LAPORAN FINAL PROJECT BAHASA INGGRIS

PARALEL / KELOMPOK : C / 8
M. BURHANUDDIN FIRMANSYAH

[1534010088]

M. ZAYYAN RAMADHAN

[1534010095]

MAUFTHAUDIN MUSTAQIM

[1534010105]

RIDHO AJI PANGESTU

[1534010108]

PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK INFORMATIKA

FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI INDUSTRI
UNIVERSITAS PEMBANGUNAN NASIONAL VETERAN
JAWA TIMUR
2016

Article
There had been a lot of speeches and it was clear the FBI didnt like Apples
default encryption system but what could they actually do about it? They had
been leaning on Congress all year and getting nowhere.
Then, everything changed. On February 16th, the FBI took Apple to court over
an iPhone used by one of the San Bernardino attackers, putting encryption at the
center of the largest terrorism-linked shooting in the US in years. A similar phoneunlocking order was already being argued in New York, and the two cases plunged
Apple into a legal crisis, as the company faced the possibility that a single ruling
might undo years of security work.

THE FBI'S ENCRYPTION CASES ARE OVER

Now, two months later, that fight is effectively over. The government backed
out of the San Bernardino case on March 28th, after paying for a new method to
break into the phone, and on Friday, the government pulled a similar move in New
York. Late Friday night, investigators said they had discovered the passcode to the
iPhone at the center of the New York case. It was an embarrassing retreat,
announced at a time that would generate as little press coverage as possible, and
hastily close an appeal that prosecutors had sworn to continue just two weeks
earlier.
But its also the end of something much larger. With the New York case
closed, the government is no longer using the courts to try to force Apple to break its
own security. There are plenty of other iPhones that prosecutors would like to unlock,
but no active cases, and given the retreats in both New York and San Bernardino, it
doesnt seem likely prosecutors will start up a new case any time soon. Prosecutors
will leave New York with a new ruling in place that strikes down the legal reasoning
behind the governments unlocking request, and theres now no prospect that ruling
will be overturned. After months of high-stakes legal maneuvering, the FBIs
encryption cases are over, and the bureau is leaving in a far worse spot than it
started.

EACH NEW PIECE OF NEWS HAS MADE THE FBIS HACK LOOK
WORSE
The only win the FBI has from the past three months is a secret new method
for unlocking iPhones, disclosed to the agency at the close of the San Bernardino
case but in the weeks since then, each new piece of news has made the FBIs
hack look worse. On April 7th, FBI Director James Comey told an audience the hack
doesnt work on any phones newer than a 5S, which cuts out three-quarters of active
iPhones up front. Two weeks later, he told a different crowd that the price tag had
been well over $1 million. Over the same period, a steady trickle of anonymous leaks
made it clear that there were no new leads coming from the now-unlocked San

Bernardino phone, just the expected confirmation that the two shooters hadnt used
that particular phone to coordinate with accomplices. One million dollars is a very
high price tag for that information, and given the narrow benefits of the new hack, it
seems fair to say the fight has cost the FBI more than it has cost Apple.
"IDENTIFYING THESE VULNERABILITIES... CAN TAKE AN UNACCEPTABLE
AMOUNT OF TIME."
Buying hacks is even worse as a longterm strategy. The vulnerability market
is a complex and expensive place, and there are a lot of well-heeled criminals,
brokers, and other governments willing to pay top dollar for a way to unlock a seized
phone. At the same time, trying to find the bugs first is a bigger task than the FBI can
afford to take on. Amy Hess, the FBIs executive assistant director for science and
technology, said as much at a recent congressional hearing. "Identifying these
vulnerabilities and developing lawful intercept or lawful access solutions can take an
unacceptable amount of time, require significant skill and resources, and the results
of these efforts can be ephemeral, at best," Hess told the committee. When Rep.
Diana DeGette (D-CO) asked if the FBI could develop those capabilities on its own,
Hess replied simply, "No, Maam." For the FBIs top techie, its a bracing admission:
the bureau cannot hack its way out of the encryption problem.
The FBI can still take companies to court, but that path is a lot harder than it
was a few months ago. When the San Bernardino fight began in February, there
was very little established case law interpreting the All Writs Act and US v.
Telephone, the most relevant precedent but thats not true anymore. In New York,
Magistrate Judge Orenstein rejected the governments interpretation of US v.
Telephone in a blistering 50-page ruling, Apples biggest legal victory so far. The
FBIs retreat on Friday means that decision stands, which is bad news for anyone
hoping to compel tech companies to unlock their products. Orensteins decision
doesnt have the precedent-setting power of an appeals court ruling, but its still the
only time a judge has come to a conclusion on whether the FBI should actually have
the powers its pushing for. If Comey was hoping to set a precedent, he sure wasnt
hoping for this one.
Then theres the practical fact that the government has now backed out of two
cases in a row: once because a new method was discovered, and once because the
passcode for the phone itself was discovered. Next time a locked iPhone comes up,
prosecutors will have to make a very convincing case that there is no other way to
find the subjects passcode and no lingering vulnerabilities waiting to be discovered.
In both cases, it will be very hard to say for sure. As any security expert will tell you,
there are always more undiscovered vulnerabilities out there.

