JournalofScienceandTechnology Vol.

14
AgriculturalandVeterinarySciences (JAVSNo. 1)

June /2013

Journal of Agricultural and Veterinary Science

Journal homepage:
http:// journals.sustech.edu

Effect of Different Organic Fertilizers on Growth, Yield and Total Soluble Solid of the
Onion (Allium cepa L.) variety Baftaim-s
Hanaa M. Gadelrab* and S.M. ELAmin
Dept. of Horticulture, College of Agricultural Studies, Sudan University of Science & Technology
*Corresponding Author: hanaa_mohamed7220@yahoo.com; saif@sustech.edu
Article history: Received: 28 March 2013

Accepted: 8 September 2013

Abstract: This study was conducted at the experimental farm of the College of Agricultural
Studies, Sudan University of Sciences and Technology at Shambat with the objective of evaluating
the impact of using different organic fertilizers(Compost Elshomokh, Compost Alkhaseeb,
Compost Elkhyrat and Liquid Organic Fertilizer (OsaratEltabya)) on growth, yield and quality of
onion (Baftaim cultivar) during the winter season of 2010/2011 and 2011/2012.The studied growth
and yield parameters were number of leaves per plant,leaf length, bulb diameter, bulbTSS and bulb
yield/ha. The results showed that plants dressed with organic fertilizers gave increases in number
of leaves and leaf length compared to the control in both season. Compost Elshomokh gave the
highest number of leaves per plant in both seasons. Compost Alkhaseeb recorded the highest leaf
length in season one and compost Elshomokh gave the highest leaf length in season two. Addition
of organic fertilizers affected bulb diameter positively and resulted in high percent of medium
diameter bulbs from compost Elshomokh in season one and compost Alkhaseeb in season two .The
study showed that application of organic fertilizer resulted in significant differences in bulb TSS in
both seasons. Compost Elshomokh gave the highest bulb yield (19.4t/ha) in first season and
Compost Alkhaseeb gave the best result (11.3 t/ha) in second season.
Keywords: Compost, liquid organic fertilizer, Onion, Bafteam, Shambat

2013 Sudan University of Science and Technology. All rights reserved

Introduction
Onion (Allium cepa) is presently grown almost
in all parts of the world. It is an importance
economic vegetable in Sudan (Abu-sara,
2001). Onion is widely used as a vegetable by
almost all classes of the society (FAO, 2005).
FAO, (1999) defined organic agriculture as a
holistic production system, which promotes
and
enhances
agro-ecosystem
health,
including biological cycles and soil biological
activity. It emphasizes the use of management
practices in preferences to the

use of off-farm inputs, takinginto account that

regional conditions require locally systems.
The use of chemical fertilizer alone generate
several deleterious effects to the environment
and human health and they should be
replenished in every cultivation season
because, the synthetic N,P and K fertilizers are
rapidly lost by either evaporation or by
leaching (Ali et al., 2007).
The use of manure as a source of plant
nutrients in soil is of great importance, as long
as it is a cheaper source of nutrients than
commercial fertilizers. The manure also

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provides balanced nutrients to the plant and

therefore can prevent the harmful effects
resulting from shortage or excess of addition
of particular nutrients (AbdElrahman, 1997).
The main objectives of this study were to
evaluate the impact of different organic
fertilizers on productivity and quality of
onion.

