HT Lab Manual Final

HEAT TRANSFER
SRTCTS
SUMAN RAMESH TULSIANI TECHNICAL CAMPUS

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
LAB MANUAL
HEAT TRANSFER
LABORATORY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGG.
HEAT TRANSFER
SRTCTS

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. /Miss _____________ of class

_____Roll No._____Examination Seat No. __________
has completed all the practical work in the subject
HEAT TRANSFER satisfactorily, as prescribed by
University of Pune in the Academic Year 2014 -2015.
HEAT TRANSFER
Staff In-charge
Head of Department
Principal
SRTCTS

INDEX
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Sr.
No
Page
No
Title of Experiment
Thermal conductivity of metal rod
Heat Transfer through Composite
Thermal Conductivity of Insulating Powder
Heat Transfer in Natural Convection
Heat Transfer in Forced Convection
Stefan Boltzmans constant.
Wall Emissivity of Metal Surface efficiency.
8
9
10
Date of
Performance
Marks
Obtained
Signature
of Staff
Performance of parallel flow and counter flow

heat exchanger
Critical Heat Flux at various bulk
temperatures of water.
Temperature distribution along the length of
fin & fin effectiveness & its
LAB INNOVATIONS
1
2
Signature of Subject Incharge
Head of Department
Principal
HEAT TRANSFER
Experiment No: 01
Thermal Conductivity of Metal Rod
Experiment No: 01
Thermal Conductivity of Metal Rod
Aim: - Determination of thermal conductivity of metal rod
Introduction: Thermal conductivity is the physical property of the material denoting the ease with a
particular substance can accomplish the transmission of thermal energy by the molecular motion.
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Thermal conductivity of a material is found to depend upon the chemical composition of the
substance or substance which it is composed of the phase (i.e. gas, liquid or solid) in which it
exists. Its crystalline structure if a solid, the temperatures and the pressure to which it is
subjected and whether or not it is a homogeneous material.
Table: Conductivities of Materials
Material
Silver
Pure Copper
Aluminum
Brass
Iron
Thermal Conductivity
( W / m K)
420
386
220
95
70
Stainless Steel
14
Mechanisms of thermal energy conduction in metals: Thermal energy in metals may be conducted in solids by two modes:
i)
Lattice vibration
ii )
Transport by free electrons.

In good electrical conductors a rather large number of free electrons move about in the
lattice structure of material. Just as these electrons may transport electrical charge they may also
carry thermal energy from high temperature region to a low temperature region. In fact these
electrons are frequently referred as the electron gas. Energy may also be transmitted as
vibrational energy in the lattice structure of the material. In general, however this lattice mode of
energy transfer is not as large as the electron transport it is for this reason that good electrical
conductors are almost always good heat conductors viz. copper, aluminum and silver will
increase in temperature. However, the increased lattice vibrations come in the way of transport
by free electrons and for most of pure metals the thermal conductivity decreases with increase in
temperature.
Apparatus: The experimental set up consist of metal bar, one end of which is heated by an electric
heater while the other end project inside cooling water jacket. The middle portion of the bar is
HEAT TRANSFER
surrounded by a cylindrical shell filled with asbestos powder/glass wool bags. The temperature
distribution is measured by separate thermocouple at two different sections in the cylindrical
shell.
The heater provided with a dimmerstat for controlling the heat input. Water under
constant head condition is circulated through the jacket and its flow rate and temperature rise are
noted.
Specifications:1) Length of metal bar
: 510 mm
2) Size of metal bar (diameter)
: 25.4 mm
3) Test length of the bar
: 315 mm
4) No. of thermocouples mounted on the bar
:6
5) No. of thermocouples in the insulation shell : 4

6) Heater coil
: band type
7) Cooling jacket diameter
: 90 mm
8) Temperature indicator 0-200 C, with

multi-channel switch position. 1-5
: Digital Display with switch.
thermocouple position on metal bar

9) Material of Metal Rod
: Copper
10) Dimmerstat for heater coil
: 2 Amp
11) Voltmeter
: 0 to 300 Volts
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12) Ammeter
: 0 to 5 Amp
13) Measuring flask for water flow rate
: 2 Ltrs.
Theory: The heater coil heat the bar at its end and heat will be conducted through other end after
attaining the steady state referring the figure. Heat flowing out of the section A-A of bar,
P m Cp T
Where,
m = mass flow rate of cooling water.
Cp = specific heat of water.
T = (T11-T10)
Thermal conductivity of bar at section A-A can now be calculated as,
dT
dx
P K AA A
AA
The value of dT dx AA is obtained experimentally. The negative sign is introduced

because heat flows in the direction of decreasing temperature and serves to make the heat flux
positive in the positive direction.
Heat conducted through section B-B

of bar
Radial heat loss between section B-B

and section A-A
(T8 T9 )
P 2 K L
r
ln o
r
PBB
Where,
K = 0.2 Kcal/hr-mC
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0.23 W/m-k
L = 0.08 m
Thermal conductivity of section B-B is,
dT
dx
P K AA A
AA
Heat conducted through the section C-C is,
T6 T7
ln r r
o i
PBB 2 K L
P
CC
and,
dT
dx
PCC K CC A
CC
Thus, the thermal conductivity of bar can be calculated.
Procedure: 1) Start the electric supply.

