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Outline
Generating EM Fields
Time-Varying Wavefunctions
Superposition of Energy States
2 2
j =
2
t
2m x
2 Ey
2 Ey
= 2
2
z
t
(free-particle)
Dispersion Relation
Dispersion Relation
2 = c2 k 2
= ck
2 k 2
=
2m
Energy-Momentum
Energy-Momentum
p2
E=
(free-particle)
2m
E = = ck = cp
2
p-type
n-type
LED
Power Source
Resistor
Not
Shown
High energy electrons (n-type) fall into low energy holes (p-type)
3
ENERGY
Red
Light
Emitted
Yellow
Light
Emitted
Small Gap
Large Gap
d
E dl =
dt
C
Oscillating E generates H
dA
B
dl
H
C
d
dA
E
J dA +
=
dt S
S
states of definite
energy
(x, t) = eiEt/ (x)
2 2
i =
+ V (x)
2
t
2m x
2 2
E =
+ V (x)
2
2m x
Schrodinger says that definite energy states do not move, they are stationary !
2
E2
2 =
(x)
V=
E2 = 4E1
0
2
x
2 = A1 sin
L
8
V=
1
2
2
|(x,
t
)|
1
Probability
|(x, t2 )|2
E2 E1
=
Numerical Example
Consider the numerical example:
An electron in the infinite square well potential
is initially (at t=0) confined to the left side of
the well, and is described by the following
wavefunction:
(x, t = 0) = A
2
L
V=
2
x + sin
x
sin
L
L
V=
|(x, t = 0)|2
V=
|(x, t0 )|2
V=
h
h
4.136 1015 eV sec
T
=
=
=
= 4.6 1016 sec
to =
2
2(E2 E1 )
2(3E1 )
2(3 1.5 eV)
10
2
x
2 (x) = A2 sin
L
4
x
4 (x) = A4 sin
L
1 (x)2 (x)dx = 0
(x)
x
1 (x) = A1 sin
L
2
x
2 (x) = A2 sin
L
V=
12
V=
1
2
13
Beautiful Consistency
Atomic Transitions
2p
V (r)
1s
photon
15
V (r)
P1
E
2p
1s
Emission
photon
16
p-type Silicon
IT IS ENERGETICALLY
FAVORABLE FOR
ELECTRONS TO GO TO THE
MATERIAL ON THE RIGHT
electron
CONDUCTION
BAND
METAL
CONTACT
IT IS ENERGETICALLY
FAVORABLE FOR HOLES TO
STAY IN THE MATERIAL ON
THE LEFT
VALENCE
BAND
METAL
CONTACT
hole
Resistor
V
Animated
Photogeneration
17
17
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