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Page 370
Relay Testing
and Commissioning
Introduction
21.1
21.2
21.3
21.4
21.5
21.6
21.7
Production testing
21.8
Commissioning tests
21.9
21.10
21.11
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21 Relay Testing
and Commissioning
21.1 INTRODUCTION
The testing of protection equipment schemes presents a
number of problems. This is because the main function
of protection equipment is solely concerned with
operation under system fault conditions, and cannot
readily be tested under normal system operating
conditions. This situation is aggravated by the
increasing complexity of protection schemes and use of
relays containing software.
The testing of protection equipment may be divided into
four stages:
i. type tests
ii. routine factory production tests
iii. commissioning tests
iv. periodic maintenance tests
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Range
0.08 - 4.00In
0.08 - 32In
Forward/Reverse/Non-directional
-95 to +95
DT/IDMT
0 - 100s
IEC Standard Inverse
IEC Very Inverse
IEC IDMT Time Delay
IEC Extremely Inverse
UK Long Time Inverse
Time Multiplier Setting (TMS)
0.025 - 1.2
IEEE Moderately Inverse
IEEE Very Inverse
IEEE IDMT Time Delay
IEEE Extremely Inverse
US-CO8 Inverse
US-CO2 Short Time Inverse
Time Dial (TD)
0.5 - 15
IEC Reset Time (DT only)
0 - 100s
IEEE Reset Time
IDMT/DT
IEEE DT Reset Time
0 - 100s
IEEE Moderately Inverse
IEEE Very Inverse
IEEE IDMT Reset Time
IEEE Extremely Inverse
US-CO8 Inverse
US-CO2 Short Time Inverse
R e l a y Te s t i n g a n d C o m m i s s i o n i n g
21
1
0.01s
0.025
0.1
0.01s
0.01s
Step Size
0.01In
0.01In
Test 1
Test 2
Test 3
Test 4
Test 5
Test 6
Test 7
Test 8
Test 9
Test 10
Test 11
Test 12
Test 13
Test 14
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21
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
1
88
175
262
349
436
523
610
697
784
871
958
1045
1132
1219
1306
1393
Voltage (V)
R e l a y Te s t i n g a n d C o m m i s s i o n i n g
Time (ms)
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t
V
Repetition period
0
Time
R e l a y Te s t i n g a n d C o m m i s s i o n i n g
Voltage
375
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R e l a y Te s t i n g a n d C o m m i s s i o n i n g
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
10
20
30
40 50
Time, ns
60
70
80
90
Frequency Range
30 - 230MHz
Radiated
230 - 1000MHz
0.15 - 0.5MHz
Conducted
0.5 - 30MHz
Specified Limits
30dB(V/m)
at 30m
37dB(V/m)
at 30m
79dB(V)
quasi-peak
66dB(V) average
73dB(V)
quasi-peak
60dB(V) average
Test Limits
40dB(V/m)
at 10m
47dB(V/m)
at 10m
79dB(V)
quasi-peak
66dB(V) average
73dB(V)
quasi-peak
60dB(V) average
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100
90
Quasi-peak limits
80
Average limits
70
Typical trace
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.1
10
Frequency, MHz
100
R e l a y Te s t i n g a n d C o m m i s s i o n i n g
Screened room
Ante-chamber
Access panel
E.U.T.
Impedance network
Support/analysis
equipment
10m
Antenna
E.U.T.
Turntable
Earth Plane
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R e l a y Te s t i n g a n d C o m m i s s i o n i n g
= 500 m
21
Induction coil
Induction coil
E.U.T.
