Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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18
Page 316
18.1
Busbar arrangement
18.2
Discrimination
18.3
HRC fuses
18.4
18.5
Protection relays
18.6
Co-ordination problems
18.7
18.8
18.9
18.10
18.11
Examples
18.12
References
18.13
Chap18-316-335
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18.1 INTRODUCTION
As industrial and commercial operations processes and
plants have become more complex and extensive (Figure
18.1), the requirement for improved reliability of
electrical power supplies has also increased. The
potential costs of outage time following a failure of the
power supply to a plant have risen dramatically as well.
The introduction of automation techniques into industry
and commerce has naturally led to a demand for the
deployment of more power system automation, to
improve reliability and efficiency.
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110kV
33kV
NO
B 6kV
NO
EDG
NO
HV supply
1
HV supply
2
NC
0.4kV
NO
NO
6kV
*
Transformer
1
Transformer
2
NO
A
2 out of 3
mechanical or electrical
interlock
NC B
NO
0.4kV
NO
18
A
NO
Bus section C - Essential supplies
EDG - Emergency generator
* - Two out of three interlock
Figure 18.2: Typical switchboard
configuration for an industrial plant
NC
B
0.4kV
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18.3 DISCRIMINATION
Protection equipment works in conjunction with
switchgear. For a typical industrial system, feeders and
plant will be protected mainly by circuit breakers of
various types and by fused contactors. Circuit breakers
will have their associated overcurrent and earth fault
relays. A contactor may also be equipped with a
protection device (e.g. motor protection), but associated
fuses are provided to break fault currents in excess of the
contactor interrupting capability. The rating of fuses and
selection of relay settings is carried out to ensure that
discrimination is achieved i.e. the ability to select and
isolate only the faulty part of the system.
Time
Start of
short-circuit
Arcing
time
Pre-arcing time
1 Cycle
319
1000
1250A
710A 800A
500A 630A
400A
200A 315A
125A
80A
50A
35A
25A
16A
100
Chap18-316-335
10
6A
1.0
2A
0.1
0.1
1.0
10
100
500
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321
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Inverse
Very Inverse
Ultra Inverse
Short Circuit
18
1000
100
10
Time (s)
0.1
0.01
1
10
Current (multiple of setting)
20
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CT
connections
A
Phase
elements
Residualcurrent
elements
(c)
3Ph. 3w
Ph. - Ph.
3Ph. 3w
3Ph. 4w
(f)
* Earth-fault protection
only if earth-fault
current is not less
than twice primary
operating
current
3Ph. 3w
3Ph. 3w
Earth-fault settings
may be less than full
load
3P . 4w
Earth-fault settings
may be less than full
load, but must be
greater than largest
Ph. - N load
3Ph. 4w
Earth-fault settings
may be less than full
load
(e)
(d)
Notes
(b)
Type of
fault
(a)
System
Chap18-316-335
(g)
3Ph. 3w
or
3Ph. 4w
(h)
Ph. - E
Earth-fault settings
may be less than full
load
323
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18
Cable gland
Cable box
I >
324
Relay operates
I >
(b) Correct
Figure 18.8: CBCT connection for
four-wire system
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The co-ordination of earth fault relays protecting fourwire systems requires special consideration in the case of
low voltage, dual-fed installations. Horcher [18.1] has
suggested various methods of achieving optimum coordination. Problems in achieving optimum protection
for common configurations are described below.
A configuration sometimes adopted with four-wire dualfed substations where only a 3-pole bus section CB is
used is to use a single earth electrode connected to the
mid-point of the neutral busbar in the switchgear, as
shown in Figure 18.10. When operating with both
incoming main circuit breakers and the bus section
breaker closed, the bus section breaker must be opened
first should an earth fault occur, in order to achieve
discrimination. The co-ordination time between the
earth fault relays RF and RE should be established at
fault level F2 for a substation with both incoming supply
breakers and bus section breaker closed.