IF COMEY WAS HOPING TO SET A PRECEDENT, HE SURE WASNT

HOPING FOR THIS ONE
The result leaves the FBI back where it started, only with fewer options and
less credibility. Theres still the chance of getting an anti-encryption law through

Congress one recent example was introduced earlier this month but the odds
are no better than they were last year. If anything, the FBIs courtroom
misadventures have made the issue seem less urgent. How serious can the problem
be, when they keep finding ways to unlock phones at the last minute?
The FBIs loss won't put the issue to rest entirely. The government has lost
crypto battles before most notably with the Clipper Chip fight in the 90s.
Intelligence agencies responded by going underground, working behind the scenes
to undermine standards and weaken systems. The FBI is unlikely to give up on
its encryption-breaking "Going Dark" initiative. But for the last two months, the courts
have not been on the bureaus side, and the broader political landscape has never
been less favorable. For anyone in the business of strong security, its the best news
in years.
There had been a lot of speeches and it was clear the FBI didnt like Apples
default encryption system but what could they actually do about it? They had
been leaning on Congress all year and getting nowhere.
Then, everything changed. On February 16th, the FBI took Apple to court over an
iPhone used by one of the San Bernardino attackers, putting encryption at the center
of the largest terrorism-linked shooting in the US in years. A similar phone-unlocking
order was already being argued in New York, and the two cases plunged Apple into a
legal crisis, as the company faced the possibility that a single ruling might undo
years of security work.
THE FBI'S ENCRYPTION CASES ARE OVER
Now, two months later, that fight is effectively over. The government backed out of
the San Bernardino case on March 28th, after paying for a new method to break into
the phone, and on Friday, the government pulled a similar move in New York. Late
Friday night, investigators said they had discovered the passcode to the iPhone at
the center of the New York case. It was an embarrassing retreat, announced at a
time that would generate as little press coverage as possible, and hastily close an
appeal that prosecutors had sworn to continue just two weeks earlier.
But its also the end of something much larger. With the New York case closed, the
government is no longer using the courts to try to force Apple to break its own
security. There are plenty of other iPhones that prosecutors would like to unlock, but
no active cases, and given the retreats in both New York and San Bernardino, it
doesnt seem likely prosecutors will start up a new case any time soon. Prosecutors
will leave New York with a new ruling in place that strikes down the legal reasoning
behind the governments unlocking request, and theres now no prospect that ruling
will be overturned. After months of high-stakes legal maneuvering, the FBIs
encryption cases are over, and the bureau is leaving in a far worse spot than it
started.
EACH NEW PIECE OF NEWS HAS MADE THE FBIS HACK LOOK WORSE
The only win the FBI has from the past three months is a secret new method for
unlocking iPhones, disclosed to the agency at the close of the San Bernardino case

