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12
Distance Protection
Schemes
Introduction
12.1
12.2
12.3
Blocking scheme
12.4
12.5
12.6
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Distance P rotection
Schemes
12.1 INTRODUCTION
Conventional time-stepped distance protection is
illustrated in Figure 12.1. One of the main disadvantages
of this scheme is that the instantaneous Zone 1
protection at each end of the protected line cannot be
set to cover the whole of the feeder length and is usually
set to about 80%. This leaves two 'end zones', each
being about 20% of the protected feeder length. Faults
in these zones are cleared in Zone 1 time by the
protection at one end of the feeder and in Zone 2 time
(typically 0.25 to 0.4 seconds) by the protection at the
other end of the feeder.
Relayy A
end zone
Z3G
Time
Z2A
A
Z1A
F
Z1B
B
Z3B
Relayy B
end zone
(a) Stepped time/distance characteristics
Z1
Z2
Z2T 0
Z3
Z3 0
Trip
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Z3A
Z2A
Z1extA
Z1A
A
Z1extB
Z2B
Z1B
Z3B
(a) Distance/time characteristics
Auto-reclose
Reset Zone 1ext
&
Zone 1ext
1
Zone 1
Zone 2
Z2T O
Zone 3
Z3T O
Trip
12
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Z1A
Page 195
Z1extA
Z1B1
Z1extB1
Z1B2
Z1extB2
Z1C
Z1extC
Breakers
marked thus
auto-reclose
Z1extA
C
Z1extD
Z1extB
Z1D
Z1B
Z1extC
Z1C
Z1extP
Z1P
L
N
Z1extN
Z1N
Z1extL
Z1M
Z1extM
Z1L
Signal send
Z1
Z1
Z2
Z2T O
1
Z3
Trip
Z3
Z3T 0
&
Signal
send
Send
circuit
(f1)
Receive
circuit
(f1)
Signalling equipment
-End A
Signal
receive
Send
circuit
(f1)
Signal receive
Figure 12.4: Logic for direct under-reach
transfer tripping scheme
Network Protection & Automation Guide
195
Signal
send
Receive
Signal
circuit
receive
(f1)
Signalling equipment
-End B
Z3T O
Trip
Distance relay
Signal send
Z2T 0
Signal receive 0
Distance relay
Z2
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Z1A
12
Z1B
Z2B
Z3B
Z1 & Z2
(a) Fault occurs-bus bar voltage low so
negligible fault current via end B
A
Z3
Z3T O
Trip
Z2T O
Open
Signal receive
&
Signal send
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Z1
Signal send
Z1
Z2
Z2T O
Z3
Z3T O
Z3T O
Z3
Trip
&
Signal receive
tp td
&
&
Signal receive
&
Signal
send
Send f1
circuit
(f1)
f2 Send
circuit
(f2)
Signal
send
Signal
receive
Receive
circuit
(f2) f2
f1
Receive
circuit
(f1)
Signal
receive
Signalling equipment
-End A
Distance relay
Distance relay
Trip
Z2T O
Z2
Signal send
Signalling equipment
-End B
197
T1 0
&
T2
&
Signal
send
Signal
receive
Figure 12.10: Weak Infeed Echo logic circuit
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Z3A
Z1
Z2A
Z2
Z2T
Z3
Z3T
STL
td
Trip
Z1A
A
F2
F1
F3
&
Z1B
Z2B
Signal receive
Z3B
12
Channel in service
Signal send
Z1
Z2T O
Z3
Z3T O
Trip
&
Signal receive
Signal
send
Send
circuit
(f1)
Send
circuit
(f1)
Signal
send
Signal
receive
Receive
circuit
(f1)
Receive
circuit
(f1)
Signal
receive
Signalling equipment
-End A
Signalling equipment
-End B
Distance relay
Distance relay
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Z3G
Z2G
Z1G
G
Z1H
Z2H
Z3H
&
Z2
Signal send
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Blocking scheme
Not as fast
As fast
Yes