BACTERIA, ARCHAEA &

INTRODUCTION TO
EUKARYOTES

Lab 2

The 3 Domains of Life

Bacteria

Archaea

Eukarya

The 3 Domains of Life

Bacteria

Archaea

Eukarya

Bacteria and Archaea

!
!

4600 + species
Shared Characteristics:
! Mostly

Unicellular
! Outer cell wall
! Plasma membrane
! Circular DNA
! Ribosomes
!

Defined by what they Lack:

! LACK

nuclei and other membrane bound organelles

! LACK cytoskeletal elements
!

Reproduce by Fission

Morphological types
!

Bacteria and Archaea have three standard shapes:

! Cocci

! Bacilli

(spherical)

(rod-shaped)

! Spirilloid

(spiral)

Bacteria and Archaea differences

!

Bacteria:
! Nearly

every ecological niche

Archaea:
! Mostly

live in extreme environments

Bacteria and Archaea differences

!

Bacteria:
! Have

peptidoglycans in cell wall

! Gram staining is used to distunguish
between two groups of bacteria

Bacteria and Archaea differences

!

Bacteria:
! Gram

positive
! Gram negative

Archaea:
! Lack

peptidoglycans
! RNA polymerase and ribosome RNAs more similar to
eukaryotes

Nutrition and Metabolism

Must obtain food in soluble form due to their cell
wall
! Heterotrophs:
!

! Consume

pre-existing organic compounds from

environment

Autotrophs:
! Produce

CO2

their own high-energy organic compounds from

Heterotrophs
!

Photoheterotrophs:
! Light

as an energy source
! Still require organic compounds for carbon
!

Chemoheterotrophs:
! Breakdown

organic compounds as an energy source

! Saprobes: dead or decaying material
! Symbionts: tissue of other living organisms
" Ex:

Vibrio fischeri, bioluminescent bacteria that live in squid

Animals with Bioluminescence

!

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UXl8F-eIoiM

Autotrophs
!

Chemoautotrophs:
! Manufacture

organic compounds by inorganic chemical

reactions
!

Photoautotrophs:
! Manufacture

organic compounds from CO2 using the sun

! Some Cyanobacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen
in the air # ammonia
" Occurs in Heterocysts
" N2

Rhizobium
!

Heterotrophic bacteria
! Forms

a symbiotic relationship with the roots of land

plants such as legumes fix nitrogen
! Important economic asset

Eukarya
!

Synapomorphies:
! 1)

linear DNA organized into chromosomes

! 2) nucleus
! 3) mitosis and meiosis
! 4) membrane bound organelles
! 5) cellular cytoskeleton
! 6) mitochondria

Evolution of Eukarya
!

Endosymbiosis
! Capture

of ancestral, unicellular bacterium by an

ancestral eukaryotic cell
! Important examples:
" Mitochondria:

powerhouse of the cell

" Chloroplast: photosynthetic energy

Evidence for Endosymbiosis

1.
2.
3.

Both mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own

circular DNA
Both have smaller ribosomes, similar to structure to
those found in living bacteria
Both replicate independently by binary fission

BASAL EUKARYOTES AND

ALVEOLATES

Lab 3 Part 1

Eukarya: Basal lineages

!

Basal Lineages
! Diplomonds
" Lack

and Parabasalids

mitochondria

! Ameobozoa
" Pseudopodia
" Phagocytosis
" Contractile

vacuole-live in fresh water without bursting

! Euglenids
" 2

or more flagella - contain tubulin

" Pellicle-extra layer of protein under cell membrane (no cell wall)
" Eyespot or stigma

Phagocytosis
!

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aWItglvTiLc

Eukarya: Alveolates
!

Apomorphy: abutting sacs or alveoli beneath cell

membrane
! Ciliates
! Dinoflagellates
! Ampicomplexans

Ciliates
Unicellular, heterotrophic organisms
! Move with cilia
! Consume food with food vacuole
!

Dinoflagellates
Two flagella of different lengths
! May have a cellulose wall formed in armored
plates called thecae
! Planktonic
!

! Symbioses

with Cnidarian corals, sea anemones and

giant clams- called Zooxanthellae
! Red tides and bioluminescent

Bioluminescence in San Diego

Ampicomplexans
!

Contain Plasmodium
! Cause

of Malaria

Reminders!
!

Pay attention to exercises: drawings, labels, and

questions
Practical next week:
! 6

stations, 30 questions
! Labs 1, 2, 3 (part 1)
! Focus on bolded words, lab exercises, and lab questions
!

Turn in sheet of paper with all lab questions answered

(end of lab 3 and lab 8)
Notebooks due next week!! Checking labs 1, 2, 3 (part
1)
Take home a petri dish to grow fungus for next week
! Same

as bacterial plate but leave it out THIS Thursday