I HC QUC GIA THNH PH H CH MINH

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA

BI TP LN THY LC V KH NN
NHM ONE GIRL
GVHD: Trn Nguyn Duy phng
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

H v tn sinh vin
Ng Trit Lm
Phan Minh Lut
Trn Nht Minh
Nguyn Vn Lim
Nguyn Vn Tr
Nguyn Thanh Phc
Trn Th Thu Thy
Hunh Thanh Tm
Thi Hong V

MSSV
21301995
21302265
21302384
21302037
21304360
21303046
21304028
21303503
21304907

Thnh ph H Ch Minh, thng 11 nm 2015

MC LC
SCH POWER HYDRAULICS

BI TP A1

BI TP A2

21

CHNG 1

31

CHNG 2

32

CHNG 3

50

CHNG 4

55

CHNG 5

68

CHNG 6

69

SCH POWER PNEUMATICS

75

23 CU BI TP

75

CHNG 1

89

CHNG 2

94

CHNG 3
CHNG 4

102

CHNG 5
CHNG 6

107

CHNG 7

109

CHNG 8
CHNG 9
CHNG 10

SCH FLUID POWER ENGINEERING

109

CHNG 1

113

CHNG 2

121

CHNG 3

132

CHNG 4

139

CHNG 5

171

CHNG 6

194

CHNG 7

211

CHNG 8

227

CHNG 9

242

CHNG 10

109

CHNG 11

268

POWER HYDRAULICS
Bi tp A.1
Bi A.1.1 Correct the draughing error.
Chnh sa li li sai ca mch.

Hnh A.1

Bi lm:
-Van gim p c tc dng x du v b khi xylanh i ht hnh trnh nhng khng
cn thit do bm bng tay.
-ng du v b van iu hng t sai ch. Phi t trng thi di.
-Van tit lu lm cho xylanh h ti t t nhng chnh xc nn dng van tit lu iu
chnh c.
Bi A.1.2 Correct the draughing error.
Chnh sa li li sai ca mch

Hnh A.2
Bi lm:
-Van 1 chiu lp sai hng cn i chiu van 1 chiu li.
Bi A.1.3 In the circuit shown in Figure A.3, given that the load included pressure on the
extend stroke in 150 bar and on the retract stroke is 70 bar, and the relief valve pressure
setting is 165 bar, draw a pressure-time for a complete extend and retract cylcle. The
graph should start and end with directional control valve in the mid position. Assume the
extend stroke takes 12 seconds and the retract stroke 9 seconds.
Mt mch thy lc cho nh hnh A.3, p sut khi y l 150bar v khi li v vi p
sut 70bar, van gii hn p sut gin tip 2 tng c ci t 165bar. V biu qua
h gia p sut vi thi gian cho mt chu trnh y v ko v ca xilanh. Biu bt u
v kt thc vi van iu hng trng thi gia. Gia s qu trnh y mt 12 giy v ko
v mt 9 giy.

Hinh A.3

Biu quan h gia p sut vi thi gian.

Bi A.1.4

Hnh A.4

What are the characteristics of this circuit and in what cercumstances is it most
usually employed?

c im ca mch thy lc trn v mch trn thng c dng trong trong

trng hp no?
Bi lm:
-Mch thy lc trn gm: ng c in, bm thy lc mt chiu lu lng c nh,
van iu hng, van gii hn p sut, xilanh tc ng kp khng gim chn.
-Van gii hn p sut c th iu chnh c dng gii hn p sut ti a trong
mch trong nhng trng hp mch hot ng vi ti khc nhau.
-Trng thi ban u th van trng thi hot ng bn phi, du t ng c y
xylanh li v v du qua van trng thi v b, p sut ti a trong mch l p sut ci t
trn van an ton. Khi van iu hng chuyn sang trng thi bn phi th xilanh tin ra
vi tc nhanh do ngoi lng du do bm cung cp cn c lng du do nhnh kia ca
xylanh cp. Do tit kim c thi gian.
Mch thy lc trn thng c s dng trong cc my dp hoc my kp phi
trong cng nghip.
Bi A.1.5 Correct the draughting error in this figure.
What advantage has this two pump circuit over a single pump system? Name a
particular application where it is frequently used.
Sa cc li sai trong mch thy lc. Li th ca vic s dng 2 bm so vi 1 bm?
H thng c ng dng u?

Hnh A.5

-Li sai: Van 1 chiu lp sai hngi chiu van 1 chiu li, van x ti bn tri
nn dng van x ti loi gin tip.
- Bm th 1 cung cp lu lng ln, p sut nh: bm ny c tc dng y xylanh
i nhanh trong qu trnh chy khng ti v s ngng cung cp lu lng khi chm chi tit.
-Bm th 2 cung cp p sut ln, lu lng nh: bm ny lun hot ng, khi chm
chi tit bm 1 ngng nhng bm ny vn hot ng v pht huy tc dng ca n. tc
dng p cn p sut ln.
-u im ca h 2 bm: tit kim thi gian v nng lng do c tnh ca 2 bm
nu trn. D ch to v lp rp v nu h thng cn 1 bm loi ln th rt kh p
ng, 2
bm loi nh th d hn
- ng dng: trong cc my dp chi tit...
Bi A.1.6 What advantage has apressure compensated pump in this application? How
can the efficiency of the circuit emproved?
u im ca vic s dng bm
b p trong mch? Lm th no
tng hiu sut hot ng?

Hnh A.6

Bi lm:

-Mch trn s dng bm c lu lng ring c th thay i c vi 2 ng iu

khin.
- trng thi x (van iu hng trng thi gia), p trong mch rt nh do du
c thng thng v b. Khi tn hiu ng iu khin ng ln s thng ng nh ( b
mt lm vic ng ln ln hn ng nh) lm cho gc nghing ca a nh li lm cho lu
lng trong mch gim.
-Khi chuyn trng thi van iu hng bng cch kch cc cun dy th p trong
mch tng ln lm cho van 3/2 chuyn trng thi (ng iu khin ca ng ln s thng
vi b), do tn hiu iu khin t ng nh s lm tng gc nghing ca bm, tng lu
lng du c y ln mch.
-Li th ca phng php iu khin ny l to ra c mt lc p ln nhng t tn
hi ti bm do lu lng khi p thp.Van iu khin p sut trc tip cng t b h hi
hn v lu lng nh. Thi gian y ra nhanh do xy lanh c cung cp mt lu lng
ln. H thng ny gn nh hn h thng s dng nhiu bm.
Bi A.1.7 Should control circuit fail, what will be expect on the system? Modify the
circuit to fail sefe.

Hnh A.7

Mch thy lc nh trn khi hot ng c th xy ra s c g? nh hng n h

thng nh th no?. Thay i mch nh th no m bo kh nng hot ng ca h
thng?
Bi lm
6

Trong trng hp mch b hng du t bm vn tip tc c bm ln khng ti

c b phn cng tc lm tng p sut h thng gy h hi mch.
Nn mch c thit k thm 1 van phn phi bn nhnh tri. Trng hp bnh
thng chu tc ng ca l xo Khi trong mch xy ra s c m van trn bn phi khng
hot ng th ta tc ng in vo van ny. Lm cho n chuyn trng thi x du v
thng.
Gim p lc trong mch..
Bi A.1.8 The cylinder shown in this circuit which contains draughing errors can not be
extended. Using the standar valves modify the circuit so that cylinder can be extended and
retracted by the manual direction control valve. The extend function must be initialy high
speed changing to slow speed when the pressure induded by the load reaches a specified
valve.
Mch thy lc iu khin xilanh c cho nh bn di, hnh v c mt vi li lm
cho xilanh khng th y i c. S dng mt ci van c bn c bn hiu chnh mch
sao cho xilanh c th y i v ko v bng cch iu khin van iu hng. Vi chc
nng i ra, ban u phi di chuyn vi tc cao ri chm li khi p sut gy ra bi ti
t n gi tr thit lp.

Bi lm
7

Van 1 chiu t sai hng, van iu hng B dng trong trng hp ny l sai
i chiu van 1 chiu, thay van iu hng B thnh van 4/3
Bi A.1.9 what special about the check valve in this circuit and what is its purpose?

Hnh A.9
`

M
`

C g c bit van mt chiu trong mch v mc ch lp van mt chiu nh vy

l g?
Bi lm
Khi kch t cho trng thi 1 ca van trng thi A hot ng, ng du chnh s tc
ng lm trng thi th 3 ca van trng thi B hot ng, p sut tc dng vo mt
pittng lm pittng chuyn ng sang phi (hnh trnh i). Tng t, khi kch t lm
trng thi 3 ca van trng thi A hot ng, pittng s di chuyn ngc v bn tri (hnh
trnh v).
Ngha l van A v van B tc ng ng thi, iu khin hnh trnh pittng tt hn.
Van trng thi B c ni vi van mt chiu c l xo trc khi v b, nn khi mch
khng hot ng th pittng s khng di chuyn do c hm di p sut l xo ca van
mt chiu.
Bi A.1.10 When this circuit was built it would not operate. Why? Suggest a simple
modification to correct this design fault.

Hnh A.10

Ti sao mch thy lc nh trn khng lm vic c? ngh mt phng n n

gin hiu chnh li mch hot ng ng.
Bi lm
ng iu khin ly tn hiu t ng du chnh n cng lc 2 cng tc t. Do
, trong mi trng hp, p sut do cng tc t c kch hot lun b trit tiu hay ni
cch khc trng thi 1 v 3 khng th hot ng, ng du chnh lun di chuyn qua
trng thi 2 ca van trng thi, nn ng du khng th di chuyn ln pittng c.
Khc phc: dng them mt van iu hng na iu khin 2 ng iu khin ca van
4/3 trn.
Bi A.1.11 The solenoid A is energized during the extend stroke but not during retract.
How does this effect the function of the circuit?
Cun dy A c kch sut thi gian y ca xilanh nhng ngt trong qu trnh v.
Chc nng ny tc ng nh th no trong mch?

Hnh A.1.11

Bi lm:
Mch c th ci t p sut an ton 2 cp 300 bar hoc 100 bar.Khi khng kch
cun A th mch c gii hn p sut p sut 100 bar.Khi kch cun A th p sut an
ton ci t 300 bar.V vy vi hnh trnh i ra p sut gii hn 300 bar,khi lui v p
sut gii hn 100 bar t ta c hnh trnh i ra ti ln hn nhiu so vi ti khi lui
v,vic s dng h thng nh vy s m bo mt mt nng lng qua van an ton l
nh.V tiu hao cng sut ca bm l t hn khi khng c van p sut 100 bar pha sau
Bi A.1.12 Correct the draughting errors and determine the sequence of operation of the
cyclinder:
a. When solenoid 1 is energized.
b. When solenoid 2 is energized.
What is purpose of valve C
Sa li trong mch v xc nh th t hot ng ca cc xylanh:
a. Khi cun 1 c kch.
b. Khi cun 2 c kch.
Mc ch ca van C lm g
Hnh A.12

Bi lm:
Sai cm van tun t, thay th cm trong bi bng cm nh hnh sau:

10

a. Khi cun 1 c kch in:

Pittng ca xy lanh A lui v trc sau n cui hnh trnh th pittng ca xylanh
B tin ra.
Van tun t c tc dng.
b. Khi cun 2 c kch in:
Pittng ca xy lanh B lui v trc sau n cui hnh trnh th pittng ca xylanh
A tin ra. Lc ny van tun t khng c tc dng.Tc dng ca van gim p C: do nhnh
B c p sut hot ng nh hn p sut trong mch chnh nn phi dng van gim p
ci t p sut hot ng cho nhnh B

Bi A.1.13 This circuit is extended to hydraulically lock a loaded cylinder in any position
and to control the retract speed. Comment on its suitability and modify if necessary.
Suggest a pressure setting for the relief valve if the load is 10 tonnes and cylinder bore
100mm diameter.
Mch c th gi ti bt k v tr no v iu khin vn tc ko v. Tnh gi tr cch
ci t van gii hn p sut nu ti 10 tn v ng knh xilanh l 100mm.

11

Hnh A.13

-Khi cun dy bn tri ca van iu khin hng c kch hot th bm s bm

du ln bung di ca xy lanh, qua van mt chiu. khi xy kanh s i ln, khi
bung trn ca xy lanh s thot du ra thng qua van mt chiu.
- Khi cun dy bn phi ca van iu khin hn c kich hot th bm s bm
du ln bung trn ca xy lanh, qua van tit lu, lm gim lu lng bm ln, gim tc
hn xung ca ti, ng th bung di s thot du ra khi ng iu khin van mt
chiu c tin hiu, ngha l nhnh du bm ln phi c p sut, vi vy lm ti khng ri t
do
-Khi c van iu khin hng trng thi gia th, cc h thng bn trong du c
p sut nh, khi vn mt chiu bn phi khng m cho du thot ra, ti c gi c
nh.
- p sut ci t cho van n nh p sut phi ln hn p sut to ra nng ti
ln.
p sut ci t van: P 1,3.

F
10.9,81.103
1,3.
.105 162,5bar
.0,12
A
4

Bi A.1.14 Expand the function of circuit Why use adouble solenoid valve rather than a
single solenoid spring offset valve for A? What type of transition centre condition do you
recommend for this valve? If the motor displacement is 25ml/rev, and which the flow

12

controls set at valve shown, what is the theoretical maximum motor speed possible under
the following condition?
a) Solenoids 1 and 2 both de-energized.
b) Solenoids 1 energized.
c) Solenoids 2 energized.
Gii thch hot ng ca mch. Ti sao s dng 2 nam chm in li tt hn vic s
dng mt nam chm in v mt l lo ci t van A. Kiu chuyn i trng thi ca
van trn l g? Nu th tch ring l 25ml/vng v van chnh lu c ci t gi tr
thp th tc l thuyt cc i ca motor l bao nhiu.
a) Van 1 v 2 khng c cp in.
b) Van 1 c cp in.
c) Van 2 c cp in.
Bi lm:
-Van iu khin hng dng hai cun dy s, khi iu khin d iu khin v c
chnh xc cao hn. Thi gian p ng cu cun dy in cao hn ca loxo.
-Khi c hai cun dy u khng c tn hin in, th van iu khin hng s kch
hot trng thi gia, khi ng iu khin ca hai van mt chiu u khng c tn
hiu p, c hai van u ng khng cho lu lng qua, lu lng cung cp cho h thng
1.103 l rev
rev
.
40
ch l 1 l/min. Vn tc theo l thuyt ca ng c l:
.
25 min ml
min

-Khi cun dy s 1 c tn hiu in th, trng thi phn tri s m, khi ng

iu khin ca van mt chiu bn tri c tin hiu p, s m ra cho lu lng chay qua,
ng thi ng tn hiu ca van mt chiu bn phi khng c tn hiu s ng li, khi
lu lng cp ln h thng l 21 l/min. Vn tc theo l thuyt ca ng c l :
21.103 l rev
rev
.
840
25 min ml
min

-Khi cun dy s 2 c tn hiu in th, trng thi phn phi s m, khi ng

iu khin ca van mt chiu bn phi c tin hiu p, s m ra cho lu lng chay qua,
13

ng thi ng tn hiu ca van mt chiu bn tri khng c tn hiu s ng li, khi

lu lng cp ln h thng l 6 l/min.
6.103 l rev
rev
.
240
Vn tc theo l thuyt ca ng c l
25 min ml
min

25 ml/rev

5 l/min

20 l/min
1 l/min

25 ml/min, maximum

Bi A.1.15 in this manually-operated hydraulic clamping circuit, what is the purpose of

the 0.5-liter accumulator? If the relift valve setting is 200bar, suggest a gas precharge
pressure for the accumulator.
Mch c iu khin bng tay dng kp chi tit, mc ch ca bnh tch p 0,5lt
l g? Nu van an ton ci p sut 200bar th p sut bnh tch p l bao nhiu?
14

Bi A.15

Bi lm:
-Mc ch ca bnh tch p: sau khi p chi tit mt p sut cn thit, th th van
iu khin hng s kch hot trng thi gia, p sut ca bm khng cn cung
cp cho bittong, p sut s c gi li nh van mt chiu. nhng vn s c r du
van mt chiu, nen s gy sp p khi gi mt thi gian di, khi bnh tch p s
cung cp thm p sut cho pittong chng s sp p ny.
-p sut ci t bnh tch p: (0,70,9).P = (0,7..0,9).200 = (140180)bar
Bi A.1.16 The cylinder in the circuit is required to give a single high-speed stroke at
infrequent intervals. Comment on its suitability and suggest any necessary modification.
What is the function of the flow control valve? Suggest a pressure setting for the valve A.
Xi lanh trong mch c yu cu mt hnh trnh n tc cao nhng khong
thi gian bt thng. Hy nhn xt v sa i nu cn thit. Chc nng ca van iu
khin lu lng l g?
Tnh thit k p sut ci t cho van A.
15

200bar

Bi lm
1. Lc p sut h thng cha t ti p sut ci t ca van gii hn p sut th cht
lng va i vo xilanh va vo cha trong bnh tch. Khi p sut trong bnh tch t ti p
sut ci t ca van A, lm van A m cho 1 lng du nh t bm chy v b cha.
Khi p sut trong h thng s gim , bnh tch hot ng lm tng p, nhng c van
tit lu nn c th iu chnh lu lng do bnh tch p cp cho mch. Cng lc va c
du vo xi lanh do bm cung cp va c du do bnh tch cung cp, lm cho xilanh co tc
hnh trnh cao.Khi p sut h thng n v vt qu 200 bar, lm cho van gii hn p
sut ( ci t 200bar) m lng du s chy v b cha.
2. Nu van A c lc l xo ci t nh hn 200 bar th khi p sut trong mch cha
n 200 bar du b x v b nn khng p ng c yu cu v p lc lm vic. Do
, ta c th ci t gi tr lc l xo trong van A ln hn p sut gii hn trong mch
khong 10%, nu ln qu th s nh hng n ng ng dn du t bnh tch n van A
lc bnh tch x p.
p sut ci t cho van A = 200 * 1.1 = 220 bar
Bi A.1.17 Acylinder is required to extend initialy at high speed but under low load.
When the limit sweetch is actuated the stroke is completed at low speed load and high
16

load. Explain how this is achieved by above circuit. Why are two accumulators used?
What is the purpose of the pressure switch P?
H thng xilanh-pittong c yu cu y vi tc cao v ti nh. Khi cng tc
hnh trnh c kch hot ( cui hnh trnh) th pittong quay v vi tc chm v ti
ln. Gii thch lm sao mch lm c nh vy. Ti sao li s dng 2 bnh tch p? Mc
ch ca cng tc p sut P?

Electric
al
supply
A

200bar

Electrical
supply

220bar

Bi lm:
Khi bm hot ng, ban u p s c tch vo cc bnh tch p A, B.
Khi kch van iu hng 4/3 cho pittong y ra, khi pittong n cui hnh trnh
chm vo cng tc hnh trnh, mang ti v quay v. Khi cng tc hnh trnh ng lm
kch hot van iu hng ca bnh tch p B lm bnh tch p x p ra h thng h tr cho
pittong ko v.
Bnh tch p A c nhim v tng tc cho pittong trong qu trnh y.
Cng tc p sut P c ta tc dng gi p gii hn 200bar trong mch khi y i vi
ti nh, p ln 220bar khi ko v vi p ln.
17

Bi A.1.18 This non-reversing hydrostatic has a high interial load and is found to overrun as the flow rate is adjusted to reduce speed. Suggest a suitable modification.
H thng truyn lc thy tnh khng o chiu c mt ti trng qun tnh ln v
c nhn thy chy qu tc , dng tc dng chy iu chnh gim tc . Hy
ngh sa i li cho ph hp.

Hnh A.18
Bi lm
- iu chnh lu lng cn phi c van tit lu iu chnh lu lng vo ng
c, t c th iu chnh tc ca ng c.
-V ti c qun tnh cao nn gim tc cn t thm mt van over-center ni tip
vi ng c thy lc trong h thng trnh qun tnh ca ti, gi ti v tr cn bng
hoc phanh ng c mt cch t t.
Bi A.1.19 In this hydrostatic transmition what is the purpose of the portion of the circuit
includes the three-position, three port directional contrl valve? What is suitable setting
the associated relief valve?
Mc ch ca phn t van iu khin hng 3 v tr, 3 ca trong mch truyn ng
thy lc ny l g? Cc van trn c lin quan c ci t ph hp l g?