2) Give input to heater by slowly rotating the dimmerstat and adjust it to voltage equal to
80V, 120V, etc. for different sets.
3) Start the cooling water supply through the jacket and adjust it to about 300 to 350 cc per
minute.
4) Go on checking the temperature at some specified time interval, say 5 minutes and
continue this till a satisfactory steady state condition is reached.
5) Note down the temperature readings 1 to 11.
6) Note down the mass flow rate of water in Kg/hr and temperature rise in 0C.
Safety Precautions:
1. Ensure that dimmestat is at zero position before switching on main supply
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2. Switch on main supply and gradually increase it to 70 to 100 V
3. Do not exceed power input beyond 100 V
Observation Table: Thermocouple
Number/
Time (min)
T1 T2
C C
T3
C
T4
C
T5
C
T6
C
T7
C
T8
C
T9
C
T10
C
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
Radial distance of thermocouple in insulating shell.
ri = 40 mm.
ro = 60 mm.
Sample Calculation: Mass flow rate = Vol flow rate in cc x 10-6 x density of water =
(kg/s)
After attaining the steady state, heat flowing through section C-C of the bar;
Q cc = Heat gained by water
= mw Cpw T
where mw = mass flow rate of the cooling water (kg/s)
Cpw = Specific heat of the water (kJ/kg K)
T = (T12 - T11)
Thermal conductivity of bar at section C-C can now be calculated as:
Q cc = - kcc .A . dT
dx
(Watt)
C-C
T11
C
T12
C
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The value of
dT
is to be found out from temp v/s distance graph to be plotted.
dx cc
A is cross sectional area of bar, kcc thermal conductivity of metal rod at section C-C
Heat conducted through the section B-B of the bar
Q BB
= Q cc + Radial heat lost between sections B-B and C-C

= Q cc + 2kinsL (T9 T10)
(Watt)
ln (ro/ri)
Similarly, thermal conductivity at B-B can be calculated as:
QBB = - kBB . A. dT
(Watt)
dx B-B
Heat conducted through the section A-A
QAA = QBB + 2kins L (T7 T8)
ln (ro/ri)
and
QAA = - kAA. A dT
dx
(Watt)
A-A
Thus the thermal conductivity of bar at different temperatures can be calculated.

Also, Average conductivity = (kAA + kBB + kCC) / 3 = . W/mK
Draw plots temp vs distance to find out dT/dx at different sections.
Draw plot to show that conductivity of copper decreases with increase in temp.
Result Table: Sr.
No.
Section
Heat Flow Rate
Thermal Conductivity
(Kcal/hr)
(Kcal/hr-mC)
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Conclusion: -
Experiment No: 02
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Heat Transfer through Composite Wall
Experiment No: 02
Determination of Thermal Conductivity of Composite wall
Aim: Determination of temperature distribution along Composite Wall.
Theory: In practice, composite structures are present in many applications. By composite
structures we mean that more than one layer of solid placed in the passage of heat flow by
conduction.
Following list gives few examples where composite structures are present:
i)
Insulated steam pipes
ii )
Insulated pipes carrying refrigerator
iii )
Walls of an A/C room
iv )
Doors & sides of refrigerators
v)
Doors and walls of cold storage
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These composite walls are formed by placing layers of different materials such as:
i)
Steel, copper or any other metallic walls
ii )
Concrete or wood
iii )
Insulating materials such as asbestos, thermocol, glass-wool, puff, cork etc.
Procedure:
1. Using a dimmer stat and wattmeter an electric input of 70W is to be given to the central
heater & kept constant throughout the experiment. This will require 70W position on
dimmer stat approximately.
2. The temperature T1 to T8 will go on increasing slowly.
3. When steady state is reached, record the observations in observation table.
Safety Precautions:
1)
2)
3)
4)
Keep the dimmer stat at zero position before switching on the power supply.
Increase the voltage gradually.
Operate selector switch of temperature indicator gently.
Do not exceed 100 volts for safety reasons.
Specifications:1. Slabs : Mild Steel :

Backlite
Press Wood:
2. Heater: Nichrome heater wound on mice former and insulator with control unit capacity
300 watt maximum.
3. Heater control unit: 0 230 volt.
4. Voltmeter 0-100-200 V.
5. Ammeter: 0-2 A, Single phase Dimmer stat.
Observations:1. Voltmeter reading =
2. Ammeter reading =
3. Temperature =
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Fig. Experimental set up of Composite Slab
Observation Table:SR.
VOLTAGE
CURRENT
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
NO.
1.
2.
3.
(v) v
(I) A
(C)
(C)
(C)
(C)
(C)
(C)
(C)
(C)
Calculations:
Heat input Q =
where R1
L
L1
L2
; R2
; R3 3
k1 A1
k 2 A2
k 3 A3
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Where, Ta = (T1 + T2)/2 ; Tb = (T3 + T4)/2

