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Protection of Complex
Transmission Circuits
Introduction
13.1
Parallel feeders
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6
Examples
13.7
References
13.8
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13 P rotection of Complex
Transmission Circuits
13.1 INTRODUCTION
Chapters 10-12 have covered the basic principles of
protection for two terminal, single circuit lines whose
circuit impedance is due solely to the conductors used.
However parallel transmission circuits are often
installed, either as duplicate circuits on a common
structure, or as separate lines connecting the same two
terminal points via different routes. Also, circuits may
be multi-ended, a three-ended circuit being the most
common.
For economic reasons, transmission and distribution
lines can be much more complicated, maybe having
three or more terminals (multi-ended feeder), or with
more than one circuit carried on a common structure
(parallel feeders), as shown in Figure 13.1. Other
possibilities are the use of series capacitors or directconnected shunt reactors. The protection of such lines
is more complicated and requires the basic schemes
described in the above chapters to be modified.
The purpose of this chapter is to explain the special
requirements of some of these situations in respect of
protection and identify which protection schemes are
particularly appropriate for use in these situations.
Bus C
Source
Source
Bus A
Bus B
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C
Z<
Z<
Fault
Z<
Z<
F
Z<
Open D
Z<
Fault
Z<
Z<
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ZL1 ZL0
Z'S1,Z'SO
Z''S1 , Z''SO
Line B
ZM0
IA
Line A
n
I B 0 I A0 =
nZSO
(1 n )ZSO
(2 n ) ZSO + (1 n ) (ZSO + Z L 0 + Z M 0 )
(2 n )ZS1 + (1 n )(ZS1 + Z L1 ) I
I A1 =
1
2 (ZS1 + ZS1 ) + Z L1
Fault
Relay R
location (a) Single line diagram
ZL1
IB1
Z''S1
Z'S1
IA1
nZL1
R
I A0 =
F1
(2 n )ZSO + (1 n )(ZSO + Z L 0 + Z M 0 ) I
0
2 (ZSO
+ ZSO
) + Z L 0 + Z M 0
(1-n)ZL1
I1
(b) Positive sequence network
(ZLO-ZMO)
IA0
F0
R
n(ZLO-ZMO)
(1-n)(ZLO-ZMO)
I0
100
Limit of n'
50
n'
n'
0.7
n' =
10
'
n'
5
Z''
y = SO
ZLO
1
0.5
...Equation 13.1
Limit of
where:
M =ZM 0
n'
n'
( I B 0 I A 0 ) M
Z A = nZ L1 1 +
2 ( I A1 I A 0 ) + K
All symbols in the above expressions are either selfexplanatory from Figure 13.3 or have been introduced in
Chapter 11. Using the above formulae, families of reach
curves may be constructed, of which Figure 13.4 is
typical. In this figure, n is the effective per unit reach
of a relay set to protect 80% of the line. It has been
assumed that an infinite busbar is located at each line
end, that is, ZS1 and ZS1 are both zero. A family of
curves of constant n has been plotted for variations in
the source zero sequence impedances ZS0 and ZS0.
0.9
(1-n)ZMO Z''S0
Z'S0 nZM0
n'=
IB0
and
Chap13 exeNEW
when y
x
0.1
Z L1
10
50
Z
x=
ZLO
0.5
It can be seen from Figure 13.4 that relay R can underreach or over-reach, according to the relative values of
the zero sequence source to line impedance ratios; the
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extreme effective per unit reaches for the relay are 0.67
and 1. Relay over-reach is not a problem, as the
condition being examined is a fault in the protected
feeder, for which relay operation is desirable. It can also
be seen from Figure 13.4 that relay R is more likely to
under-reach. However the relay located at the opposite
line end will tend to over-reach. As a result, the Zone 1
characteristic of the relays at both ends of the feeder will
overlap for an earth fault anywhere in the feeder see
Section 13.2.3.5 for more details.
