RLE BO V HT:

TI LIU C BN V RLE BO V H THNG IN

1. Cng dng v cc yu cu ca rle:
a- Cng dng:
Trong qu trnh vn hnh h thng in c th xut hin tnh trng s c v
ch lm vic bt thng ca cc phn t. Cc s c thng km theo hin
tng dng in tng kh cao v in p gim thp. Cc thit b c dng
in tng cao chy qua c th b t nng qu mc cho php v b hng. Khi
in p gim thp, cc h tiu th khng th lm vic bnh thng v tnh n
nh ca cc my pht lm vic song song v ca ton h thng b gim. Cc
ch lm vic khng bnh thng lm cho in p, dng in v tn s
lch khi gii hn cho php. Nu ko di tnh trng ny, c th xut hin
s c. Mun duy tr hot ng bnh thng ca h thng v cc h tiu th
khi xut hin s c, cn pht hin cng nhanh cng tt ch s c v cch ly
n ra khi phn t b h hng, nh vy phn cn li duy tr c hot ng
bnh thng, ng thi gim mc h hi ca phn t b s c.
Ch c thit b t ng bo v mi c th thc hin tt c yu cu trn,
thit b ny gi l bo v rle.
Bo v rle s theo di lin tc tnh trng v ch lm vic ca tt c cc
phn t trong h thng in. Khi xut hin s c, bo v rle pht hin v
ct phn t h hng nh my ct in. Khi xut hin ch lm vic khng
bnh thng, bo v rle s pht tn hiu v ty thuc yu cu, c th tc
ng khi phc ch lm vic bnh thng hoc bo tn hiu cho nhn
vin trc.
b - Cc yu cu c bn i vi bo v rle:
* Tnh chn lc:
Tnh chn lc l kh nng phn bit cc phn t h hng v bo v ch ct
cc phn t .
V d trong s bo v nh hnh 1, khi ngn mch ti im N1, my ct
MC3 l my ct gn ch s c nht phi ct. Nh vy cc ph ti khc vn
c cung cp in. Khi ngn mch ti im N2, ng dy s c A2-B2
c ct ra nh cc my ct MC1 v MC2, cn ng dy A1-B1 vn lm
vic, v vy ton b cc h tiu th vn c cung cp in.
Tnh chn lc l yu cu c bn nht ca bo v rle m bo cung cp
in an ton lin tc. Nu bo v tc ng khng chn lc, s c c th lan
rng.
* Tc ng nhanh:
Bo v phi tc ng nhanh kp thi c lp cc phn t h hng thuc
phm vi bo v nhm:
+ m bo tnh n nh ca h thng.

+ Gim nh hng ca in p thp (khi ngn mch) ln cc ph ti.

+ Gim tc hi ca dng in ngn mch i vi thit b. Bo v tc ng
nhanh phi c thi gian tc ng nh hn 0,1 giy.
* nhy:
Bo v cn tc ng khng ch vi cc trng hp ngn mch trc tip m
c khi ngn mch qua in tr trung gian. Ngoi ra bo v phi tc ng khi
ngn mch xy ra trong lc h thng lm vic ch cc tiu, tc l mt
s ngun c ct ra nn dng ngn mch c gi tr nh. nhy c nh
gi bng h s nhy:
. INmin : dng in ngn mch nh nht.
. Ik: gi tr dng in nh nht m bo v c th tc ng.
i vi cc bo v tc ng theo gi tr cc tiu (v d bo v thiu in p),
h s nhy c xc nh ngc li: tr s khi ng chia cho tr s cc tiu.
* tin cy:
Bo v phi tc ng chc chn khi xy ra s c trong vng c giao v
khng c tc ng sai i vi cc trng hp m n khng c nhim v
tc ng.
Mt bo v khng tc ng hoc tc ng sai c th s dn n hu qu l
mt s ln ph ti b mt in hoc s c lan rng trong h thng.
2. Cc ch danh ca rle ang s dng.
- 21: rle khong cch.
- 25: rle ng b.
- 26: rle nhit .
- 27: rle thiu p.
- 32: rle cng sut ngc.
- 33: rle mc du.
- 50, 51: rle qu dng tc th, nh th.
- 55: rle h s cng sut.
- 59: rle qu p.
- 62: rle thi gian.
- 63: rle p sut.
- 64: rle chm t.
- 67: rle qu dng c hng.
- 79: rle t ng li.
- 81: rle tn s.
- 85: rle so lch cao tn.
- 86: rle kha.
- 87L: rle so lch dc.
- 96: rle hi.