 but in the weeks since then, each new piece of news has made the FBIs hack
look worse. On April 7th, FBI Director James Comey told an audience the hack
doesnt work on any phones newer than a 5S, which cuts out three-quarters of active
iPhones up front. Two weeks later, he told a different crowd that the price tag had
been well over $1 million. Over the same period, a steady trickle of anonymous leaks
made it clear that there were no new leads coming from the now-unlocked San
Bernardino phone, just the expected confirmation that the two shooters hadnt used
that particular phone to coordinate with accomplices. One million dollars is a very
high price tag for that information, and given the narrow benefits of the new hack, it
seems fair to say the fight has cost the FBI more than it has cost Apple.
"IDENTIFYING THESE VULNERABILITIES... CAN TAKE AN UNACCEPTABLE
AMOUNT OF TIME."
Buying hacks is even worse as a longterm strategy. The vulnerability market is a
complex and expensive place, and there are a lot of well-heeled criminals, brokers,
and other governments willing to pay top dollar for a way to unlock a seized phone.
At the same time, trying to find the bugs first is a bigger task than the FBI can afford
to take on. Amy Hess, the FBIs executive assistant director for science and
technology, said as much at a recent congressional hearing. "Identifying these
vulnerabilities and developing lawful intercept or lawful access solutions can take an
unacceptable amount of time, require significant skill and resources, and the results
of these efforts can be ephemeral, at best," Hess told the committee. When Rep.
Diana DeGette (D-CO) asked if the FBI could develop those capabilities on its own,
Hess replied simply, "No, Maam." For the FBIs top techie, its a bracing admission:
the bureau cannot hack its way out of the encryption problem.
The FBI can still take companies to court, but that path is a lot harder than it was a
few months ago. When the San Bernardino fight began in February, there was very
little established case law interpreting the All Writs Act and US v. Telephone, the
most relevant precedent but thats not true anymore. In New York, Magistrate
Judge Orenstein rejected the governments interpretation of US v. Telephone in a
blistering 50-page ruling, Apples biggest legal victory so far. The FBIs retreat on
Friday means that decision stands, which is bad news for anyone hoping to compel
tech companies to unlock their products. Orensteins decision doesnt have the
precedent-setting power of an appeals court ruling, but its still the only time a judge
has come to a conclusion on whether the FBI should actually have the powers its
pushing for. If Comey was hoping to set a precedent, he sure wasnt hoping for this
one.
Then theres the practical fact that the government has now backed out of two cases
in a row: once because a new method was discovered, and once because the
passcode for the phone itself was discovered. Next time a locked iPhone comes up,
prosecutors will have to make a very convincing case that there is no other way to
find the subjects passcode and no lingering vulnerabilities waiting to be discovered.
In both cases, it will be very hard to say for sure. As any security expert will tell you,
there are always more undiscovered vulnerabilities out there.

IF COMEY WAS HOPING TO SET A PRECEDENT, HE SURE WASNT HOPING

FOR THIS ONE
The result leaves the FBI back where it started, only with fewer options and less
credibility. Theres still the chance of getting an anti-encryption law through Congress
one recent example was introduced earlier this month but the odds are no
better than they were last year. If anything, the FBIs courtroom misadventures have
made the issue seem less urgent. How serious can the problem be, when they keep
finding ways to unlock phones at the last minute?
The FBIs loss won't put the issue to rest entirely. The government has lost crypto
battles before most notably with the Clipper Chip fight in the 90s. Intelligence
agencies responded by going underground, working behind the scenes to undermine
standards and weaken systems. The FBI is unlikely to give up on its encryptionbreaking "Going Dark" initiative. But for the last two months, the courts have not
been on the bureaus side, and the broader political landscape has never been less
favorable. For anyone in the business of strong security, its the best news in years.

Paper
Abstract Purpose The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate System-of-Systems
(SoS) approach to design and development of unmanned robotic platform for
greenhouse agricultural application. Design/methodology/approach SoS design
approach is important in developing engineering products. It was observed that while
system integration considers designs in a multi-disciplinary level framework, SoS is
viewed as a solution focussed approach. In this paper, the authors have
demonstrated So Sapproach to develop a mobile robot platform.
The wheels ofthe platformare independentlycontrolled by using brushless DC
and stepper motors based on fieldbus type Distributed Control System scheme.
Findings The constraints for autonomous traveling were identified during the first
phase followed by development of 12 distinct sub-routines during second phase of
training. Optimal camera installation angle, driving speeds, steering angle per pixel
were found to be valuable constraints for feed-forward parameters for real-time
driving. The platform was field tested in a tomato planted greenhouse for yield and
weed mapping. Research limitations/implications.
The paper focusses on studying vision-based autonomous four-wheel-drive
(4WD) constraints and their implementation limitations. Practical implications The
platform was field tested in a tomato planted greenhouse for yield and weed
mapping. Social implications The platform can be used for agricultural operations
such as crop scouting, monitoring, spraying, and mapping in a medium to large-scale
greenhouse setting. Originality/value The research and presentation is original.
Starting from its mechanical specification to wheel performance study, development
of path patterns for training and global navigation algorithm for testing and validation
were achieved. The platform can autonomously be driven without any manual
intervention. Keywords Four-wheel drive, Agricultural robot, Autonomous driving,
Path pattern, System-of-systems.

