Professional Documents
Culture Documents
20/06/02
15:14
Page 422
24
Substation Control
and Automation
Introduction
24.1
24.2
Hardware implementation
24.3
Communication protocols
24.4
24.5
24.6
24.7
Chap24 exe
20/06/02
15:15
Page 423
24 Substation Control
and Automation
24.1 INTRODUCTION
The sometimes complex interlocking and sequence
control requirements that are to be found in a
substation of any significant size lend themselves
naturally to the application of automation. These
requirements can be readily expressed in mathematical
logic (truth tables, boolean algebra, etc.) and this branch
of mathematics is well-suited to the application of
computers and associated software. Hence, computers
have been applied to the control of electrical networks
for many years, and examples of them being applied to
substation control/automation were in use in the early
1970s. The first applications were naturally in the bulk
power transmission field, as a natural extension of a
trend to centralised control rooms for such systems. The
large capital investment in such systems and the
consequences of major system disruption made the cost
of such schemes justifiable. In the last ten years or so,
continuing cost pressures on Utilities and advances in
computing power and software have led to the
application of computers to substation control/
automation on a much wider basis.
This Chapter outlines the current technology and
provides examples of modern practice in the field.
423
Chap24 exe
20/06/02
15:15
Page 424
Control Centre
24
Outstations
(a) Centralised topology
Outstation
Control
centre
Control
centre
Control
centre
Outstation
Outstation
Outstation
Outstation
Outstation
(b) Distributed topology
424
20/06/02
15:15
Page 425
Master clock
(GPS, radio)
SCADA
interface
Remote HMI
HMI
Station bus
Internet
or PSTN
Telecontrol or
bus interface
Bus interface
IED's
Legacy bus
Chap24 exe
Computer
IED's
The HMI, telecontrol interface, and the bus interface could be:
separate equipment
integrated into the same PC
425
SCADA
interface
HMI
Internet
or PSTN
Telecontrol or
bus interface
RTU
Bus interface
Master clock
(GPS, radio)
Legacy bus
IED's
I/O, devices
CT, VT
The RTU, telecontrol interface and the bus interface could be:
separate equipment
integrated into the same computer
24
Chap24 exe
20/06/02
15:15
Page 426
HMI
computer
Bay
Modules
Bay
Modules
Bay
Modules
24
Master clock
(GPS, radio)
Remote HMI
HMI
Telecontrol or
bus interface
Internet
or PSTN
Computer
Station bus
Legacy
bus
Bay
Modules
Computer
IED's
I/O, devices
CT, VT
Figure 24.4: Decentralised topology
HMI
computer
Bay
Modules
Bay
Modules
Bay
Modules
Bay
Modules
426
20/06/02
15:15
Page 427
Signal Type
Digital Input
Analogue Input
Digital Output
Disturbance Record File
I/O Type
Capacity
Digital Input
8196
Digital Output
2048
Analogue Input
2048
Analogue Output
512
Table 24.2: Typical I/O capacities for a substation
automation system
Chap24 exe
427
24
Chap24 exe
20/06/02
15:15
Page 428
Master
station
24
1
1
25 core shielded
DC coupling
15m
20kbit/s
5V min, 15V max
3V
30V/sec
32
Shielded Twisted Pair
Differential
1200m
10Mbit/s
1.5V min
300mV
IED
IED
Terminating
resistor
IED
IED
32
IED
IED
20/06/02
15:15
Page 429
OSI Layer
Physical
Data Link
Network
Transport
Session
Presentation
Application
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Chap24 exe
429
24
Chap24 exe
24
20/06/02
15:15
Page 430
24.4.3 Languages
A communications language is the interpretation of the
data contained in a message. The communications
language normally forms part of the overall
communications protocol. Obviously, it is necessary for
both transmitter and recipient of the message to use the
same language. While a number of communications
standards attempt to specify the language used, there is
often flexibility provided, leading to manufacturerspecific implementations. A popular work-around is for
a number of organisations to agree common standards
and set up a certifying body to check for compliance
against these standards. Thus, equipment that complies
becomes to large degree, interoperable. However, the
latest trend, as exemplified by the UCA v2.0/IEC 61850
Functional area
Interlocking
CB's
Tripping sequences
CB failure
Switching sequences
Automatic transformer changeover
Load management
Load shedding
Transformer supervision
OLTC control
Energy monitoring
Import/export control
Switchgear monitoring
AIS monitoring
Equipment status
Relay status
Parameter setting
Relays
Access control
HMI functionality
Trend curves
Interface to SCADA
Functionality
Isolators
Contactors
Intertripping
Automatic busbar changeover
Restoration of supply following fault
Load restoration
Generator despatch
Load management
Energy management
Power factor control
GIS monitoring
CB status
Isolator status
Transformers
Switching sequences
One-line views
System views
Harmonic analysis
Remote access
Alarm processing
512
Simultaneous trips
Network re-configuration
IED configuration
Event logging
Disturbance analysis
430
20/06/02
15:15
Page 431
Select user
Operator/
authorised
person
Password
Senior
authorised
person
Password
Engineer
Password
System
engineer
Password
Administrator
Password
List of available
functions
List of
available
actions
Action
select
Action
confirm
Action
execute
Cancel
Device
select
Chap24 exe
431
24
Chap24 exe
20/06/02
15:18
Page 432
24
432
Page 433
Wall mimic
RTU
Sequence of events
Control
room
Marshalling cabinets
Protection 1
Protection 1
Protection 2
Protection 2
Cubicles
Auxiliary
relaying
3 cubicles/bay
Auxiliary
relaying
Wall mimic
New RTU
Sequence of events
Control
room
Marshalling cabinets
..........