13
I A = I A1 + I A 2 + I A 0
Thus:
KR =
Z L 0 Z L1
Z L1
KM =
ZM 0
Z L1
2
I A0 Z M
0
I RZ L0
...Equation 13.4
where:
IR is the current fed into the relay
Equation 13.2
= IA + KRIA0
The voltage and current fed into the relay are given by:
FO
IO
Z'SO
V R =V A
I R = I A + K R I A 0 + K M I B 0
nZLO
IGO
Relay
location
...Equation 13.3
mZLO
IHO
where:
(1-n)ZLO
Z''SO
(1-n)ZMO
ZLO
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Z R = Z L1 1
2
ZM
0
2
Z L0
Line
voltage
32kV
275kV
400kV
Metric
(sq.mm)
equivalent
0.4
258
2 x 0.4
516
4 x 0.4 1032
(sq.in)
Zero sequence
mutual impedance
ZMO
ohms/mile
ohms/km
ohms/mile
0.3 + j0.81
0.18+j0.69
0.135+j0.6
0.19+j0.5
0.11+j0.43
0.80+j0.37
0.41+j1.61 0.25+j1.0
0.24+j1.3 0.15+j0.81
0.16+j1.18 0.1+j0.73
Per unit
over-reach
error
(ZMO/ZLO)2
ohms/km
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End A
End B
A
B
C
Quadrature CT
A1
A1
A
C1
N
A1
S1
S2
S1
C1
S2
Relay
S1
13
S2
Pilots
C
IA
IC
IB
Fault
B
End A
End B
End C
A
B
C
P4
Quadrature
CT
D Operating coil
E Restraints coil
Bias pilots
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A
IA
IC
Trip
Differential
current
Idiff
Idiff = K Ibias
IB
Restrain
IS
Fault
B
1
I A + I B + IC
2
I diff > I S
RB
where:
A
IA
IB
RC
IC
C
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(ZSB + Z LB ) Z
(ZSC + Z LC ) LB
B
IA
IB
ZSB
ZLB
ZLA
ZLC
Fault
IC
C
ZSC
VA = IAZLA + IBZLB
so the impedance ZA seen by the distance relay at
terminal A is given by:
13
V
I
Z A = A = Z LA + B Z LB
IA
IA
or
I
Z A = Z LA + B Z LB
IA
...Equation 13.5
or
A
Z A = Z LA + Z LB +
IC
Z LB
IA
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ZSA A
IA
ZLC
Phase A
to ground fault
ZT
C
M Load
Figure 13.14: Transformer tap with primary
winding solidly earthed
ZSA1
ZLA1
A1
T1
ZLB1
IA1 Z
LJ1
EA
ZSB
ZLB
ZLA
ZSH1
B1
EB
ZT1
B'2
ZM1
ZSA2
ZLA2
G1
T2
B'1
ZLB2
IA2 ZLC2
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ZSB2
B2
B
ZT2
ZM2
ZSA0
ZLA0
A0
T0
ZLB0
IA0 ZLC0
ZSB0
B0
IC0
ZT0
A
Figure 13.16: effects of the pre-fault load on
the apparent impedance presented to the relay
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IA
IB
T
ZA
ZB
I'B
IC
I'C
Fault
13
B
IA
ZB
ZA
ZC
Fault
A
IA
IC
IB
Fault
I'B
IC
IB
I'C
Case Description
1
Figure 13.18: Internal fault near busbar B
with current flowing out at terminal C
3
4
5
Relevant figure
number
13.12 to 13.15
13.16
13.17
13.18
13.19
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VF
E
jXS
-jXC
Z<
IF
13
EA
Bus A
Bus B
EB
ZT
PT a
EA EB sin d
ZT
XS>XC
IF
VF
Figure 13.21: Voltage inversion
on a transmission line
VF
E
jXS
-jXC
VF
jIFXS
XS< XC
Z<
IF
IF
Figure 13.22: Current inversion
in a transmission line
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13.7 EXAMPLES
Relay
Parameter
ZL1 (mag)
ZL1 (ang)
ZL0 (mag)
ZL0 (ang)
KZ0 (mag)
KZ0 (ang)
Z1 (mag)
Z1 (ang)
Z2 (mag)
Z2 (ang)
Z3 (mag)
Z3 (ang)
R1ph
R2ph
R3ph
KZ1 (mag)
KZ1 (ang)
KZ2 (mag)
KZ2 (ang)
TZ1
TZ2
TZ3
R1G
R2G
R3G
Parameter
Parameter
Description
Value
Line positive sequence impedance (magnitude)
21.95
Line positive sequence impedance (phase angle)