18

5bar

250bar

Bi lm:
Mc ch ca van iu khin trng thi 3 ca, 3 v tr l: khi lu lng du do bm 2
chiu c lu lng ring thay i cp cho mch m hai nhnh ca bm c lu lng
khc nhau th bn nhnh c lu lng ln hn s lm cho p sut trong nhnh cao
hn,do lm cho van 3 ca 3 v tr s chuyn sang trang thi sao cho ng du nhnh
kia s thng vi van trn v b thng qua van 3 ca 3 v tr ny.
Cc van trn c dng hp l trong mch:
- Van trn 1(c ci 5 bar): c gn vi ng du do bm 1 chiu lu lng
ring c nh x ti ban u cho mch.
- Van trn 2(c ci 250 bar): c tc dng x du v van trn 1 ng thi
gim lu lng cho 2 nhnh ca mch thy lc khi p sut trong mch vt qu 250 bar.
- Van trn 3: c tc dng x du v b khi van 3 ca 3 v tr thay i v tr.
Bi A.1.20 The hydrostatic transmission is subject to pressure surges when the
directional control valve is switched. Suggest modification to alleviate these surges.
H thng thy lc ny chu p lc rt ln khi cc van iu khin hng chuyn
trng thi.Hy ngh sa i khc phc gim bt p lc ny.

19

HnhA.20
8bar

150bar

Bi lm
Ta c th s dng bnh cha (loi thng dng nht l loi nn kh) chng sc
cho cc thit b trong mch khi van phn phi chuyn hng. Khi c dng t ngt
vo, mt phn chng s vo bnh cha, gim cho thit b hot ng chnh, lng lu
cht tch trny s c dng b vo dng khi dng t ngt tt. Lu lng c
th c iu chnh thng qua van tit lu.

20

BI TP A2:
Cu A2.1
A pump having a displacement (swept volume) of 1,7 cm3 per revolution is driven at
1500 rev/min. If the pump has a volumetric efficiency of 87% and overall efficiency of
76% Calculate:
A) the pump delivery in liters per minute
B) The power required to drive the pump when it is operating against a pressure of
150 bar.
Lu lng ring ca bm l 1.7 cm3/vng, tc 1500 vng/pht. Hiu sut th
tch l 87% v hiu sut tng l 76%. Tnh:
Lu lng thc ca bm (lit/pht)
(a)
Cng sut cn thit vn hnh bm khi bm hot ng di p sut 150
(b)
bar
Bi lm
(a) Lu lng thc bm:
Q D p .n p .v 1, 7.1500.0,87 2, 22l / min .
(b) Cng sut cn vn hnh bm:
P

1 Q. p
1 2, 22.150
.

.
0.73kW .
0 600 0, 76
600

Cu A2.2
A gear pupm delivery 15 l/min against a system pressure of 200 bar at a driven
speed of 1430 rev/min. If the input is 6,8 kW and the torque efficiency of the pump is
87% calculate the pump displacement in cm3 per revolution.
Lu lng thc ca bm 15lit/pht, p sut 200 bar, tc 1430 vng/pht. Nu
cng sut u vo l 6.8kW v hiu sut c l 87%. Tnh lu lng ring ca bm
(cm3/vng).
Bi lm
Cng sut u vo: P
M 0 v .t v

Q. p 1
Q. p
15.200
. 0

0, 735.
600 0
600 P 600.6,8

0 0, 735

0,845.
t 0,87
1

Lu lng ring ca bm: D p

Q
15

12, 4cm3 / vg.

v .n p 0,845.1430

Cu A2.3
A hydraulic system requires 32 l/min of fluid at a pressure of 260 bar. The pump to
be used is a manually-vayiable axial piston punp having a maximum displaycement per
revolution of 28 cm3. The pump is driven at 1430 rev/min and has an overall efficient of
85 and a volumetric efficiency of 0,90. Calculate
A) At what percentage of maximun displaycement the pump has to be set.
What power nwt ro drive the pump.
Mt h thng thy lc cn lu lng 32lit/pht ti p sut 260 bar. Bm c s
dng c lu lng ring ln nht l 28 cm3/vng. Tc 1430 vng/pht v hiu sut
tng 0.85, hiu sut th tch 0.90. Tnh:
(a) Phn trm lu lng bm so vi lu lng ln nht ca bm
(b) Cng sut cn thit vn hnh bm
Bi lm
(a) Lu lng ln nht ca bm: Qmax v D p max n p 0,9.28.1430 36, 036l / min .
Suy ra phn trm lu lng thc so vi lu lng ln nht l:
%Q

Q
32
.100%
.100% 88%.
Qmax
36, 036

(b) Cng sut cn thit: P

1 Q. p
1 32.260
.

.
16,3kW .
0 600 0,85 600

Cu A2.4
A hydraulic pump having a displacement of 8,8 ml/rev runs at 2880 rev/min. If its
volumetric efficiency and torque efficiency are 93% and 91% respectively determine:
A) The actual pump delivery
B) The input power to the pump when it operates against a pressure of 350 bar
Mt bm thy lc c lu lng ring l 8.8 ml/vng, tc 2880 vng/pht. Nu
hiu sut th tch v hiu sut c ln lt l 93% v 91%. Xc nh:
(a)
Lu lng thc ca bm
(b)
Cng sut u vo khi bm hot ng di cng sut 350 bar.
Bi lm
(a) Lu lng thc ca bm:
2

Q v .D p .n p 0,93.8,8.2880 23,57l / min .

(b) Cng sut u vo: P

1 Q. p
1
23,57.350
.

.
16, 25kW .
0 600 0,93.0,91
600

Cu A2.5
A hydraulic cricuit using 35 liters of fluid per minute is supplied by a pump having a
fixed displaycement of 12,5 cm3 /rev driven at 2280 rev/min. The pump has a volumetric
efficiency of 0.85 and overall efficiency of 0,75. If the system pressure is set at 180 bar
by the relief valve calculate:
1. The quanlity of fluid delivered by the pump.
2. The power required to drive the pump.
The heat generated owing to the excess flow passing over relief valve.
Mt mch thy lc s dng 25lt cht lng trong mt pht v c cung cp bi
mt my bm c lu lng ring l 12.5 cm3/vng v tc 2880 vng/pht. Bm c
hiu sut th tch l 0.85 v hiu sut tng l 0.75, p sut ca h thng l 180bar. Tnh:
(a) Lu lng c cung cp bi bm.
(b) Cng sut cn thit vn hnh bm.
(c) Cng sut do dng chy chy qua van an ton.
Bi lm
(a) Lu lng bm: Q v .D p .n p 0,85.12,5.2880 30, 6l / min .
(b) Cng sut cn thit: P

1 Q. p
1 30, 6.180
.

.
12, 24kW .
0 600 0, 75 600

(c) Cng sut do dng chy chy qua van an ton m bo lu lng trong mch
l 25l/min:
P

(Q p Q). p
600

(30, 6 25).180
1, 68kW .
600

Cu A2.6
A hydraulic circuit consists of a fixed-displaycement gear pump supplying hydraulic
fluid to a cylinder which has a bore of 100-mm diamater, a rod of 56-mm diameter and a
stroke of 400 mm. Pumps are available with displaycement increasing in steps of 1
ml/rev from 5 ml; the volumetric efficiency is 88% and its overall efficiency is 80%. The
pupm is driven directly from an electric motor with an on-load speed of 1430 rev/min.
Select a suitable pump so that the cylinder can be reciprocated through a complete cycle
once every 12 seconds.
3

Mt mch thy lc gm 1 bm c lu lng ring khng i cp lu cht cho mt

xy lanh c ng knh 100mm, ng knh trc 56mm v hnh trnh l 400mm. Bm c
lu lng tng dn tng bc 1ml/vng n khi t 5ml; hiu sut th tch l 88%, hiu
sut tng l 80%. Bm c iu khin trc tip thng qua mt m t in c tc
1430 vng/pht. La chn bm ph hp xy lanh c th hon thnh 1 chu k mi 12
giy.
Bi lm
Th tch cn y xylanh hnh trnh tin ra: V1

D2
4

.s

.0,12
4

.0, 4 3,14l.

Th tch y xylanh hnh trnh thu v:

(D2 d 2 )
.(0,12 0, 0562 )
V2

.s

.0, 4 2, 2l.

Gi lu lng thc ca bm l Q, thi gian hon thnh mi chu k l:

t

V1 V2
V V 3,14 2, 2
12 Q 1 2
0, 445l / s.
Q Q
12
12

Lu lng ring ca bm: D p

Q
0, 445.60

21, 2ml / vg.

n p .v 1430.0,88

Vy ta cn chn bm c lu lng ring l 21,2 ml/vg

Cu A2.7
A pump having a displacement of 25 ml/rev is driven at 1440 rev/min by a 10 kW
electric motor. If the pumps overall and torque efficiencis are 85% and 90% respectively
determine:

the quantily delivered by the pump

The maximum pressure the pump can operate against without overloading the
motor.
Mt my bm c lu lng ring 25 ml/vng, tc 1440 vng/pht, cng sut
my bm 10kW. Hiu sut tng v hiu sut c ln lt la 85% v 90%. Xc nh:
(a) Lu lng thc ca bm
(b) p sut ti a m bm c th hot ng m khng b qu ti.
Bi lm
4

(a) Lu lng thc: Q v .D p .n p

0,85
.25.1440 34l / min .
0,9

(b) p sut ti da bm khng b qu ti:

pmax

P.600.0 10.600.0,85

150bar.
Q
34

Cu A2.8
A pump having a thoretical delivery of 35 l/min and the volumetric efficiency of
90% drives a cylinder having a bore of 110mm, a rod diameter of 65 mm and a stroke of
700 mm. Determine:
1) The extend and retract velocities of the cylinder.
2) The time for one complete cycle.
Bm c lu lng theo l thuyt l 35 lt/pht v hiu sut th tch l 90%, ng
knh xylanh l 110mm, ng knh trc l 65mm, hnh trnh pittng l 700mm. Tnh:
(a) Vn tc i v v ca xylanh.
(b) Thi gian hon tt 1 chu trnh.
Bi lm
(a) Din tch xy lanh: A1

D2
4

.0,112

Din tch mt vnh khuyn: A2

(D2 d 2 )

Suy ra vn tc i ca xy lanh: v1
Vn tc v ca xy lanh: v2

9,5dm3 .

.(0,112 0, 0652 )
4

6, 2dm3 .

Q
35
.v
.0,9 0, 055m / s
A1
60.9,5

Q
35
.v
.0,9 0, 085m / s
A2
60.6, 2

(b) Thi gian hon tt 1 chu trnh l: t t1 t2

s s
0, 7
0, 7

20,96s.
v1 v2 0, 055 0, 085

Cu A2.9
A pump/ accumulator power pack is to supply the fluid flow demand by a hydrauic
system as know in Figure A.21. The system working pressure is 125 bar and the
maximum pressure at the accumulator is 200 bar. Assuming the accumulator pre-charge
pressure is 90% of its maximum working pressure. Determine:
5

1. The actual pump delivery required.

2. The maximum volume of fluid to be stored in the accumulator.
3. The accumulator volume assuming isothermal charge and discharge of the
accumulator.
Mt bm thy lc dng cung cp lu lng cht lng theo yu cu ca mt h
thng thy lc nh hnh A.21. H thng lm vic vi p sut 125 bar v p sut ln nht
ca bnh l 200 bar. p sut c tch tr trc l 90% p sut lm vic ln nht. Xc
nh:
(a) Lu lng cn thit cho my bm
(b) Th tch ln nht c th cha trong bnh tch p.
(c) Th tch bnh tch p gi nh qua trnh x v np du l ng nhit.
Bi lm
(a) Lu lng cn cho my bm: Q

45.5 30.5 15.5

15l / min 0, 25l / s.
30

(b) Ta c bng biu th lu lng vo hoc ra khi bnh tch p cc giai on nh

sau:
Giai on

Lu lng h
thng yu cu (l/s)
0-5s
0,75
5-10s
0
10-15s
0,5
15-25s
0
25-30s
0,25
T cc thng tin trn ta c biu :

Lu lng bm
cung cp
0,25
0,25
0,25
0,25
0,25

Th tch vo hoc
ra khi bnh tch p
Ra 0,5.5= 2,5 lt
Vo 0,25.5=1,25 lt
Ra 0,25.5= 1,25 lt
Vo 0,25.10= 2,5 lt
Vo 0 lt

Vy th tch ln nht m bnh tch p c th cha c l 2,5 lt.

(c) p sut tch tr trc trong bnh tch p: p1 0,9.125 112,5bar 113,5 bar tuyt
i.
p sut ti a trong bnh tch p: p2 200bar 201bar tuyt i.
p sut ti thiu trong bnh tch p: p3 125bar 126bar tuyt i.
Gi V1, V2, V3 ln lt l th tch lu cht c trong bnh tch p cc p sut trn.
Ta c mi lin h: V3-V2= 2,5 lt.
p dng qu trnh ng nhit cho 3 giai on:
p1 V2
113,5
V2
V1 0,565V1.
p2 V1
201
p2 V3
126
V2
V3 0, 627V3 .
p3 V2
201

V1 7, 43l

Suy ra: V2 4, 2l
V 6, 7l
3

Vy th tch bnh tch p c th xem nh bng 7,43 lt.

Cu A2.10
A pressure cylinder having a bore of 140 mm and a 100 mm diameter rod is to have
an initial approach speed of 5m/min and a final pressing speed of 0.5m.min. The system
pressure for rapid approach is 40 bar and for final pressing 350 bar. A two-pump, highlow system is to be used; both pumps may be assumed to have volumetric and overall
efficienes of 0,95 and 0,85 respectively. Determine:

The flowes to the cyclinder for rapid approach and final pressing.
Suitable deliveries for each pump
The displaycement of each pump if the drive speed is 1720 rev/min.
The retract speed if the pressure required for retraction is 25 bar maximum.

Mt xylanh p c ng knh 140 mm v ng knh trc l 100 mm c vn tc

ban u l 5 m/pht v vn tc p cui cng l 0,5 m/pht. p sut h lc tin nhanh l
40 bar v p sut nn cui cng l 350 bar. Gi thit 2 bm c hiu sut th tch v hiu
sut tng ln lt l 0,95v 0,85. Xc nh:
(a) Lu lng n xylanh lc tin nhanh v p cui cng.
(b) Lu lng thch hp cho mi bm.
(c) Lu lng ring ca mi bm nu vn tc l 1720 vng/pht.
(d) Cng sut yu cu ca motor bm trong lc tin nhanh v nn.
(e) Vn tc li v nu p sut yu cu ti a l 25 bar.
Bi lm
(a) Lu lng n xylanh lc tin nhanh: Q1 v1. A 5.

.0,142
4

Lu lng n xylanh lc p cui cng: Q2 v2 . A 0,5.

77l / min .

.0,142
4

7, 7l / min .

(b) Lu lng thch hp cho mi bm:

Bm dng y xylanh tin nhanh: q1 Q1 Q2 77 7, 7 69,3l.
Bm dng cho qu trnh p: q2 Q2 7, 7l.

(c) Bm dng y xylanh tin nhanh: D p1

Bm dng cho qu trnh p: D p 2
(d) Trong qu trnh tin nhanh: P1
Trong qu trnh nn: P2

q1
69,3

42, 4ml / vg.

v .n p 0,95.1720

q2
7, 7

4, 7ml / vg.
v .n p 0,95.1720

Q1. p1
77.40

6, 04kW .
0 .600 0,85.600

Q2 . p2
7, 7.350

5, 28kW .
0 .600 0,85.600

77.103
10, 2m / min .
(e) Vn tc li v: Q1 vre .( A a) vre
(0,142 0,12 )
4

Cu A2.11
A pump driven at 1440 rev/min having displacement of 12,5 ml/rev and a
volumetric efficiency of 87% is used to supply fluid to a circuit with two cylinders. If the
cylinder dimensions are 63 mm borex35 mm rodx250 mm stroke, and 80 mm bore
x55mm rodx150mm stroke, find the minimum cycle time for both cylinders to extend
and retract fully.
Mt bm thy lc c s vng quay l 1440 vng/pht, lu lng ring 12.5
ml/vng, hiu sut th tch 87% cung cp du cho h thng gm hai xi-lanh thy lc.
Nu mt xi-lanh c kch thc 63 mm (ng knh y) x 35 mm (ng knh trc) x
250 mm (hnh trnh) v xi-lanh cn li c kch thc 80 mm x 55 mm x 150 mm. Tnh
thi gian chu k ngn nht c hai xi-lanh y v thu v?
Bi lm
Lu lng thc ca bm: Q v .D p .n p 0,87.12,5.103.1440 15, 66l / min .
Th tch cn y 2 xy lanh tin ra: Vex Vex1 Vex 2

(0, 0632.0, 25 0, 082.0,15) 1,53l.

Th tch cn y 2 xy lanh thu v:

2
2
Vre Vre1 Vre 2

[(0, 063 0, 035 ).0, 25 (0, 082 0, 0552 ).0,15] 0,94l.

Vy thi gian ngn nht hon thnh 1 chu k l:

t

Vre Vex 0,94 1,53

0,158 min 9, 46s.

Q
15, 66
9

Cu A2.12
A hydraulic cylinder is required to exert a minimum forward dynamic thrust of 25
tonnes and a minimum return dynamic thrust of 15 tonnes. Determine a suitable
standard size metric cylinder if the maximum system pressure is 200 bar. Assume that
the dynamic thrust is 0.9 times the static thrust. What pressure is required at the
cylinder to give the desired thrusts if the effect of back pressure is neglected?
Xi-lanh thy lc to ra lc y nh nht l 25 tn v lc ko v nh nht l 15 tn.
Tm ng knh thch hp ca xi-lanh nu p sut ln nht ca h thng l 200 bar. Gi
thuyt rng lc ng bng 0,9 ln lc tnh. p sut ca xi-lanh p ng lc yu cu
nu b qua hiu sut p sut?
Bi lm

m1.9,81 25.103.9,81
Q

272500 N
1
0,9
0,9

Gi thit: Fd 0,9 Ft
3
Q m2 .9,81 15.10 .9,81 163500 N
2
0,9
0,9

D2
4.272500
D
131, 7mm
Qu trnh tin ra: Q1 pmax .
4
200.105.
Theo tiu chun ta chn xy lanh c kch thc: 140 90mm
Q .4 272500.4
177bar.
p sut ca xy lanh lc tin ra: p1 1 2
D
.0,142

p sut ca xy lanh lc thu v: p2

Q2 .4
163500.4

181bar.
2
2
( D d ) .(0,142 0, 092 )

Cu A2.13
A hydraulic cylinder as shown infigure A.22 is to accelerate a load of 50 tonnes
horizontally from rest to velocity of 10 m/min in 50 mm. Take the coefficient of fricition
() betwen the load and the guides as 0,1 ; assume zero back-pressure. Determine:
a.
A suitable size of standerd metric cylinder if the maximum allowable pressure at
the cylinder is 180 bar.
b.
The fluid flow rate required to drive the piston forward at 3 m/min.

Mt xi-lanh thy lc tc dng ln ti nng 50 tn theo phng ngang t trng thi

ngh n vn tc 10m/pht vi qung ng di chuyn l 50mm. H s ma st gia ti
v sn l 0,1. Xc nh:
(a) ng knh xi-lanh nu p sut l ti a l 180 bar.
(b) Lu lng cn cung cp nu vn tc ca pittong l 3m/pht.
10

Bi lm
Ta c phng trnh cn bng lc: p. A Fms ma

Chiu ln phng ngang ta c: p. A Fms ma A

50.103.

Suy ra A

m.

v2
kmg
2s
p

(10 / 60) 2
0,1.50.103.9,81
2.0, 05
3,5.103 m 2 .
180.105

Vy ng knh xy lanh: D

4A

4.3,5.103

66, 7mm.

Theo tiu chun ta chn D= 80 mm.

(c) Lu lng cn cung cp: Q v. A 3.

.0, 082
4

15,1l / min .

Cu A2.14
A cylinder having a bore of 50 mm with a rod diemater of 32 mm is used to lift a
vartical load of 3 tonnes. The circuit used is shown in A.23. The quantity delivered by the
pump is 8l/min, the relift valve is see at 180 bar and the cylinder extend meter-out flowcontrol valve is set at 4l.min , Calculator:
A) The extend speed.
B) The pressure reading at gauge P1 when the cylinder is extending at a steedy speed.
C) The pressure regestered on gauge P1 if the cylinder is extended under no load
conditions i.e. Load removed.
D) The setting of the retrct flow control valve in 1l/min if the retract speed is the same as
11

the extend speed.

