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EXTRACTION / LEACHING
CHAPTER / CONTENT
Introduction to Leaching Process
Rates of Leaching
Types of Equipments for Leaching
Equilibrium Relations in Leaching
Calculation in Leaching
Extraction of oil from peanuts, soybeans, sunflower seeds, etc. using organic
solvent such as hexane.
Removing metals from their ores. For example, gold is leached from its ore
using an aqueous sodium cyanide solution.
Rates of Leaching
PRINCIPLES OF LEACHING
Principles of Leaching
Generally there are five rate steps in the leaching process:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
The solvent is transferred from the bulk solution to the surface of the
solid.
The solvent penetrates or diffuses into the solid (intraparticle diffusion).
The solute dissolves from the solid into the solvent.
The solute diffuses through the mixture to the surface of the solid
(intraparticle diffusion).
The solute is transferred to the bulk solution.
Batch leaching
The rate of mass transfer of the solute A being dissolved to the solution of
volume V in m3 is:
where
NA
k L c AS c A
A
Eq.1
dcA
V
N A Ak L c AS c A
dt
dcA
Ak L
c c AS c A V
A0
dt
t 0
c AS c A
e k L A V t
c AS c A0
NA
kL
The amount of solution retained with the solids in the settling portion of each
stage may depend the density and viscosity of liquid in which the solid is
suspended.
Solvent (C)
kg B (inert/leached solid)
kg solid
For overflow, N = 0
For underflow, N value depending on the solute concentration in the liquid.
The composition of solute A in liquid will be expressed as wt fractions:
xA
kg A
kg solute
kg A kg C kg solution
yA
kg A
kg solute
kg A kg C kg solution
Calculation in Leaching
Solvent Feed
V2, xA2
V1, xA1
Underflow solution
Feed Slurry
L0, N0, yA0, B
V
L
B
xA
yA
The value of N for the slurry underflow is essentially constant at 1.5 kg insoluble
solid/kg solution retained.
Calculate the amounts and compositions of the overflow V1 and the underflow
slurry L1 leaving the stage.
Solvent Feed
V2, xA2
Underflow solution
L1, N1, yA1, B
Information given:
Feed slurry = 100 kg containing 20 wt% oil
Entering solvent, V2 = 100 kg
A = 20 kg
B = 80 kg
Mass of C = 0 kg
C = 0 kg
y A0
A
A
20
1.0
L0 A C 20 0
N0
B
B
80
4 .0
L0 A C 20 0
Coordinate for L0
Mass of A = 0
A = 0 kg
Mass of B = 0
B = 0 kg
Mass of C = 100 kg
C = 100 kg
x2
A
A
0
0
V2 A C 0 100
N2
B
B
0
0
V2 A C 0 100
L0 V2 L1 V1 M
20 100 M
M 120 kg
Component A balance:
L0 y A0 V2 x A2 Mx AM
B N 0 L0 N1 L1 N M M
N 0 L0 N M M
420 N M 120
N M 0.667
From figure,
Coordinate for V1 (x1 , N1) = (0.167 , 0)
Coordinate for L1
L1 V1 M
L1 V1 120
V1 120 L1
Eq.1
Solid balance:
B N 0 L0 N1 L1 N M M
N1 L1 N M M
1.5L1 0.667120
L1 53.36 kg
V1 120 L1
V1 120 53.36
Eq.1
V1 66.64 kg
Process flow
Overflow solution
Solvent Feed
VN+1, xN+1
V1, x1
Underflow solution
Feed Slurry
xA
yA
The ideal stages are numbered in the direction of the solids or underflow stream.
The solvent (C) solute (A) phase or V phase is the liquid phase that overflows
continuously from stage to stage countercurrently to the solid phase, and it
dissolves solute as it moves along.
The slurry phase L composed of inert solid (B) and liquid phase of A and C is the
continuous underflow from each stage.
Composition of V denoted by x
Composition of L denoted by y
Assumption: The solid B is insoluble and is not lost in the liquid V phase.
The flow rate of solid is constant throughout the process
N N kg solid/kg solution
kg solid
y AN kg solute/kg solution kg solute (underflow)
A dashed line is plotted through the origin at yA = 0
and N = 0 with a slope of NN/yAN, which intersects the
N vs yA line at LN. The coordinates of LN are read from
the graph as (yAN , NN).
Plot point M (xAM, NM).
The line VN+1LoM is drawn as is line LNM. Extend the
line LNM to intersect N = 0 at V1(xA1, 0), Value of xA1 is
read from the graph.
Find the amount of V1 and LN using balance equation.
To determine number of stages, the operating point
is obtained as the intersection of lines Lo V1 and
LNVN+1.
A vertical tie line through V1 locates L1. Line L1 is
drawn and give V2. Continue until the desired LN is
reached.
Solvent Feed
VN+1, xN+1
V1, x1
Underflow solution
Feed Slurry
Information given:
Feed slurry (L0):
A = 800 kg/h
B = 2000 kg/h
C = 50 kg/h
B = 0 kg/h
C = 1310 kg/h
Solvent Feed
VN+1, xN+1
V1, x1
Underflow solution
Feed Slurry
Information given:
Underflow solution (LN):
A =120 kg/h
B = 2000 kg/h
C = ?? kg/h
A
A
800
800
0.94
L0 A C 800 50 850
N0
B
B
2000
2000
2.35
L0 A C 800 50 850
Coordinate for L0
Mass of A = 20 kg/h
Mass of B = 0 kg/h
Mass of C = 1310 kg/h
x N 1
A
VN 1
N N 1
B
VN 1
A
20
20
0.015
A C 20 1310 1330
B
0
0
A C 20 1310
NN
yN
B
N N LN B 2000
16.67
A
yN
A 120
LN
N 16.67 y
LN
L0
1
0
-0.4
-0.2
-1 0
VN 1
0.2
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
x A, y A
0.4
0.6
0.8
L0 VN 1 LN V1 M
L0 VN 1 M
850 1330 M
M 2180 kg
Component A balance:
L0 y A0 VN 1 xN 1 Mx AM
B N 0 L0 N N LN N M M
N 0 L0 N M M
2.35850 N M 2180
N M 0.916
LN
V1
0
-0.2
-0.4
-1
VN 1
0.2
0.4
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
From figure,
L0
x A, y A
0.6
0.8
V1 2180 LN
Eq.1
Component A balance:
LN y N V1 x1 Mx AM
LN 997.62 kg
V1 2180 LN
Eq.1
V1 2180 997.62
V1 1182.38 kg
Construct operating point:
Connect L0 with V1 & LN with VN+1. The cross line operating point.
Total stages: 4 stages
LN
L3
-1
VN 1
0.2
-2
-3
-4
-5
L0
V1
0
-0.2
L1
-0.4
L2
-6
-7
x A, y A
0.4
0.6
0.8