June /2013

Elshomokh (11 leaves per plant) in week 13,

followed by compost Elkhyrat, compost
Alkhaseeb, Osarat Eltabya and control
respectively (Figure 2).
Addition of organic fertilizer resulted in the
release of more nutrients that resulted in
number of leaves/plant. This agreed with the
finding of Shams (2003) who found that the
addition of organic manure improved
vegetative growth of sweet pepper plants.
Leaf length
Addition of organic fertilizers increased leaf
length. The highest leaf length was obtained
by compost Alkhaseeb in first season. The leaf
length was 60.0, 57.5, 56.4, 55.0 and 55.0 cm
for compost Alkhaseeb, Osarat Eltabya,
Compost Elshomokh, Compost Elkhyrat and
Control
respectively(Figure
3).Compost
Elshomokh gave the highest leaf length.In
season two the leaf length was 64.2, 62.9,
62.3, 58.4 and 57.4 cm for Compost
Elshomokh, Compost Elkhyrat, Compost
Elkhaseep, Osart Eltabya and Control,
respectively(Figure 4).
Increase of leaf length was attributed to
the added effect of nutrients in the compost
this result agreed with AbdEl-mouty et al,
(2001), Awad (2002) and Hafes et al., (2004).
They reported that the vegetative growth of
plant was increased by using compost as
organic fertilizers. Our results was also
supported by Seran et al.,(2010) who showed
high leaf length development in early stages
with added compost. Improving the vegetative
growth of onion plant with liquid organic
fertilizers (Osarat Eltabya) application may be
due to its content of nutrient elements in the
available form, which led to improving the
vegetative growth of onion plants. These
findings are in agreement with results of
Tafaghodinia and Kamalpour (2008). They
showed that application of liquid organic
fertilizer gave good vegetative growth.

Materials and methods

Two field experiments were carried out during
the winter season of 2010/2011 and
2011/2012 at the experimental farm of the
College Agricultural Studies Sudan university
of Sciences and Technology at Shambat,
Khortoum North. In this study, three composts
(Elshomokh, Elkhyrat and Alkhaseeb) were
used at a rate of 20 ton/ha in addition to liquid
organic fertilizer (OsaratEltabya) at the rate of
160L/ha. Compost were while applied 20 days
before transplanting Osarat Eltabya was added
after transplanting by spraying every two
weeks till maturity stage.
The data recorded included the following
parameters, plant growth as number of leaves
per plant and leaf length (cm). Yield
characters bulb diameter measured by
verinercalipper (mm), bulb TSS measured by
refracto meter and bulb yield (ton/ha).
The collected data were statistically analyzed
using statistic analysis system (SAS) software
and means separted using duncan.
Result and Discussion
Number of leaves
Application of organic fertilizers increased the
number of leaves per plant. The highest
number of leaves per plant was obtained by
compost Elshomokh in week 15 in the first
season (12 leaves per plant). Compost
Elshomokh was followed by compost
Alkhaseeb, compost Elkhyrat, OsaratEltabya
and the control respectively (Figure 1). The
results on number of leaves per plant in the
second season indicated that highest number
of leaves per plant was obtained by compost
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June /2013

Bulb yield

Bulb diameter
Application of compost and liquid organic
fertilizer affected bulb diameter.The high
percent of mediumdiameter bulbs were
obtained from compost Elshomookh in season
one and compost Alkhaseeb in season two
(Tables 1 and 2).
Organic fertilizers improved the chemical and
physical properties of onion. This agreed with
Ali et al., (2007) and Abdelhakeem (2003)
who reported that the organic fertilizers
improved the onion bulb size and weight and
fruit quality and fruit size and weight of sweet
pepper.
Bulb TSS
The result of the analysis for bulb total soluble
solids showed significant differences between
treatments (Tables 3 and 4).
Application of organic fertilizers increased the
TSS of onion bulbs this agreed with Ali et al,
(2007) who reported that addition of organic
nitrogen increased bulb (TSS).

There were no significant differences

(P0.05) in yield between Compost
Elshomokh (19.4t/ha), Osarat Eltabya
(15.6t/ha) and Compost Alkhaseeb (15.1) they
yielded higher than Compost Elkhayrat
(11.4t/ha) and Control (11.1 t/ha) in season
one. In second season only compost
Elshomokh and Alkhaseeb were significantly
better than the control (Table 5).
Generally high bulb yield and better size of
onion bulb may be due to the increase in plant
growth, which increased photosynthesis
process rate and the assimilation of such
products in plant tissues. Similar results were
obtained by AbdElraoof (2001) who studied
the effect of different rates of compost on
growth and yield of basil plant. Maynard
(1993) also reported increases in fruit yield of
compost-amended plants compared with those
grown in soil alone.