Tc = (T5 + T6)/2 ; Td = (T7 + T8)/2
A1, A2, A3 = A =
Q=
Where , Kcomposite = Thermal conductivity of composite slab
R =Total thermal resistance.
=
R = R 1 + R2 + R 3
Result Table:
Material
Thermal conductivity (W/ m K)
Mild steel
Bakelite
Press Wood
Composite slab
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Plot Temp. Distribution across thickness of different slabs.
Conclusion: - From the graph, it is seen that, as the thickness increases, temperature in
composite slab decreases. Also, temp. drop across wood is max being insulator and across steel
minimum being good conductor.
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Experiment No: 03
Experiment No: 03
Aim: - To determine the thermal conductivity of insulating powder.
Introduction:Insulating material of different types such as asbestos, glass wool etc are used in
engineering practice to prevent the leakages of heat. These materials offer resistance to heat flow
and are useful in saving the energy. These materials possess a relatively small value of thermal
conductivity. Table 1 gives the list of commonly used in insulating materials & their thermal
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conductivity values. Mechanical engineer should know these values & the method to determine
these values.
Table: Thermal conductivity of insulating materials
Material
Thermal Conductivity (k),
Asbestos
Plastics
Wood
Brick
Concrete
Fibre brick
Mineral wool
Plaster
Rubber
Cork Sheet
Glass
Urethane Foam
Fibre Glass
Water
Air
W/mK
0.23
0.58
0.17
0.23
1.2
0.140
0.047
0.779
0.163
0.042
0.744
0.020
0.050
0.55
0.02
Apparatus:The apparatus consists two thin walled copper spheres an electrical heater. The heater is
prepared from Nichrome wire and embedded in mica sheet to insulate it electrically. The inner
sphere is placed concentrically in the outer sphere. The space between two spheres is filled with
commercially available asbestos powder. Thermocouples are filled on the outer surface of the
inner sphere & inner surface of outer sphere. The assembled unit is placed on a tripod fixed on a
wooden base.
Heat input to the heater is varied by a dimmerstat & is measured by voltmeter & ammeter
on control panel. Temperature across the spherical layer of insulating powder is measured by
thermocouples & temperature indicator.
Heat supplied to the heater is conducted across the spherical layer of insulation & is lost
to the surroundings from the outer spherical surface by natural convection & radiation.
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Theory:Fourier law for a spherical geometry with radical flow of heat can be written as,
dq K 4 r 2
dT
dr
Integrating over inner radius (ri) to outer radius (ro)

r
o
T
o
dq dr
4 K dT
2
r
r
T
i
i
4 K (T T )
i
o
1
r
r
o
i
Where,
T1 : Average inner sphere temperature
T2 : Average outer sphere temperature Observations:-
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Heat input of about 20 watts is being given and kept constant throughout the experiment.
The temperatures at inner and outer surfaces are checked. The time interval is 10 min. till the
steady state is reached. Under the steady state conditions, the heat input & temperatures are
noted in the final observation table and are recorded as under.
1 ) Average radius of inner sphere = 50 mm
2 ) Average radius of outer sphere = 100 mm
3) Thermocouples = 6
4) Dimmerstrat = 0 to 2 Amp
5) Heating Coil = Mica Type 400 Watts
6) Insulating powder = Asbestos
Observation Table:Inner sphere temp.

No.
(v)
(A)
( C )
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Where, Average inner sphere temperature T

i
Average outer sphere temperature T
o
Avg.
Outer sphere temp. (C)
T1 T2 T3 T4
4
T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10
6
T9
temp.
T10
Ti
To
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Using equation (1) as above values of thermal conductivity K of given insulating powder
can be calculate as
1
1
r
r
o
i
K
4 (T T )
i
o
Q
W/m k
and is referred at mean temperature

T T
o
T
i
mean
2
Remarks:1)
This experiment can be conducted for 2/3 heater input values to find the K at different
mean temperatures.
2)
This value obtained as above can be plotted against mean temperatures to study the
variation of K with respect to temperature.
3)
The value of thermal conductivity can be compared with the values given in literature &
comment on variation observed if any.
Calculation:The value of thermal Conductivity, k of the given insulating powder is

calculated from formula
4 k r 1 r 2 (T i - T o )
Q = ---------------------------r 2 -r 1
Conclusion:-
Expected Questions for Oral Examination:1. Define thermal conductivity & its unit.
2. State Fouriers Law of conduction.
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3. Arrange the following in ascending conducting value Air, Copper, Aluminum, Gold,
Platinum, Brick, Rubber, Asbestos, Freon, Steel.
4. Why thermal conductivity of metals is high?
5. State the effect of pressure on thermal conductivity of gas.
6. State the highest & lowest conducting materials.
7. State thermal conductivity of Gold & Platinum.
8. Describe heat conductors & insulators along with their application in domestic,
engineering & commercial sectors.
9. How temperature gradient is achieved in experiment?
10. State the example of one dimensional steady state heat conduction in day to day life.
11. Why the doors of refrigerators are made of fiber & electrical wires made of copper?
Experiment No: 04

HEAT TRANSFER
Experiment No: 04
Aim:-To study heat transfer in natural convection
Introduction:In contrast to forced convection, natural convection phenomenon is due to the
temperature difference between the surface and the fluid and is not created by any external
agency. Natural convection flow patterns for some common situations are shown in fig. I. The
present experimental set-up is designed and fabricated to study natural convection from a vertical
cylinder in terms of variation of local heat transfer coefficient along the length and also average
heat transfer coefficient and its comparison with the value obtained by using a appropriate
criterion or correction.
Apparatus:The apparatus consists of a brass tube fitted in a rectangular duct in the vertical position
.The duct is open at the top and bottom forms an enclosure and serves the purpose of undisturbed
surroundings. One side of duct is fitted with window for the purpose of visualization. An electric
heating element is kept in a vertical tube which in turn heats the tube surface. The heat is lost
from the tube surface to the surrounding air by natural convection. The temperature of vertical
tube is measured by seven thermocouples. The heat is measured by ammeter and voltmeter and is
varied by thermocouples as shown in the fig. while the possible flow patterns and also the
expected variation of local heat transfer coefficient is as shown in Fig. The tube is polished to
minimize the radiation losses.
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510
T7
420
T6
320
T5
220
T4
120
T3
65
T2
20
T1
Total
530mm
Fig: Experimental setup for natural convection.

