MATTER AND FORCES

http://eschooltoday.com/science/states-and-behaviour-of-matter/what-is-matter.html

Matter is everything around you. Atoms and molecules are all composed of matter. Matter is anything that
has mass and takes up space.
All living and non-living things are made up of matter.
Matter cant be created or destroyed; it just changes from one state or form to another.
States of matter
3 states: solid, liquid and gas.
solid

liquid

Definite shape

Definite volume

Definite volume

Changes in matter

gas

Indefinite volume: they can be

compressed
Indefinite shape: they take the Indefinite shape: they take the
shape of the container
shape of the countainer

Changes can be physical or chemical.

Some physical changes, such as changes of state, are reversible, while others are irreversible.
Reversible changes occurs when a substance change from one state of matter to another. It changes the
form, but do not transform into a different substance. For example: melting, freezing, vaporization,
condensation, sublimation and deposition are physical changes.
http://study.com/academy/lesson/comparing-reversible-irreversible-physical-chemical-changes.html

A chemical change is a change in matter where NEW substances are formed. Most chemical changes are
irreversible.

MATTER AND ITS PROPERTIES

Matter is made out of tiny particles called atoms. Some atoms join together to make groups known
as molecules.
Matter has different properties: colour, odour and taste, and the following ones:
- Mass: is the amount of matter in an object. We measure mass in grams (g).
- Volume: is the space a matter occupies. We measure volume in millilitres (ml).
- Density: is the amount of matter in a volume. We measure density in kilograms per litre (Kg/l). It explains
why some object float in water while others not.

density =

mass
volume

- Hardness: is the scratch-resistance of a solid. Diamonds are the hardest natural solids.
- Solubility: is the ability of a substance to dissolve in another substance and form a solution. (Sugar dissolves
well in water; oil does not).
- Thermal conductivity: is the ability of certain substances to conduct or transfer heat. Metals are good heat
conductors. Wool, wood, paper, plastic or glass, are good heat insulators.

TYPES OF MATTER
According to its composition, we can classify matter into pure substances and mixtures.

Pure substances: consist of only one type of matter.

Mixtures: are made up of two or more pure substances. They can be homogeneous or heterogeneous.
In a homogeneous mixture we cannot see the individual substances that make it up.
In a heterogeneous mixture we can see the individual substances that make it up.

Let's see some examples.

There are different methods to separate the substances in mixtures:

- Filtration.
- Evaporation.
- Sieving.
Filtration: when we pour the

Evaporation: when we heat

Sieving: we use a sieve to

juice of a lemon through a filter,

a mixture of salt and water,

separate solids of different

the solids stay in the filter and

the liquid evaporates and

sizes, such as pebbles form

the liquid passes through it.

leaves only the solids which

sand.

crystallise and for salt crystals.

FORCE
It's a push or pull that acts on an object.
We can't see forces but we can see and feel their effects. Forces can make things move, stop, speed up, slow
down, or change direction. Forces can also make things change shape.
There are two types:

Non-contact forces: forces that act form a distance.

Contact forces: forces that act through a physical contact.
Non-contact forces

Magnetism: is a force of attraction or repulsion

caused by magnetic materials. Magnets can attrack
metals.

Gravity is a force which attracts all objects towards

each other. Larger bodies, such as planets, have a
stronger gravitational force. Astronauts float in
space, because there is no gravity there.

Contact forces
Friction: is the force that exists when two objects
rub against each other. Friction acts in the opposite
direction to the direction of movement. Air friction
slows down a parachute.

Buoyancy: is the ability of

objects to float. If you put
an ice cube in a glass of
water, gravity pulls the ice
cube down and the buoyant
force pushes it up. The
submerged
ice
cube
displaces some of the water
and, as a result, the level of
water rises.