Weeks after Planting

No of Leaves per plant

12
10
8

B
6

D
E

2
0
W3

W7

W11

W15

W17

Figure1: Mean number of leaves per plant of onion under different organic fertilization at Shambat
(2010 - 2011)

A
B
C
D
E

Legend:
A
B

= Compost Elshomokh
= Compost Elkhyrat
= Compost Al Khaseeb

D = Osarat Eltabya
E = Control

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No of Leaves per plant

12

June /2013

Weeks after Planting

10
8

B
6

D
E

2
0
W3

W7

W11

W15

W17

Figure 2: Mean number of leaves per plant of onion under different organic fertilization at shambat
(2011 - 2012)

Weeks after Planting

70

Leaf Length (cm)

60
50

40

C
30
20

D
E

10
0
W3

W7

W11

W15

W17

Figure 3: Mean leaf length (cm) of onion under different organic fertilization at Shambat (2010 2011)

Leaf Length (cm)

12

Weeks after Planting

10
8

B
C
D

2
0
W3

W7

W11

W15

W17

Figure 4: Mean leaf length (cm) of onion under different organic fertilization at Shambat (2011 2012)

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Table 1: Effect of different organic fertilizers on bulb size distrubution (%) of onion in
season 2010 - 2012

Treatments
Compost Elshomokh
Compost Elkhyrat
Compost Alkhaseeb
OsaratEltabya
Control

Size%
Medium
78.6
48.3
75.0
68.3
55.0

Large
16.3
0.0
11.0
0.0
1.3

Small
4.0
50.6
46.6
30.0
37.0

Table 2: Effect of different organic fertilizers on bulb size distrubution % of onion in season 2011 2012
Size%
Medium
Small
Treatments
Compost Elshomokh
56.2
43.5
Compost Elkhyrat
57.7
41.7
Compost Alkhaseeb
58.0
41.2
OsaratEltabya
43.0
56.2
Control
21.5
77.2
Table 3: Effect of different organic fertilizers on bulb total soluble solids (TSS) of onion in season
2010 - 2011
Treatments
TSS%
ab
Compost Elshomokh
14.4
c
Compost Elkhyrat
13.4
a
Compost Al Khaseeb
15.0
OsaratEltabya
13.0
bc
Control
13.6
S.E()
0.17
C.V
7.0
Means having different superscript letters in each column are significantly different P 0.05
Table 4: Effect of different organic fertilizers on bulb total solublesolids (TSS)of onion in season
2011 - 2012
Treatments
TSS%
a
Compost Elshomokh
13.1
a
Compost Elkhyrat
13.0
a
Compost Al Khaseeb
12.8
a
OsaratEltabya
12.7
b
Control
12.0
S-E()
0.13
C.V
7.5
Means having different superscript letters in each column are significantly different P 0.05

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Table 5: Mean yield of onion bulb under different organic fertilizer, for the growing season of 20102011 and 2011-2012
Treatment
Season 2010 - 2011
Season 2011 2012
19 .4 a
11.1a
Compost Elshomokh
11 .4 b
9.3ab
Compost Elkhyrat
15 .1ab
11 .3 a
Compost Al Khaseeb
ab
15.6
9.9ab
OsaratEltabea
11 .1b
6.8 b
Control
16.8%
18.2%
C.V%
Lsd
4.61**
3.27 **
0.05

SE

1.41

1.06

Means having different superscript letters in each column are significantly different P 0.05