Specifications: 1. Diameter of tubed mm
= 38 mm
2. Length of tube 'L'
= 530 mm
3. Duct size
= 200 mm x 200 mm x 750 mm
4. Number of thermocouples
=7
5. Temperature indicator
= 0 to 300 DC, multichannel calibrated for copper thermocouple
6. Ammeter (Digital)
= 0 to 2 Amp
7. Voltmeter (Digital)
= 0 to 200 volts
8. Dimmer stat
= 2 Amps/ 230 v
9. Heater
= cartridge type, 400 Watts
Procedure:
1. Put on the dimmerstat to zero position and now put on main supply and adjust
the dimmerstat to obtain the required heat input from 80 to 100 V
2. Note down surface temperatures at the various points T1 to T7 at an intervals
of 15 min. till steady state is obtained
3. Note the ambient temperature T8.
Safety Precautions:
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1. Keep dimmerstat to zero volt position before main supply is switched on and
increase it slowly.
2. Operate the change over switch of Temperature Indicator gently from one
position to other, i.e. from 1 to 8 positions.
4. Never exceed 100 Volts.
Calculations:
When a hot body is kept in a steel atmosphere, heat is transferred to the surrounding fluid
by natural convection. The fluid layer in contact with the body gets heated and the hot fluid due
to decrease in-the density rises up and the cold fluid rushes in from the bottom side. The process
is continuous and the cold fluid rushes in from the bottom side. The process is continuous and
the heat transfer takes place due to the relative motion of hot and cold fluid particles.
Heat transfer coefficient can be obtained from:
Q = h As (Ts - Ta)
Where Ts= (T1+T2+T3+T4+T5+T6+T7)/7
And As = d L
Theoretical value of average heat transfer coefficient using empirical correlation can be
found out from:
Nu = 0.56 (Gr.Pr)0.25
for 104Gr.Pr. <108
Nu = 0.13 (Gr.Pr)1/3
for 109Gr.Pr. <1012
Gr= g(Ts - Ta )L3 ;
Pr = .Cp
OBSERV A TIONS:
1. cylinder outer diameter =
2. length of cylinder
3. input to heater
Observation Table:
Tmean = Ts + Ta
2
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Th. No.
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
( =Ta)
15 min.
30 min.
45 min.
60 min.
75 min.
90 min.
105 min.
120 min.
V = ----------- Volts
I = ------------Amp
Result :Theoretical average heat transfer coefficient = _______________ W/m2K
Draw plots:
T vs L
h vs L (practical & theoretical)
Conclusion:
HEAT TRANSFER
Expected Questions for Oral Examination :1. Write the general equation of heat conduction.
2. Define natural convection.
3. State difference between natural & forced convection.
4. State example of natural convection.
5. Quote engineering application of natural convection.
6. Define Grashofs number.
7. What is geometry of surface for experiment setup?
8. What is the value of heat transfer coefficient in average?
9. On what factor heat transfer coefficient depends?
10. State examples where natural convection can be replaced by forced convection.
Experiment No: 05
HEAT TRANSFER
Experiment No: 05
Aim: To calculate Heat Transfer in a Forced Convection
Theory:
Forced convection is the phenomenon of heat transfer, in which fluid is made to flow
over/through a surface by some external device like pump, blower and heat transfer rate is
higher in comparison to natural convection.
Heat flow rate can be calculated from Newtons Law of Cooling:
Q = h. A. T Watt
Heat
transfer
coefficient
in
forced
convection
depends
upon
velocity
of
fluid,
dimensions/geometry of the surface, over which flow takes place, temp difference between the
solid surface and the fluid and the properties of the fluid.
coefficient h is lower than in turbulent flow.
In laminar flow, heat transfer
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Apparatus:
Fig. Experimental setup for forced convection heat transfer.

The apparatus consists of blower unit fitted with the test pipe. The test section is
surrounded by Nichrome band heater from outside and insulated. Six thermocouples are placed
at different distances for measuring the test pipe inside surface temperatures. Two thermocouples
are placed to measure the air temperature at entrance and exit of the test pipe. The test pipe is
connected to the delivery side of the blower along with the orifice to measure flow of air through
the pipe. Input to the heater is given through a dimmerstat and measured by voltmeter and
ammeter. A digital temperature indicator is provided to measure temperature of pipe wall in the
test section at (six) different places. Air flow is measured with the help of orifice meter and the
water manometer fitted on the panel.
Specifications:
1. Dia of pipe = 36 mm
2. Length of test section = 450 mm
Procedure:
1) Put the dimmerstat to zero position and the switch on the main electric supply
2) Start the blower and adjust the air flow by means of valve to some desired difference
in manometer level. (Preferably open control valve fully)
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3) Start the heating of the test section by adjusting desired heater input with dimmerstat.
4) Take the readings of all 8 thermocouples at an interval of 15 minutes until the
steady state is reached (last 2 readings should be same).
5) Also note down the heater input. (in terms of voltage and current)
Safety Precautions:
1)
Keep the dimmerstat at zero position before switching on the power supply.
2)
Increase the voltage gradually.
3)
Do not stop the blower in between the testing period.
4)
Operate selector switch of temperature indicator gently.
5)
Do not exceed 100 Volts.
Observations:
Input voltage
= .volts
Input current
= .amperes
Manometer reading
= ..mm of water
Time in minutes
Temperatures
In o C
15
30
45
60
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
75
90
105
120
HEAT TRANSFER
T8
Calculations:
Bulk mean Temperature of air
Tmean = (T7 + T8 )/2
=
Ts = T1 + T2 + ---- + T6 /6
Properties of air at Tmean
a = Kg/m3
Cpa =..kJ/kgK
Heat flow rate:
(Take from standard table)
Q = VI = maCpa(T8 - T7) ; where ma is in Kg/sec

= havg(dL) (Ts Tamean)
Calculate Re to find whether the flow is laminar or turbulent.