>
RS1
Chap18-316-335
>
RS2
I
Supply 1
>
Supply 2
F1
N
IF/2
IF/2
RE1
RE2
IF
IF/2
>
RF
Supply 1
IF/2
Neutral busbar
Supply 2
Figure 18.10: Dual fed four-wire systems:
use of single point neutral earthing
Bus section CB
IF
F2
325
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18
326
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Standby
feeder
Phase
angle
relay
High speed
CB
<
Ursd <
Ursd <
Feeder No.1
Chap18-316-335
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18
Capacitor kvar
kW
1
kV
A
Magnetising kvar
V
2
kVA lo
2 a
with co d current
mpensa
tion
1 lo
co ad c
mp ur
en ren
sa t w
tio
n itho
ut
kW
kVA 1
= cos1
Corrected power factor =
Compensating kvar
Chap18-316-335
kW
kVA 2
= cos2
Reduction in kVA = kVA1 - kVA2
If the kW load and uncorrected power factors are known,
then the capacitor rating in kvar to achieve a given
degree of correction may be calculated from:
Capacitor kvar
= kW x (tan cos1-tan cos2)
A spreadsheet can easily be constructed to calculate the
required amount of compensation to achieve a desired
power factor.
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Chap18-316-335
From
incoming transformer
Metering
11kV
Trip
Lockout
P1
I >> I >>
I> I >
Metering
U>
PFC/V
Controller
U<
Id>
P2
Capacitor bank
I>
I>
I>
I>>
I>>
I>>
* Element fuses
Network Protection & Automation Guide
329
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18
A
B
C
Capacitor
bank
IU >
Alarm
Trip
18.12 EXAMPLES
In this section, examples of the topics dealt with in the
Chapter are considered.
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A
Rating
1000A
I>
Rating
500A
Rating
500A
Rating
500A
I>
Rating
400A
Rating
30A
each
C
F
(a) Incorrect layout giving rise to problems in discrimination
I>
Rating
1000A
Alarm
Trip
(a)
Rating
100A
Rating
400A
Rating
500A
B
Rating
500A
C
I>
Rating
30A
F
(b) Correct layout and discrimination
I>
I>
Alarm
Trip
(b)
331
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800A
400V
630A
Fused contactor
Auxiliary circuits
Figure 18.17: Example of back-up protection
Fuse
= 0.583
1MVA
2000/1A
3300/415V
I>>
I>
0.414
0.71
10.0
LV board fault
level = 30kA
MCCB
400A
18
Fuse
The relay current setting chosen must not be less than the
full load current level and must have enough margin to
allow the relay to reset with full load current flowing. The
latter may be determined from the transformer rating:
FLC
1.0
kVA
kV x 3
0.1
MCCB
0.01
1000
10,000
100,000
Operating current (A) to 415V base
Revised relay characteristic
Original relay characteristic
1000
=
= 1443 A
0.4 3
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Relay C1
Thermal element:
I >>
2500/1
Relay C2
2500/1
2500/1 NO
>>
I >>
I>
1.6 MVA
11/0.4kV
Z=6.25%
>
I >>
Chap18-316-335
A2 0.4kV
50kA rms
Instantaneous element:
current setting: 2.32kA
Trip
Relay B
>
I >>
300/1
Relay A
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motors are started simultaneously (but simultaneous reacceleration may well occur). What is essential is that
relay B does not issue a trip command under these
circumstances i.e. the relay current/time characteristic
is in excess of the current/time characteristic of the
worst-case starting/re-acceleration condition. It is
therefore assumed that 50% of the total bus load is
motor load, with an average starting current of 600% of
full load current (= 6930A), and that re-acceleration
takes 3s. A current setting of 3000A is therefore initially
used. The SI characteristic is used for grading the relay,
as co-ordination with fuses is not required. The TMS is
required to be set to grade with the thermal protection
of relay A under cold conditions, as this gives the
longest operation time of Relay A, and the reacceleration conditions. A TMS value of 0.41 is found to
provide satisfactory grading, being dictated by the motor
starting/re-acceleration transient. Adjustment of both
current and TMS settings may be required depending on
the exact re-acceleration conditions. Note that lower
current and TMS settings could be used if motor
starting/re-acceleration did not need to be considered.
Relayy A
Relayy B
Relayy C
I>
I>
Re-acceleration
Relay A setting
Relay B settingg
Relay C setting
tdinst
Value
0
0.32s
0.62s
I>
I>>
dinst
dinst
I>>
15000
0.1
0.01
100
I>
10000
1000
Current (A) referred to 0.4kV
(b) Grading curves
I>>
100000
100
Time (s)
18
Relay A
Relay B
Relay C
1000
Time (s)
Chap18-316-335
10
1
0.1
0.01
100
1000
10000
100000
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18.13 REFERENCES
335
18