References
Abd El-hakeem, (2003). Response of Sweet
Pepper Crop to Organic and Biofertilizer
Application. Msc. Thesis, Department of
Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,
Moshtohor, Zagazig University (benha
branch).
Abd El-Raoof, M., (2001). Productivity of
sweet basil cultivated in newly reclaimed
land as well as estimation the effect of
different organic fertilization levels and
plant densities. M.Sc. Thesis, Fac. Agric.,
Ain Shams Univ., Egypt.
Abdel-Mouty, M. M., Ali, A.H. and Rizk F. A.
(2001). Potato yield as affected by the
interaction between bio and organic
fertilizers. Egypy.J. Appl. Sci., 16
(6):267-286.)
AbdELRahman
M.A.E.(1997).Effect
of
Organic and in Organic Fertilizers, Soil
Types on Different Chemical Element and
CalciumMagnesium
Ratio
(Ca:Mg).M.Sc. thesis, Fac. Agric.,
Khartoum Univ. Sudan.
Abu-Sara, A.F., Abedel Rahim, A.A., and Idris,
M.A.M. (2001a). Yield responseof tomato
to different forms of nitrogen fertilizers in
the central clayplain of Sudan.
Proceedings of the crop husbandry
committee, October

Ali. A.H., Rizk, F.A., Shaheen, A.M and

Abdel- Mouty, M.M. (2007). Onion plant
growth, bulbs yield and its physical and
chemical properties as affected by organic
and natural fertilization. Research Journal
of Agriculture and Biological Sciences
3(5):380-388.
Awad, E.M. (2002). Effect of compost and
some bio-fertilizers on growth, yield and
quality of potato crops (Solanum
tubersum, L.). J. Agric. Sci, Mansoura,
Univ., 27 (8).5525-5537.
FAO (1999). Production Year Book, vol, 53,
Food and Agricultural Organization of
the United Nation., Rome. pp.78-80
FAOSTAT(2005).http://faostat.fao.org/site/5
67/default.aspx.
Hafez, Magda and Mahoud, R. Asmaa,
(2004): Response of snap bean
(Phaseolus vulgaris L.). tonitrogen
fertilizer source. Annals of Agric. Sci.,
Mashtohor, 42(1):261-270.
Maynard, A.A. (1993). Evaluating the
suitability of MSW compost as a soil
amendment in field-grown tomatoes.
Compost Science and Utilization
1(2):34-36.
Shams, A.S.A. (2003): Response of sweet
pepper crop to organic and biofertilizer
application. M.Sc Thesis Fac. Agric.

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Moshtohor, Zagazig Univ., Egypt, pp

148.
Seran.T.H., Srikrishnah. S and M.M.
ZAhmed (2010) Effect of different levels
of inorganic fertilizers and compost as
basal application on the

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growth and yield of onion ( Allium cepa

L.) Journal of Agricultural Sciences, vol.
5, No 2.
Tafaghodinia, B., Kamalpour M, (2008).
Compost tea, sepehr publication,
Tehran, Iran, 75p,