Calculate of heat transfer coefficient by Dittus-Boelter empirical correlation for forced
convection (Turbulent flow):
Nu = 0.023 (Re)0.8 (Pr)0.4;
where
Nu = hd/k
Re = V d /
Pr = Cpa /k
= dynamic viscosity of air (N s/ m2 )
k = Thermal conductivity of air (W/m K)
V = Average velocity of air (m/s)
= 2gH ; (Hair = Hwater * 1000 / air )
Cd = 0.6
m = (V.d2/4).Cd
d = Test pipe inner diameter(m)
Tfilm = Ts + T mean
2
Air properties to be taken at this temp Tfilm
HEAT TRANSFER
Result :1) Experimental value of average heat transfer coefficient is _____________W/m2K.

2) Theoretical value of average heat transfer coefficient is ______________W/m2K.
Conclusion:
Expected Questions for Oral Examination:1. Define forced convection.

2. State application of forced convection.
3. Define Reynoldss number & right a equation for laminar & turbulent flow.
4. Define Nusselt number.
5. Define Prandt number.
6. Write down the equation for forced convection in tube.
7. What is bulk temperature?
8. How the heat absorbed by air is calculated?
9. How to calculate velocity of air flowing on tube.
10. What is heat transfer coefficient obtained by experiment?
HEAT TRANSFER
Experiment No: 06
Determination of Stefan Boltzmann Constant
HEAT TRANSFER
Experiment No. 06
Determination of Stefan Boltzmann Constant
Aim- To determine the value of Stefan Boltzmanns constant
Theory- We knows that all bodies at all temperature exert thermal radiation & like conduction
convection this mode of heat transfer doesnt require any material medium. The propagation of
energy takes place of electromagnetic waves emitted from the surface of body
Stefan Boltzmanns Law:The most commonly used law of thermal radiation is Stefan Boltzmanns law which
states that the thermal radiation heat flux emitted from all the incident radiation following on it
proportional to fourth power of the absolute temp. of the surface & is given by following
equation.
Thermal Radiation-
A = Heat Flux in w/m2 = T
Where, T= the surface temp which emits the thermal radiation in k

= Stefan Boltzmanns constant. = 5.6710-8 W/m 2 k 4
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eb = emissive power of black surface
The Stefan Boltzmanns law can be divided by integrating planks law where the Stefan
Boltzmanns law & value of is 5.6710-8 w/m2k4
It is of historic interest to note down that Stefan Boltzmanns law was independently developed
before the planks law & consequently was not originally derived in the manner as above.
Heat exchanger radiation between a small blank area element a large blank area enable to get
following equation.
mc dT dt t 0
4
4
A TS T1
The slope of temp against time is obtained at t = 0 & is substituted to obtain .

Apparatus:
1. A Water heater tank fitted with immersion type heater & liquid level alarm
2. An enclosure made of copper with in surface quoted with black point is mounted on
Bakelite plate
3. Four thermocouples are mounted on a enclosure to since the surface temp. of enclosure.
4. The disc with black surface & the thermocouples mounted on it.
5. The control panel consists of
a) Switch for heater
b) Multi-channel temp. indicated
c) Liquid level alarm
d) Timer for temp. measurement of disc
Procedure:1. Fill the tank with water and switch on the heater switch. Check the temp. of water by
means of provided
2. After achieving temp. at about 900C open the valves and allow the water to enter in
3.
4.
5.
6.
enclosures.
Put off the meter supply.
Record the enclosure temperature.
Record the disc temperature before inserting heat in to enclosure.
Note down the temperature at every buzzer of 5 sec.
Observations:DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGG.
HEAT TRANSFER
1. Mass of disc (m)
2. specific heat of disc (copper )
3. Area of disc
=
=
=
kg.
j/kg0 c
m2
T T2 T3 T4
4. Temp of enclosure surface
= T s= 1
4
5. Record the temperature of test disc (Ts) in following table.
Fig. Experimental set up for Determination of Stefan Boltzmann Constant

Observations:
For Hemisphere:
Sr. No
Temperature of the hemisphere (C )

T1
T2
T3
T4
Tav = Ten
For Test disc:

Disc
Temperat
ure
(T5=Td)
Time in Sec
0
1
0
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75
HEAT TRANSFER
Example of Graph:
Calculations:
For calculating the Stefan Boltzmanns constant, following equation is used.
is taken from the plot ]
=.
Result:
Experimentally, Stefan Boltzmann constant is found to be .W/m 2K4, although
theoretical value is 5.67x10-8W/m2K4.
HEAT TRANSFER
Conclusion:
Due to various losses in experimentation and time lag while inserting small disc in to enclosure
Stefan Boltzmann Constant is found to be___________
Experiment No: 07
Emissivity of Metal Surface
HEAT TRANSFER
Experiment No.07
Determination of Emissivity of a Test surface
Aim - To determine the emissivity of metal surface
Theory:
All bodies at all temperatures emit thermal radiations, if their temp is above absolute
zero. Thermal radiation does not require any medium for propagation. All bodies emit radiation
and have the capacity to absorb all or part of radiation coming from the surroundings towards it.
A black body or surface is one, which absorbs all the incident radiation with reflectivity
and transmissivity equal to zero. The radiant energy emitted per unit time per unit area from the
surface is called as the emissive power and is usually denoted by E. The emissivity of the surface
is ratio of emissive power of surface to emissive power of black surface at the same temperature.
It is denoted by and = E/Eb
Emissivity being a property of surface, it depends upon nature of the surface and its
temperature.
Table below gives approximate values of emissivity for some common materials
Surface
Emissivity ()
Silver (Pure polished)
0.030
Copper (Polished)
0.036
Copper (Oxidized)
0.725
Aluminum
0.600
HEAT TRANSFER
Nickel
0.046
Chrome
0.071
Iron
0.158
Iron (Hot rolled)
0.600
Iron (Hot cast)
0.800
Iron (Rusted)
0.850
Clay (Fired)
0.860
Glass
0.875
Ice
0.966
Wood
0.910
Bakelite
0.940
Paper
0.920
Experimental set up:

Fig. shows experimental set up. It consists of two circular aluminum discs identical in
size and are provided with sandwiched heating plates. The plates are mounted on brackets and
kept in same enclosure to provide undisturbed natural convection surroundings. The heat input to
heaters is varied by separate dimmer stats and is measured by an ammeter and a voltmeter. The
temperature of the discs is measured by thermocouples.
HEAT TRANSFER
Fig. Experimental set up for measuring Emissivity
Three thermocouples are placed to measure temp of both plates and the enclosure. Plate
1 is blackened by thick layer of lamp black to form idealized black surface whereas the plate 2 is
the test plate whose emissivity is to be determined.
The heat inputs to the two discs are dissipated by discs by convection & radiation. The
experimental set up is designed in such a way that under steady state conditions, the heat
dissipation by convection are same for both plates when the surface temperatures are same and
difference in the heater input readings is because of the difference in the radiation characteristics
due to their different emissivity.
Height of both plates kept same so that shape factor wrt each other is zero for radiation.
Specifications:
Test disc dia. = 170mm
Black disc dia.=170mm
Voltmeter 0-100/200V, Ammeter 0-2A.
Enclosure size 58cm x 30cm x 30cm approx
Thermocouples- chromel alumel (3 nos.)
Temperature indicator 0-300 0 C
HEAT TRANSFER
Procedure:
1. Select proper range of voltage on voltmeter
2. Gradually increase energy input to the heater to black disc and adjust it to some value
viz. 50 or 75watts and adjust heat input to the test disc slightly less than black disc
3. Check temperatures of two discs after 15 min & adjust the input of test disc only by its
dimmer stat so that two plates are maintained at the same temperature.
4. This will require some trial & error and one has to wait sufficiently to obtain steady state
condition.
5. After attaining the steady state condition, record the temp. & Voltmeter, ammeter
readings for both the discs.
Observation Table:
Black Plate
Test Plate
Input Volt.
Input current
Temp.
Calculations:
Under steady state conditions:
W1=Heat input to black plate, watts= V1I1
W2=Heat input to test plate, watts=V2I2
A=Area of the plates= (d2/4) (m2)
Ts=Temperature of both black and Test plate
T=Ambient temperature (K)
b=Emissivity of black plate
=Emissivity of test plate
=Stephen Boltzmann constant
W1= V1I1= Heat lost by convection + heat lost by radiation
= Heat lost by convection + bA (Ts4- T4)
W2= V2I2 = Heat lost by convection + heat lost by radiation
= Heat lost by convection + A (Ts4- T4)
(W1 - W2) = (1 - )A (Ts4 - T4)
Enclosure
-
HEAT TRANSFER
Therefore, of given surface = ----------------
Result:
Emissivity of test surface is --------
Conclusion:-
HEAT TRANSFER
Experiment No: 08
Performance of Parallel Flow
& Counter Flow Heat Exchanger
Experiment No: 08
Performance of Parallel Flow & Counter Flow Heat Exchanger
Aim: To determine logarithmic mean temp difference (LMTD), overall heat transfer coefficient
and effectiveness of heat exchanger in parallel and counter flow arrangements
Theory: Heat Exchangers are the devices, in which heat is transferred from hot fluid to cold
fluid. The necessity for doing this arises in various industrial applications. Common
examples of heat exchangers are the radiator of a car, the condenser of domestic refrigerator
and steam power plant.
Heat Exchangers are classified in three categories:
1)
Transfer Type
2)
Storage Type
3)
Direct Contact Type
HEAT TRANSFER
A transfer type of heat exchanger is one, in which both fluids pass simultaneously through the
device and heat is transferred through separating walls. In practice most of the heat exchangers
used are of transfer type. The transfer type exchangers are further classified according to flow
arrangements as
i)
Parallel flow, in which fluids flow in the same direction
ii)
Counter flow, in which fluids flow in opposed direction
iii)
Cross flow, in which fluids flow at right angles to each other
A simple example of transfer type of heat exchanger can be in the form of a tube-in-tube
type arrangement as shown in fig. Hot fluid flows through the inner tube and cold fluid flows
through annular space. The heat transfer takes place across the walls of the inner tube.
HEAT TRANSFER
Experimental Set up:

The apparatus consists of a tube-in-tube type heat exchanger. The hot fluid is hot water,
which is supplied by electric geyser. Hot water flows through the inner tube while the cold fluid
is cold water flowing through the annular space. The hot water flows always in one direction
and the flow rate of which is controlled by means of a valve. The cold water can be admitted at
one of the end enabling the heat exchanger to run as a parallel flow heat exchanger or at the other
end enabling heat exchanger to run as counter flow heat exchanger. This is done by controlling
valve positions.
The experiments are conducted by keeping the identical flow rates while running the unit
as a parallel flow exchanger and counter flow exchanger.
The temperatures of hot fluid and cold fluid are measured by thermocouples and the flow rates of
fluids are measured by a graduated measuring flask and stop watch. The readings are recorded
when steady state is reached. The outer tube is provided with adequate asbestos insulation to
minimize the heat losses.
Specifications:
1. Electric instant type geezer
3 kw cap 1 No.
2. Glass thermometers 0 to110 c
4 Nos.
3. Stop clock
1 No
HEAT TRANSFER
4. Measuring flask1000cc
1 No
5. Length of Heat exchanger
1m
6. Inner tube ID
0.0105 m
7. Inner tube OD
0.0125 m
8. Tube material
Copper
9. Outer tube OD
0.0275 (27.5mm)
10. Outer tube ID
0 .0338 (33.8mm)
Procedure:
1) Start the flow on hot water side.
2) Start the flow through annulus and run the exchanger as parallel flow unit
3) Put on the geyser.
4) Adjust the flow rate on hot water side, between the range of 2 to 4 L/min.
5) Adjust the flow rate on cold water side between range of
3 to 8 L/min.
6) Keeping the flow rates same, wait till the steady state conditions are reached.
7) Record the temperatures on hot water and cold water side every 15 min. till steady state
and measure the flow rates accurately at the steady state conditions.
8) Repeat the experiment with a counter flow under identical flow conditions
.
Observation Table:
PARALLEL FLOW ARRANGEMENT
HOT WATER SIDE
FLOW RATE
cc/sec
Thi
0
C
COLD WATER SIDE

The
0
C
FLOW RATE
cc/sec
Tci
0
C
Tce
0
C
HEAT TRANSFER
COUNTER FLOW ARRANGEMENT

HOT WATER SIDE
FLOW RATE
cc/sec
Thi
0
C
COLD WATER SIDE

The
0
C
Calculations:
i)
Heat Transfer rate, Q is calculated as

Qh
Qc
Heat lost by hot water (w)
mh Cph ( Thi - The )
Heat gained by cold water (w)
mc Cpc ( Tce - Tci )
( Qh + Qc )/2
(w)
( Cph = Cpc = 4187 J/kg K )
FLOW RATE
cc/sec
Tci
0
C
Tce
0
C
HEAT TRANSFER
ii)
L M T D - Logarithmic mean temperature difference

L M T D can be calculated as: LMTD = Tlm =
(
Ti - Te)
ln (Ti / Te)
iii)
Overall heat transfer coefficient can be calculated by using

Q = U A Tlm
Calculate
Uri based on Ai = di L .. W/m2K

Uro based on Ao= do L W/m2K
iv)
Compare values of Tlm & Q in the parallel and counter flow arrangements
v)
The effectiveness of the heat exchanger can be calculated by using the expression
= [mc . Cpc . ( Tce - Tci )]/ [mh . Cph ( Thi - Tci )]
for
mh < mc
Result Table
Parallel flow
Q(W)
Tlm oC
U (W/m2 K)
Conclusion:-
Counter flow
HEAT TRANSFER
Expected Questions for Oral Examination:1. Define heat exchanger.

2. State practical application of heat exchanger.
3. Classify heat exchangers.
4. State significance of overall HTC.
5. Calculate Reynoldss number for experiment.
6. State LMTD approach parallel & counter flow heat exchanger.
7. Calculate heat exchange for given experiment.
8. If cold water is replaced by oil, what will be the effect on heat transfer.
9. Explain the procedure of determining heat transfer coefficient.
10. State significance of fouling factor.
Experiment No: 10
HEAT TRANSFER
Temperature Distribution along the Length of Fin, Fin

Effectiveness & Its Efficiency
Experiment No: 10
Temperature Distribution along the Length of Fin, Fin Effectiveness
& Its Efficiency
Aim:To determine the temperature distribution along the length of fin & to determine fin
effectiveness & its efficiency.
Introduction:Extended surface or fins are used to increase heat transfer rate from a surface to a fluid
whereas it is not possible to increase the value of surface heat transfer coefficient & temp
difference between surface & the fluid. The use of this is very common & they are fabricated in
HEAT TRANSFER
verity of shape circumferential fin along the cylinder of motor cycle engine & fin attached to
condenser tube of refrigerator are few familiar examples.
It is obvious that a fin surface stick out from the primary heat transfer surface. A temp
difference with surrounding fluid will steadily diminish a one moves along with fins. The main
objectives of this experimental setup are to study a temp distribution is simple pin fin.
Apparatus:A brass fin of circular cross section is fitted across a long rectangular duct. The other end
of duct is connected to the suction side of blower and air flows pass the fin perpendicular to its
axis. One end of fin project out side the duct and is held by heater. Temp at five points along the
length of fin are measured by thermocouples connected along the length of fin. The air flow rate
is measured by an orifice meter fitted on the delivered side of the blower.
Specification:1) Duct size
: 150*100mm
2) Diameter of fin
: 12.7mm
3) Length of fin
: 125 mm
4) No. of thermocouples
: 6, thermocouple
5) Material of fin
: Brass
6) Temp. indicator
: digital, with compensation of

ambient temp. up to 200 0c
7) Dimmer state
: to vary heater i/p 2 amp 230 volts
8) Heater
: 400 watts , band type suitable

for mounting of fin ends
9) Voltmeter
10) Ammeter
: digital, range 0 to 230 V

: digital, range 0 to 2 amp
Theory:Consider a fin connected at its base to a heated wall and transferring heat to the
surrounding.
HEAT TRANSFER
Let
A = cross-section area of fin.
C = circumference of fin.
L = length of fin = 130 mm
T1 = temp of fin at the beginning.
Tf = duct of fluid temp.
= T Tf = rise in temp
The heat conducted along the rod and also lost to surrounding fluid by convection.
Let
h = heat transfer coefficient
k = thermal conductivity of fin material.
along the length of fin at x. the resulting equation of heat balance appears as
(d / dx) (h c/ kA) = 0
.. (1)
And the general solution of equation (1) is