Ty theo phm vi, mc v i tng c bo v, ch danh rle c th c

phn m rng. Sau y l mt s ch danh rle c phn m rng thng dng:
- 26W: rle nhit cun dy my bin p; 26O: rle nhit du.
- 51P, 51S rle qu dng in pha s cp, th cp my bin p.
- 50REF: rle qu dng tc th chng chm t trong thit b (thng dng
cho my bin p).
- 67N: rle qu dng chm t c hng.
- 87T: rle so lch dc in bo v my bin p, 87B: rle so lch dc bo
v thanh ci.
- 96-1: rle hi cp 1 dng bo tn hiu; 96-2: rle hi cp 2 tc ng ct
my ct.
3. Th no l bo v chnh, bo v d phng ?
Bo v chnh trang thit b l bo v thc hin tc ng nhanh khi c s c
xy ra trong phm v gii hn i vi trang thit b c bo v.
Bo v d phng i vi cng trang thit b ny l bo v thay th cho bo
v chnh trong trng hp bo v chnh khng tc ng hoc trong tnh
trng sa cha nh. Bo v d phng cn phi tc ng vi thi gian ln
hn thi gian tc ng ca bo v chnh, nhm cho bo v chnh loi
phn t b s c ra khi h thng trc tin (khi bo v ny tc ng ng).
Bo v d phng c th c m bo theo cc cch sau:
- Bo v ca phn t bn cnh (trng hp ny c mang tn l bo v d
phng xa).
- Bo v ph t trn cng phn t (trng hp ny c mang tn l bo v
d phng ti ch).
- Mt rle ph a vo trong s bo v cho phn t bn cnh, rle ny s
iu khin m my ct c quan tm.
C mt s trng hp bo v chnh khng m bo c ton b chiu di
ca mch cn c bo v m s c mt s on c gi l vng cht ca
bo v chnh. Nu xut hin s c ti vng cht ny, bo v chnh s khng
tc ng. c th bo v ti vng ny, thng phi t bo v d phng.
4. Lit k cc rle bo v my bin p ?
a- Cc rle tc ng theo dng in:
- Rle bo v qu dng in pha s cp: 50/51P pha, chm t.
- Rle bo v qu dng in pha th cp: 50/51S pha, chm t.
- Rle bo v so lch dc dng in: 87T.
- Rle bo v qu dng in cc dy trung tnh: 50/51G.
- Rle bo v chm t cc cun dy: 50REF.

b- Cc rle khng tc ng theo dng in:

- Rle hi: 96-1, 96-2.
- Rle nhit du: 26O.
- Rle nhit cun dy: 26W.
- Rle mc du thn my: 33.
- Rle p sut thn my, b i nc di ti: 63.
5. Lit k cc rle bo v thanh ci ?
- Rle so lch dc dng in: 87B.
- Rle thiu p: 27.
- Rle qu p: 59.
- Rle chng chm t: 64.
6. Lit k cc rle bo v ng dy ?
- Rle qu dng tc th, nh th: 50/51L pha, chm t.
- Rle so lch pha cao tn: 85.
- Rle qu dng c hng (pha, chm t): 67, 67N.
- Rle khong cch: 21, 44.
7. Cu to rle hi ?
Rle hi c p dng cho cc my bin p c cng sut trung bnh v ln
vi kiu my c thng gin n du. Rle hi c lp trn on ng lin
thng du t thng chnh my bin p n thng gin n du ca my theo
mt chiu nht nh ca u mi tn trn rle hi phi ch v pha thng
gin n (cng vi chiu dng chy ca du t thng chnh qua rle hi n
thng gin n du khi c s c trong my bin p). an ng lin thng du
c nng cao v pha thng gin n vi gc nghing (so vi mt phng
ngang) khong 1 100. on ng lin thng khng c c gc, phn cong
ca ng c bn knh cng ln cng tt.
Rle hi hai phao c cu to gm :
- Mt phao trn (phao 1) c hnh cu rng, nh c th t nng h theo mc
du, trong phao c cha mt tip im thy ngn c ni ra hp ni dy ti
mt trn rle. Khi s c nh hoc qu ti, hi sinh ra tp trung pha trn,
y phao 1 v v tr nm ngang lm ng tip im thy ngn. Tip im
ny c ni vo mch in bo hiu s c ca my bin p (96-1).
- Mt phao di (phao 2) c cu to tng t nh phao 1 v c lin kt
vi mt cnh chn. Cnh chn l mt tm kim loi mng c treo ti v tr
pha l mt bch ca rle hi pha ni vo thng chnh my bin p. Do c
treo b mt tm kim loi thng gc vi hng dng chy ca du nn
cnh chn tc ng theo lu lng ca dng chy ca du. Cnh chn c th