Mt xi lanh c ng knh xi-lanh l 50 mm v ng knh trc l 32 mm c s
dng nng ti c khi lng 3 tn. H thng nh hnh v. Lu lng bm l 8
lt/pht, van gim p ci t 180 bar. Khi xi-lanh y th lu lng qua van l 4 lt/pht.
Tnh:
(a) Vn tc y.
(b) Gi tr c c P1 khi xi-lanh ang y vi vn tc n nh.
(c) Gi tr P1 nu xi-lanh hot ng trng thi y khng ti.
(d) Gi tr ci t van lu lng khi xi-lanh li v vn tc li v bng vn tc y.

Bi lm
(a) Vn tc y: ve

Qe
4Qe
4.4.103

3, 45m / min .
A a ( D 2 d 2 ) (0, 052 0.0322 )

(b) Khi xy lanh y ta c biu thc: pmax . A mg p1.( A a )

Suy ra p1

180.105.

.0, 052
4

3.103.9,81

(0, 052 0, 032 2 )

51bar .

12

 .0, 052
4
305bar.
(c) Khi trng thi khng ti: p1
2
(0, 05 0, 032 2 )
4
(d) Gi thit vn tc v bng vn tc y suy ra
180.

Qr vr . A ve .

D2
4

3, 45.

.0, 052
4

6, 77l / min .

Cu A2.15
A hydraulic cylinder is required to lift a 600 kg load throght a vertical height of 4 m.
The working pressure is not to exceed 100 bar at the cylinder inlet port; neglect the
effect of back pressure. The cylinder is to be front flange mounted, the load fully guided
with the piston rod connection being pivoted. Determine the sizes of a suitable standerd
piston rod and cylinder bore.
Mt xi-lanh thy lc cn nng mt vt nng 6000-kg theo phng thng ng mt
on 4m. p sut lm vic cng vo khng vt qu 100 bar ; b qua nh hng ca
p sut y. Xi-lanh c lp mt bch pha trc, vt nng c dn hng bng trc
piston lc c. Tnh ng knh thch hp ca trc piston v xi-lanh.
Bi lm

Ta c: K

2 .E.

d4
64

Vi: K= 6000 kg.

E= 2,1.106 kg/cm2
L 2 2m
64.L2 .K
64.8.104.6000
4

46, 6mm.
Suy ra: d
3 .E
3 .2,1.106
4

Theo tiu chun ta chn ng knh trc piston l d= 56mm.

Mt khc khi nng ti: p.

D2
4

mg D

4.mg
4.6000.9,81

86, 6mm
p.
100.105.

Theo tiu chun ta chn ng knh xy lanh D= 100mm.

Cu A2.16
13

A hydralic cylinder having a bore of 125 mm and a rod diemeter of 90 mm is used

to lift a load of 20 tonnes at a maximun speed of 5 m/min. The load has to be brought to
rest in the cushion length of 50 mm at the end of the stroke, system pressure being
applied to the full bore end of the cylinder during retardantion. Determine:
a. The pressure required ti lift the load assuming zero back pressure at the annulus side
of the cylinder.
b. The fluid flow rate raise the load at 5m/min.
c. The average pressure in cushion during retardation.
Mt xi lanh thy lc c ng knh nng l 125 mm v ng knh thanh y l
90mm c s dng nng mt ti 20 tn vi tc ti a l 5 m/pht. Ti c
nng n trng thi tnh trong on gim chn di 50 mm cui hnh trnh, p sut h
thng tc dng vo nng ca xi lanh trong sut thi gian tr. Xc nh:
(a) p sut khi nng ti, gi s p sut v tc ng vo tit din vnh khn bng 0.
(b) Lu lng nng ti vi tc 5m/pht.
(c) p sut trung bnh trong on gim chn trong hnh trnh tr.
Bi lm
(a) p sut nng ti: p

4mg 4.20.103.9,81

160bar.
.D 2
.0,1252

(b) Lu lng nng ti: Q v. A 5.

.0,1252
4

61,35l / min .

(c) Cc lc tc dng ln piston nh sau:

1
5
ng nng ca ti: K mv 2 0,5.20.103. 69, 44 N .
2
60
14

Lc trung bnh trong on lm chm ti l: FK

p sut trung bnh trong on gim chn: p1

K 69, 44

1389 N .
l
0, 05

FK
4.1389

2,35bar.
A a (0,1252 0, 092 )

p. A
160.0,1252

332, 2bar.
p sut gim chn thng c p sut du l: pc
A a 0,1252 0, 092

Cu A2.17
A centre lathe head stock is to be driven by a constant power hydrostatic
transmission. The varibale- displacement non-reversing hydraulic motor is to have a
speed range of 300 to 2500 rev/min. The maximum power required at the output of the
hydraulic motor is 6 kW. The maximum pressure available at the pump delivery is 125
bar and the pressure drop between the pump and motor is 5 bar. The torque and
volumertric efficiencies of both the pump and motor may be taken as 0,85. Assuming an
open loop transmission, determine:
A) The ideal motor displacement and the actual pump delivery required.
B) The input power required by the pump.
Mt mi dao my tin c dn ng bi mt h thng thy lc cng sut c
nh. Mt mt thy lc mt chiu a tc c tc quay t 300 n 2500 vng/pht.
Cng sut ti a u ra mt l 6 kW. p sut ti a ca bm l 125 bar v st p
gia bm v mt l 5 bar. Hiu sut c v hiu sut th tch ca c bm v mt l
0,85. Gi s h thng mch h, xc nh:
(a) Lu lng ring ca mt v lu lng ca bm.
(b) Cng sut u vo ca bm.
Bi lm
(a) St p gia bm v mt l 5 bar suy ra p sut motor: pm p p 5 125 5 120bar.
Hiu sut tng ca bm v motor l 0 m 0 p 0,852 0, 7225.
Lu lng thc qua motor: Q
Mt khc Q

Dm .nm

vm

Dm

Pm .600
6.600

41,5l / min .
pm .0 m 120.0, 7225

Q.vm
41,5.0,85

nm
300 2500

Vy lu lng ring ca motor: Dm 14 118cm3 / min .

15

Lu lng thc qua bm: Q p Qm 41,5l / min .

(b) Cng sut u vo ca bm: Pp

Qp . p p

600 op

41,5.125
11,96kW .
600.0, 7225

Cu A2.18
A hydraulic cylinder has to move a load horizontally throught a distance of 3 m. The
cylinder is font flange mounted and the load rigidly connected to the piston rod and fully
guided. The extend force which has to be extend by the cylinder is 1.6 tonnes and the
retract force 0,7 tonne. Assume the effective dynamic thrust is 0,9 times the static
thrust.
If the maximum system pressure is limmited to 150 bar, determine a suitable
standard metric size of cylinder and calculate the actual operating pressure.

Mt xy lanh thy lc di chuyn 1 ti i ngang 1 khong cch l 3m. Ti c gn

c nh trn piston v c dn hng. Lc y tc dng ln xy lanh khi c ti l 1,6 tn,
lc ko v khi khng ti l 0,7 tn. Hiu sut p lc ng bng 0,9 ln p lc tnh. Nu
p sut ti a ca h thng l 150bar, hy xc nh kch thc xylanh v tnh ton li p
sut vn hnh ca h thng.
Bi lm
ng knh trc piston:
Trc c dn hng nn L

l
150cm.
2

Lc lm vic ti a F= 1,6 tn FS

F
1777, 78kg.
0,9

H s an ton: s= 3,5.
Suy ra K FS .s 1777, 78.3,5 6222, 23kg.
Mt khc: K

2 .E.

d4

2
2
64 d 4 64.L .K 4 64.150 .6222, 23 34, 2mm.
L2
3 .E
3 .2,1.106

Theo tiu chun ta chn ng knh trc piston l d= 36mm.

ng knh xy lanh:
F
F
1, 6.103.9,81
A

0, 0012m 2 .
Khi xy lanh y ln ta c quan h: p. A
5
0,9
0,9. p 0,9.150.10

Suy ra D

4A

4.0, 0012

39mm.

16

Theo tiu chun ta chn ng knh xy lanh l D= 50mm ph hp vi vi ng

knh trc piston.
Xc nh li p sut vn hnh ca h thng:
1, 6.103.9,81

89bar.
Khi xy lanh tin ra: pe
D2
.0, 052
0,9.
0,9.
4
4
Fe

Fr
0, 7.103.9,81

81bar.
Khi xy lanh thu v: pr
(D2 d 2 )
(0, 052 0, 0362 )
0,9.
0,9.
4
4

Cu A2.19
A hydraulic cylinder has to move a load horizontally throught a distance of 3 m. The
cylinder is font flange mounted and the load rigidly connected to the piston rod and fully
guided. The extend force which has to be extend by the cylinder is 1.6 tonnes and the
retract force 0,7 tonne. Assume the effective dynamic thrust is 0,9 times the static
thrust.
If the maximum system pressure is limmited to 150 bar, determine a suitable
standard metric size of cylinder and calculate the actual operating pressure.

Cho 1 my cng c dng xylanh thy lc c phn hi, khi chu trnh i ra ca
xylanh l piston i nhanh vi tc 10m/pht ng vi qung ng 1m vi lc y lc
l 2.5 tn. Khi cng tc p sut chuyn trng thi th tc di chuyn ca piston khi
l 0,25m/min ng vi qung ng l 0,5m vi lc y khi l 10 tn. p sut ln
nht ca xy lanh l 200 bar.
(a) Chn kch thc xy lanh theo tiu chun
(b) Tnh ton lu lng bm cho c hai giai on trong hnh trnh i ra ca xi lanh.
Bi lm
(a) Chn kch thc cho xy lanh:
ng knh trc piston:
Ta c: L

l 100 50

75cm.
2
2

Lc lm vic ti a FS= 10 tn.

H s an ton: s= 3,5.
Suy ra K FS .s 10.103.3,5 35000kg.
Mt khc: K

2 .E.

d4

2
2
64 d 4 64.L .K 4 64.75 .35000 37,3mm.
L2
3 .E
3 .2,1.106

17

Theo tiu chun ta chn ng knh trc piston l d= 45mm.

ng knh xy lanh:
Khi xy lanh y ln ta c quan h: p. A F A
Suy ra D

4A

F 10.103.9,81

0, 0049m 2 .
p
200.105

4.0, 0049

79mm.

Theo tiu chun ta chn ng knh xy lanh l D= 80mm.

(b) Lu lng bm:
Do l mch ti phn hi nn:

+ Khi xy lanh tin nhanh: Q1 v1.a v1.

+ Khi xy lanh nn: Q2

.D 2
4

.v2

d2
4

.0, 082
4

10.

.0, 0452
4

15,9l / min .

.0, 25 1, 257l / min .

Cu A2.20
A hydraulic cylinder having a bore of 125 mm, a rod of 80 mm diameter and a
stroke of 350 mm is to fully extend and retract in a total of 15 seconds. The extend
thrust to be exerted by the cylinder is 20 tonnes, the retract thrust being 10 tonnes.
Determine:

The theoretical system pressure when the cylinder is extending

The theoretical system pressure when the cylinder is retrscting
The theoretical pump delivery required.
The actual pump diplacement if the volumetric efficiency is 90% and the pump
driven at 1440 rev/min.
Themaximum power input to the pump if the torque efficiency is 85%

Cho 1 xy lanh thy lc c ng knh xylanh l D=125 mm, ng knh thanh y

l d=80mm, v qung ng di chuyn l 350 mm, thi gian c i ln v l 15s. p lc
i ra l 20 tn, p lc ko vo l 10 tn. Xc nh:
(a) p sut h thng khi xylanh i ra.
(b) p sut h thng khi xylanh i vo.
(c) Xc nh lu lng l thuyt ca bm.
(d) Lu lng ring ca bm nu hiu sut th tch l 90% v vn tc bm n=1440
rev/min.
(e) Cng sut u vo ln nht ca bm nu hiu sut c l 85%.
Bi lm

18

(a) p sut khi xy lanh i ra: p

4mg 4.20.103.9,81

160bar.
.D 2
.0,1252

4m2 g
4.10.103.9,81

135, 4bar.
(b) p sut khi xy lanh i vo: p
.( D 2 d 2 ) .(0,1252 0, 082 )

(c) Th tch cn thit y xy lanh tin ra: V1

D2
4

.s

.0,1252
4

.0,35 4,3l.

Th tch cn thit y xy lanh tin ra:

(D2 d 2 )
.(0,1252 0, 082 )
V1

.s

.0,35 2,54l.

Suy ra lu lng l thuyt ca bm hon thnh 1 chu trnh 15s:

V1 V2 4,3 2,54

27,36l / min .
t
15
Q
27,36

21,1ml / vg.
(d) Lu lng ring ca bm: D p
v .n p 0,9.1440
Q

(e) Cng sut u vo ca bm: P

Q. p 1
27,36.160
.

9,54kW .
600 t .v 600.0,85.0,9

Cu A2.21
In a open-loop hydrostatic transmission the motor displaycement is 0,5 liter/rev
and it is to run at 65 rev/min. The pump supplying fluid to the motor is driven at 1440
rev/min. If the torque and overall efficienies of both the pump and motor are 95% and
85% respectively, determine:
a) A suitable pump displacement.
b) The pressure at the motor if the torque required at the motor is 100 Nm
c) The input power to the pump if the pressure drop in the pipeword etc. Between the
pump and motor is 5 bar.
Trong mt vng lp truyn ng thy lc m, mt c lu lng ring l 0.5 l/vg
v c tc 65 vng / pht. Nu hiu sut c v hiu sut tng ca c my bm v
motor tng ng l 95% v 85%, xc nh:
a) Lu lng ring ca bm.
b) p sut motor nu m-men xon yu cu ca motor l 1.000 Nm.
c) Nng lng u vo my bm nu p sut gim trong cc h thng ng ng, vv
gia bm v ng c l 5 bar.
Bi lm
(a) Lu lng ring ca bm:

19

Lu lng chy trong mch: Qm Q p Q

Suy ra: D p

Qp
n p .

(b) Ta c: Tm

p
v

Dm .nm

0,5.65
36,3l / min .
0,85
0,95

36,3
28, 2ml / vg.
0,85
1440.

0,95

Dm . pm .tm
2 .Tm
2 .1000
pm

132,3bar.
m
2
Dm .t
0,5.103.0,95

(c) St p trong mch l 5 bar suy ra p sut ca bm: pp=132,3+5=137,3 bar.

Nng lng my bm: Pp

Q p . p p 1 36,3.137,3
.
9, 77kW .
600 0
600.0,85

Cu A2.22
A hydraulic motor required to develop a torque of 100 Nm at a maximum speed of
600 rev/min. The maximum pressure drop across the motor is to be 150 bar. The torque
and volumetric efficiencies are both 0,9. Determine:
a) A suitable motor displacement.
b) The flow required to the motor.
Mt ng c thy lc cn phi tc dng mt m men 100Nm vi tc ti a 600
vng/ph. p sut ti a st qua ng c l 150 bar. Hiu sut th tch v c u l 0,9.
Xc nh:
(a) Lu lng ring ng c.
(b) Lu lng cn thit ti ng c.
Bi lm
p .D . m
2 .100
46,5ml / vg.
(a) Lu lng ring ca bm: Tm m m t Dm
2
150.105.0,9
(b) Lu lng cn thit ti ng c: Qm

Dm .nm

vm

46,5.103.600

31l / min .
0,9

Cu A2.23
A lather head stock is directly driven by a hydraclic motor. The lathe is used to turn
a bar with a maximum diameter of 60 mm.The maximum tangential cutting force on the
lathe tool is 2 kN and the maximum rotational speed of the head stock is 700 rev/min.
The maximum pressure set by the relief valve is 200 bar and the total pressure drop
between the relief valve and the hydraulic motor is bar, the back-pressure at the motor
being 5 bar. Thr overall and volumetric efficiencies of the motor are 0,85 and 0,9
respectively. Determine:
20

(a)
(b)
(c)

The minimum displaycement in cm3/rad.

The flow rate to the motor at maximum speed.
The maximum hydraulic input power to the motor.

Mt my tin c vn hnh bi mt ng c thy lc. My tin c th tin c

mt thanh c ng knh ln nht l 60mm. Lc ct tip tuyn ln nht ca my tin l
2kN v tc quay ln nht ca u my tin l 700 vng/pht. p sut ln nht ci t
van an ton l 200bar, s gim p gia ng c thy lc v van an ton l 10bar, p
sut sau bm l 5bar. Hiu sut tng v hiu sut th tch ca ng c ln lt l 0,85
v 0,9. Tnh:
(a) Lu lng ring ln nht ca ng c theo n v cm3/rad.
(b) Lu lng qua ng c ti vn tc ln nht.
(c) Cng sut ln nht cn cung cp cho ng c.
Bi lm
d
2

(a) Moment do lc ct gy ra: Tm Fc . 2000.

0, 06
60 Nm.
2

Suy ra lu lng ring ca motor:

p .D . m
2 .60
Tm m m t Dm
21,58ml / vg 3, 43ml / rad .
2
5 0,85
(200 10 5).10 .
0,9

(b) Lu lng qua motor: Qm

Dm .nm

vm

21,58.103.700
16,8l / min .
0,9

(c) Cng sut ln nht cn cung cp: Pm

Q. pm m 16,8.200
.0
.0,85 4, 76kW .
600
600

Cu A2.24
A hydraulic motor with a displaycement of 475 cm3/rev is used to drive directly a
conveyor drum having a diemeter of 0,7 m.The pressure drop over the motor is 140 bar
and the actual flow into the motor 48 l/min. The overall and torque efficiency of the
motor are 0,9 and 0,94 respectively. Determine:
A) The torque at the conveyor drum.
B) The power in kilowatts supplied to the conveyor drum.
C) The linear speed of the conveyor belt.
Mt ng c thy lc c lu lng ring 475cm3/rev c s dng vn hnh
trc tip mt tang trng bng ti c ng knh 0.7m. p sut tc ng ln ng c l
140 bar v lu lng thc t vo ng c 48l/min. Hiu sut tng v hiu sut c ca
ng c ln lt l 0,9 v 0,94. Xc nh :
21

(a) M-men xon tang trng bng ti.

(b) Cng sut tnh bng kW cung cp cho tang trng bng ti.
(c) Tc di ca bng ti.
Bi lm
(a) Moment xon tang trng bng ti:
tm .Dm . pm 0,94.475.106.140.105
Tm

995 Nm.
2
2
Q. pm m 48.140
.0
.0,9 10,1kW .
600
600
0,9
48.
m
Q.v
0,94

96, 75vg / min 10,13rad / s.

(c) Tc quay ca tang trng: nm
Dm
475.103

(b) Cng sut cn cung cp cho tang trng: Pm

Tc di ca bng ti: vr nm .r 10,13.

0, 7
3,55m / s 213m / min .
2

Cu A2.25
A vehicle weighting 2 tonnes is to be driven up a slope of 1 in 10 (1 vartical in 10
measured along the slope) at a speed of 20 km/h. The coefficient of rolling resistance
may be taken as 0,1. The vehicle is driven hydraulically by two fixed-displaycement
motors fitted in the rear wheels which have an effective diameter of 850 mm. The
volumetric and torque efficiency of the motors are both 0,95. The maximum pressure
drop across the motors is 250 bar. Determine:
-

The required motor displaycement.

The fluid flow from the pump at maximum speed.

Mt xe nng 2 tn di chuyn ln dc t l 1:10 vi vn tc 20 km/h. H s ma st ln l

0,1. Xe c dn ng thy lc nh hai ng c c lu lng ring c nh nm bnh
sau vi ng knh hiu dng l 850mm. Hiu sut th tch v c u l 0,95. St p ti
a qua ng c l 250 bar. Xc nh:
(a) Lu lng ring ca ng c cn dung.
(b) Lu lng t bm tc cao nht ca xe.
Bi lm
(a) Ta c: sin 0,1 cos 0,995
Cc lc tc dng ln xe:
Chiu ln phng Ox ta c phng trnh cn bng lc: F Fms P sin .
Suy ra F k .mg.cos mg sin 2000.9,81.(0,1.0,995 0,1) 3914, 2 N .

22

F
1957,1N .
2
0,85
831,8 Nm.
Momen ca mi motor: Tm Fc .r 1957,1.
2
2 .Tm
2 .831,8

0, 22l / vg.
Suy ra lu lng ring ca mi ng c: Dm
pm .t 250.105.0,95

Vy lc m mi motor phi t c l Fc

2v
(b) S vng quay ca motor: nm r
d

Lu lng cho mi motor: Qm

nm .Dm

1000
60 784rad / min 124vg / min .
0,85

2.20.

28,9l / min .