Abstrak: Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kebun Percobaan College Studi Pertanian, Sudan Universitas
Ilmu dan Teknologi di Shambat dengan tujuan mengevaluasi dampak dari menggunakan pupuk
organik yang berbeda (Kompos Elshomokh, Kompos Alkhaseeb, Kompos Elkhyrat dan
Pupuk Organik Cair (OsaratEltabya)) terhadap pertumbuhan, hasil dan kualitas bawang
(Baftaim kultivar) selama musim dingin 2010/2011 dan 2011 / 2012.The mempelajari
pertumbuhan dan hasil parameter yang jumlah daun per tanaman, panjang daun, diameter bola,
bulbTSS dan bola hasil / ha. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tanaman berpakaian dengan
pupuk organik memberi peningkatan jumlah daun dan panjang daun dibandingkan dengan kontrol
di kedua musim. Kompos Elshomokh memberi jumlah tertinggi daun per tanaman di kedua musim.
Kompos Alkhaseeb mencatat panjang daun tertinggi dalam satu musim dan kompos Elshomokh
memberikan panjang daun tertinggi dalam dua musim. Selain pupuk organik dipengaruhi diameter
bola positif dan menghasilkan persen tinggi lampu diameter menengah dari kompos Elshomokh
dalam satu musim dan kompos Alkhaseeb di musim dua studi an menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi
pupuk organik mengakibatkan perbedaan yang signifikan dalam bola TSS di kedua musim.
Kompos Elshomokh memberi tertinggi bola hasil (19.4t / ha) di musim pertama dan kompos
Alkhaseeb memberikan hasil terbaik (11,3 t / ha) di musim kedua.
Kata kunci: Kompos, pupuk organik cair, bawang, Bafteam, Shambat
pengantar
Onion (Allium cepa) saat ini tumbuh hampir di seluruh belahan dunia. Ini adalah sayuran
ekonomi penting di Sudan (Abu-sara, 2001). Bawang banyak digunakan sebagai sayuran oleh
hampir semua kelas masyarakat (FAO, 2005).
FAO, (1999) mendefinisikan pertanian organik sebagai sistem produksi holistik, yang
mempromosikan dan meningkatkan kesehatan agro-ekosistem, termasuk siklus biologi dan
aktivitas biologi tanah. Ini menekankan penggunaan praktek manajemen dalam preferensi
untuk
penggunaan input off-farm, takinginto akun bahwa kondisi daerah memerlukan lokal sistem.
Penggunaan pupuk kimia saja menghasilkan beberapa efek merusak terhadap lingkungan dan
kesehatan manusia dan mereka harus diisi ulang di setiap musim budidaya karena, sintetis N,
P dan K pupuk cepat hilang oleh salah penguapan atau dengan pencucian (Ali et al., 2007).
Penggunaan pupuk kandang sebagai sumber nutrisi tanaman di tanah sangat
penting, selama itu adalah sumber yang lebih murah nutrisi dari pupuk komersial.
pupuk kandang juga
memberikan nutrisi seimbang untuk tanaman dan karena itu dapat mencegah efek
berbahaya yang dihasilkan dari kekurangan atau kelebihan penambahan nutrisi
tertentu (Abdelrahman, 1997).
Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi dampak dari pupuk organik yang
berbeda pada produktivitas dan kualitas bawang.
Bahan dan metode
Dua percobaan lapangan dilakukan selama musim dingin dari 2010/2011 dan
2011/2012 di Kebun Percobaan College Studi Pertanian Sudan universitas Ilmu dan
Teknologi di Shambat, Khortoum Utara. Dalam studi ini, tiga kompos (Elshomokh,
Elkhyrat dan Alkhaseeb) yang digunakan pada tingkat 20 ton / ha di samping pupuk
organik cair (OsaratEltabya) pada tingkat 160L / ha. Kompos yang sementara
diterapkan 20 hari sebelum tanam Osarat Eltabya ditambahkan setelah tanam
dengan penyemprotan setiap dua minggu sampai tahap kedewasaan.
Data yang dicatat termasuk parameter berikut, pertumbuhan tanaman sebagai jumlah daun
per tanaman dan panjang daun (cm). karakter hasil diameter bola diukur dengan
verinercalipper (mm), bola TSS diukur dengan meteran refracto dan bola hasil (ton / ha).
Data yang terkumpul dianalisis secara statistik menggunakan statistik analisis sistem (SAS)
perangkat lunak dan sarana separted menggunakan duncan.
Hasil dan Pembahasan Jumlah daun
Aplikasi pupuk organik meningkatkan jumlah daun per tanaman. Jumlah tertinggi daun per
tanaman diperoleh kompos Elshomokh di minggu 15 di musim pertama (12 daun per
tanaman). Kompos Elshomokh diikuti oleh kompos Alkhaseeb, kompos Elkhyrat, OsaratEltabya
dan kontrol masing-masing (Gambar 1). Hasil pada jumlah daun per tanaman di musim kedua
menunjukkan bahwa jumlah tertinggi daun per tanaman diperoleh kompos Elshomokh (11 daun

