called birefringence.

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3. DISPERSION COMPENSATION
In order to improve overall system performance and reduced as much as
possible the transmission performance influenced by the dispersion, several dispersion
compensation technologies were proposed. Amongst the various techniques proposed in the
literature, the ones that appear to hold immediate promise for dispersion compensation and
management could be broadly classified as: dispersion compensating fibers (DCF), chirped
fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) and high-order mode (HOM) fiber. The idea of using dispersion
compensation fiber for dispersion compensation was proposed in 1980 but, until after the
invention of optical amplifiers, DCF began to be widespread attention and study. As the
products of DCF are more mature, stable, not easily affected by temperature, wide bandwidth,
DCF has become a most suitable method of dispersion compensation. There is positive
second-order and third-order dispersion value in SMF, while the DCF dispersion value is
negative. So by inserting a DCF, the average dispersion is close to zero. Compensation is
done by three methods, pre-, post- and symmetrical compensation. In the rst method, the
optical communication system is pre compensated by the dispersion compensated ber of
negative

dispersion against the standard ber. In the second method, the optical

communication system is post compensated by the dispersion compensated ber of negative

dispersion against the standard ber. In the third method, the optical communication system
is symmetrically compensated by two dispersion compensated bers of negative dispersion
against the standard ber in between. Due to the nonlinear nature of propagation, system
performance depends upon power levels [6] and the position of dispersion compensated bers
[7]. Dispersion compensation fibers are specially designed fiber with negative dispersion. To
compensate positive dispersion over large length of fiber high value of negative dispersion is
used.

Spans made of single mode bers and dispersion Compensated bers are good

candidates for long distance transmission as their high local dispersion is known to reduce the
phase matching giving rise to four waves mixing in SCM system. The simulation setup of all
three schemes is created by using software shown in figure 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3 respectively.

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Fig3.1: pre compensation

In this method, the DCF of negative dispersion is placed before the SMF as shown in
fig 4.1

Fig 3.2: post compensation method

In this method, the DCF of negative dispersion is placed after the SMF as shown in
fig4.2.

Fig 3.3:Mix compensation method

In this method, the both pre compensation and post compensation method is
combined ,first placed post compensation method next to EDFA placed pre compensation
method as shown in fig 4.3.
Different methods generate different non-linear effects. In this, mix-compensation
method largely reduces the non-linear effects as compared to pre-compensation and postcompensation method. As the bit error rate increases, output of the optical fiber also
increases. Symmetrical/mix compensation has minimum bit error rate indicating best
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A Simulation and analysis of fiber non-linearity and dispersion compensation

performance in comparison to pre and post compensation. Similarly when the length of the
fiber is increased, (by keeping EDFA constant) bit error rate also increases. This shows that
symmetrical/ mix compensation is best among the pre-, post- and mix- compensation.
Advantages of DCF are that they can be easily constructed and highly reliable. DCF provides
continuous compensation over a wide range of optical wavelengths (i.e. Does not require
precise laser wavelengths. A DCF module should have low insertion loss, low polarization
mode dispersion and low optical non-linearity. In addition to these characteristics DCF
should have large chromatic dispersion coefficient to minimize the size of a DCF module.
However DCF has high insertion loss. A 60 km compensator can exhibit 6 dB of loss or
more. Because of this, DCM's are usually co-located with EDFA's which also increases the
overall cost of the fiber. Since DCF has a small core size which may make it prone to certain
types of nonlinearities. So DCF also has high optical nonlinearities. DCF compensation
depends on the wavelength and they can perfectly act only in a narrow band of frequency.
The pulse broadening effect of chromatic dispersion causes the signals in the adjacent bit
periods to overlap. This is called intersymbol interference (ISI). Broadening is a function of
distance as well as dispersion parameter D. The dispersion parameter is given in ps/nm/km
and changes from fiber to fiber. It is also a function of wavelength. D is usually about 17
ps/nm/km in the 1.55 m wavelength range for a standard single mode fiber (SMF). It is at a
maximum of 3.3 ps/nm/km in the same window for a dispersion-shifted fiber (DSF). Nonzero
dispersion fiber (NDF) has a chromatic dispersion between 1 and 6 ps/nm/km or -1 and -6
ps/nm/km.

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4. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES DCF

ADVANTAGES:
1) Simple construction, highly reliable.
2) Provides continuous compensation over a wide range of optical wavelengths (i.e. Does not
require precise laser wavelengths.)
3) The dispersion compensation patch cord (DCM-PC) combines the dispersion
compensating power of continuously chirped FBGs with the simplicity of an ordinary patch
cord.
4) The rugged and cost-effective dispersion approach results in easy system in-design,
effective system commissioning, and valuable system space savings.
5) The DCM-PC is also very useful in systems with mixed 10- and 40-Gbps transceivers to
unbias the 10-Gbps dispersion map.
6) At figure of merit signifies that the dispersion compensating fiber module adds less lose to
the system.
DISADVANTAGES:
1) Usually DCF has a small core size which may make it prone to certain types of
nonlinearities.
2) At higher bit rate, the effect of chromatic dispersion is quit high. It limits the overall
performance of the optical communication system at high bit rate.
3) The scattering losses of dispersion compensating fiber depend on fabrication method
as well as the design of the fiber.