iu chnh theo ba tr s lu lng du l 65, 100 v 150 cm/giy (rle

thng c nh ch to t sn tr s 100cm/giy). Khi my bin p vn
hnh bnh thng, du chuyn ng do gin n theo nhit khng
tc ng cnh chn. Khi c s c bn trong my bin p, lung du v hi
sinh ra pht mnh t thng chnh qua rle hi n thng gin n. Lu lng
du ln hn tr s iu chnh sn s y cho cnh chn quay, lm cho
phao 2 chm xung, ng tip im thy ngn, ct my ct (96-2).
Da vo thnh phn v khi lng hi sinh ra ngi ta c th xc nh c
tnh cht v mc s c. Do trn rle hi cn c thm van ly hn
hp kh sinh ra nhm phc v cho vic phn tch s c.
8. Cu to rle nhit ti my bin p ?
a- Rle nhit du : (hnh 4)
Rle nhit du gm cc tip im thng ng, thng m lp bn trong
mt nhit k c kim ch th nhit . Nhit k gm c c cu ch th quay
ghi s o, mt b phn cm bin nhit, mt ng mao dn ni b phn cm
ng nhit vi c cu ch th. Bn trong ng mao dn l cht lng (dung dch
hu c) c nn li. S co gin ca cht lng (trong ng mao dn) thay i
theo nhit m b phn cm bin nhit nhn c, s tc ng c cu ch
th v cc tip im. Cc tip im s i trng thi "m" thnh "ng",
"ng" thnh "m" khi nhit cao hn tr s t trc. B phn cm bin
nhit c lp trong mt l tr bc kn, pha trn np my bin p, bao
quanh l tr l du, o nhit lp du trn cng ca my bin p.
Thng dng nhit k c 2 (hoc 4) vt iu chnh nhit c th t sn
2 (hoc 4) tr s tc ng cho 2 (hoc 4) b tip im ring r lp trong nhit
k. Khi nhit cao hn tr s t cp 1, rle s ng tip im cp 1 bo
hiu s c "Nhit du cao" ca my bin p. Khi nhit tip tc cao
hn tr s t cp 2, rle s ng thm tip im cp 2 t ng ct my
ct, ct in my bin p, ng thi cng c mch in bo hiu s c "ct
do
nhit

du
cao".
b-Rle nhit cun dy: (hnh 5)
Rle nhit cun dy gm bn b tip im (mi b c mt tip im
thng m, mt tip im ng vi cc chung) lp bn trong mt nhit k
c kim ch th. Nhit k gm c: c cu ch th quay ghi s o, mt b
phn cm bin nhit, mt ng mao dn ni b phn cm bin nhit vi c
cu ch th. Bn trong ng mao dn l cht lng c nn li. S co gin ca
cht lng trong ng mao dn thay i theo nhit m b cm bin nhn
c, tc ng c cu ch th v bn b tip im. Tc ng ln c cu ch
th v cc tip im, cn c mt in tr nung. Cun dy th cp ca mt

my bin dng in t ti chn s my bin p c ni vi in tr nung.

Ni song song vi in tr nung l mt bin tr hiu chnh. Tc dng ca
in tr nung (ty theo dng in qua cun dy my bin p) v tc dng
ca b cm bin nhit ln c cu o cng cc b tip im s tng ng vi
nhit im nng: nhit ca cun dy.
C 4 vt iu chnh nhit t tr s tc ng cho bn b tip im. Ty
theo thit k, cc tip im rle nhit c th c ni vo cc mch: bo
hiu s c "nhit cun dy cao", mch t ng m my ct c lp my
bin p, mch t ng khi ng v ngng cc qut lm mt my bin p.
9. Cu to rle mc du ti my bin p?
Rle mc du gm hai b tip im lp bn trong thit b ch th mc du.
My bin p c b di nc in p c ti th thng gin n du c chia
lm hai ngn. Ngn c th tch chim phn ln thng gin n, c ni ng
lin du thng qua rle hi n thng chnh my bin p ( c th tch gin
n du cho my bin p). Ngn c th tch chim phn nh hn nhiu ca
thng gin n, s c ni ng lin du n thng cha b i nc c ti.
Thng chnh my bin p v thng b i nc c thit k ring r, khng
c lin thng du vi nhau. V vy, c hai thit b ch th mc du lp ti hai
u thng gin n o mc du ca hai ngn: thit b ch th mc du my
bin p v thit b ch th mc du b i nc c ti.
Cu to ca thit b ch th mc du gm hai phn : b phn iu khin v b
ch th. B phn iu khin c mt phao (3), thanh quay (8), trc quay (9),
c lp nam chm vnh c (4). B phn iu khin lp trn v my (u
thng gin n) c vng m. B phn ch th gm kim ch (6) lp trn trc
mang mt nam chm vnh cu (5). B phn ch th c lm bng nhm
trnh b nh hng t trng nam chm v chng nh hng ca nc.
Khi mc du nng h th phao (3) nng h theo. Chuyn ng nng h ca
phao c chuyn thnh chuyn ng quay ca trc (9) nh thanh quay (8).
Khi quay, t trng do nam chm (4) s iu khin cho nam chm (5) quay
sao cho hai cc khc tn (N v S) ca hai nam chm i din nhau (hai cc
cng tn c lc y, hai cc cng tn c lc ht nhau). Do vy kim ch th
quay theo nam chm (5), ghi c mc du trn mt ch th.
B phn ch th cng tc ng ng m cc tip im rle mc du a
tn hiu vo mch bo ng hoc mch ct ty theo tng thit k.
10. Nguyn l lm vic ca rle qu dng tc th (Bo v qu dng ct
nhanh - ngng cao)?
Rle qu dng tc th l rle tc ng khi dng in qua rle vt qu tr s
nh trc v tc ng ct my ct ngay lp tc, khng c thi gian tr hon.

