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Auto-Reclosing
Introduction
14.1
Application of auto-reclosing
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
Single-phase auto-reclosing
14.7
14.8
14.9
14.10
Auto-close circuits
14.11
14.12
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Auto-Reclosing
14.1 INTRODUCTION
Faults on overhead lines fall into one of three categories:
a. transient
b. semi-permanent
c. permanent
80-90% of faults on any overhead line network are
transient in nature. The remaining 10%-20% of faults
are either semi-permanent or permanent.
Transient faults are commonly caused by lightning and
temporary contact with foreign objects. The immediate
tripping of one or more circuit breakers clears the fault.
Subsequent re-energisation of the line is usually successful.
A small tree branch falling on the line could cause a
semi-permanent fault. The cause of the fault would not
be removed by the immediate tripping of the circuit, but
could be burnt away during a time-delayed trip. HV
overhead lines in forest areas are prone to this type of
fault. Permanent faults, such as broken conductors, and
faults on underground cable sections, must be located
and repaired before the supply can be restored.
Use of an auto-reclose scheme to re-energise the line
after a fault trip permits successful re-energisation of
the line. Sufficient time must be allowed after tripping
for the fault arc to de-energise prior to reclosing
otherwise the arc will re-strike. Such schemes have been
the cause of a substantial improvement in continuity of
supply. A further benefit, particularly to EHV systems, is
the maintenance of system stability and synchronism.
A typical single-shot auto-reclose scheme is shown in
Figures 14.1 and 14.2. Figure 14.1 shows a successful
reclosure in the event of a transient fault, and Figure
14.2 an unsuccessful reclosure followed by lockout of the
circuit breaker if the fault is permanent.
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Instant of fault
Operates
Resets
Protection
Operating
time
Trip coil Contacts
Arc
Contacts
energised separate extinguished fully open
Transient
fault
Closing circuit
energised
Contacts Contacts
make fully closed
Circuit
breaker
Closing
time
Opening Arcing
time
time
Operating time
Dead time
Auto-reclose relay
Dead time
Closing
pulse time
Reclaim time
Time
Operates
Reclose
on to fault
Resets
Operates
Resets
Protection
Operating
time
Trip coil Contacts
Arc
Contacts
energised separate extinguished fully open
Permanent
fault
Arc
Contacts
Contacts
fully closed separate Extinguished
Contacts fully
open
Auto-Reclosing
Circuit
breaker
Opening Arcing
time
time
Operating time
Reclose initiated
by protection
Closing
time
Trip coil
energised
Dead time
Auto-reclose
relay
Dead time
Closing
pulse time
Reclaim time
starts
Reclaim time
resets
Time
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Auto-Reclosing
t1
t2
14
Time (s)
t3
Contacts
make
Breaker
fullyy
closed
t4
t1
t2
3
t4
t5
t6
Oil
11kV
0.06
0.1
0.08
0.16
0.24
0.02
Vacuum
15kV
0.038
0.053
0.023
0.048
0.28
0.07
Oil
132kV
0.03
0.06
0.2
0.35
0.55
0.01
Air
380kV
0.035
0.045
0.235
0.065
0.3
0.02
SF6
132kV
0.04
0.07
0.03
0.08
0.11
0.12
t6
t5
SF6
380kV
0.02
0.05
0.01
0.06
0.07
0.04
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Fault
Loads
Loads
Input line
Z
Auto-Reclosing
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Power
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Y
1
Fault condition
0 1
B
Phase displacement
223
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Auto-Reclosing
14
110
132
220
275
400
525
0.28
0.3
0.35
0.38
0.45
0.55
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Auto-Reclosing
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Zone 1(G)
End
Zone
H
Zone 2(H)
Zone 2 (G)
Zone 2(J)
Zone 1(J)
J
Zone 1(H)
Zone 1(K)
Zone 2(K)
Zone 3(K)
Zone 3(H)
Figure 14.5: Typical three zone distance scheme
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If for any reason the line fails to dead line charge from
end A, reclosure from end B would take place after 15
seconds. The circuit breaker at A would then be given
the opportunity to reclose with a synchronism check.
AR lockout
S Q
R Q
AR
in progress
CB closed
0
ti
&
AR inhibit
time
Reclaim timer
tR
Dead time
CB open
Protn. reset
CB healthy
System healthy
&
td
&
CB close
command
S Q
R Q
227
Auto-Reclosing
Protn. operated
(local or
intertrip)
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14.10.1 Initiation
Modern auto-reclosing schemes are invariably initiated
by the tripping command of a protection relay function.
Some older schemes may employ a contact on the circuit
breaker. Modern digital or numerical relays often
incorporate a comprehensive auto-reclose facility within
the relay, thus eliminating the need for a separate autoreclose relay and any starter relays.
Auto-Reclosing
14
fitted to oil, air blast and SF6 circuit breakers use a circuit
breaker auxiliary switch for terminating the closing pulse
applied by the auto-reclose relay.
14.10.7 CB Lockout
If reclosure is unsuccessful the auto-reclose relay locks
out the circuit breaker. Some schemes provide a lockout
relay with a flag, with provision of a contact for remote
alarm. The circuit breaker can then only be closed by
hand; this action can be arranged to reset the autoreclose relay element automatically. Alternatively, most
modern relays can be configured such that a lockout
condition can be reset only by operator action.
Circuit breaker manufacturers state the maximum
number of operations allowed before maintenance is
required. A number of schemes provide a fault trip
counting function and give a warning when the total
approaches the manufacturer's recommendation. These
schemes will lock out when the total number of fault
trips has reached the maximum value allowed.
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T1
T2
T3
T4
(Standby)
CB1
CB2
CB3
L1
T1
L2
L3
L4
L5
L6
CB2
CB3
CB4
CB5
CB6
IT1
CB4
with
auto-closing
T2
IT2
CB2A
CB1
Bus C
Main
EHV
Busbars
BC
Reserve
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Bus A
EHV Line 1
103
120
203
EHV Line 2
213
113
T1
T2
B1
B2
Auto-Reclosing
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Bus B
Figure 14.9: Single switch substation
G1A
G1B
T1A
T1B
113A
403
Line 1
MC1
120
420
mesh corner
320
MC3
Line 2
Line 4
MC4
220
303
Line 3
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