Suy ra lu lng t bm cp cho 2 motor: Q p 2Qm 2.28,9 57,8l / min .

Cu A2.26
A rotating feed table with a mass of 50 kg and a radius of gyration of 0.4 m is driven
by a hydraulic motor. The table has to be accelerated from rest to a maximum speed of
120 rev/min in 0m5 second. The maximum pressure drop across the motor is 200 bar.
Taking the volumetric and torque efficiencies of the motor as 0,96 and 0,95 respectively,
determine:
a. A suitable displaycement for the motor.
b. The actual pump delivery required to drive the motor at maximum speed if the
pump efficiencies are the same as those of the motor.
Mt bn n xoay vi khi lng ti hn l 500kg v bn knh l 0,4m c dn
ng bng ng c thy lc. Bn c gia tc t trng thi ngh ti tc ln nht 120
vng/pht trong 0,5s. p sut ln nht qua ng c l 200bar. Hiu sut c v th tch
ca ng c ln lt l 0,96 v 0,95. Tnh
(a) Lu lng ring ca ng c.
(b) Tnh lu lng thc ca bm cung cp cho ng c ti tc ln nht nu hiu
sut ging ng c.
Bi lm
(a) Moment qun tnh ca bn n: I mr 2 50.0, 42 8(kg.m 2 ).
w 120.2
25,13rad / s 2 .
Gia tc gc:
t

60.0,5

Moment cn cung cp cho ng c:

Tm I 8.25,13 201, 06(Nm).
23

Ta c: Tm mt Dm pm
Tm
201, 06.102
Dm m

10, 6(cm3 / rad ) 66,5(cm3 / vg ).

5
t pm 0,95.200.10
(b) Lu lng thc ca bm: Q p Qm

Dm .nm

vm

66,5.103.120

8, 4l.
0,95

Cu A2.27
A hydraulically-powered haulage is used to wind a train of wagons up a drift mine.
The weight of the train is 5 tonnes, the slope of the track is 1 vertical 10 measured along
the slope length. Thr haulage rope is layerd on the drum but to simplify tha calculation
assume that the effective diemeter remains constant at 1 m. The track has a length from
the haulage to the pit bottom of 1500 m. The haulage rope has a weight of 4 kg/m run.
The haulage drum has a weight of 1,5 tonnes when the haulage rope is fully unwound
and a radius of gyration of 0,5 m.
The train is to be capable of being accelerated from rest at the bottom of the slope
to a stop speed of 5 km/h in 10 seconde. The maximum pressure drop across the
haulage motor is 300 bar and the torque and the volumetric efficiencies of the motor are
both 95%.
1. Calculate the motor displaycement per revolution.
2. Should the haulage have to be stopped halfway to suface, what would bbe the
maximum possible acceleration on restarting? Take into account the change in drum
inertia owing to the haulage rope being wound on to the drum.
3. If the pump supplying the haulage motor has a volumetric efficiency of 92% and an
overall efficiency of 82%, Calculate the required displaycement per revolution when it is
driven at 2200 rev/min.
4. What is the input power needed by the pump if the total pressure loss between the
pump and motor is 30 bar?
Mt u my thy lc c dng ko xe la ln khu hm m. Trng lng ca
xe la l 5 tn, dc cn ko ln l 1:10 theo chiu di dc mt nghing dc. Dy ti
n gin th ta gi s rng ng knh sut chiu di l hng s v bng 1m. Chiu
di dy ti sut t u ti cui l 1500 m. Dy ti c khi lng ring l 4 kg/m chiu
di. Khi lng ca tang trng l 1,5tn khi cha cun dy vo v c bn knh l
0,5m.Toa tu c kh nng tng tc t trng thi ban u ng yn ln tc cao nht l

24

5 km/h trong 10 giy. p sut ln nht t c tc dng ln m t ko l 300bar v

hiu sut c v th tch ca m t u l 0,95.
(a) Tnh lu lng ring ca mt.
(b) u ko c dng li na chng, gia tc ln nht c th t c lc khi ng li
l g?C tnh n lc qun tnh ca tang trng.
(c) Nu bm cung cp cho u ko m t c hiu sut th tch l 0,92 v hiu sut tng
l 0,87, hy tnh lu lng ring cn thit khi n t tc quay l 2200 vg/ph.
(d) Tnh cng sut u vo cn thit ca bm nu tng p sut b mt gia bm v m
t l 30bar.
Bi lm
v
t

(a) Gia tc ca tu: a

5.1000
0,14m / s 2 .
3600.10

Phng trnh phn tch lc: F P sin ma.

Suy ra F m( g sin a) [(5 1,5).1000 4.1500].(10.0,1 0,14) 14236, 25 N .
Moment cn cp cho motor: Tm F .r 14236, 25.0,5 7118,125 Nm.
Vy lu lng ring ca motor: Dm

2 Tm
2 .7118,125

1, 6l / vg.
m
t . pm 0,95.300.105

(b) Khi ln c na ng, khi lng tang trng l: m 1,5.1000 4.750 4500kg.
Suy ra moment qun tnh ca tang trng: I mr 2 4500.0,52 1125 Nm 2 .
a
r

Phng trnh ng hc: F m( g sin a) I . .

Suy ra a

14236, 25 (5000 1500 750.4).

8000

1125
0,5

10
10 0, 4621l / s 2 .

(c) lu lng ring ca bm: Q p pv .D p .n p

Lu lng ring ca mt: Qm

Dm .nm
mv

M lu lng do bm cp b mt mt do hiu sut ca bm mi bng lng lu lng

ca mt nn ta c:
p

o . pv .D m n p

Dm .n m

Dm

Dm .n m
1, 6.26,53

0, 0254(l / vg )
p
p
v . o . v .n p 0,95.0,87.0,92.2200

5
10
60v
36

26,53(v / ph)
Vi: nm
2 R 2 .0,5
60

25

(d) Ta c, mt p t bm qua m t l 30 bar nn p sut ln nht bm l 330 bar.Do

, cng sut cn thit cp cho bm l:
D n p
25, 4.103.2200.0,92
P p p v pp
330 32,5kW
po .600
0,87.600
Cu A2.28
A closed loop hydraulic system consists of a avariablr-displaycement pump driving
a fixed displaycement motor as shown diagramatiacally in figure A.24
1. Show that

Where s is the Laplace transform function, Kp is the pump constant for a given
speed p is the motor displaycement, and is the constant, The combined leakage
coessicient for the pump and motor is
B) Determine from first principles the response of the system to a unit step input after a
time equal to 3 .Calculate the value of . In a particular system the values are
Load inertia, I=100 Nms2
Leakage coefficient, =12x10-3 l/min/bar
Most displacement, dm=25 ml per eadian
Pump flow constant, Kp=5x10-3m2s-1
C) Draw a polar plot for the frequency response of the system to an input sin t for values
of between 1 and 10 radians per second.

Mt h thng thy lc vng kn bao gm mt bm lu lng ring thay i c

dn ng mt ng c lu lng ring c nh nh s A.24.
(a) Chng minh rng:

Trong s l hm bin i Laplace,

,

l dng c nh t bm ng vi mt tc

l lu lng ring ca ng c, l hng s thi gian. B qua tnh nn c ca

26

cht lng. H s dng r kt tng ca bm v ng c l .

(b) Xc nh nguyn tc p ng u tin ca h thng i vi mt u vo bc thang
sau mt khong thi gian . Tnh ton gi tr ca . Trong mt h thng c th gi
tr l:
Qun tnh ca ti I= 100Nm.s2
H s r r

l/min/bar.

Lu lng ring ca ng c

25ml/rad

Lu lng ca bm
(c) V mt th trong h ta cc th hin p ng ca h thng cho u vo
vi gi tr ca

t 1 n 10 rad/s.
Bi lm

(a) R r ca bm: p Pp
Lu lng thc t bm K pY p Pp q
R r motor m Pm
Lu lng thc s dng trong motor q m Pm m d m
Do : m d m K pY p Pp m Pm
B qua s gim p trong h thng P= Pm= Pp
V nu l h s r r ca bm v motor th m d m K pY P
Nu momen ra ca motor l Tm th
Tm d m P I

d
m
dt

Trong I l ti trng tnh ca u ra.

Thay P vo ta c:
I

d
m d m ( K pY m d m ) / m
dt

S dng bin i laplace:

27

Is m ( s )

d m ( K pY ( s ) m ( s ) d m )

m ( s )(Is

d m2

dm

K pY ( s )

K
m
( s ) (d m K p / ) / Is (d m2 / ) p (1/ (1 s))(*)
Y (s)
dm

(b) Ta c:

T (*) suy ra m

Kp
dm

I
d m2

(1 e t / )

(c) Ta c Y=sint suy ra Y ( s)

12.103.100
0,32
105.1000.(25.106 ) 2

5.103
(1 e 3 ) 190(rad / s)
25.106

s 2
2

M ( ) [(t 2 2 )1/2 ]1.0, 2.103 [(12 0,322 )1/2 ]1.0, 2.10 3

tan 1 (0,32)

28

Cu A2.29
A dumper truck is to be driven by a reversible flow -controlled hydrostatic
transmission. The details of the vehicle and drive are
Gross weight of vehicle
Number of driven wheels
Rolling resistance
Rolling radius of wheels
Maximum vehicle speed on flat
Time to accelerate to maximun speed on flat
The vehicle is to be capable of climbing a maximum gradient of 1 in 4; maximum
speed and acceleration on gradient are unimportant.
Variable-displaycement pumps are available with maximum theoretical deliveries
starting at 20 l/min and increasing in step of 10 l/min when driven at engine speed.
Fixed-capacity motors aer available with capacities staring at 0,1 l/rev in increasing
steps of 0,05 l/rev
The maximum operating pressure of the system is 300 bar. Both punps and motors
have volumetric efficiencies of 0,95, The torque efficiency of the motor is 0,94 and the
overall efficiency of the pump 0,9.

Neglecting any pressure drops in pipework select suitable hydraulic pump and
motors and determine the power to the pump.
If the vehicle weight distribution is 70% on the rear wheels, 30% on the front wheels
and the coefficient of traction between the driven wheels and the ground is 0,95
determine the maximum gradient up which the vehicle could climb.

Mt xe ti c dn ng bng ng c thy lc, c cc thng s sau.

Khi lng xe =7 tn
S bnh xe= 2 (bnh sau)
Ma st ln= 100kg trn 1 tn
Bn knh ln ca bnh xe= 0.4m
Tc ln nht trn mt phng = 15km/h
29

Thi gian t c tc ln nht=5s

Xe c kh nng i ln dc ln nht l 1: 4. Vn tc ln nht khi ln dc khng
quan trng.
Gi tr ca lu lng ring bm theo l thuyt bt u 20 l/pht v tng ln tng
bc l 10 l/pht.
ng c c lu lng ring bt u t 0,1 l/pht v tng theo tng bc 0,05
l/pht.
p sut ln nht ca h thng l 300 bar. C bm v ng c u c hiu sut th
tch l 0,95, hiu sut c ca ng c l 0,94. Hiu sut tng ca bm l 0,9
(a) B qua p sut r khi lm vic, chn gi tr cng sut u vo ca ng c v motor.
(b) Nu khi lng xe phn b 70% bnh sau v 30% bnh trc, h s ma st gia
bnh xe v mt t 0.95. Xc nh on dc ti a m xe c th leo ln c.
Bi lm
a) S vng quay ca motor: nm 60
Gia tc ca motor: a

15
99, 47(vg / ph)
3, 6(2 .0, 4)

15
5
(m / s 2 )
3, 6.5 6

Lc ma st: Fm 100.7.9,81 6867( N )

5
6

Lc qun tnh: Fqt 7000. 5833,3( N )

Lc cn thit ln dc khi dc ln nht l: F

7000
9,81 17167,5( N )
4

Tng lc motor cn pht ng khi tc quay ln nht:

Fo=6867+5833,3 = 12700,3(N)
Tng lc motor cn pht ng khi leo dc ln nht:
Fo=6867+17167,5 = 24034,5(N)
Moment mi motor cn c: T=24034,5.0,4/2=4806,9 Nm
Lu lng ring ca motor: Dm

T .2
4806,9.2

103 1, 07(l / vg )
5
0,94 P 0,94.300.10

Nn ta chn lu lng ring ca bm l 1,1 (l/vng).

30

Lu lng ca motor: Qm 2
Lu lng ca bm: Q p

nm Dm
99, 47.1,1
2
230,36(l / ph)
0,95
0,95

Qm
242,1(l / ph)
0,95

p sut ca h thng: 300/2 = 150 bar

Cng sut vo ca bm: N p

Q p PP
600.0,9

67, 25kW

b) Lc cn xe c th leo dc:
Fo 7000.0, 7.9,81.0,95 45665,55( N )

Chng 1
1.1 Ca ht ca bm t thp hn mt thong ca b cha 0.6 m. Bit t trng ca du l
0.86. Xc nh ct p tnh ti ca ht ca bm?
Tr li:
Khi lng ring ca nc: 1g/cm3 hoc 1000kg/m3
Khi khi lng ring ca du l 0,86.1g/cm3 hoc 860kg/m3
p sut tnh ti ca ht: = 860.0,6 = 516 kg/m2
= 0,0516 kg/cm2
=0,0516.0,981 = 0,0506 bar
Lu : 1 kg/cm2 = 0, 981 bar
1.2 Tnh ton ng knh ng ht v ng y ca bm c lu lng 40 l/ph,vn tc
ln nht ng ht l 1.2 m/s, ng y l 3.5 m/s.
Tr li:
Trng hp ng ht ca bm:
Lu lng = Vn tc trung bnh x Din tch mt ct ngang dng chy
Din tch ca ng =
Lu lng = 40 l/pht = 40/60 x 10-3 m3/s
Din tch ca ng =

= 0,555.10-3 m2
31

ng knh ng ht ca bm:
Din tch ca ng = D2/4 = 0,555.10-3 m2
Suy ra: D = 0,0266 m = 26,6 mm
Vy ng knh nh nht ng ht ca bm : D = 26,6 mm
Ch : Trong tt c cc tnh ton cn ch n tt c cc n v u ng
Thay th, nu vn tc dng chy l 1 m/s2 th khi , ng knh ng ht ca bm
s l 29 mm.
ng knh cn thit ca ng y ca bm c th c tnh ton theo cch tng
t ly vn tc ca dng chy l 3,5 m/s2. Khi , ng knh nh nht ca ng y ca
bm l 15,6 mm
Trong thc t, ng knh tnh ra c khng chc rng s c sn, trong mt s
trng hp ta s chn mt ng tiu chun c ng knh ln hn. Ngoi ra, mt s
ng c ng knh tiu chun nh hn cng c th c chn, nhng cn phi kim
tra li v tnh ton m bo rng vn tc dng chy nm trong phm vi cho php.
V d: Mt ng tiu chun c ng knh ngoi l 20mm v dy 2,5 mm c bn sn
trn th trng. N cho php s dng vi ng knh 15 mm.
Vn tc dng chy =
Din tch ng =
Vn tc dng chy =

=> Tho

iu ny cng quan trng m bo rng dy ca thnh ng l chu c

p sut lm vic ca cht lng
1.3 Mt my bm thu lc cung cp lu lng 12 l/pht vi p sut 200 bar
1. Tnh ton cng sut ca bm
2. Nu hiu sut tng ca bm l 60%. Tinh cng sut motor cn thit bm hot ng
ng cng sut.
Gii:
1. Cng sut bm (kW)
2. Hiu sut tng ca bm
=> Cng sut motor

6,67 kW

Chng 2.
2.1 Bm c lu lng ring 14cm3/vng, s vng quay 1440 vng/pht v chu c p
sut ln nht l 150 bar. Hiu sut th tch ca bm 0,9, hiu sut tng 0,8. Tnh:
32

1. Lu lng cht lng bm cung cp trong 1 pht

2. Cng sut np vo trc bm
3. Moment ti trc bm
Gia
1. Lu lng bm: Qp = Hiu sut th tch x lu lng ring x S vng quay
= 0,9.14.10-3.1440 = 18,14 lit/phht
2.
Cng sut trc bm =
Nu lu lng Q c n v lt/pht v p sut P c n v bar, khi
Cng sut thu lc

kW

Cng sut trc bm

= 5,67 kW
Hiu sut c =

3. Moment ti trc bm:

V d 2.2
Mt my bm c lu lng ring 1 lt / pht c a vo mt ng c tng th tch ca
lt. Nu cui ng ng t nhin b chn, tnh ton gia tng p lc sau 1 giy.

V d 2.3

33

Mt xy lanh thy lc lm vic theo chu trnh nh sau: tin ra trong 5s vi p sut 25
bar, lu lng l 12 l/min; sau dng li trong 25s vi p sut 200 bar. Tip theo li v
trong 4s vi p sut 35 bar, lu lng l 12 l/min; dng li trong 26s vi p sut 200 bar.
p sut/lu lng cn cho h thng c trnh by hnh v. Ta thy rng lu
lng ch cn cho 15% trn tan b chu trnh. Nu s dng bm c lu lng ring c
nh vi lu lng l 12 l/min th lu lng ny phi x qua van gii hn p sut c ci
t gi tr 200 bar trn 85% chu trnh.

Cng sut cung cp theo l thuyt l Lu lng x p sut = (12*200)/600 = 4 kW

Nu s dng h thng thy lc nh hnh di th phn ln nng lng cung cp ny
chuyn thnh nhit nng khi du x qua van gii hn p sut.

34

Th tch du cn cung cp cho1 chu trnh lm vi

Cho hnh trnh i v

Lng du cn cho1 pht l (1+0.8) = 1.8 lt
Nh vy, nu ta tr trc du trong bnh tch p(lng du ny c cung cp bi
bm trong lc c cu chp hnh dng li) th bm c lu lng 1.8 l/min l . Tuy
nhin, v p sut 200 bar cn duy tr cho khong thi gian c cu chphnh dng li, nn
p sut du nn trong bnh tch p phi cao hn gi tr ny, v d 250 bar. Khi p sut
trong h thng s dao ng trong phm vi t 200 n 250 bar. y l nhc im ca h
thng.
Vic xc nh chnh xc lu lng ca bm cn cung cp du cho c cu chp hnh
thc hin ng theo thi gian yu cu trong trng hp ny l rt kh. cho chc chn,
ta chn bm c lu lng ln hn, v d 2 l/min v van gii hn p sut 250 bar. Khi
, cng sut cung cp cn l:
35

(2*250)/600 = 0,83 kW
Gi tr ny nh hn rt nhiu so vi khi h thng khng s dng bnh tch p.

V d 2.4: Hy tham kho Hnh 2.24 Mt bng ti c iu khin bi mt ng c

thy lc, v bng cch s dng ba my bm c lu lng ring khc nhau, by bc tc
c th t c, ngoi bc khng.

V d 2.5 Mt my p cn lu lng l 200 l/min giai on lm vic vn tc cao cho

cng on ng v m khun vi p sut l 30 bar. Giai on p p sut lm vic l 400
bar, lu lng dao ng t 12 n 20 l/min.
Cng sut cn giai on ng/m khun l:
36

(200*30)/600 = 10kW
s dng lun cng sut ny cho giai on p th:
q*400 = 200 x 30 vi q l lu lng kh thi trong qu trnh p =>q= 15 l/min l chp
nhn c.
Vy yu cu lu lng ca bm nh sau :
p sut cao, lu lng thp : 15 l/min
p sut thp, lu lng ln: (200 15) = 185 l/min.