V nguyn l rle qu dng tc th gm phn tnh l cun dy c li st,

phn ng l tm st non c mang tip im ng. Khi dng in qua cun
dy ln, tm st non s b ht vo li st ca phn tnh v ko theo tip
im ng ng vo tip im tnh.
iu chnh dng in tc ng theo mun, thng thng phn ng
c gn vi mt l xo vi kt cu c th iu chnh c nhm thay i
lc tc ng ln phn ng, c ngha l thay i dng in tc ng ca rle.
Mt s trng hp, thay i dng in tc ng trong phm v rng,
ngi ta thng ch to cun dy phn tnh c nhiu on vi nhiu u dy
ra chn tm t thch hp.
11. Nguyn tc chnh nh rle qu dng tc th ?
Chnh nh rle qu dng tc thi l t tr s dng in khi ng ca rle.
m bo tnh chn lc, trnh tc ng sai khi ngn mch ngoi vng
c bo v, dng in khi ng c chn theo quy tc sau:
Ik = Kat . INmax
Trong :
INmax: dng in ngn mch cc i cui vng bo v.
Kat = 1,2 - 1,3 : h s an ton tnh n sai s trong khi tnh ton dng ngn
mch v sai s rle.
Ik : dng in khi ng ca rle.
Vng tc ng c xc nh bng cng thc:
XCN% =
Trong :
XCN - Vng tc ng ca bo v, tnh bng phn trm ca ton b
ng dy c bo v (%).
Xl : tr khng ca ng dy c bo v (%).
XH : tr khng ca h thng (%).
Ik : dng khi ng ca bo v (%).
12. Nguyn l lm vic ca rle qu dng nh th (bo v dng in cc
i)?
Rle qu dng nh th l rle tc ng khi dng in qua rle vt qu tr
s nh trc nhng khng tc ng ct my ct ngay lp tc m c thi
gian tr hon. Rle qu dng nh th c 2 loi c bn:
1-Rle qu dng nh th vi c tuyn thi gian c lp: bao gm mt rle
qu dng tc th v mt rle thi gian kt hp li. Khi phn tc th tc ng
s ng tip im cp ngun cho rle thi gian. Sau mt thi gian nh
trc, rle thi gian ny s ng tip im v tc ng ct my ct hoc bo
tn hiu. Nu trong thi gian tr hon m dng in qua phn t tc th gim

thp (s c t gii tr), lm cho phn t ny khng gi tip im na th

rle thi gian s b mt in v khng khp tip im ct my ct hay bo
s c.
Thi gian tc ng ca rle loi ny khng ph thuc vo tr s dng in s
c i qua rle.
2- Rle qu dng nh th vi c tuyn thi gian ph thuc: c ch to
theo nguyn tc cm ng. Dng in s c c a vo cun dy to t
thng xuyn qua mt a nhm lm xut hin dng in xoy trn a v lm
quay a. a ny mang tip im ng ng vo tip im tnh, i ct my
ct. Thi gian quay ca a t v tr ban u n khi ng tip im chnh l
thi gian tc ng ca rle. iu chnh thi gian ny, ngi ta dng l xo
xon lp trn trc ca a v iu chnh xon c phn lc thch hp.
iu chnh tr s dng in tc ng, cun dy c ch to gm nhiu
on khc nhau v a ra nhiu u dy la chn.
Loi rle qu dng nh th kiu cm ng c u im l thi gian tc ng
cng ngn khi dng qua rle cng ln do a quay cng nhanh, do loi tr
nhanh cc s c nng trong khi vn duy tr thi gian cn thit i vi cc
bin ng nh.
13. Nguyn tc chnh nh rle qu dng nh th ?
Chnh nh rle qu dng nh thi l thit t cc gi tr sau:
1- Dng in khi ng ca rle Ik: c xc nh t dng in lm vic
cc i, thng l dng ph ti trong ch cc i:
Ik > Ilvmax v phi tha: Ik = Kmm . Kat. Ks . Ilvmax / Ktv. KBI
Trong :
. Ilvmax l dng in lm vic cc i.
. Kmm = 2 3 l h s m my ph thuc vo ng c in.
. Kat = 1,2 1,3 l h s an ton khi k n vic tnh ton sai s ca rle v
my bin dng.
. Ks l h s ca s , ph thuc vo s u ni rle.
. Ktv l h s tr v ca rle.
. KBI l h s bin i ca my bin dng.
2- Thi gian tc ng ca bo v:
m bo tnh chn lc, thi gian tc ng ca bo v c chn theo
nguyn tc bc thang, chnh lch gia thi gian tc ng ca cc bo v
k nhau c gi l bc thi gian hay bc chn lc:
Dt = t1 - t2
Gi tr ca bc thi gian Dt c chn sao cho khi ngn mch thuc phm vi
ca bo v sau, bo v trc khng kp tc ng mc d khi ng.
nhy ca bo v:

. Knhy = INMmin / Ik
Thng thng nhy phi t trong khong 1,2 1,5.
Trong :
. INMmin l dng in ngn mch b nht khu vc cui ca li c bo
v.
14. Nguyn l lm vic ca rle km p ?
Rle km p l rle tc ng khi in p t vo rle thp hn gi tr nh
trc.
V nguyn l, rle km p cu to gm cun dy c li thp tc ng ln
phn ng mang tip im. Khi in p cun dy ln, phn ng b ht
vo phn tnh v ng tip im. Khi in p t vo cun dy h thp di
mt mc nh trc, cun dy khng ht v tip im nh ra. y l trng
thi
tc
ng
ca
rle.
Nh vy, khc vi cc loi rle qu ngng, trng thi bnh thng ca rle
km p l trng thi lun c in p. Trng thi tc ng l trng thi in p
gim thp hoc khng c in.
Thng thng rle km p c thit k vi thi gian tr hon: Rle thc t
gm mt phn t km p kt hp vi mt phn t to thi gian. Khi in p
t vo rle gim di ngng nh trc, phn t km p s tc ng, cp
ngun cho phn t thi gian. Sau thi gian t trc, tip im thi gian s
ng v i ct my ct hoc bo tn hiu.
Rle km p c th thit k lm vic vi in p xoay chiu hoc mt
chiu.
15. Nguyn tc chnh nh rle km p?
Chnh nh rle km p l thit t cc gi tr in p lm vic ca rle:
in p lm vic ca rle l in p cc tiu c xc nh theo cng thc
sau:
Uk = Ulvmin / (Ktc . Ktv . KU)
Trong : Ulvmin: in p lm vic cc tiu ch bnh thng.
Ktc: h s tin cy.
KU: h s ca my bin in p
Ktv: h s tr v ca rle.
nhy ca bo v:
Knhy = Ulv . KU / UNMmax
Trong : UNMmax l tr s ln nht c th c ca in p d v tr t
bo v khi ngn mch khu vc cui cng c bo v.
16. Nguyn l lm vic ca rle so lch dc dng in?

Rle so lch dc l rle lm vic da trn s so snh trc tip dng in trn
cc nhnh ca mt i tng.
Theo nh lut Kirchoff, tng vct ca tt c cc dng in i vo v ra mt
i tng bo v bng khng trong iu kin lm vic bnh thng.
Vng bo v ca rle so lch dc dng in l phm v gii hn bi cc bin
dng t trn cc nhnh ca i tng c bo v.
Khi c ngn mch trong vng bo v, tng dng in i qua rle s khc
khng v rle s tc ng. Khi s c bn ngoi vng bo v, tng dng in
qua rle vn bng khng, rle khng tc ng.
Rle so lch dc dng in thng c dng bo v cho cc thit b nh
my bin p, my pht, h thng thanh ci quan trng... Rle tc ng ct
cc my ct ch khi c s c ngn mch bn trong vng bo v.
Rle so lch dc dng in lm vic tc th, khng c thi gian tr hon.
17. Nguyn tc chnh nh rle so lch dc dng in ?
V nguyn tc, rle so lch dc dng in tc ng khi c dng in sai lch
i qua rle IR > 0. Tuy nhin thc t do s khng ng nht ca cc bin
dng, s sai lch t s bin dng,... nn khi lm vic bnh thng dng in
i qua rle vn c mt tr s nht nh. Dng in ny gi l dng khng cn
bng Ikcb.
Trong trng hp ngn mch ngoi vng bo v, hoc trong cc tnh trng
qu , dng in khng cn bng Ikcb c th c gi tr ln.
trnh bo v tc ng sai, dng in khi ng ca bo v phi chn sao
cho:
Ik =Kat . Ikcbttmax.
Trong :
- Ik: dng in khi ng ca rle.
- Kat >1: h s an ton, nhm trnh tc ng sai do cc sai s ca rle v
mch.
- Ikcbttmax: dng in khng cn bng tnh ton cc i.
18. Nguyn l lm vic ca rle so lch ngang dng in ?
Rle so lch ngang dng in l rle tc ng da trn s so snh trc tip
dng in chy trn cc nhnh song song.
Bo v c dng cho ng dy c cc nhnh vn hnh song song hoc
my pht vi stator cun dy kp.
Vng bo v l hai nhnh song song ca ng dy hoc cun stator my
pht.
V in tr ca hai nhnh ging nhau nn khi lm vic bnh thng hoc khi
ngn mch ngoi vng bo v, dng in trn hai nhnh s bng nhau:

I1=I2
Do : IR=0. Rle khng tc ng.
Khi c ngn mch mt trong hai nhnh, dng in trn cc nhnh s khc
nhau: I1 # I2
Khi dng in qua rle IR # 0. Rle tc ng ct my ct.
Rle so lch ngang dng in lm vic tc th, khng c thi gian tr hon.
19. Nguyn tc chnh nh rle so lch ngang dng in ?
V nguyn tc, rle so lch ngang dng in tc ng khi c dng in sai
lch i qua rle IR > 0. Tuy nhin thc t do s khng ng nht ca cc
bin dng cng nh do in tr cc nhnh khng hon ton bng nhau nn
khi lm vic bnh thng dng in i qua rle vn c mt gi tr nht nh.
Dng in ny gi l dng khng cn bng Ikcb.
Trong trng hp ngn mch ngoi vng bo v, hoc trong cc tnh trng
qu , dng in khng cn bng Ikcb c th c gi tr ln.
trnh bo v tc ng sai, dng in khi ng ca bo v phi chn sao
cho:
Ik =Kat . Ikcbttmax.
Trong :
- Ik: dng in khi ng ca rle.
- Kat >1: h s an ton, nhm trnh tc ng sai do cc sai s ca rle v
mch.
- Ikcbttmax: dng in khng cn bng tnh ton cc i.
20. Nguyn l lm vic ca rle tng tr ?
Rle tng tr l rle tc ng theo tng tr on ng dy t im ngn
mch n ch t rle (u ng dy).
Z = UNM/INM
Trong :
- UNM: in p gin trn on ng dy t im s c n ch t rle.
- INM: Dng in ngn mch i qua ch t bo v.
Vng bo v ca rle tng tr l on ng dy c tng tr khng ln hn
tr s tng tr t ca rle.
Rle tc ng khi:
Z > Z
trong :
- Z : Tng tr on ng dy t im s c n ch t rle.
- Z: Gi tr t ca rle.
Cc s u dy thng dng rle tng tr:
* S in p dy v hiu s dng in pha:

* S in p dy v dng in pha:
Rle tng tr c ch to c nhiu vng bo v khc nhau, thch hp cho
bo v cc ng dy c nhiu on.
Trong trng hp ng dy c cung cp t hai pha, m bo tc
ng chn lc, thng s dng loi rle tng tr c hng nhm ch tc
ng khi dng s c i theo hng t thanh ci ra ng dy.
21. Nguyn tc chnh nh rle tng tr ?
Xt ng dy c s nh hnh:
ng dy c bo v bng rle tng tr c 3 vng bo v.
- Z1, Z2, Z3: tng tr bo v vng 1, 2, 3.
- t1, t2, t3: thi tc ng ca bo v vng 1, 2, 3 ca rle 21 thuc my ct
MC1.
Khi ngn mch trn on AB (vng 1), i hi phi ct nhanh my ct MC1.
Do thi gian tc ng ca bo v vng 1 thng c chn bng khng:
t1 = 0 sec.
bo v ton b chiu di on AB, v nguyn tc phi chn tr s t
vng 1 sao cho Z1 = ZAB. Tuy nhin nu t nh vy th bo v vng 1 s
tc ng sai lm ct my ct MC1 khi c ngn mch u ng dy on
BC v tng tr tnh t my ct MC1 n cc im ngn mch cui on AB
v u on BC l gn bng nhau. Do m bo tnh chn lc, thng
ch chn phm vi bo v ca mi vng chim khong 3/4 chiu di on
ng dy:
Z1= 0,75 ZAB.
Khi ngn mch trn on BC, rle bo v ca on BC phi tc ng ct
my ct MC2. Nu do h hng, my ct MC2 khng ct th my ct MC1
phi ct c lp s c. Lc ny vng 2 ca rle 21 phi tc ng. Vy thi
gian tc ng vng 2 s l:
t2 = max(t1 , tBC) + Dt = tBC+ Dt2.
Trong :
- tBC : thi gian tc ng ca bo v chnh on BC.
- Dt2: thi gian ct ca my ct MC2.
Phm vi bo v ca vng 2 l:
Z2= 0,75 ZBC + ZAB.
Nh vy bo v vng 2 ca on AB l bo v d tr cho bo v chnh ca
on BC.
Tng t cho im ngn mch trn on CD:
Z3= 0,75 ZCD + ZBC.
t3 = max(t2 , tCD) + Dt3.