Protection 1
Protection 2
Auxiliary
relaying
Protection 1
Cubicles
Protection 2
Auxiliary
relaying
3 cubicles/bay
(b): Step 1: RTU Renovation (HW obsolescence & new SCADA protocol)
433
..........
15:18
..........
20/06/02
..........
Chap24 exe
24
Chap24 exe
20/06/02
15:18
Page 434
New RTU
New SOE
Substation control
HMI
Control
room
Marshalling cabinets
..........
..........
Protection 1
Protection 2
Protection 1
132kV network
Cubicles
Protection 2
Auxiliary
relaying
Auxiliary
relaying
3 cubicles/bay
(c): Step 2: SOE Renovation and wall mimic change
33kV
New SOE
New RTU
Substation control
HMI
Control
room
..........
11kV
Protection 1
Bay computer
Protection 1
Protection 2
Cubicles
Auxiliary
relaying
Protection 2
11kV
2 cubicles/bay
(d): Step 3: Progressive decentralisation and protection integration
11kV
Substation control
HMI
Control
room
..........
Bay computer
..........
Bay computer
Protection 1
..........
Marshalling cabinets
Cubicles
Protection 1
24
Protection 2
Protection 2
2 cubicles/bay
(e): Step 4: Full decentralisation
434
20/06/02
15:19
Page 435
Chap24 exe
435
24
Chap24 exe
20/06/02
15:19
Page 436
Modem
EOP-2
Hot stand by
EOP-1
Gateway
GPS
Network
control
centre
Data acquisition
24
345/138kV Transformers:
Lado de Alta
4 X BM9100
K-bus
MiCOM
M301
EPAC
relays
K-series relays
K-bus
345/138kV Earthing transformers
2 X BM9200
K-bus
MiCOM
M301
MiCOM M301
345/138kV Transformers
345/20/20kV Transformers
2 X BM9100
K-bus
MiCOM
M301 K-series relays
IEC 60870-5-103
K-bus
Relay PQ741
MiCOM
M301
K-bus
K-bus
345kV: Bus section 2
1 X BM9100
MiCOM
M301 K-series relays
MiCOM
M301 K-series relays
345kV: Reactor 1
1 X BM9100
K-bus
MiCOM
M301 K-series relays
MiCOM
M301
K-bus
EPAC
relays
K-series
relays
MiCOM
M301
345kV: Bus coupler
1 X BM9100
138kV Lines:
Ipiranga 1 & 2
2 X BM9100
K-bus
138kV Bus section 2
1 X BM9100
K-bus
MiCOM
M301
20kV Busbar
2 X BM9100
MiCOM
M301
K-bus
MiCOM
M301
EPAC
relays
K-bus
K-series relays
MiCOM
M301 K-series relays
Figure 24.14: System architecture: Utility substation automation project
436
Chap24 exe
20/06/02
15:19
Page 437
345kV Busbar
(Future)
Transformer 1
345/88/138kV
Section 2C
Section 2D
Section D
Section C
345KV
Section 1D
Section 1C
Earthing transformers
Reactor 1
Transformer 1
345/20/20kV
1B
2B
1A
Transformer 2
345/20/20kV
2A
Figure 24.15: Single line diagram: Utility substation 345kV busbar (part)
138kV Busbar
Transformer 3
345/88/138kV
Transformer 2
345/88/138kV
(future)
Section 3A
Section 4A
Section A
Section B
138kV Line:
Ipiranga 2
(future)
138kV
Section 3B
Section 4B
138kV Line
Wilson 2
Earthing transformer 2
Figure 24.16: Single line diagram: Utility substation 138kV busbar (part)
437
24
438
GPS
Catenary/feeder
EFI.P
ring
BM9200
BM9200
BM9200
EFI.P
ring
BM9200
xxx
c filter
e
mer
P921
P921
xxx
BM920
GPS
BM9200
xxx
BM9200
xxx
OPC server
PC
Ethernet Network
Gateway T103/OPC
BM9200
GPS
Printer
Printer
OPC server
PC
IIntermediate
termediate Autotransformer
Autotra sformer
Substations
34 off
44-55 per tractio
traction substation
substatio
Track catenary/feeder
Track catenary/feeder
P632
Traction autotransformer
P632
Bus see
Buss
Auxiliary transformer
n
BM9200
BM9200
BM9200
BM9200
BM9200
Intermediate Autotransformer
Substation
OPC server
Traction autotransformer
PC
P438
BM9200
BM9200
P632
P632
P632
P632
Track catenary/feeder
action
ransformer
Traction
Traction
transformer
Traction
otransformer
BM9200
GPS
BM9200
BM9200
BM9200
BM9100
BM9200
ring
BM9200
x
xxx
OPC server
PC
Final Autotransformer
Substation
7 off
xxx
Bus section
Auxiliary
transformer
Auxiliary
transformer
Auxiliary
transformer
Auxiliary
SCADA
Harmonic filter
Maintenance Workstation:
Parameter settings and
disturbance analysis
15:19
55kV line b
ming line
24
20/06/02
P139
Traction Substations
8 off
Chap24 exe
Page 438
Chap24 exe
20/06/02
15:19
Page 439
439
24
20/06/02
15:19
Page 440
Chap24 exe
24
20/06/02
15:19
Page 441
Chap24 exe
441
24