66.236
Line zero sequence impedance (magnitude)
54.1
Line zero sequence impedance (phase angle)
70.895
Default residual compensation factor (magnitude)
0.49
Default residual compensation factor (phase angle)
7.8
Zone 1 reach impedance setting (magnitude)
17.56
Zone 1 reach impedance setting (phase angle)
66.3
Zone 2 reach impedance setting (magnitude)
30.73
Zone 2 reach impedance setting (phase angle)
66.3
Zone 3 reach impedance setting (magnitude)
131.8
Zone 3 reach impedance setting (phase angle)
66.3
Phase fault resistive reach value - Zone 1
84.8
Phase fault resistive reach value - Zone 2
84.8
Phase fault resistive reach value - Zone 3
84.8
Zone 1 residual compensation factor (magnitude)
0.426
Zone 1 residual compensation factor (phase angle)
9.2
Zone 2 residual compensation factor (magnitude)
not used
Zone 2 residual compensation factor (phase angle) not used
Time delay - Zone 1
0
Time delay - Zone 2
0.25
Time delay - Zone 3
0.45
Ground fault resistive reach value - Zone 1
84.8
Ground fault resistive reach value - Zone 2
84.8
Ground fault resistive reach value - Zone 3
84.8
Units
deg
deg
deg
deg
deg
deg
deg
deg
s
s
s
Chap13 exeNEW
T3
120MVA 220/110/11kV
transformers
XHL=0.15; XHT=0.35;
XLT=0.25
XH=0.125; XL=0.025
XT=0.225 on 120MVA
T4
110kV Substation P
Current transformer
ratio 600/1A
T5
45MVA
132/33kV
transformers
XT=0.125
Line 1
T6
K ZO =
Voltage transformer
ratio 110kV/110V
(Zo Z1 )
3 Z1
Line 2
K ZO =
110kV
Substation Q
T7
Line 3
45MVA 132/33kV
transformers
XT=0.125
(Zo Z1 )
3 Z1
Line 4
(0.439 66.236 )
33kV
busbars
Z LO = 0.354 + j1.022
(1.082 70.895 )
o
Hence,
K ZO = 0.490
K ZO =7.8 o
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=17.56 66.236 o
13
o
(ii) 21.95 66.236 +
TZ2 = 250ms
TZ3 = 450ms
21.95 66.3 o
Z3 =1.2
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where:
Zadj = impedance of adjacent line
covered by Zone 2
I fltp = fault current in parallel
line
R3 ph = 84.8
R2 ph = 84.8
R1 ph = 84.8
= 4.39 66.3 o
% Under-reach =
and hence
% Under-reach = 14.3%
This amount of under-reach is not significant and no
adjustment need be made. If adjustment is required, this
can be achieved by using the KZ2 relay setting,
increasing it over the KZ0 setting by the percentage
under-reach. When this is done, care must also be taken
that the percentage over-reach during single circuit
operation is not excessive if it is then use can be made
of the alternative setting groups provided in most
modern distance relays to change the relay settings
according to the number of circuits in operation.
13.7.1 11 Ground fault resistive reach settings
The same settings can be used as for the phase fault
resistive reaches. Hence,
K Z1 = 0.8 K ZO
= 0.8 0.532
R3G = 84.8
R2G = 84.8
R1G = 84.8
= 0.426
In practice, the setting is selected by using an alternative
setting group, selected when the parallel line is out of
service and earthed.
13.7.1.10 Zone 2 earth fault reach
Under-reach
Reach of protected zone
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I fltp
I flt
217
13