 trnh bo v tc ng sai khi c dao ng trn h thng, trong mt s

trng hp (ty thuc vo kh nng gi n nh ca h thng) c th t
thi gian tc ng vng 1 c mt tr s nht nh t1 > 0 ).
22. Nguyn l lm vic ca mch bo v ng khng ton pha ?
Mch bo v ng khng ton pha dng bo v cho cc my ct mt pha vn
hnh trong li ba pha trong trng hp khng cho php vn hnh ch
khng ton pha (1 hoc 2 pha).
S nguyn l mch bo v ng khng ton pha:
Khi c mt trong ba pha khng ng ng thi vi cc pha khc, rle thi
gian RT s c cp in v sau mt thi gian t trc, tip im s ng
v i ct c 3 cc my ct.
23. Nguyn tc chnh nh mch bo v ng khng ton pha ?
Chnh nh tr s rle thi gian RT sao cho thi gian duy tr trng thi khng
ton pha khng vt qu thi gian cho php (ty thuc vo ph ti, h
thng...):
t =tcp .
24. Nguyn l lm vic ca rle thi gian ?
Rle thi gian l rle tc ng ng m tip im c thi gian tr hon sau
khi c cp in. Khong thi gian tr hon c th thay i c trong mt
phm vi nht nh.
Ty theo mc ch s dng, c cc loi rle thi gian sau:
- rle c tip im thng m v ng chm:
- rle c tip im thng m v m chm:
- rle c tip im thng ng v ng chm:
- rle c tip im thng ng v m chm:
V nguyn l rle thi gian cu to gm phn tnh l cun dy, phn ng
mang tip im v c gn vi b phn hm nhm lm chm qu trnh
chuyn ng ng m tip im.
Rle thi gian c th c ch to lm vic theo dng in hoc theo
in p.
25. Nguyn tc chnh nh rle thi gian ?
Chnh nh rle thi gian l t tr s thi gian tc ng cho rle theo mt
gi tr cho trc. Ty thuc vo cu to ca tng kiu rle, thao tc chnh
nh s khc nhau.
Thng thng rle thi gian c ch to c mt a chia vch. Khi chnh
nh, xoay a hoc y u kim n vch c gi tr thch hp.

26. Nguyn l lm vic ca rle qu dng c hng ?

ch to rle cng sut (rle qu dng c hng) ngi ta dng nguyn
tc so snh trc tip gc lch pha gia hai i lng in URv IR hoc so
snh tr s tuyt i ca hai i lng l t hp ca hai tn hiu UR v IR.
Rle nh hng cng sut lm vic theo nguyn tc so snh pha:
Dng in IR v in p UR a vo h thng t c s i cc chn, li
thp hnh tr bn trong lm gim t tr ca mch t v phn ng l
mt ng hnh trng lm bng nhm hoc ng, cc cun in p v dng
in qun trn tng i cc tng ng.
Mmen quay ca rle: Mq = KURIRcos( + )
Trong :
- UR, IR l in p v dng in t vo cc cun dy tng ng ca rle.
- l gc lch pha gia UR v IR.
- K, l cc thng s ph thuc vo cu to, mch t ca r le.
Rle s tc ng khi Mq > 0 ngha l: Cos( + ) > 0
Hay l: - (90o + ) < j < (90o - )
Biu thc trn chng t rle tc ng (Mq > 0) khi gc lch pha gia
UR v IR nm trong mt gii hn nht nh, ngha l khi cng sut theo mt
hng nht nh.
27. Nguyn tc chnh nh rle c hng?
a. Dng khi ng ca bo v:
Dng khi ng ca bo v cn chn theo 2 iu kin sau:
- Bo v phi tr v sau khi ngn mch ngoi c loi tr. Mun vy dng
tr v ca bo v phi ln hn dng ph ti ngay sau lc ct s c, khi cc
ng c ng lot t khi ng.
IKB = Kat . Ilvmax (1)
Trong :
Ilvmax l gi tr dng in lm vic cc i (xc nh i vi ch lm
vic nng n nht).
tng nhy ca bo v c th khng cn xt n ph ti cc i vi
hng t ng dy vo thanh gp, v i vi n rle cng sut khng khp
tip im, v do bo v khng th tc ng sai. Khi mch in b h
hng, pha ca in p a vo rle cng sut b mo, rle c th khp tip
im.
Khi xy ra ngn mch chm t trong mng c im trung tnh trc tip ni
t, trong pha khng h hng c th c dng s c v i vi dng ny rle
khng c tc ng. Mun vy cn chn dng khi ng ln hn dng
trong pha khng h hng.