per tanaman) di minggu ke-13, diikuti oleh kompos Elkhyrat, kompos Alkhaseeb, Osarat Eltabya
dan kontrol masing-masing (Gambar 2).
Selain pupuk organik mengakibatkan pelepasan lebih banyak nutrisi yang mengakibatkan jumlah
daun / tanaman. Ini setuju dengan temuan Shams (2003) yang menemukan bahwa penambahan
pupuk organik meningkat pertumbuhan vegetatif tanaman paprika.
daun panjang
Selain pupuk organik meningkat panjang daun. Panjang daun tertinggi diperoleh oleh kompos
Alkhaseeb di musim pertamanya. Panjang daun adalah 60,0, 57,5, 56,4, 55,0 dan 55,0 cm untuk
kompos Alkhaseeb, Osarat Eltabya, Kompos Elshomokh, Kompos Elkhyrat dan Pengendalian
masing-masing (Gambar 3) .Compost Elshomokh memberi daun length.In musim tertinggi dua
panjang daun adalah 64,2 , 62,9, 62,3, 58,4 dan 57,4 cm untuk Kompos Elshomokh, Kompos
Elkhyrat, Kompos Elkhaseep, Osart Eltabya dan Pengendalian, masing-masing (Gambar 4).
Peningkatan panjang daun ini disebabkan oleh efek tambahan nutrisi dalam kompos hasil ini setuju
dengan Abdel-MOUTY et al, (2001), Awad (2002) dan Hafes et al., (2004). Mereka melaporkan
bahwa pertumbuhan vegetatif tanaman meningkat dengan menggunakan kompos sebagai pupuk
organik. Hasil kami juga didukung oleh Seran et al., (2010) yang menunjukkan daun
pengembangan panjang tinggi di tahap awal dengan kompos menambahkan. Meningkatkan
pertumbuhan vegetatif tanaman bawang dengan pupuk organik cair (Osarat Eltabya) aplikasi
mungkin karena isinya dari unsur-unsur hara dalam bentuk tersedia, yang menyebabkan
meningkatkan pertumbuhan vegetatif tanaman bawang. Temuan ini sesuai dengan hasil
Tafaghodinia dan Kamalpour (2008). Mereka menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi pupuk organik cair
memberikan pertumbuhan vegetatif yang baik.
diameter Bulb
Aplikasi kompos dan organik cair pupuk terkena bola diameter.The tinggi persen lampu
mediumdiameter diperoleh dari kompos Elshomookh dalam satu musim dan kompos Alkhaseeb
musim dua (Tabel 1 dan 2).
pupuk organik meningkatkan kimia dan sifat fisik bawang. Ini setuju dengan Ali et al., (2007)
dan Abdelhakeem (2003) yang melaporkan bahwa pupuk organik meningkatkan ukuran umbi
bawang bombay dan berat dan kualitas buah dan buah ukuran dan berat dari paprika.
Bulb TSS
Hasil analisis untuk bola total padatan terlarut menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan antara
perlakuan (Tabel 3 dan 4).
Aplikasi pupuk organik meningkatkan TSS dari umbi bawang merah ini setuju dengan Ali et al,
(2007) yang melaporkan bahwa penambahan organik nitrogen meningkat bola (TSS).
yield Bulb
Tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan ( P 0,05 ) yield antara Kompos Elshomokh ( 19.4t / ha ) , Osarat Eltabya ( 15.6t /
ha ) dan Kompos Alkhaseeb ( 15,1 ) mereka menghasilkan lebih tinggi dari Kompos Elkhayrat ( 11.4t / ha ) dan Kontrol
( 11,1 t / ha ) dalam satu musim . Pada musim kedua hanya kompos Elshomokh dan Alkhaseeb secara signifikan lebih
baik daripada kontrol ( Tabel 5 ) .
Umumnya tinggi hasil umbi dan ukuran yang lebih baik dari umbi bawang mungkin karena peningkatan pertumbuhan
tanaman , yang meningkatkan tingkat proses fotosintesis dan asimilasi produk tersebut dalam jaringan tanaman . Hasil
yang sama diperoleh oleh AbdElraoof ( 2001) yang meneliti efek dari tingkat yang berbeda kompos terhadap
pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman kemangi . Maynard ( 1993 ) juga melaporkan peningkatan hasil buah tanaman kompos
- diubah dibandingkan dengan yang ditanam di tanah sendiri .