Bm i ny tng ng vi 1 bm lu lng khng i c lu lng 200l/min,

lm vic p sut 400 bar, tiu th cng sut vo l 133,3 kW.
V d 2.6 Thng tin thit k : Mt h thng thy lc c cung cp du bi mt bm m
s c tnh v lu lng v p sut trong mt chu k lm vic c m t hnh sau.
Thi gian thc hin ht mt chu trnh l 30s. H thng ch cn lu lng trong mt
phn hai chu trnh. Nhng thi gian cn duy tr p sut chim 2/3 trn tng s thi gian.
Bn phng php iu khin c xem xt l:
3) S dng bm c th tch ring c nh
4) S dng 2 bm c th tch ring c nh
5) S dng h thng bnh tch p
6) S dng bm c th tch ring thay i c.
37

S v lu lng v p sut trong mt chu k lm vic:

3. S dng bm lu lng ring khng i

38

Lu lng l thuyt ca bm l 25 l/min. Tuy nhin, m bo an tan thng

thng gi tr ny c cng thm khang chng 10%. Vy lu lng thc ca bm l
27.5 l/min
p sut gy ra bi ti l 150 bar.Van gii hn p sut phi chnh ln hn p sut gy
ra bi ti 10%. Nh vy, p sut ln nht bm s chu l150 + 10%= 165 bar
Chn ng c in ko bm c vn tc quay l 1440 rev/min. Nh vy, ti vn
tc quay l 1500 rev/min lu lng ca bm l27.5 x (1500/1440) = 28.7 l/min

Cc bm theo tiu chun c thn s gn vi kt qu tnh tan l:

39

c) Bm 1PL 060 vi lu lng cung cp ti vn tc 1500 rev/min l 28.1 l/min

(tng ng vi 27 l/min ti vn tc 1440 rev/min). p sut c th lm vic n 250 bar.
d) Bm 1PL 072 vi lu lng cung cp ti vn tc 1500 rev/min l 33.6 l/min (tng
ng vi 33.2 l/min ti vn tc1440 rev/min). p sut c th lm vic n 210 bar
Nh vy, la chn a) l ph hp vi yu cu m h thng cn. Khi chn bm ny, cng
sut ng c in dng ko bm phi l:
(27 x 165)/600 = 7.4 kW
Ti giy th 10, nng sut cn cung cp cho h thng l:
(25 x 150)/600 = 6.25 kW
Nng lng thy lc cn cung cp ti giy th 30 l:
(20 x 100)/600 = 3.3 kW
V bm c s dng l lai c th tch ring c nh (bm lun cung cp lu lng
khi ng c hat ng). Do vy, mt d t giy 10 n giy 15 c cu chp hnh khng
nhn lu lng, nhng p sut trong sut thi gian ny vn yu cu duy tr gi tr 150
bar. Nn bm vn phn nn du ln h thng. Tuy nhin tan b lng du ny phi x v
b cha qua nhnh van gii hn p sut (mc ch ca vic cp du lc ny l duy tr p
sut)

40

Nng lng d s bin thnh nhit nng. Nng lng l thuyt c cung cp bi
ng c l 7.4 kW cho thi gian lm vic l 20s. Nhng nng lng to ra cng c
dng gia giy th 5 v 10, v gia giy th 20 v 30. Nh vy :
Nng lng cung cp l thuyt l : 7.4 x 20 = 148 kJ Nng lng s dng c ch l :
(6.25 x 5/2) + (3.3 x 10/2) = 32.12 kJ
Hiu sut ca h thng l :
(32.12 x 100)/148 = 21.7 %
2. S dng 2 bm lu lng khng i:

41

Khi s dng hai bm c lu lng c nh, mt bm dng cp lu lng ln v

mt bm dng cp lu lng nh.Hai bm c chn c lu lng l 20 l/min v
5l/min. an tan, lu lng ca bm nn cao hn 10% so vi lu lng cn. V vy, hai
bm nn c lu lng l 22 l/min v 5.5 l/min.
H 2 bm l c th t c vi bm bnh rng. Hnh di trnh by mt vi loi
bm c th kt hp vi nhau.

H thng da trn c s chu k thi gian nn cm bin thi gian c th dng iu

khin bm cp cng sut. Vi 2 b lc trn hnh th mt lng du khng i s chy qua
mi b lc bt chp c cu chp hnh c ti hay khng v tt c du s c lc. Nu 1
42

b lc c t trc c cu chp hnh th ch du qua c cu chp hnh c lc, v

b lc ny s lm vic da vo cun dy a v b. Dng chy qua h thng c iu khin
bi 2 role in t a, b bng role thi gian. Khi c 2 cun dy khng hot ng, du t 2
bm v b p sut bng 0 v tiu tn nng lng. Khi 1 cun hot ng dng du v b
b kha v du i vo h thng.
Lu lng thc t ca hai bm sau khi chn theo catalog ca nh sn xut l 22.9
l/min v 5.7 l/min ti vn tc quay l 1440 rev/min vi p sut lm vic 175 bar. p sut
lm vic thc th ca bm l 165 bar. Nh vy la chn trn l chp nhn c. Khi bm
lm vic p sut 165 bar th lu lng cung cp s cao hn cc gi tr 22.9 l/min v 5.7
l/min mt cht.
Nng lng c cung cp bi bm 22.9 l/min p sut 165 bar l:
(22.9 x 165)/600 = 6.3 kW
Nng lng c cung cp bi bm 5.7 l/min p sut 165 bar l:
(5.7 x 165)/600 = 1.6 kW
Hnh di trnh by s nng lng cung cp cho h thng v nng lng tiu th
trong mt chu trnh lm vic. Tng nng lng cung cp cho h thng l
[(1.6+6.3) x 5]+ (1.6 x5) +(6.3 x 10) = 110.5 kJ
Phn trc ta bit nng lng s dng c ch l 32.12 kJ. Vy hiu sut ca h
thng ny l :
(32.12 / 110.5) x 100 = 29.1%

5. S dng bnh tch p :

43

Trong h thng c s dng bnh tch p, lu lng cung cp bi bm s c lu tr

trong bnh tch p vi 1 psut nn nht nh ty theo cc thng s hin c ca h thng.
tnh kch thc ca mt bnh tch p, cc thng s sau y cn phi c xc
nh:
Lu lng ln nht cn t bnh tch p
p sut lm vic ln nht
p sut lm vic nh nht
p sut cn np cho bnh tch p
tnh lu lng ln nht t bnh tch p ta tm lu lng trung bnh cn trong mt
chu trnh lm vic. Theo d liu bi ton ta tnh nh sau:
a)
b)
c)
d)

Th tch du n h thng = 25 l/min cho 5s + 20 l/min cho 10s

=(25/60 x 5) + (20/60 x 10) = 5.42 lt cho1 chu trnh
Lu lng trung bnh cho1 chu trnh c tnh nh sau:
Th tch du trong 1 chutrnh/ Thi gian thc hin = 5.42 / 0.5 = 10.84 l/min = 0.18 l/s
Th tch du vo/ra bnh tch p c tnh bng cch nhn lu lng trung bnh vi
thi gian.
i) T giy 0 n giy 5
Lu lng cung cp bi bm= 0.18 l/s
H thng nhn = 0
Lu lng vo bnh tch p l 0.18 l/s
Th tch du vo bnh tch p t giy 0 n giy 5 l 0.18 x 5 = 0.9 lt.
i) T giy 0 n giy 5
Lu lng cung cp bi bm = 0.18 l/s
H thng nhn = 0
Lu lng vo bnh tch p l 0.18 l/s.
Th tch du vo bnh tch p t giy 0 n giy 5 l 0.18 x 5 = 0.9 lt
(iii) Tng t, t giy th 10 n giy th 20 ca chu trnh
Lu lng vo bnh tch p l 0.18 x 10 = 1.8 lt
44

(iv)T giy th 20 n giy th 30

Bm cung cp = 0.18l/min H thng cn = 20l/min = 0.333l/s
Lu lng cn phi b t bnh tch p = 0.3330.18 = 0.153l/min
Nh vy th tch du cn t bnh tch p t giy 20 n giy 30 l 0.153x10=1.53lt.

Th tch du c lu tr ln nht trong bnh tch p l (1.53 + 0.285) = 1.815 l.

p sut lm vic ca h thng l 150 bar.

p sut kh nn trong bnh tch p c chn bng 90% gi tr ny, tc l 0.9 x 150
= 135 bar. p sut ln nht c chn phi nm trong vng cho php ca bm, i vi
bm bnh rng p sut ny khang chng 250 bar. Nh vy ta c th chn p sut ln
nht tnh tan l 207 bar.
45

 tnh c kch thc thc ca bnh tch p, cc trng thi khc nhau ca kh
trong bnh tch p c xem xt. Ch rng cc gi tr p sut v nhit trong cc php
tnh lin quan n cht kh phi l cc gi tr tuyt i.
p sut kh ban u, P1= 135 bar ng h= 136 bar, p sut tuyt i. p sut ln nht, P2
= 207 bar ng h = 208 bar, p sut tuyt i.
p sut nh nht, P3 = 150 bar ng h = 151 bar, p sut tuyt i.

Th tch du (nh nht) cn cung cp bi bnh tch p nh tnh phn trn l:

V3V2 = 1.815 l
Gi s qu trnh chuyn i t trnh thi a) sang b) l qu trnh ng nhit, khi
P1V1 = P2V2
Hay (V1/V2) = (P2/P1) = 208/136= 1.529
Gi s rng qu trnh chuyn trng thi t b) sang c) l qu trnh ng entropi, khi
P2V2 = P3V3 , = 1.4
=> (V3/V2) = 1.257
Vy V3V2 = 1.815
V1 = 1.529 V2
V3 = 1.257 V2
T cc cng thc trn ta tnh c V1 = 10.8 l
46

Nh vy, theo kt qu tnh tan trn th bnh tch p phi c th tch ti thiu l
10.8 lt. Kh trong bnh phi nn trc vi p sut 135 bar v p sut ln nht l 207
bar.Bm cn phi cp mt lu lng l 10.84 l/min p sut lm vic ln nht l 207 bar.
Bm c chn l OPL 028: Lu lng l 13.17 l/min ti vn tc quay 1440
rev/min, nghal 0.219 l/s.
Sau khi chn bm, ta tnh li chn bnh tch p nh sau:
trnh hin tng d du trong bnh tch p (v iu ny lm gim tui th ca ti
kh) th cn phi lp thm vo h thng 1 van x ti (unloading valve).
Thi gian x ti l 1.155 / 0.219 (lu lng bm) = 5.27 s.
Nh vy, V3V2 = 1.14 lt
Gi s p sut l bng nhau nh trong phn tnh tan trn, vy th V1 = 1.529 V2,
V3 = 1.257 V2
T y ta tnh c V1 = 6.78 lt.
Nh vy bnh tch p c th tch l 10 lt l dng cho trng hp ny vi bm
IPL 028 c lu lng l 13.17 l/min
S thy lc ca h thng c trnh by hnh v. Gi tr c ci t cho cng
tc p sut l 207 bar.

47

H thng s dng van gii hn p sut tc ng gin tip c iu khin nh mt

van in t. iu ny cho php bm khi ng khng ti giai an ban u. Thi gian
bm x ti trong mt chu trnh lm vic c tnh bng: 1.155/0.219 = 5.27 s.
Nng lng thy lc cung cp bi bm l: (13.17 l/min x 207 bar) / 600 = 4.54 kW
V bm x ti trong 5s, do vy hiu sut ca h thng c tnh l: 28.3 %.

4. S dng bm th tch ring thay i:

48

p sut lm vic ca h thng l 150 bar do vy cc bm cnh gt khng s dng

c (V cc bm cnh gt ch lm vic p sut t 70 cho n 100 bar).
Trong trng hp ny bm piston c la chn. p sut lm vic ca cc bm
piston c th ln n 350 bar. Bm c chn phi c lu lng ti thiu l 25 l/min p
sut lm 32 vic 150 bar. T catalog ca nh sn xut (bng 2.3) bm PVB10 c lu
lng l thuyt l 21.1 l/min ti vn tc 1000 rev/min vi p sut lm vic ti a l 210
bar.Nh vy ti vn tc quay 1440 rev/min bm c lu lng l 30.4 l/min.
Ta c th chnh th tch ring ca bm c lu lng ln nht l 25 l/min. hnh
trnh t giy th 20 n giy th 30, lu lng m h thng cn l 20 l/min, nh hn lu
lng ln nht ca bm. Nh vy, cn thit phi lp vo h thng van iu chnh lu
lng nhn c gi tr ny.
p sut cn bng ca bm c chnh gi tr ng bng p sut lm vic ln nht
l 150 bar. Trong h thng vn phi c 1 van an tan phng s c, van ny c
iu chnh cao hn p sut cn bng ca bm, l 180 bar.
Nng lng thy lc cung cp l:
T giy 5
Tgiy20 n30: (20 x 150)/600 = 5 kW
Hiu sut ca h thng l: 39,5%

49

Chng 3:
V d 3.1:
Vi ti trng 10kN v din tch mt ct ngang xylanh l 0,002m2 (tng ng
50mm ng knh).
10x103
10x103
2
(N / m )
50bar
p lc gy ra
0, 002
0, 002x105

p lc iu chnh van cn bng 50x1.3=65bar

V d 3.2:
Xt 1 lc 100kN p bi dng c cn nng 5kN
ng knh mt xylanh l 80mm
ng knh thanh y l 60mm

Din tch u ln piston l

.0, 082
4

0, 005m2

Din tch hnh vnh khn l 0, 082 0, 062

0, 0028m2

5.103
.105 17,8bar
p sut tc dng ln hnh vnh khn i trng
0, 0028

p sut cn iu chnh van cn bng =17,8.1,3=23bar

p sut c th thng lc l xo van cn bng y xylanh i xung
= 23.0,0028/0,005=13bar
50

p sut t c 100kN lc p

100.103.105
13 213bar
0, 005

V d 3.3:
Xt v d 3.2 c thay bi van qua tm vi t l tn hiu vo l 2:1, ci t 23 bar
cn bng vi dng c.
p sut cn m van l 23/2=11,5 bar, p sut xylanh i xung l 11,5 bar
(100 5).103.105
190bar
p sut t c 100kN lc p l
0, 005

V d 3.4:
Phn chnh ca mt mch ang hot ng 180 bar. Mt mch th 2 c cp t
mch chnh thng qua mt van gim p i hi mt dng chy lin tc 30l/ph 100 bar.
Nng lng mt mt qua van gim p l:

(180 100)(bar ) x 30(l/ min)

4(kW )
600

Nng lng mt i do ta nhit vo t nhin. Trong thc t, chi ph lp t mt b

trao i nhit v iu hnh chi ph cn c cn nhc vi mch thay th h thng hai
my bm.
V d 3.5:
Mt xylanh c th y 100kN v ko ngc li 10kN. Nhng nh hng ca vic s
dng cc phng php khc nhau qui nh tc c xem xt. Trong tt c cc
trng hp, tc khong 5m/min khi s dng ton b lu lng bm. Gi s rng p
sut ln nht l 160 bar, v p sut mt mt i vi cc b phn l:
B lc: 3 bar
Van dn hng: 2 bar
Van iu khin lu lng: 10 bar
Van 1 chiu: 3 bar
Hy xc nh:
a) Kch thc xylanh ( t l gia din tch xylanh v trc l 2:1)
b) Kch thc bm
51

c) Hiu sut
Bi gii
Trng hp: khng c s iu chnh lu lng

a) p sut ln nht mt piston l: 160 3 2 = 155 bar

p sut hnh vnh khn l 2 bar tng ng vi 1bar mt piston v t l p
sut l 2:1. Do p sut ln nht y ti mt piston l 155 1 = 154bar.
Din tch mt piston =

100.103
0,00649m2
5
154.10
2

ng knh piston .0,00649 0,0909m 90,9mm

Theo tiu chun (tham kho bng 4.1) chn piston 100mm x 70mm

Din tch mt piston l: 7,85.103 m2

Din tch hnh vnh khn: 4.103 m2
b) Lu lng yu cu vn tc khi li l 5 m/pht 4.103.5 20 lt/pht
Tc khi tin

20.103
2,55 mt/pht
7,85.103

p sut y ti

100.103
12,7.106 N / m2 127bar
3
7,85.10

52

p sut y ti li v:

10.103
2,5.106 / m2 25bar
3
4.10

p sut bm khi tin:

p sut mt mt trn van iu hng ng B thng ng T l 1 bar
p sut ti gy ra l 127bar
p sut ri trn van iu hng ng P thng A l 2 bar
Do p sut yu cu bm l 133bar
Ci t p sut van an ton l 133 + 10%.133 = 146bar
p sut yu cu ca bm khi li: 2.2 + 25 + 2 + 3 =34bar
c) Hiu sut h thng

20.127
.100 95,5%
20.133
20.25
.100 73,5%
Hiu sut hnh trnh li
20.34
Hiu sut hnh trnh y =

V d 3.6:
Cho h thng nh hnh 3.44. Hy xc nh tc v lc y:
1. Trong qu trnh tin nhanh
2. Trong qu trnh nn cht
3. Trong qu trnh kt thc
B qua p sut ri trong mch. Lu lng ring m cc bm cung cp ln lt l
20, 5 v 5 cm3/ vng.
1. Qu trnh tin nhanh (kch hot cun C):
Lu lng cp cho xylanh = 10/min
Tc tin nhanh =

10.103 m3 / min

0,25m / min
0,04 m2

Lc y ln nht = 70.105 (N/ m2 ).0,04(m2 ) 280kN

2. Qu trnh nn cht (kch hot cun A v C):
Lu lng cp cho xylanh =

(5 5)
.10(l / min) 3,3(l / min)
(20 5 5)

3,3.103 m3 / min
Tc nn cht

0,083m / min
0,04 m2
53

p sut l thuyt trong qu trnh nn cht = 70.

20 5 5
(bar ) 210(bar )
5 5

Lc p l thuyt tring qu trnh nn cht = 210(bar ).0,04(m2 ) 840kN

3. Trong qu trnh kt thc
Lu lng cp cho xylanh =

5
.10(l / min) 1,67(l / min)
20 5 5

p sut l thuyt trong qu trnh kt thc:

70.

20 5 5
(bar ) 420bar
5

Lc ln nht trong qu trnh kt thc

420.105.0,04.103 1680kN

Cc kt qu p sut v p lc va tnh l theo l thuyt. Trong thc t, cc gi tr s

thp hn do s km hiu qu ca b chia dng.
V d 3.7:
Xt van nh hnh 3.70 c t s AA:AX l 1:1,1. Nu p sut thng lc l xo l 3 bar
v p sut iu khin l 7 bar.

AX=AA+AB
Nu AA:AX=1+1,1

AB:AX=(1,1-1):1,1=0,1:1,1

Khi dng chy t A n B p sut yu cu A m van l:

54

PA=(PX+spring)AX/AA=(7+3)(1,1/1)=11bar
Nu dng chy t B ti A p sut yu cu B m van l:
PB=(PX+spring)(AX/AB)=(7+3)(1,1/0,1)=110bar
V th p sut thp cng iu khin X c th cn bng vi p sut cao cng B.
Khi khng c p sut cng X, van s m cung cp p sut cho cng A hoc B
thng lc l xo. p sut thc ph thuc vo t l din tch.
Chng 4
V d 4.1:
Mt xylanh hnh trnh c ng knh l 65mm c cung cp nng lng bi bm
tay lm x dch 5ml mi chu k. p sut ln nht trong h thng c gii hn l 350 bar.
a. V biu s mch ph hp biu din xylanh, bm v mt s van yu cu.
b. Tnh s chu k bm cn lm xylanh dch chnh 50mm
c. Tnh ti trng ti a c nng ln khi s dng h thng
Bi gii
a. V biu s mch ph hp biu din xylanh, bm v mt s van yu cu:

b.
Th tch ca thanh y bng vi th tch ca cht lng cung cp v xylanh.
ng knh thanh y l d, khong di trt ca thanh y l L, Lu lng ring mi chu
trnh kp ca bm l D, s chu trnh kp l S.
d2
L V.S
Th tc thanh y = th tch cht lng cp vo:
4

55

Thay gi tr vo ta c:
.652
4

.106 (m2 ).50.103 ( mm) 5.106 ( m3 ).S

.652
S

.50.103
5

c. Lc y = p sut . din tch thanh y

2
5
2 .65
Lc ay
350.10 (N/ m ).

33,18 chutrnhke
p

.106 (m2 ) 116080N 116,08kN

V d 4.2:
Mt xy lanh hnh trnh 3 tng c s dng nghing mt chic xe ti. Khi xe ti
nghing hon ton th xylanh chu 1 lc tng ng 4000kg. ng knh ngoi ca cc
tng ln lt l 60, 80, 100. Nu bm cung cp cho xylanh 1 lu lng l 10l/min, hy
tnh vn tc v p sut ca mi tng khi xe ti nghing hon ton.
(i) Tng 1:
ng knh tng 1 = 100mm
Vn tc tng 1 =

Quantity flowing
10.103 m3

1,27m / min
Area
( / 4).0,12 min.m2

p sut tng 1 =

Load 4000.9,81 N

5.106 N / m2 50bar
2
2
Area ( / 4).0,1 m

(ii) Tng 2:
ng knh tng 2 = 80mm
Vn tc tng 2 =

Quantity flowing
10.103 m3

1,99m / min
Area
( / 4).0,082 min.m2

p sut tng 2 =

Load
4000.9,81 N

7,81.106 N / m2 78,1bar
2
2
Area ( / 4).0,08 m

(iii) Tng 3:
ng knh tng 3 = 60mm

56

Vn tc tng 2 =

Quantity flowing
10.103 m3

3,54m / min
Area
( / 4).0,062 min.m2

p sut tng 2 =

Load
4000.9,81 N
6
2

13,9.10 N / m 139bar
Area ( / 4).0,062 m2

V d 4.3:
Mt xylanh thy lc c ng knh 200mm v trc piston c ng knh 140mm.
Vn tc l 5m/min, hy tnh
a.
b.
c.
d.