IKB= Kat . IKH (2)

trong :
IKH= IPT + KIN
Kat = 1,15 - 1,3 ty thuc vo chnh xc khi nh gi i lng IKH.
Dng in khi ng c chn l gi tr ln hn trong hai gi tr xc nh
theo (1) v (2).
i vi mng c dng chm dt nh (IKH = IPT) v mng c trung im
ni t trc tip nhng bo v c kha khi c ngn mch chm t th
dng khi ng cn c chn theo iu kin (1).
b - Thi gian tc ng ca bo v:
Thi gian tc ng ca bo v c chn theo nguyn tc bc thang ngc
chiu nhau.
Theo yu cu tc ng chn lc, thi gian tc ng ca cc bo v trong
cng mt hng cn tha mn:
t5 < t3 < t1 v t2 < t4 < t6.
c - nhy ca bo v:
Knhy =
INmin l dng in ngn mch cc tiu khi ngn mch ci vng bo v.
Knhy min =1,2-1,5.
Khi ngn mch cui vng d tr, yu cu Knhy min = 1,2.
28. Nguyn l lm vic ca rle t ng li ?
Rle t ng li l rle lm nhim v ng li my ct sau khi my ct
(ng dy) b bt ra bi cc rle bo v khc (51, 21,...) nhm nhanh chng
ti lp ng dy mt cch t ng khi c s c thong qua trn ng dy.
Qu trnh ng li c th c thc hin mt hay nhiu ln. Thng thng
rle t ng li c thit k cho 3 hoc 4 ln ng li. Mi ln ng li u
c thi gian tr hon. Thi gian cc ln sau di hn ln trc. Nu ln ng
li cui cng khng thnh cng, rle s t kha khng cho ng tip.
29. Nguyn tc chnh nh rle t ng li ?
Chnh nh rle t ng li l t cc khong thi gian tr hon trc mi
ln ng li, s ln ng li v thi gian t khi phc.
- S ln ng li: n.
- Thi gian tr hon trc mi ln ng li: t1, t2, ...
Cc khong thi gian ny c chn sao cho khi c s c thong qua, my
ct ngt mch v cch in ti ch b s c c thi gian phc hi trc
khi ng in li. i vi cc ln ng li th 2, 3, ... thi gian tr hon

trc khi ng li cn ph thuc vo chu trnh ng ct ca my ct c

t rle.
- Thi gian t khi phc (treset): nu ng li ln cui khng thnh cng,
rle t kha. Vic kha ny ch c tc dng trong thi gian nht nh. Sau
rle phi t tr v trng thi sn sng lm vic nh trc khi s c.
30. Nguyn l lm vic ca rle kha ?
Rle kha l rle khi tc ng, tip im s ng (hoc m) v sau khng
t tr v trng thi ban u d rle khng cn c cung cp in. a
cc tip im v trng thi ban u, phi thc hin thao tc "reset" (bng tay
hoc bng in).
Rle kha c dng ph bin trong cc mch bo v my bin p nhm ct
v kha my ct khng cho ng li khi c s c nng.
31. Vi nt v rle k thut s ?
Trong thi gian gn y ngi ta ngi ta c kh nng x l mt khi lng
ln thng tin trong mt thi gian rt ngn i vi ch lm vic ca trang
thit b in c bo v. Hin nay trong h thng in nhng thng tin ny
c x l bng my vi tnh.
Cng tng t nh cc bo v thc hin bng in c, in t, bo v bng
vi tnh cng c nhng phn chc nng o lng, to thi gian, phn thc
hin hot ng theo chng trnh nh trc i iu khin cc my ct.
Hnh 21 gii thiu s cu trc mt phng n bo v thc hin bng vi
x l.
- Tn hiu xoay chiu t cun dy th cp my bin in p (UA, UB, UC,
U0), my bin dng in (IA, IB, IC, I0) c a qua b lc tn s L
loi b cc ha tn bc cao v c a qua kha K xc nh th t chn
cc i lng a vo vi tr s tc th v nh trong khong thi gian cn
thit cho s lm vic ng ca b bin i tng t thnh s ADC. u ra
ca ADC cho tn hiu s tng ng vi tn hiu hnh sin tng t u vo.
T mi tn hiu tng t U(t) t u ra b lc L s tng ng vi tn hiu
s U(nt) tc u ra ca ADC v a vo b vi x l.
Tc ng lin thng gia b vi x l trung tm vi b nh cho php o tr s
t, xc nh c tuyn khi ng ca bo v theo chng trnh nh sn.
Xc nh thi gian lgic tc ng, t ng thay i s lin h trong phn
lgic ph thuc vo cc tn hiu t cc i tng c bo v, cc mch t
ng v cho quyt nh i iu khin my ct, ghi s liu tn hiu hay hin
trn mn hnh thng qua cc b xut, nhp DCA.
Mt trong nhng vn quan trng ca bo v rle bng vi x l l vic xy
dng phn o lng trn c s x l nhng thng tin s tng thi im.

 thc hin phn o lng vi cc tn hiu s, ngi ta c th s dng tr

s tc th hay gi tr tch phn trong khong thi gian nht nh.