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5. SIMULATION USING OPTISYSTEM

The research aims at the frequencies of 193 THz to 195.4 THz with power
level of 0 dBm (equals to 1 mW) and line width of 10 MHz corresponds to Continuous Wave
(CW) laser at the bit rate of 15 Gb/s. 64 samples per bit are transmitted with 4096 as total
number of samples. Length of Standard Mode Fiber (SMF) used is 100 Kms with Dispersion
Compensation Module/Fiber (DCM) [20] 20 Kms. Attenuation of DCF is 0.5 dB/Km. EDFA
gain is 35 dB, noise figure of 0 dB, power and saturation power both at 10 dBm. Cutoff
frequency of low pass bessel filter is 7.5 GHz. Loop controller is also used with 5 number of
optical loops. Along with these devices and components pseudo-random bit sequence
generator is used which generates a pulse of on and off sequence, Non-Return to Zero (NRZ)
is also implied. Mach-Zehnder Modulator is used which simply controls the phase and
amplitude of the transmitted signal. Photodetector PIN with responsivity of 1 A/W is there.
Optical Power Meter, an oscilloscope is installed for visual analysis of the results, a BER
analyser is also present for the representation of the eye diagram, quality factor and minimum
bit error rate. Compensation is done by three methods, pre-, post- and symmetrical
compensation. In the rst method, the optical communication system is pre compensated by
the dispersion compensated ber of negative dispersion against the standard ber. In the
second method, the optical communication system is post compensated by the dispersion
compensated ber of negative dispersion against the standard ber. In the third method, the
optical communication system is symmetrically compensated by two dispersion compensated
bers of negative dispersion against the standard ber in between. Due to the nonlinear
nature of propagation, system performance depends upon power levels [6] and the position of
dispersion compensated bers [7]. Dispersion compensation fibers are specially designed
fiber with negative dispersion. To compensate positive dispersion over large length of fiber
high value of negative dispersion is used. Spans made of single mode bers and dispersion
Compensated bers are good candidates for long distance transmission as their high local
dispersion is known to reduce the phase matching giving rise to four waves mixing in SCM
system.

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The simulation setup of all three schemes is created by using software Simulation
setup: (a) pre-compensation with 60 km link with 2 spans (b) post-compensation with 60 km
link with 2 spans (c) pre-post compensation with 120 km link with single span using single
mode and dispersion compensating fibers.

Fig 5.1: simulation on post compensation method

Fig 5.2: simulation on pre compensation method

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Fig 5.3: simulation on mix compensation method

In the simulation, the transmitter section consists of data source, modulator driver
(NRZ), laser source and Mach-Zehnder (M-Z) modulator. Use the continuous wave (CW)
laser with frequency 193.1 THz and output power of 15 dbm, which is externally modulated
at 10 Gbits/sec with a non-return to zero (NRZ) pseudo random binary sequence in a M-Z
modulator with 30 db extinction ratio. Two EDFAs are used as optical amplifiers in the
system with gain of 40 db and 10 db with noise figure 4 db. The single mode fiber (SMF) of
length 210 km is used as the transmission medium. And FBG is used as the dispersion
compensator. At the receiver side, the PIN diode is used as a photo detector, which converts
the optical signals into electrical, having 1 A/W responsivity and 10 nA of dark current. Then
the electrical signal is filtered by low pass Bessel filter and 3R regenerator is used for
regeneration. Simulation setup of all three method is shown in figure 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
respectively.

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6 .RESULT AND ANALYSIS

6.1 Analysis of the proposed system on the basis of eye diagram
A number of parameter has been used like that of the CW laser frequency, its power
and its linewidth. The length of standard mode fiber (SMF) and dispersion compensation
fiber(DCF) has been varied a number of times to get out the optimized results yielding to
better system performance. The results which emerged with proper quality factor and BER
are in relation with the increase in CW laser frequency i.e., with increase in frequency from
193THz to 195.5THz the quality factor increases and BER goes on decreasing upto
195.4THz.
The quality factor starts from 2,1694 and goes upto the highest range of 20.5098
which itself is a great indication of efficiency. And minimum BER which has been achieved
is 8.71082e-094, which means a great reduction in the bit error rate while transmitting
information. Both the highest quality factor and minimum. BER has been achieved at the CW
laser frequency of 195.4THz along with the SMF and DCF lengths of 100Kms and 20Kms
respectively. Fig6.1 represents the eye diagram of DCF at frequency 193.1THz.