= C e mx + C2 e
- mx
(2)
Where
m = (h c/ kA)
With boundary condition of
Where
= &
x=0
= T1 - Tf & assuming the fin tip to be insulated.
(d / dx) = 0 at x = L result in obtaining equation (2)
HEAT TRANSFER
In form
(T - Tf ) / (T1 - Tf ) = cosh [m (L - x)] / cosh (mL) .. (3)
This is equation for temp distribution along length of fin. It is seen from the equation that
for a fin of a given geometry with uniform cross-section, the temp at any point can be calculated
by knowing the values of T1,Tf and x. Temp T1 and Tf will be known for a given situation and
value of h depends on whether the force convection and can be obtain by using the co-relation as
given below
1) For free convection condition
Nu = 1.1 (Gr.Pr)1/5
.. 10 <Gr Pr<104
Nu = 0.53(Gr.Pr)1/4
.. 10 <Gr Pr<109
Nu = 0.13(Gr.Pr) 1/4
10 <Gr Pr<102
2) For forced convection

Nu = 0.615(Re) 0.466
Nu = 0.174(Re) 0.618
Where
Nu = h D / Kair
Re = v D /
Reynolds number
Gr = q D3 T / 2
Grass Hoff number
Pr = Cp / kair
Prandtl number
All properties are evaluated at mean film temp. The mean film temp is arithmetic average
of fin temp and air temp.
Nomenclature
HEAT TRANSFER
= density of air ,
kg/m3
D = diameter of fin,
= dynamic viscosity,
kgf. Sec / m2 (in mks units)
and N-s/ m (in SI unit)

v =
kinematical viscosity, m2/s
k =
thermal conductivity of air k cal / hr m 0c (in mks unit)
& w / m0c (in SI unit)

q =
acceleration due to gravity 9.81 m / s2
Tm = average fin temp
T1 T 2 T 3 T 4 T 5
5
T = Tm Tf
Tmp = Tm + Tf
2
= mean fin temp =
1 /
(Tmf + 273)
density of water = 1000 kg / m
a =
density of air at T1
Cd =
0. 64
diameter of orifice = 0. 018 m
& effectiveness of fin can also be calculated as

=
tanh mL mL
HEAT TRANSFER
Experimental Procedure:To study the temp distribution along the length of fin. Fin in natural and forced
convection, the procedure is as under
Natural convection
1) Start heating fin by switching on the heater element & adjust the voltage
on dimmer stat to say 80 volts.
2) Note down the thermocouple reading 1 to 5
3) When steady state is reach record the final reading 1 to 5 & also the
ambient temp reading 6
4) Repeat the same experiment with voltage 100 volts & 120 volts
Observation Table:1) Natural Convection:

Sr.
Fin temp
No.
volts
Amp.
c
T1
Ambient temp
Tf
T2
T3
T4
T5
HEAT TRANSFER
Conclusion:-

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HEAT TRANSFER

SUMAN RAMESH TULSIANI TECHNICAL CAMPUS

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGG.

SUMAN RAMESH TULSIANI TECHNICAL CAMPUS

This is to certify that Mr. /Miss _____________ of class

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGG.

SUMAN RAMESH TULSIANI TECHNICAL CAMPUS

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGG.

Thermal conductivity of metal rod

Heat Transfer through Composite

Thermal Conductivity of Insulating Powder

Heat Transfer in Natural Convection

Heat Transfer in Forced Convection

Stefan Boltzmans constant.

Wall Emissivity of Metal Surface efficiency.

Performance of parallel flow and counter flow

Signature of Subject Incharge

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGG.

Transport by free electrons.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGG.

Specifications:1) Length of metal bar

2) Size of metal bar (diameter)

3) Test length of the bar

4) No. of thermocouples mounted on the bar

5) No. of thermocouples in the insulation shell : 4

7) Cooling jacket diameter

8) Temperature indicator 0-200 C, with

: Digital Display with switch.

thermocouple position on metal bar

10) Dimmerstat for heater coil

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGG.

13) Measuring flask for water flow rate

The value of dT dx AA is obtained experimentally. The negative sign is introduced

Heat conducted through section B-B

Radial heat loss between section B-B

Heat conducted through the section C-C is,

Thus, the thermal conductivity of bar can be calculated.

Procedure: 1) Start the electric supply.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGG.

is to be found out from temp v/s distance graph to be plotted.

= Q cc + Radial heat lost between sections B-B and C-C

Thus the thermal conductivity of bar at different temperatures can be calculated.

Heat Flow Rate

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGG.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGG.

Heat Transfer through Composite Wall

Insulated steam pipes

Insulated pipes carrying refrigerator

Walls of an A/C room

Doors & sides of refrigerators

Doors and walls of cold storage

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGG.

Steel, copper or any other metallic walls

Insulating materials such as asbestos, thermocol, glass-wool, puff, cork etc.

Specifications:1. Slabs : Mild Steel :

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGG.

Fig. Experimental set up of Composite Slab

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGG.

Where, Ta = (T1 + T2)/2 ; Tb = (T3 + T4)/2

Thermal conductivity (W/ m K)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGG.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGG.

Thermal Conductivity of Insulating Powder