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Ground plane
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Voltage
R e l a y Te s t i n g a n d C o m m i s s i o n i n g
Chap21-370-397
5kV peak
Rise time (10 % to 90 %) = 1.2 s
Duration (50 %) = 50 s
Time
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96%
95%
95%
90%
80%
15min
End of temperature
rise
temperature
Time
+55C
1. temperature
2. humidity
3. enclosure protection
4. mechanical
100
90
80
70
Ambient Temperature C
R e l a y Te s t i n g a n d C o m m i s s i o n i n g
21.4.5 CE Marking
Relative humidity %
Chap21-370-397
0.5h
+28C
+25C
3h
3h
12h0.5h
+22C
Time
6h
24h
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1.2A
A
0.8A
Pulse shape (half sine)
+0.2A
0
-0.2A
0.4D
2.5D
6D = T2
D - duration of nominal pulse
A - peak acceleration of nominal pulse
T1- minimum time for monitoring of pulse when conventional
shock/bump machine is used
T2 - as T1 when a vibration generator is used
2.5D
2.4D = T1
R e l a y Te s t i n g a n d C o m m i s s i o n i n g
381
a. unit testing
b. integration testing
c. functional qualification testing
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IA
IB
Linear
interpolation
circuits
D/A
conversion
CT
model
Current
amplifier
IC
VDU
Computer
I/O
Subsystem
VB
VDU
Keyboard
Equipment
under
test
Linear
interpolation
circuits
D/A
conversion
CVT
model
Voltage
amplifier
VC
Contact
status
monitor
Storage
Key :
CT - Current transformer
CVT - Capacitor voltage transformer
VDU - Visual display unit
Communications
link to second
RTDS
(When required)
Signalling
Channel
Simulation
To second RTDS
R e l a y Te s t i n g a n d C o m m i s s i o n i n g
Keyboard
VA
power frequency
h. the use of direct coupled current amplifiers allows
time constants of any length
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N
3G
L
Infinite bus
4G
CB3
F3
CT3
F4
CT4
CB4
Line 2
8G
9G
LR3
CT1
CB1
LR4
F1
load 1
F2
CT2
CB2
11G
Line 1
load 2
VT1
VT2
load 3
R e l a y Te s t i n g a n d C o m m i s s i o n i n g
LR1
21
LR2
Relay 1
Relay 2
0.08
0.16
0.24
0.32
0.4
0.48
0.56
Because software is extensively tested at the typetesting stage, there is normally no need to check the
correct functioning of the software. Checks are limited
to determining that the analogue and digital I/O is
functioning correctly. This is achieved for inputs by
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R e l a y Te s t i n g a n d C o m m i s s i o n i n g
21
P2
P1
S2
S1
Variable transformer
250V 8A
To relay
coils
P1 S
1
250V
a.c. supply
Step-up transformer
if required
P2 S2
Main circuit
breaker open
_
A
+
Figure 21.17: Testing current transformer
magnetising curve
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V1
C
V2
VN
V
VL
V2
A B C
Phase rotation
meter
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V relay/source
Time
Saturation level of
magnetic circuit (current)
limited only by D.C.
resistance of
relay coil
R e l a y Te s t i n g a n d C o m m i s s i o n i n g
Time
b) Undistorted relay current coil current distorted due to use of current source
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R e l a y Te s t i n g a n d C o m m i s s i o n i n g
21
A
Coarse
control
reactor
Range
adjusting CT
K2
250V
a.c. supply
K1
Fine control
variable
transformer
I>
Start
timer
Backing
transformer
10% control
Medium
control
reactor
Injection
transformer
Relay
coil
Stop
timer
Relay short-circuiting
switch
Figure 21.22: Circuit diagram of traditional test set for overcurrent relays
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Fault A-N
Supply switch
A
B
C
N
X( )
440V
3 pphase
4 wire supply
Choke
Variable
transformer
22.5
20.0
17.5
15.0
12.5
Relay
control
adjusting CT
A
10.0
PA
A
7.5
440/110V
pphase
shiftingg
transformer
PA
A
To other voltage
elements
of relayy
under test
(if required)
5.0
2.5
V Voltmeter
A Ammeter
PA Phase angle
meter
0.0
-2.5
-5.0
-7.5
-10.0
-15.0
-10.0
-5.0
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
R( )
R e l a y Te s t i n g a n d C o m m i s s i o n i n g
Zn
R
PSB-Zone
393
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R e l a y Te s t i n g a n d C o m m i s s i o n i n g
21
A
250V a.c.
supply
Variable transformer
40A
Injection transformer
250/10 + 10 + 10 + 10V
10kVA
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250V a.c.
supply
Primary
injection
test set
Test plug
insulation
u
Relay
R e l a y Te s t i n g a n d C o m m i s s i o n i n g
Chap21-370-397
Temporary
short circuit
Relay
P1
S1
P2
S2
Relay or test block
contact fingers
A1
Primary injection
test set
250V
a.c. supply
Figure 21.28: Current transformer ratio check
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e. incorrect settings
f. known application shortcomings accepted as
improbable occurrences
g. pilot wire faults due to previous unrevealed
damage to a pilot cable
h. various other causes, such as switching errors,
testing errors, and relay operation due to
mechanical shock
The self-checking facilities of numerical relays assist in
minimising failures due to faulty relays. Defects in
secondary wiring and incorrect connections are virtually
eliminated if proper commissioning after scheme
installation/alteration is carried out. The possibility of
incorrect settings is minimised by regular reviews of
relay settings. Network fault levels change over time,
and hence setting calculations may need to be revised.
Switching and testing errors are minimised by adequate
training of personnel, use of proven software, and welldesigned systematic working procedures. All of these
can be said to be within the control of the user.
The remaining three causes are not controllable, while
two of these three are unavoidable engineering is not
science and there will always be situations that a
protection relay cannot reasonably be expected to cover
at an affordable cost.
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Chap21-370-397
21.17 REFERENCES
397
21