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Fig 6.1 : Eye diagram of DCF at frequency 193.1THz

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Fig 6.2 :Eye diagram of DCF at frequency 193.5THz

Fig6.3 : Eye diagram of DCF at frequency 195.4THz

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Figure 6.2 and 6.3 represents the eye diagram of DCF at frequency 194.5THz
and 195THz and bit rate of 10Gb/s. The signal quality is high, eye's shape is very
good, and the edge neat graph is symmetrical. And the effect of dispersion
compensation quite good. The curve of Q-factor changes with the open degree of eye
diagram as follows: More approaches the point of largest eye diagram opened, the Qfactor is bigger, and the Corresponding BER is smaller. Figure shows at the largest
eye diagram opened, the Q-factors of the four channels achieve about 20. According
to the test, when Q=6, the BER is about 10-9; when Q=7, the BER is about 10-12.
The figure shows this system have the big decision scope under the guarantee of the
condition of system bit error rate. This indicated the DCF compensate different
channel's chromatic dispersion greatly.

Table 1 : corresponding results[1]

Table 2: Simulation results

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By taking into account the dispersion management scheme which is employed using a
transmission line consisting of equal numbers of 120 km SMF and DCF sections of 24 km,
30km and 35km for Pre compensation & Post compensation. In the proposed methodology, a
comparison is made between the various configurations taken, for precompensation & postcompensation. It is observed that the effect of dispersion compensating fibers using 30Km
fiber for pre compensation, SMF of 120Km and 24Km fiber for the Post compensation, the
estimated values of the Q Factor=20.5346dB, BER=1.80072 e 0.26 and Jitter=0.223014ns .
Analysing

other

configurations

of

Pre-compensating

fiber

length=30km,

SMF=120Km, Post-Compensation fiber length=30km [fig.5] and DCF Pre compensation

fiber length=35km, SMF=120Km, Post-Compensation fiber length = 35km [fig.6]. However,
if the DCF length for the Pre-compensation & Post compensation fiber = 24Km,
SMF=120Km;the estimated values of the Q Factor=30.7602dB, BER=1e040 and
Jitter=0.024919ns this is the optimum compensation scheme which has been obtained Above
tables 1 and 2 tells the relation between Q factor and BER and prove that Q factor and bit
error rate are inversely proportional. As frequency goes on increasing from 193.1THz to
195THz bit error goes on decreasing and Q factor increasing first tables is took it from
reference paper and it practically proved by using optisystem

Fig 6.4: Comparison of transmission influence of three compensation system

In optical communication systems, only optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) could
not accurately measure the system performance, especially in WDM systems. Typically, as a
quality factor, Q is a one of the important indicators to measure the optical performance by
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A Simulation and analysis of fiber non-linearity and dispersion compensation

which to characterize the BER. Fig6.4 display the influence of input optical power on the
performance of transmission system. Fig6.4 appear that the effect of laser average power is
just contrary to the previous situations. A moderate bigger value of laser average power is
favorable to the performance of the transmission system. And from the figure6.4 find that
with the input optical power increased to about 9dB, the Q factor increases. When the input
optical power approaches 9dB, the Q factor becomes the maximum. When the input optical
power is greater than 9dB the quality factor decreased gradually and the error performance is
gradually degraded. This is because as the optical power increases, nonlinear effects increase,
but the optical signal noise ratio increased. When the input optical power is greater than 9dB,
the nonlinear effect increases rapidly, making the system BER performance is degraded
rapidly. As can be seen from Figure 2 in the case of the fiber optical power equal, the quality
factor of mixcompensation is greater than the two other kinds of dispersion compensation.
Through the whole system study found that the performance of mix -compensation system is
best in the long-distance high-speed WDM systems. In this work, it is found that the system
performance gradually improved as the total dispersion of the transmission fiber tend towards
that of the DCF and in a similar fashion, the system performance decreases as the total
dispersion of fiber exceeded that of the DCF. Results show that symmetrical compensation
for 24Km fiber of DCF is much better than the results obtained for the compensation
obtained for the 30Km and 35Km length of the fiber. Furthermore, analysis of the Q-factor
revealed that system performance has exceeded by an amount of 10dB which shows a
significant increase.

CONCLUSION
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A Simulation and analysis of fiber non-linearity and dispersion compensation

In fiber optical high bit rate (such as 10Gbit/s) long-haul transmission systems,
dispersion compensation is one of the most important items to be considered for design. The
results show that the optimum compensation scheme is achieved when a DCF of 20km for
pre & post compensation is used. It has been found that there is a considerable improvement
in terms of Q factor and reduced BER.
Mix-compensation scheme can greatly reduce the fiber nonlinear effects, this program
better than the pre-compensation and post compensation program. For this compensation
scheme, the effect of laser average power is just contrary to the previous situations. A
moderate bigger value of laser average power is favourable to the performance of the
transmission system the input fiber power is taken as 9-10dB, the corresponding BER
performance is better.

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A Simulation and analysis of fiber non-linearity and dispersion compensation

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