Lu lng cung cp pha mt xylanh khi xylanh tin(QE).

Lu lng cung cp pha hnh vnh khn xylanh tin (qE).
Vn tc xylanh li v khi s dng QE.
Lu lng pha mt xy lanh khi xylanh li.
Bi gii
a) Lu lng du cung cp pha mt xylanh y xylanh ng vi vn tc 5m/min
QE Areaof piston .Velocity

.0,22 (m2 ).

5
(m / s) 0,00262m3 / s 157l / min
60

b) Lu lng du pha hnh vnh khn khi xy lanh tin:

qE Annulusarea .Velocity

0,2
4

605 (m / s)

0,142 .

0,00134m3 / s 80l / min

c) ng vi lu lng QE th vn tc li v ca xylanh l:
V

QE
0,00262

0,162m / s 9,8m / min

A a
2
2
0,2 0,14
4

d) Lu lng pha mt xylanh khi xylanh li:

QR A.V 0,03142.0,164(m2 .m / s)
0,00515(m3 / s) 309l/ min

V d 4.4:
Nu p sut ti a p dng cho xylanh trong v d 4.3 l 100bar, hy tnh:
a. Nng lng y ti
57

b. Nng lng li v
Gi s rng lc ng = 0,9 ln lc tnh
Bi gii
.0,2

a. Din tch mt xylanh =

0,0314m2

Lc y xylanh = 0,9.p sut.din tch mt xylanh

N

0,9.100.105.0,0314 2 .m2 283kN

m

b. Din tch hnh vnh khn:

(0,22 0,142 ) 0,016m2

N

..m2 144kN
2
m

Lc y xylanh li 0,9.100.105.0,016
V d 4.5:

Xylanh thy lc s dng trong v d 4.3 v 4.4 c ng knh trong l 200mm v

ng knh thanh y l 140mm, c lp nh hnh 4.8.

(i) Nu s dng lu lng 157l/min, hy tnh vn tc y xylanh tin ra

(ii) Nu p sut ti a l 100bar, hy tnh p lc y xylanh ra.
Bi gii
.0,142
0,0154m2
(i) Din tch mt ct ngang thanh y
4

58

Van
toc
a
y

Luln
g
157.103 liters m3

10,2m / min
Die
n tchma
t thanha
y 0,0154 min liter m2

(ii)
Lc
a
y xy lanh 0,9.a
p sua
t .die
n tchma
t thanh a
y
N

0,9.100.105.0,0154 2 .m2 138,6kN

m

V d 4.6:
Mt khi c cn nng 2000kg c y ra vi vn tc 1m/s cch v tr trng thi
ngh 1 khong 50mm. h s ma st gia ti v sng trt l 0.15. Hy tnh ng knh
trong ca xylanh y ti nu p sut ln nht l 100bar. ( ma st ca lp m tng
ng p sut gim l 5bar, p sut y xylanh v l 0)
Ta c:

v 2 u 2 2as
12 02 2.a.0,05
a 10m / s 2
Lc y nhanh: F

W
2000.9,81
.a
.10 20000 N
g
9,81

Lc ma sat: P W 0,15.2000.9,81 2943N

p sut tc dng ln mt ln piston= 100 5 = 95 bar

20000 2943
D2
2
2
A
0,002415m 2415mm
Ta c:
95.105
4
D 55, 4mm
Theo tiu chun chn D=63mm
V d 4.7:
Mt xylanh c ng knh trong 125mm v ng knh trc piston l 70mm. N
dn ng cho ti 2000kg chuyn ng ln xung vi vn tc ln nht l 3m/s. Tc
nng ln c ci t bng cch chnh lu lng ring bm, vn tc y xung iu
chnh bi van iu khin lu lng. Ti xung chm vi khong hnh trnh l 50mm. Nu

59

van gii hn p sut c ci t 140bar, xc nh p sut trung bnh khi xylanh tin v
li.
ng nng =

1
1
MV 2 .200.32 9000 Nm
2
2

Lc trung bnh dch chuyn ti 1 khong 50mm =

9000.103
180kN
50

Trng lng ti = 2000.9,81=19,6kN

Din tch hnh vnh khn =

Din tch mt piston =

(0,1252 0,07 2 ) 0,084m2

.0,1252 12,3.103 m2

p lc tc dng ln m khi xylanh y =

180.103 19,6.103
19,1.106 N / m2 191bar
5
8, 4.10

Khi piston i vo m, p lc pha mt piston s tng n p sut van an ton. p

sut s p piston vo vng m lm tng p sut vng m lm chm ti. p sut
vng m vt qua p sut thy lc l:

Die
n tchma
t piston
12,3.103
Ap
suat.
140.
205bar
Die
n tchva
nhkha
n
8,4.103
Do p sut trung bnh hnh trnh y l (190 + 205) = 395 bar
Trong khi gim chn, nh hng ca din tch vnh khn s gim v phn che i
vo m. iu c b qua v trong thc t p sut vng m s cn ln hn.
Khi ti li, lc tc dng ln ti c biu din nh hnh. p sut do van iu khin
lu lng trong mch s nh nht nu piston vo m v c b qua trong tnh ton.
Lc trn m thng ng nng ca ti, khi lng ca ti v lc do p sut thy
lc.
Lc tc ng do thy lc (140.105 ).(8,4.103 ) 117,6kN
60

Lc tc dng ln m 180 19,6 117,6 317,2kN

p sut tc dng ln m

317,2
25800N / m2 258bar
0,0123

p sut trung bnh trong m khi li s l 258bar.

V d 4.8:
Mt mch hi tip ca my dp hng ln c biu din nh hnh 4.19 yu cu
c tnh tc ti v chi tit lp t. Xylanh chu mt lc 7 tn nng con trt v
dng c. Khi xylanh ng, p sut h thng s tng v iu hnh cng tc p sut
thay i mch t hi tip tr thnh mch thng thng. Cng tc p sut c ci t
vi gi tr 20% gi tr p sut nng con trt v dng c. Hy xc nh xylanh tiu chun
(chn theo bng 4.1), lu lng bm v p sut ci t cng tc p sut. h thng lm
vic vi p sut khng vt qu 250bar.
Xc nh ng knh nh nht ca trc piston khi un dc
cong, K

2EJ
L2

Vi K = 20 tn, E = 2,1.106 kg/cm2 J

L=

d4
64

han
htrnhxylanh
2

1,7

1,2m 120cm

64.L2 .K 4 64.1202.20000
Ta c: d

4,1cm 41mm
3E
3.2,1.106
4

l cha k n h s an ton c s dng t 3 n 4. Tnh li vi h s na

ton l 3,5. Khi ti trng an ton l K/3,5=20 tn. Do :
K = 20 . 20000

64.1202.20000.3,5
56mm
3.2,1.106

ng knh xylanh
61

Lc y ln nht yu cu l 20 tn
p sut cho php l 250 bar
Gi s lc y ng hc = 0,9.p sut.din tch

20.103.9,81
d2
2
Din tch piston A
0,00872m
d 0,015m 105mm
4
250.105.0,9
T bng 4.1, ng knh ph hp l 125mm vi ng knh trc piston l 70mm.
p sut h thng vi ti trng ng 20 tn l:

Lc a
y 1
20000.9,81 1
.

.
177,7bar
Dien
tch 0,9
.0,1252 0,9
4

Lc 7 tn di iu bng vi p sut yu cu nhn vi din tch vnh khn. Ti

trng ng = 0,9 ti trng tnh. p sut yu cu

7000.9,81 1
.
198,4bar
.0,072 0,9
4

Khi thay i p sut ci t p sut h thng tng 20% vi yu cu lc y 7 tn.

p sut ci t = 198,4 . 1,2 = 238bar.
Lu lng yu cu trong qu trnh ti y =

Lu lng qu trong lc y bnh thng =

.0,072 15
4

60

.0,1252 5
4

60

.60.1000 57,7l / min

.60.1000 61,3l / min

V d 4.9:
Mt ng c c lu lng ring 300cm3/rev v vn tc 200rev/min vi p sut ri
l 200 bar. Hiu sut th tch l 90%, hiu sut c l 95%.
Hiu sut tng m0 0,9.0,95 0,855 .
Lu lng chy trong 1 pht =

300
.200 60l / min
1000

62

Lu lng thc t ca motor:

Qm

60
60

66,7l / min
mv 0,9

M men l thuyt

DmPm 300.106.200.105

955Nm
2
2

M men thc t: T 0,95.955 907Nm

Cng sut thc t 2 nm.T 2 .
Cng sut l thuyt

200
.907 19kW
60

Q.P 66,7.200

22,23kW
600
600

Cng sut thc t = Cng sut l thuyt nhn hiu sut tng = 22,23.0,855 19kW
V d 4.10: Thit k my trn b tng
Bn trong ca my trn trng cha mt lot cc cnh qut xon c quay ngc
chiu kim ng h vt liu vo my, quay cng chiu kim ng h trn b tng.
Bm c vn tc t 600 n 2000 vng/pht. Khi vn hnh bnh thng tc tang trng
khong 5 vng/ pht. Khi phng in tang trng c vn tc 20 vng/pht. T s truyn
gia ng c v trc tang trng l 1:20, hiu sut truyn l 90%. Momen yu cu vn
hnh tang trng l 12000Nm v p sut yu cu l 207 bar.
Vi t s truyn 20:1 ca hp gim tc, moment m motor cp s l:

Tm

12000
667Nm
20.0,9

Tc yu cu ca motor thy lc: nm 20.20 400 vng/pht

Gi tr v ng cong hiu sut ca ng c piston hng tm c th hin trong
hnh 4.43.
Lu lng yu cu ca ca motor 400 vng/pht:
280.400.103
114l / min
0,985
63

Lu lng yu cu ca motor 100 vng/pht:

280.100.103
29l / min
0,98

S dng bm vi qu trnh ng tch to tc trn khng i. C th s dng

thm mt bm c lu lng ring c nh cung cp them lu lng khi x ti.
Bm piston hng trc Volvo V30B-35 c p sut ph hp v c lu lng ring
ln nht l 354 cm3 / rev . Vi th tch khng i, lu lng 29l/min cung cp cho ng
c quay vi tc

29
.1000 vng/pht.
35

c tnh ca bm c th hienj trong bng 4.3

Lu lng yu cu: 114 29 = 85l/min
Tc ca bm c th ln n 2000 vng/ pht. Bm ph hp 2PL146 c p sut
lm vic ln nht l 210 bar vi lu lng 67,7 lt/ pht, tc 1500 vng/pht.
p sut mt mt ca ng c thy lc truyn momen yu cu l 170bar. Gi s
tng p sut mt mt ca ng ng l 30 bar. chng s mt mt, p sut ti a m
bm lm vic l 200bar.
Tnh ton cng sut yu cu ca ng c du:
i vi bm bnh rang:
Cng sut =

200.89
37kW
600.0,8

i vi bm piston:
Cng sut =

200.29
10,75kW
600.0,9

Do tng cng sut yu cu = 47,75kW

64

V d 4.11:Thit k ng c my ko
My ko vn hnh trn a hnh g gh c ko bi m t thy lc gn trong
hai bnh xe sau. Chi tit my ko v yu cu thit k: mch vn chuyn du kn c
c cu chia p. Tng ti 2000 Kg, phn b trn hai bnh xe sau l 70 %. dc ln
nht 1 : 4, h s ma st ln l 0.3. H s ma st nh nht gia lp xe v mt ng
l 0.85. ng knh bnh xe l 1.2 m, tc ng c l 2000 vng/pht (ln nht).
Tc xp x 20 km/h, khi leo dc l 10 km/h.
Bi lm:
A. M t
1. Lc ma st ln = 0.32 x 2000 x 9.81 = 5886 N
Lc vt dc =

2000
.9,81 4905N
4

Tng lc vt dc = 5886 + 4905 = 10791 N

Lc ln nht dn ng cho bnh xe trc khi xy ra hin tng trt:
65

0.85 x 2000 x 70% x 9.81 = 11674 N

Do xe ln dc vi iu kin thit k l khng trt
Tng m men cn thit = lc x bn knh bnh xe = 10792.

1,2
6475N
2

M men trn mi bnh l 3237 Nm. Ta chn m t M10.

2. Tc d 2 bnh xe:

20.103 1
.
88,4 vg/ph
60 .1,2
3.

Lulngmotor.to
co 1177.88,4

105l/ph
Hie
usua
t thetch
0,99

Tng lu lng cho c hai bm l 210 l/pht.

4. Khi xe vn hnh iu kin bng phng ch c lc ma st ln
Tng lc cn thit: 5886 N
5886.1,2
3532Nm
Tng m men cho bnh xe:
2
M men cho mi bnh xe: 1766 Nm
M t M10 cn p sut l 103 bar.
5. Khi xe xung dc:
Lc cn thit = Lc ma st ln Lc vt dc = 5886 4905 = 981 N
981.1,2
294Nm
M men cho mi bnh xe:
2.2
6. Nu xe bt u khi ng trn dc th m men khi ng phi ln hn m men
yu cu a xe ln dc. Lc khi xy ra trt l 11674 N. M men ca m t
l:
1,2 1
11674. . 3502Nm
2 2
Lc cn thit gia tc cho bnh xe: 11674 1791 = 883 N

Lcgiato
c 883
=
=0,44m/s2
kho
i lng 2000
Khi m t c m men 3502 Nm th p sut mt mt qua n l 207 bar.
Giato
c=

66

B. Bm:
1. Khi xe bnh a
p sut mt mt qua m t: 100 bari p ti m t: 4 bar
Mt p trn ng ng: 4 bar
p sut ti bm t m men ln nht: 108 bar
2. Khi xe leo dc p sut mt mt qua m t: 207 bar
i p v p mt trn ng ng: 8 bar
p sut ti bm: 215 bar
p sut ci t van an ton: Pset = 215 x 110% = 237 bar
=> Theo yu cu p sut ln nht 215 bar khi xe leo dc v lu lng ln nht 210
l/pht khi xe trn bnh a, p sut yu cu l 100 bar.
* Yu cu bm:
Lu lng 210 l/pht 108 bar, 105 l/pht 215 bar. Chn bm Volvo V30B 128
c lu lng ln nht 180 l/pht tc 1450 vng/pht. Do , 2000 vng/pht th
lu lng t 240 l/pht. p sut yu cu ca mch l 215 bar thp hn p sut ln nht
ca bm.
S dng van iu khin bng tay v ci t hnh trnh cung cp lu lng ln
nht 210 l/pht.
* Cng sut vo bm:
Khi xe bnh a , gi s 0 0,9

210.108
43kW
600.0,9
Khi xe leo dc lu lng s gim mt na nhng p sut s tng xp x gp i.
Dng mch b du r r bm v m t. Hiu sut th tch ca bm l 97.5% (khi quay
88 vng/pht 205 bar). Nn lng du r r l:
Du r = (lu lng trn mt vng)(s vng trn mt pht)(1 hiu sut th tch) x 2
= 1177 x 88 x (1 0.975) x 2 = 5.2 l/pht
S dng bm b du vi lu lng 12 l /pht, p sut n 4 bar, cng sut vo bm
l:
12.4
0,08kW
600
Cng sut l thuyt cn thit:

67

Mch ngh s dng:

Mch ngh s dng

Chng 5:
V d 5.1: Bm cung cp 50l/pht, p sut lm vic nh nht l 200 bar, p sut
ng v l 60 bar. Chn ng knh ng bm ( vn tc cho php l 0.8m/s).
Bi lm:
Din tch mt ct t: A
ng knh ng: D

50.103
1042mm2
60.0,8

1042.4

36mm

T bng 5.8 ta chn ng (25x3), p sut cho php l 248 bar

68

Chng 6
V d 6.1:
L y ca bm c ng knh 30mm v ng knh l ht ca bm l 45mm. Nu
bm c lu lng 120l/ph, hey4 tnh th tch trung bnh gia l ht v l y.
Xt l y:
Vn tc trung bnh =

Q
120.103

2,83m / s
A
.0,032
60.
4

Xt l ht:

Q
Vn tc trung bnh =
A

120.103
1,26m / s
.0,0452
60.
4

V d 6.2:
Mt dng cht lng chy qua ng c ng knh trong l 20mm c nht 40cSt.
Nu lu lng l 50l/ph, xc nh loi dng chy trong ng.
Tnh s Renolds, bit:
H s nht ng hc v= 40cSt=40mm2/s
Vn tc dng chy

Re

50.103
2,65m / s
.0,022
60.
4

VD

2,65.20.103
1325 2000
40.106

Vy dng chy l chy tng

V d 6.3:
Mt my bm c c trung bi, Dp=10cm3, np=1500rev/min v Pp=150 bar. Hy
xc nh lu lng thc v momen thc.
Lu lng l thuyt Dp .np 10.1500cm3 / min 15l / min
69

M men l thuyt =

Dp .Pp
2

10.106.150.105

23,87Nm
2

V d 6.4:
Mt ng c thy lc c lu lng ring l 500ml/rev, chy vi tc 75rev/min
v momen u ra l 1200Nm. Hiu sut p sut v momen ln lt l 0,9 v 0,94. Hy
xc nh: p sut ri ca ng c, lu lng cung cp, v hiu sut tng.
M men l thuyt ca motor
M men thc t ca motor
Do : Pm

Dm.Pm
2

Dm.Pm.mt
2

1200.2
160bar
500.106.0,94

Lu lng l thuyt ca motor Dm.nm

Dm.nm 500.103.75

41,7l / min
Lu lng thc t ca motor =
mv
0,9
Hiu sut tng = 0,9.0,94 = 0,846
V d 6.5:
Mt h thng thy lc vn hnh p sut 200bar, lu lng bm l 25l/min v
cng sut cp vo bm l 10kW. Trong 1 chu k, 60% thi gian bm hot ng khng ti.
Hiu sut tng l 65%. Nu nhit xung quanh l 150C v nhit ln nht cho php
ca lu cht trong h cha l 500C, hy tnh kch thc ph hp ca h cha trong
trng hp
a. Khng kh lu thng bnh thng quanh h cha lm lnh gp i, bc x t
nhin
S tn nhit t tm t thng ng:

T 35o C, A 6aH 2
Vi

1/ 4

35
hv 1,42.
a

1,45a1/ 4

70

H v hv AT 3,45.a1/ 4 .6a2 .35.3,6 2608a7/ 4watts

b. Lu cht cha trong ng vi chiu rng a chiu di 2a

Nhit phn tn trn mt u ca tm nm ngang:

H H hH AT.3,6
Vi

T 35o C, A 2a2
35
hH 1,32
a

1/ 4

3,21a1/ 4

H H 3,21a1/ 4 .2a2 .35.3,6 809a7/ 4watts

Nhit phn tn do mi trng:

HV H H 3417a7/ 4watts

Nhit phn tn do lu thng khng kh bng 2 ln nhit phn tn do t nhin v

bng 6834a7/ 4watts
Nhit cp vo lc c ti trong 1 chu k l 10(1 0,65) =3,5kW. Nhng h thng ch
c ti 40% thi gian. Do lng nhit trung bnh cp vo

0,4.3,5 1,4kW 1,4.103 watts

Nhit cn bng vo h thng bng nhit phn tn:
6834a7/ 4 1,4.103 a 0,404m
Th tch cha lu cht = 0,4.0,4.0,8m3 128 lt
Trong thc t bnh cha s cao hn 0,4m bi v c s thot du bn di. Sc cha
cuae h cha bng 3 n 4 ln lu lng bm = 75 n 100 lt
V d 6.6:
Mt bnh tch lc tnh nh hnh 6.8, xylanh c ng knh trong 500mm v hot
ng p sut 200bar. Lc tnh yu cu tc dng ln piston l bao nhiu.
Lc

500

5
2
2
.
.200.10 (m N / m ) 3,93N
4 1000

Th tch lu cht trong bnh ph thuc vo hnh trnh ca xylanh

V d 6.7:

71

Mt h thng thy lc yu cu x 6 lt trong vng 6 giy mi 1 pht. Tt c tnh

ton lin quan n kh ly gi tr p sut v nhiu iu kin chun, v V1, V2, V3 l
th tch kh. Hy tnh kch thc ph hp ca bm v bnh tch nu:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

p sut nh nht ca h thng l 100bar

p sut ln nht ca h thng l 150bar
c quy c p sut 90% p sut nh nht
Trong sut qu trnh sc l ng nhit
Trong sut qu trnh sc l on nhit PV1,4= const