Introduction System-of-Systems (SoS) is a new paradigm in the engineering

domain (Hawryszkiewycz, 2013). Through this work, SoS approach to mobile robotic
platform design was accomplished. Because of the availabilityof modular subsystems such as vision systems, drive systems (motors, pneumatics), control
systems, integrable mechanical components (ball bearing, gearing, and several
complex components), communication systems and electronic interfaces, it has been
easier to integrate these sub-systems in order to develop desirable applicationoriented machineries and platforms.

As matter of fact, design situations have dramatically changed. However, the

analysis for design optimization, autonomy and intelligence, and application-specific
critical attributes for any kind of design and development still are ongoing research
problems. Mobile robotic design and development approaches, tools, techniques,
methods, etc., have been reported by many researchers across the globe and can
be found in the literatures.

The current research activities primarily focus on the above mentioned three
areas. This research presents work on a system level approach to design and
development of a mobile robotic platform which was trained using a single camera.
The four-wheel drive (4WD) based mobile robot can accomplish autonomous
steering. SI is key to SoS because it inherits a collection of task-oriented subsystems that together do the global task. Bearing in mind that while SI architecture of
a welding robot in an automotive manufacturing plant is different from that of a
chocolate packaging robot, and each robotic platform has distinctive mechanical,
electrical, electronics, and embedded executives (operational and intelligence
algorithm), and data handling and computing interfaces, the applicationspecific robot
design and its validation is much more involved.

Mobile robot mechanical design, kinematic relationship, vision and control

systems The intended application of the developed mobile robot was for greenhouse
purposes. The mechanical specification of a robot depends on the type of
application. It was developed for a medium to large greenhouse of 3-6 acre-units
(approximately 100-150 meters of length and width) accommodating with 40-75 rows
of crop rows (tomato, potato, rose, etc.). In Korea the trend is develop modern
greenhouse with advanced features and functionalities (Lee, 2010). Figure 1(a)
shows a typical setting where we had demonstrated the experiment. For example,
crop scouting, temperature and moisture monitoring and control, yield monitoring
and mapping, watering, pesticide applications, grown and health monitoring,
harvesting, etc., are constantly developed, researched, and implemented. In such a
setting, the mechanical specification including the types of materials and coating to
be used was investigated considering their characteristics, possibilities, and
difficulties (Anderson and Garg, 2004). The mobile robot was developed from the
scratch. The 4WD robotic platform was designed of the steering angle on the basis
of the kinematic analysis.

Figure was chosen as the path pattern for real-time testing and validation
(PPV). For testing and validation we divided the entire path pattern into nine
segments out of which four segments are linear types, and three are non-liner
types and two segments are hybrid (both types). The mobile robot successfully
navigated over the path in both the direction utilizing 12 feed-forward sub-algorithms
from the look-up table. During run-time we recorded the navigated steering angle
and X position in both FWS and RWS for all types of path pattern segments. Figure
5(b) is for the profile of the linear steering angles, (c) is for the profile of position of
the driving platform, and (d) is the profiles of how speed reductions occur at specific
sections for a linear segment with.
Discussion and results The platform can autonomously be driven without any
manual intervention. As mentioned, the constraints for autonomous traveling were
observed during the first phase of training followed by development of 12 distinct
sub-routines in the second phase. Optimal camera installation angle, driving speeds,
steering AP were found to be valuable constraints for feed-forward parameters.
Conclusion single camera-based 4WD mobile robot for autonomous steering
was studied. Starting from mechanical specification to importance stages of SI
aspects and requirements including kinematics, vision and image processing,
control, path patterns, training, subalgorithms, testing andvalidationwere considered
to advocate the role of SoS in the design and development process. The parameters
such as camera angle, ROI, maximum and minimum speed and acceleration, types
of sub-algorithms to implement for feed-forward control strategy for global navigation
during real-time was successfully studied and validated. The robotic platform was
also tested in a green house. For commercialization, the product is going to be
tested to meet the safety regulation which is our future work.