Trong hnh 6.14: A c sc P1=90bar, V1 khng bit; B sc y P2=150bar, V2

khng bit; C phng in, P3=100bar, V3 khng bit.
Th tch yu cu trong 6s l 10 lt. Bm cn cp lu lng 10 lt trong 1 pht. Th
tch yu cu t bnh tch nh hn th tch cung cp t bm trong cng thi im 1 lng
l 10 (10.6/60)=9 lt. l th tch ln nht ca du cha trong bnh tch. V3 V2 = 9
lt.
Trong lc x:
1,4

1,4
2 2

PV

PV

1,4
3 3

V
3
V2

P2 151

1,495
P3 101

V3
1,332
V2

Trong lc np:

PV
PV
V1
1 1
2 2

151.27,1
45 lt
91

S dng bnh cha 50 lt. Nu s dng bm n gin c lu lng 100 lt/pht p

sut 100 bar. Vi bnh tch 10 lt/pht p sut 150bar l , tit kim ng k gi v
nng lng tiu th.
Xem xt bi ton tng t gi s rng qu trnh x v np l ng nhit:

72

PV
PV

2 2
3 3

V3 P2

1,495
V2 P3

1,495V2 V2 9
V2 18lt

Trong qu trnh np:

PV
PV
V1
1 1
2 2

151.18
29,9lt
91

V d 6.8:
Tnh ton s tng p sut nu mt xylanh c ng knh 300mm v khong hnh
trnh l 500mm tin khi ngh v sau chu s tng nhit l 200C. Khi lng cht
lng trong c quy l bao nhiu b cho s gin n nhit? (Sut nn c ly nh
15000bar)
Tng th tch cha trong xylanh:

.0,32.0,5m3 35,3 lt

Th tch thay i l: 35,3.0,0007.20 0,49 lt

l th tch b sung c lu gi
Nu khng c bnh tch, p sut thay i trong h thng khp kn:

BV
0,49
15000.
210bar
V
35,3

V d 6.9:
Mt xylanh tc ng n c ng knh 400mm,khong hnh trnh 250mm trong
225mm l a khun vo mu lm vic p sut 20bar. 25mm cui ca hnh
trnh p sut 350bar. H thng c th p sn xut 60 sn phm 1 gi. Thi gian vn
hnh yu cu nh sau:
Tin nhanh 225mm trong 5 giy
p 25mm trong 5 giy
73

Thi gian gi trong 25 giy

Thi gian tr v l 10 giy
B ti v cp ti l 15 giy
Tng thi gian 60 giy
Thi gian tr li c c tnh theo s tc ng ca trng lc. Ch c thi gian gi
v thi gian ti l c nh.
V d 6.10:
Thit k h thng thy lc c 3 bng ti v 3 thng cha nh hnh 6.34. Xy lanh ca
thng cha cco1 khong hnh trnh 0,5m v chu lc y 2000kg ng v m ca
thng. dng chy ra t thng theo qui nh, xylanh phi c kh nng dng v kha
v tr trung bnh ca khong hnh trnh. Nu c s sai st ca h thng thy lc hoc h
thng iu khin in, ca ca thng cha t ng ng trong 10 giy. Bng chuyn s
dng thit b o lng v nh hng 1 cch chnh xc. Bang chuyn 1 v 2 ging nhau
v c cc thng s theo yu cu nh sau:
Momen cp vo: 1250Nm
Momen vn hnh: 1000Nm
Khong tc 10-34 vng / pht
Tc bang chuyn c th thay i vi cc sn phm khc nhau. iu khng
xy ra thng xuyn v s dng mt van t ng iu chnh lu lng l .
Bng chuyn 3 nh hnh 6.34 c cc thng s sau:
Momen cp vo: 2000Nm

74

POWER PNEUMATICS
23 CU SCH POWER PNEUMATICS
Bi Q.1:
Lu lng yu cu ca h thng l 40 dm3/s (khng kh t do) p sut 7 bar. Xc
nh ng knh tiu chun gn nht ca ng dn kh nu vn tc khng i l 6 m/s.
Tr li:
T s nn Cr

7 1
8
1

Lu lng dng kh b nn Q

40
5(l / s)
8

ng knh ng dn kh : d

4Q
4.5.103

0, 03257m 32,57mm
v
.6

Theo tiu chun ta chn d=32mm

Bi Q.2:
Mt ng c kh nn s dng nn khng kh vi lu lng ring 0,5dm3/ vg. Xc nh
ng knh tiu chun nh nht ca h thng ng dn khi ng c ang chy 240 vg/ph.
Vn tc ti a ca khng kh khng vt qu 8 m/s.
Tr li:
Lu lng thc ca kh Q n.D 240.0,5 120(l / phut ) 2(l / s)
ng knh ng dn kh : d

4Q
4.2.103

0, 01784m 17,84mm
v
.8

Theo tiu chun ta chn d=20mm

Bi Q.3
Mt h thng kh nn vn hnh vi p sut cung cp l 6 bar, gm 3 xylanh tc ng
kp v mi xylanh c ng knh 100mm v hnh trnh ln lt l 200mm, 350mm,
450mm. tng thi gian ca 1 chu trnh ton h thng l 15s. B qua nh hng ca trc
pittng v th tch cc ng lm vic cung cp kh cho xylanh, xc nh yu cu ca h thng.
Hy tnh ng knh tiu chun gn nht ca h thng ng dn kh nu vn tc kh khng
vt qu 6 m/s.
Tr li:
Tng th tch kh cn cung cp cho xylanh i ht hnh trnh:
d2
1002
V 2.
.( L1 L2 L3 ) 2.
.(200 350 450) 15,708.106 (mm3 ) 15,71(l )
4
4
Lu lng cung cp cho ton h thng: Q
ng knh tiu chun ca ng: d

V 15, 71

1, 05(l / s)
t
15

4Q
4.1, 05.103

0, 0149m 14,9mm
v
.6
75

Theo tiu chun ta chn d=15mm

Bi Q.4
Mt ng ng vn chuyn kh nn c ng knh 100 mm v di 150 m. Xc nh
lu lng dng chy qua ng nu rt p l 1 bar v p sut vo l 7 bar.
f .l.Q 2
S dng cng thc P 5
, cho f = 500.
d .Pave

Xc nh vn tc trung bnh trong ng ng.

Tr li:
Theo cng thc trn, ta tnh c lu lng qua ng:
Q

P.d 5 .Ptb
1.1005.8

1000(l / s)
f .l
500.150

Vn tc trung bnh : v

Q
1000.103

127,3(m / s )
.d 2
.0,12
4
4

Bi Q.5
Kh thi t mt nh my hot ng bng kh nn trong mt nh my sn xut thc
phm c ng ng x khng kh ra bn ngoi nh my. Lu lng kh thi ra l 100
dm3/s (khng kh t do); ng x c ng knh 50 mm v di 100 m. Tnh p sut vo ti
ng ng.
Tr li:

f .l.Q 2
Tng t nh bi 4 Pm 5
d .P
Vi f=500; l=100m ; Q=100 dm3/s, d=50mm, Pdrop=1,08 bar
P 1, 4815bar

Bi Q.6
Mt thit b cn cp kh t mt h thng kh nn 200 dm3/s f.a.d, p sut 4 bar. c
nh gi l trong 5 nm tip theo, h thng cn lu lng gp i 400 dm3/s f.a.d. Mt my
nn kh c lu lng 500 dm3/min f.a.d. p sut c ci t ln nht l 7 bar.
Xc nh ( lm trn n m3) kch thc bnh cha kh s ln bt thit b khng qu
20. Bit p sut tn tht trn ng ng l 0.5 bar. S ln khi ng trong mt gi l bao
nhiu nu h thng ch yu cu mt na kh nng nn.
Tr li
Vi s ln m ca my nn kh l 20 ln/gi , thi gian nh nht gia hai ln m l 3
pht, gi thuyt lm vic n nh. Trong 3 pht th h thng yu cu mt lng khng kh

76

l: 3x60x200 = 36000 dm3/s f.a.d = 36m3 . cung cp kh cho h thng th my nn kh

cn chy mt khong thi gian:

3.60.200
72( s)
500

Suy ra khong thi gian m h thng s dng kh trong bnh kh nn ( b phn nn kh

ngng hot ng) 3.60 72 108(s)
Th tch kh trong thi gian 108s m h thng nhn t bnh cha l
200.108 21600(dm3 ) 21,6m3

Tnh th tch khng kh t do c trong bnh cha:

p sut d 7 bar.
PV
P .V
1 1
2 2 vi P1=1 bar , P2=(7+1)bar , V2=V (l th tch bnh cha), V1 l
T1
T2

khng kh t do trc khi nn.T1=T2

V1=8V.
p sut 4,5bar tng t ta tnh c.
V3=5,5V
Do th tch kh t do chnh lch c nn trong bnh cha l 2,5V y cng chnh
l th tch kh m h thng nhn trong thi gian b phn nn ngng chy.
T y ta tnh c th tch bnh cha kh cn thit: 2,5V 21,5 V 8,64(m3 )
Ta chn bnh cha c th tch 9m3.
Ta tnh ton li cc thong s ban u
Th tch kh t do bnh np vo cho n khi b phn nn ngng chy:
2,5.9 22,5(m3 )

Thi gian my nn kh tch khng kh cho bnh cha:

22,5.1000
75( s)
500 200

Thi gian h thng nhn kh cho n khi b phn nn bt li:

22,5.1000
112,5( s)
200

Thi gian gia 2 ln m my l : 75+112,5=187,5 (s)

3600
19, 2
S ln bt my trong 1 gi l:
187,5
Bi Q.7
Mt thit b kh nn cn 200 dm3/s f.a.d trong mi chu trnh ca n, nu khng sn
phm s b ph hy. Thi gian 1 chu trnh l 25s, p sut kh cn cung cp l 6 bar, p sut
nh nht ca thit b l 4.5 bar. Mt bnh cha c t trc thit b cung cp kh cho
n trong trng hp dng cung cp kh chnh khng hot ng. Tnh kch thc nh nht
ca bnh cha.
77

Tr li:
Tnh th tch ca khng kh t do tng ng vi th tch kh c nn trong bnh:
p sut 6 bar, th tch khng kh t do l 7V (m3)
p sut 4,5 bar, th tch kh t do l 5,5V (m3)
Th tch kh cung cp cho h thng l 1,5V (m3)
M th tch cn cung cp trong 25 s l :

200.25
5(m3 )
1000

T y ta tnh c th tich bnh cha nh nht l :

5
1,5V 5 V
3,33(m3 )
1,5

Bi Q.8
Mt xy lanh kh nn c ng knh D = 80 mm, ng knh cn l d = 28 mm, chiu
di xy lanh l 400 mm. Nu xy lanh thc hin 3 hnh trnh/pht, c cung cp p sut kh
6,5 bar. Xc nh lng kh tiu th. Nu p sut cp lc v gim cn 2,5 bar, xc nh
lng kh tit kim c trong 1 pht.
Tr li:
D 2 .0,82

0,5(dm2 )
Din tch hnh trn : S
4
4
( D2 d 2 ) (0,82 0, 282 )

0, 441(dm2 )
Din tch hnh xuyn : S1
4
4
Tng th tch khi i tin ra trong 1 pht ( 6,5bar):
V1 S.L.3 7,5.0,5.4.3 45(dm3 ) f .a.d

Tng th tch khi i v trong 1 pht (6,5bar):

V2 7,5.S1.L.3 7.5.0.441.4.3 37(dm3 ) f .a.d

Tng lng kh tiu th c i v v trong 1 pht (6,5 bar)

V V1 V2 45 37 82(dm3 )

Lng kh tit kim khi gim p sut cn 2,5bar

V3 3,5.S1.L.3 3,5.0, 441.4.3 18,522(dm3 )

Bi Q.9
Khng kh c nn on nhit t p sut 1 bar n p sut tuyt i 8 bar. Nu ban
u khng kh c nhit 20 C, xc nh nhit sau khi nn, ly ch s on nhit l 1.4.
Tr li:
Do l qu trnh on nhit nn

78

T2 P1

T1 P2

k 1
k

1,4 1

T2
8 1,4

T2 530, 75o K 257, 75o C
273 20 1

Bi Q.10
Mt my nn c yu cu cung cp 12 m3/pht f.a.d ti p sut 8 bar. Xc nh cng
sut tiu th ca my nn mt tng. Nu mt my nn hai tng c s dng, xc nh cng
sut tit kim ln nht, nu gi s nhit kh vo cho c 2 loi my nn l 20oC v phng
trnh nn P.V1,3 = C trong mi trng hp.
Tr li
Lu lng kh ng ra my nn:
1,3
1,3
( PV
( PV
1 1)
2 2)
1

P 1,3
V2 V1. 1
P2
1

1 1,3
V2 12. 2, 214m3 / ph
9
1,3
1
.(9.2, 214 1.12).105. 57243(W )
Cng sut
0,3
60

My nn 2 cp: p sut ti b lm mt trung gian: Pi P1.P2 9 3bar

1

1 1,3
Lu lng ng ra cp I: Vi 12. 5,154m3 / ph
3
1

1 1,3
Lu lng ng ra cp II: V2 5,154. 2, 214m3 / ph
3
1,3
1
.(9.2, 214 3.5,154).105. 19344(W )
Cng sut tiu th cp II
0,3
60

Cng sut tiu th cp I

1,3
1
.(3.5,154 1.12).105. 15002(W )
0,3
60

Tng cng sut tiu th my nn 2 cp 19344 15002 34346(W )

Cng sut tit kim c 57243 34346 22897(W )
Bi Q.11
ng kh vo ca my nn c nhit l 20oC vi m l 70%. My nn, ci m c
lu lng cung cp l 80 dm3/s f.a.d. vi p sut d o c l 7 bar, h thng lm mt lm
gim nhit xung cn 30oC. Hy c tnh lng nc m c chit sut t my nn kh
mi gi?
Tr li:
80dm3/s=288 m3/h
79

 20oC v 0bar (d), 100m3 khng kh bo ha nng cha 1,73kg hi nc, khi
m 70% th khi lng hi nc l 1,211kg trn 100m3.Khng kh ra khi my nn
l hi bo ha. Hi nc 30oC v 7bar l :
6bar
7bar
8bar
20
0,247
0,2195
0,192
30
0,3435
40
0,728
0,6475
0,567
Lng hi nc nhn vo trong 1 gi: 2,88.1, 211 3, 488kg
Lng hi nc cung cp ra trong 1 gi: 2,88.0,3435 0,9893kg
Lng nc thu c do ngng t trong 1 gi : 3, 448 0,9893 2, 4587kg
Bi Q.12
Mt xylanh kh nn tc ng n vi hnh trnh l 50 mm c yu cu kp mt chi
tit vi mt lc l 18 kN. Hy xc nh tiu chun xylanh nh nht sinh ra lc khi
c cung cp vi p sut kh ln nht l 7 bar.Cn nhng yu cu g vi p sut khng kh
c cung cp to lc chnh xc 18 kN v lng kh c s dng mi hnh trnh ca
pittng l bao nhiu?
Tr li :
Din tch ca mt trn pittng: A
ng knh pittng : D

4A

F 18000

0, 0257m2
5
P 7.10

4.0, 0257

0,18089m 181mm

Theo tiu chun ta chn Xylanh c

ng knh pittng: D=200mm
Tnh ton li cc thng s ca xylanh:
D 2 22

3,14(dm2 )
Din tch mt trn pittng: A
4
4
F 18000
573248, 4( Pa) 5,73bar
p sut khng kh cn cung cp: P
A 0,0314

Th tch lc i: V L. A 0,5.3,14 1,57dm3

T s nn:

5, 73 1
6, 73
1

Th tch kh cho 1 chu trnh: V ' V .6,73 1,57.6,73 10,57(dm3 ) f .a.d

Bi Q.13
Mt xy lanh kh nn tc ng kp vi hnh trnh piston l 500 mm to ra mt lc
y l 1 kN khi tin ra v 0,3 kN khi li v. Hy tnh kch thc nh nht cho xylanh kh
nn nu p sut kh cung cp l 6 bar.Gi s rng lc y ng l 0,6 x lc y tnh. Hy v
80

mch biu din cho xylanh c iu khin v lc hiu chnh. Nu xylanh c chu k thi
gian l 10s hy c tnh lu lng kh nn khi xylanh y nh nu.
Tr li:
F
1000
1666,67( N )
Lc y tnh lc i ra: FS1 D1
0,6 0,6
Din tch pittng mt ct trn: A1
ng knh pittng : D

4 A1

FS1 1666, 67

2, 78.103 (m2 )
5
P
6.10

4.2, 78.103

0, 0595m 59,5mm

Theo tiu chun bng 4.2 trang 115 ta chn D=63mm, ng knh cn d=20mm

12

14

1 5

1,78bar

5,35bar

Din tch mt ct trn: A1

D2
4

0,632

Din tch mt ct hnh xuyn : A2

0,312(dm2 )

( D2 d 2 )
4

(0, 632 0, 22 )
4

0, 28(dm2 )

Tng th tch cung cp trong 1 chu trnh:

V L.( A1 A2 ) 5.(0,312 0, 28) 2,96(dm3 )

Lu lng cung cp cho xylanh: Q

V P P0 2,96 6 1
3
.
.

1, 48(dm / s)
t P0 10 1

Bi Q.14
Mt xylanh kh nn c dng nng ti c khi lng l 0,7 tn ln thng ng vi
chiu cao l 4,0 m. Xylanh c nh vi mt u v cui u ti pittng c lp khp c
th quay v ti c dn hng (hnh 4.23). p sut kh nn cung cp ln nht cho xylanh l
6,5 bar.
81

S dng cng thc: K = 2EJ/L2

Trong : K l ti trng n nh (kg) ca cn pittng c ng knh l d (cm), E l
mun n hi c gi tr l 2,1.106 kg/cm2 . H s an ton ca cn pittng l S = 4 khi ti
cn pittng l vic an ton l F = K/S. Chn ng knh pittng theo tiu chun vi gi
thuyt l ti ng bng 0,6 ln ti tnh.
Tr li:
2 EJ
d4
Ta c: K 2 v K F.S , J
L
64

d4
64

F .S .L2
d
2E

F .S .L2 .64
700.4.4002.64
4

4,58cm 45,8mm
3E
3 .2,1.106

Ti trng ng = 0,6 x Ti trng tnh = 0,6 x p sut x tit din xylanh

700.9,81
A
0,0176(m2 )
0,6.6,5.105
ng knh xylanh: D

4A

ng knh xylanh: D

4A

0,1497m 149, 7mm

Theo tiu chun, ta chn xylanh c:

ng knh xylanh D=160mm
ng knh cn xylanh d=40mm.
Bi Q.15
Bn nng xe c vn hnh bng pittng thy-kh. Tng khi lng ti m pittng
nng l 1,2 tn v chiu di qung ng nng l 2 m. Bn nng c kh nng kha bt k
v tr no. Thit k h thng thch hp s dng xylanh tiu chun nng ti. nh hng
ca p sut thy lc xylanh bng 0,4 ln p sut kh mt phn cch ca kh v du. V
chu trnh vn hnh bng tay thch hp v tnh ton ng knh xylanh kh nn tiu chun.
Bit p sut kh cung cp ti a l 7 bar.
Nu my nn cung cp 25 l/s f.a.d vn hnh h thng tnh ton khong thi gian
nng ti ln (ht c hnh trnh) di iu kin ti trng ti a.
Tr li
1200.9,81
0,042043m2 420, 43cm2
Din tch xylanh: A
7.0, 4.105

4.420, 43

23,136cm 231,36mm

Theo bng tiu chun, ta chn Xylanh ng knh 250mm v ng knh cn 50mm

82

 Din tch xylanh lc ny: A

D2
4

0, 04909m2

p sut kh vn hnh trong mch lc ny:

F
1200.9,81
P

599511,1Pa 6bar
A.0, 4 0,04909.0, 4
T s nn:

6 1
7
1

25
3,57(l / s)
7
L. A 20.4,91

27,5( s)
Thi gian i ht chu trnh tin ra: t
Q
3,57

Lu lng thc cung cp vo mch: Q

Bi Q.16
Mt xylanh vn hnh bng kh nn c ng knh xylanh l D=80 mm, ng knh
cn l d=25mm ko mt ti nng 1500N vi vn tc khng i l 1m/ph iu kin n nh.
Xy lanh c iu khin bi 1 van 2 trng thi 5 ng vi st p sut 2 ng u
khng c ln hn 0,1bar. Nu p cung cp l 6bar, tnh lu lng dng kh khi s dng
Tr li:
Trng hp 1: Dng van iu khin lu lng ng

83

P1

P2

3
1

Trng hp 2: Dng van iu khin lu lng ng ra

P1

P2

3
1

84

 Trng hp 1:
Ta c phng trnh cn bng:

Trong :

Suy ra:
Trng hp 2:
: suy ra:
Lu lng tng trng hp cha tnh c.
Bi Q.17
Cho 2 xylanh vn hnh tun t A+ B+ B- A- B+ B-. Cc thng s ca 2 xy lanh nh
sau:
Xy lanh 1: ng knh xylanh D1 = 80 mm
ng knh ti l d1 = 25 mm
Hnh trnh l1 = 150 mm
Xy lanh 2: ng knh xylanh D2 =200 mm
ng knh ti:
d2 =40mm
Hnh trnh l
l2 = 50mm
Ngun kh nui xylanh cung cp p sut l 6bar. Nu thi gian i ht hnh trnh l 10s,
hy tnh ton lng khng kh cn dng trong 1 pht.
Tr li:
Th tch kh cn cho xylanh A i ri v l:

2
2
2
2
3
V1

2.D

d1 .L1

2.0,8

0, 25 .1,5 1, 434(dm )

Th tch kh cn cho Xylanh B i ri v 2 ln l :

2
2
2
2
V2 2.

2.D

d 2 .L2 2.

2.2

0, 4 .0,5 6,16(dm3 )

Tng th tch cn cung cp sau 1 chu trnh tun t:

V V1 V2 1, 434 6,16 7,594(dm3 )
85

 Lu lng khng kh cn cung cp:

V
7,594
.60
.60 45,564(dm3 / s)
t
10
6 1
T s nn:
7
1
Q

Lu lng kh thc t:
Q ' Q.7 45,564.7 318,948(dm3 / s) f .a.d

Bi Q.18
Mt van c h s Cv = 1,7 c t trong h thng v cp p l 8 bar, nu st p
khng vt qu 0,5 bar hy tnh lu lng kh cn thit.
Tr li:
Lu lng cn thit:
Q 6,844.Cv . P ( Ps 1) P 6,844.1, 7. 0,5 (8 1) 0,5 23,98(dm3 / s)

Bi Q.19
Mt ti trng l 250 kg c nng ln thng ng qung ng l 900 mm bi mt xy
lanh thy lc. Gi s rng qu trnh tng tc v gim tc din ra trong on ng 28 mm
gim chn v ti t c tc l 0,8m/s. Gi s mt mt do ma st gy ra chim 8% tng
ti trng. p sut ln nht t c l 6 bar (d). Xc nh kch thc xy lanh v lu lng
khng kh vo xy lanh nu xy lanh hot ng 10 chu k/pht.
Tr li:
Gia tc ca ti trng: a

v 2 v02 0,82 02

11, 43(m / s 2 )
2S
2.0, 028

T ng lc tc dng xylanh : F P Fqt 250.9,81 250.11, 43 5310( N )

ng knh xylanh: D

4F
4.5310

0.106(m)
P
.6.105

Theo tiu chun ta chn xylanh c ng knh D=125mm v ng knh cn d=32mm

Th tch kh cn cung cp mi chu trnh:

2
2
2
2
3
V

2.D

d .L

2.1, 25

Lu lng khng kh cung cp:

P P0
P P0

2
2
Q

2.D
4

d .L.n.

P0

V .n.

P0

0,32 .9 21,336(dm )

21,336.10.

6 1
1493,52(dm3 / ph) 24,892(dm3 / s)
1

Bi Q.20
Mt xy lanh thy lc c dng di chuyn mt khi lng 5 kg. Nu p sut cung
cp l 6 bar. Xc nh thi gian hnh trnh v vn tc ln nht ca piston. Vi cc d kin
nh sau:
86

Xy lanh:
d = 50mm
L = 200mm
Lc = 30mm
Van:
Cv = 1,15
T0 = 0,05 s
H s C
Tr li:
Thi gian p ng van iu khin: T1 T0 0,05s
Thi gian hnh trnh i n gim chn:
T2

0,5.( L Lc ) m 0, 05.(200 30) 5

.

.
0,155s
D
P
50
6

Vn tc lc gim chn:
Vi

30 D 30.50

300(mm / s)
m
5

Thi gian gim chn:

T3

Lc 30

0,1s
Vi 300

Tng thi gian hnh trnh pittng:

T T1 T2 T3 0,05 0,155 0,1 0,305s

Vn tc cc i: Vmax

103.Ce 103.2, 4

1, 22(m / s)
502
a
4

Bi Q.21
Xy lanh kh nn ni vi van v ng ng trong bi tp trc c ti tng ln 10 kg.
Xc nh thi gian hnh trnh cho iu kin ti mi.
Tr li:
Thi gian p ng van iu khin: T1 T0 0,05s
Thi gian hnh trnh i n gim chn
T2

0,5.( L Lc ) m 0, 05.(200 30) 10

.

.
0, 219s
D
P
50
6

Vn tc lc gim chn:
Vi

30 D 30.50

150(mm / s)
m
10

Thi gian gim chn:

87

T3

Lc 30

0, 2s
Vi 150

Tng thi gian hnh trnh pittng:

T T1 T2 T3 0,05 0, 219 0, 2 0, 469s

Bi Q.22
Mt khi lng 30 kg c nng ln bi mt xy lanh nh v ng chuyn ng vi
vn tc 1.2 m/s. p sut cung cp l 10 bar v p sut lm vic ti a ca xy lanh l 12 bar.
Xc nh kch thc ca xy lanh m m bo b gim chn ph hp.
Tr li:
mV 2
E
Fx .Ecush
2
Trong :
m=30 kg
V=1,2m/s
Fx=1 (tra bng 4.28)
V th:
30.1, 22
E
1.Ecush
2
30.1, 22
Ecush
21,6 Nm
2.1
Theo bng 4.3 ta chn d=63mm
p sut gim chn:
Pcush Ps 10.

m.g
30.9,81
10 10.
10,94bar
632
a
4

Ta chn d=63mm l ph hp.

Bi Q.23
Mt xy lanh khng ti c ng knh 63 mm, di 6 m mang mt ti 200 kg. Xc nh s
gi ti thiu cn thit v bc ca chng nu khong cch t cui xy lanh n im gia
bn dao l 430 mm v un ti a l 1 mm.
Tr li:
Trng lng ti: P m.g 200.9,81 1962 N
D theo hnh 4.31 ta chn L1=2100mm
S bc ti thiu:
tmin

A1 stroke 430 6000

3, 06
L1
2100

88

 Chiu di thc gia cc bc theo kiu c

L

A1 stroke 430 6000

1608mm
tsel
4

Chiu di thc gia cc bc theo kiu d

L

A1 stroke 430 6000

1429mm
tsel
4,5

Chng 1
EX 1.1.
Mt ngi c khi lng l 1 kg. Hi trng lng ca ngi l bao nhiu?
(a) trn Tri t vi gia tc trng trng l 9.81m/s2
(b) mt hnh tinh nh hn Pneumo c gia tc trng trng l 6m/s2
Li gii:
Trng lng Tri t = Khi lng Gia tc trng trng
= 1kg 9,81
= 9,81 newton (N)
Note : 1N = 1 kg m/s2
Trng lng trn hnh tinh Pneumo = Khi lng Gia tc
= 1kg 6m/s2
= 6 kg m/s2
= 6N
EX 1.2
Mt vt nng 1 kg c treo trn 1 l xo trng thi cn bng trong thang my. Gia
tc trng trng ln nht c khi thang my i ln v i xung l 3 m/s2. Nu l xo c
dng o khi lng vi n v kg th ci gi tr gia tc ln nht c c l bao nhiu
khi thang my
(a) i xung ?
(b) i ln ?
Gii ;
89

i ln (xem hnh 1.1)

Vi trng hp thang my i ln th l xo cn bng s c gia tc ln ti gi tr ln
nht 3 m/s2. L xo t ti trng thi cn bng khi vt nng b ko xung vi gia tc 3 m/s2
cng thm gia tc trng trng.
Tng gia tc l 9,81 + 3 m/s2. Trng lng s l:
1 (9,81 + 3)N = 12,81 N
As gi tr khi lng c c trn l xo cn bng

i xung (xem hnh 1.2)

nh hng ca gia tc ln trng lng = (
xo cn bng l

m/s2. Thi gian c c trn l

EX 1.3
Mt xy lanh kh nn vi ng knh khoan l l 100 mm gi cht mt vt vi lc
tnh l 3000 N (xem hnh 1.3). Xc nh p sut kh nn cn thit.
Gii :
Tit din xy lanh =

mm2

m2

=
(Note 100 mm = 0,1 m)
p sut h thng =
=
90

N/m2

= 3,82 10^5 N/m2

= 3,82 bar, 1bar = 105N/m2
p sut ca h thng tc ng ln mt bn ca xy lanh v b chng li bi p sut kh
quyn tc ng ln mt bn kia ca xy lanh. p sut h thng v vy m thng c p sut
kh quyn v tc ng thm 1 lc 3000 N. p sut c ci t trn thit b o l p sut
kh quyn.
Ly p sut kh quyn c gi tr l trn 1 bar p sut sut tuyt i, khi
p sut h thng = 3,82 bar tiu chun
= 3,82 bar + 1 bar tuyt i
= 4,82 bar tuyt i
Note: Nu p sut khng c ni r hoc khng c nhc n th thng c cho
l p sut tiu chun.
EX 1.4
Mt my nn c kh nng cung cp 500 m3 kh t do trong vng 1 gi p sut 7 bar
v nhit l 400C. Khng kh m my nn ly vo c m tng i l 80% v nhit
l 20oC . Hy xc nh lng nc m my nn ly vo trong vng 1 gi.
Gii
20oC v 0 bar, 100 m3 khng kh m bao gm 1,73 kg nc. Vi m 80% , thnh
phn nc l 1,384 kg trong 100 m3 f.a.d. Khng kh thot ra my nn s c lm m.
Thnh phn nc trong 100 m3 f.a.d ti 7 bar v ti 40oC bng ni suy l

V th nc ln khng kh thm vo my nn trong 1 gi l

51,84 kg
Nc ln khng kh thot ra khi my nn trong 1 gi l
50,647 kg
V vy, lng nc c rt ra t my nn trong 1 gi l
91

EX 1.5
Mt my nn cung cp 3
kh tun theo nh lut

kh t do trong 1 pht ti p sut l 7 bar. Gi s vic nn

, xc nh cng l thuyt.

Gii
Cng =
Khi n=1,3
P= p sut kh quyn = 1 bar abs
V1 =
P2= 7 barg = 8 bar abs

Cng =
=8,15 105 Nm/min
= 13,58 103Nm/s
Nhng 1 Nm/s = 1 W ; V th,
Cng = 13,58 KW
EX 1.6
Tnh cng nu kh trong bi 5 c nn ng nhit.
Gii

92

Mt gi tr thp hn nhiu so vi gi tr tnh ton trn my nn a hng v d 1.5

EX 1.7
Cho mt my nn 2 tng phn phi kh ti p sut 7 bar, xc nh p sut lm lnh vi
cng sut u vo l nh nht.
Gii
= 2,82 bar abs = 1,82 bar gauge
EX 1.8
Xc nh p sut gim trong hn 100 m ng ng c ng knh trong l 50 mm vi
lu lng l 100l/s. p sut trung bnh trong ng ng c th ly trung bnh l 5 barg. Ly
lc f = 500, Khi

Trong , f=500, L=100m, Q=100 l/s, d=50 mm,

V th,

p sut gim trong ng l mt mt nng lng, v hu qu l, gia tng chi ph vn

hnh. Gia tng kch thc khoan l ca ng s gim st p nhng li tng chi ph ng
ng. Nhng iu ny phi c cn bng cho iu kin thun li nht. Nu ng knh
khoan ng tng 60 mm p sut gim c tnh bng
93

= 0,107 bar
EX 1.9
Mt my nn cung cp 200 l/s f.a.d ti p sut l 7 bar . Gi s vn tc dng chy ln
nht l 6 m/s, c lng ng knh ng cn thit.
Gii
Th tch kh nn thi bn trong s l s phn phi kh t do c chia theo t l nn,
khi
T l nn =
V th, trong trng hp ny, ly p sut kh quyn l 1 bar,
T l nn =

= 25 l/s

Lu lng = Tit din dng chy vn tc trung bnh

25
Trong d l ng knh khoan ng tnh bng m. V th,
d=
= 0,073 m
= 73 mm
Chng 2:
V d 2.1:
Mt my nn kh cp lu lng 30m3/min p sut 7bar. Nhu cu trung bnh ca
mch l 7m3/min vi s thay i p sut t 7 n 6 bar. Gi s rng th tch bnh cha l
4m3. Xc nh s ln nn ca my trong 1 gi. Cho khng kh c lm lnh hon ton v
nhit khng i. p sut kh tri l 1 bar.
a. 7 bar:
94

PV
PV
PV 8.4
1 1
2 2 V1 2 2
32m3
T1
T2
P1
1
b.

Tng t 6 bar:

PV
PV
PV 7.4
3 3
4 4 V4 3 3
28m3
T3
T4
P4
1

S chnh lch th tch khng kh t do trong bnh cha gia 7bar v 6bar l 4m3 .
My nn kh c lu lng 10 m3 / pht v h thng yu cu 7 m3 / pht. Np vo bnh tch
p 3 m3 / pht. Do ,
Thi gian np =

4
1,33 pht
3

Bnh cha x t 7bar xung cn 6bar cung cp cho h thng 4 m3 . Do ,

4
0,57 pht
7
Tng thi gian t my nn kh n ti: 1,33 + 0,57 = 1,9 pht
Thi gian x =

Cn phi m my 31,6 ln 1 gi. V th kch thc bnh cha phi tng ln n 6 m3 .

Lng kh t do c cha gia p sut 7bar v 6 b cng tng ln.
Thi gian np =

6
2 pht
3

6
0,86 pht
7
Tng thi gian 1 chu k l 2,86 pht. Thi gian mi chu k c th tng nu ta tng sc
cha ca bnh cha hoc tng khong p sut m h thng c th hot ng.
Thi gian x =

V d 2.2:
Xylanh tc ng kp c ng knh 100mm, piston c ng knh 32mm v khong
hnh trnh l 300mm p sut tin v li u l 6bar. Nu xylanh hot ng 25 chu k trong 1
pht, hy tnh lng khng kh tiu th.
Th tch lc y
Th tch lc li

.1002.300
4

2,355 lt

(1002 322 )
4

.100 2,114 lt

Tng th tch kh nn trong 1 chu k 2,355 2,114 4,469 lt

95

Th tch kh nn trong 1 pht = 4,469.25 111,7 lt/pht

Ta c:

PV
PV
1 1
2 2
T1
T2

Vi: V1 Th tch khng kh dung

P1 = 1bar
P2 = 6 + 1 = 7bar
V2 = 111,7 lt/pht
T1 = T2

V1 7.111,7 782 lt/pht

V d 2.3:
Hy tnh phn trm lng khng kh tiu th gim i trong 1 pht nh v d 2.2, nu
p sut li v l 2bar.
Nh tnh trong v d 2.2: Th tch hnh trnh li = 2,114 lt
Hnh trnh li p sut 2 bar, do th tch kh t do hnh trnh li c tnh bi
cng thc:

PV
PV
1 1
2 2
V1

PV
21
2 2

.2,114 6,34 lt
P1
1

T bi 2.2: Th tch hnh trnh tin = 2,355 lt

p sut hnh trnh tin l 6 bar, do th tch kh t do c tnh theo cng thc:

PV
PV
1 1
2 2
V1

PV
61
2 2

.2,355 16,48 lt
P1
1

Tng lng kh dung trong 1 chu k: 16,48 6,34 22,82 lt

96

Lng kh dung trong 25 chu k: 22,8.25 = 570 lt/pht

Lng kh tiu th bi 2.2 khi tin v li u p sut 6 bar la2 7882 lit/pht. Khi
gim p sut hnh trnh li cn 2 bar th lng kh tiu th gim cn 62 lt/pht. T l lng
khng kh gim:

782 570
.100% 27%
782
V d 2.4:
Xt 1 xylanh nh v d 2.2. Tnh lng kh tiu th tng ln khi h thng ng ng
c tnh n. ng knh ng l 12mm v khong cch gia van v xylanh l 1m.
Th tch trong ng ng

.122
4

.1000.2 226,224mm3 0,226 lt

C 2 ng u c chnh p 2 bar trong mi chu k hoc 25 ln mi pht.

Ch : mt ng c chnh p hnh trnh tin, ng cn li c chnh p hnh
trnh li. Do th tch kh c s dng trong ng l:

0,226.

61
.25 39,6 lt/pht
1

v d 2.2, lng khng kh tiu th trong mi xylanh la 728 lt/pht. Lng khng
kh lng ph trong ng lm vic them 40 lt/ pht .
V d 2.5:
ng du chnh cung cp cho mt nh my vi nhu cu trung bnh 20m3/min. p
sut lm vic nh nht ca b phn cng tc l 5 bar. My nn kh c lu lng 35m3/min
v p sut lm vic l 7 bar. H thng cng tc iu khin tt ti khi p sut ca b cha
tng ln 7bar, v cp li ti khi p sut b cha gim cn 5bar. Nu s ln khi ng ca
my nn kh trong 1 gi l 20, hy xc nh kh nng cha ca b cha.
V my nn kh ch c m 20 ln trong 1 pht. Thi gian gia 2 ln m l 3 pht, gi
s my hot ng n nh.
Trong 3 pht h thng yu cu 3.20 m3 . cp lng khng kh , my nn kh cn
chy trong:
97

3.20
1,714 pht
35
Do my nn x ti trong 1,286 pht trong khi bnh cha cung cp khng kh yu
cu bi h thng, khi p sut bnh cha gim t 7 xung cn 5 bar.
Th tch khng kh cung cp t bnh cha = 1,286.20 = 25,72 m3
Gi V l th tch thc ca bnh cha.
Th tch khng kh t do trong bnh cha 7 bar = V

71
8Vm3
1

Th tch khng kh t do trong bnh cha 5 bar V

51
6Vm3
1

Suy ra th tch khng kh thay i trong bnh cha khi p sut gim t 7 bar xung cn
5 bar l: 8V 6V =2V m3
Bng vi th tch c cp: 2V = 25,72 m3 V 12,86m3
Do th tch bnh cha yu cu l: 12,86 m3 . Chn bnh cha 13 m3
V d 2.6:
Lng kh yu cu ca nh my nh v d 2.5 gim xung cn 15m3/min. My nn c
lu lng 35m3/min p sut 7bar vi b cha c kh nng cha 13m3. Hy tnh s ln
m mytrong 1 gi ca my nn kh nu cng tc iu khin p sut 7 bar v 5 bar c s
dng.
Th tch kh cha trong bnh cha 7 bar: 13.

71
104m3
1

Th tch khng kh cha trong bnh cha 5 bar: 13.

51
78m3
1

Do , th tch kh thay i trong bnh cha khi p sut thay i t 7 bar xung cn 5
bar l: 104 78 = 26 m3
H thng yu cu 5 m3 / pht, do khn kh cha trong bnh cha vn hnh h
thng trong 26/15 = 1,734 pht.
98

Khi bnh cha c np th tch khng kh i vo bnh cha l khc gia vi th tch
ra t my nn kh v h thng yu cu. Trong trng hp ny:
35 15 = 20 m3 kh vo bnh cha
Thi gian np 20 m3 khng kh vo bnh cha=

26
1,3 pht
20

Tng thi gian np x = 1,73 + 1,3 = 3,03 pht

S ln m trong 1 gi:

60
19,9
3,03

V d 2.7:
Xt my nn kh thit k nh v d 2.4 nhng yu cu ca h thng t 20 n 25
m /min . hy tnh s ln my nn kh m ti trong 1 gi. Nu s ln khi ng ca my nn
kh trong 1 gi l 20, xc nh p sut b cha khi my nn kh bt ti. p sut ng ti cn
7 bar.
3

Th tch kh trong bnh cha khi p sut thay i t 7bar xung cn 5bar l 26 m3 .
Yu cu 25 m3 .
Bnh cha x trong thi gian:

26
1,04 pht
25

Vi yu cu 25 m3 / pht, c (35 25) m3 / pht np vo bnh cha.

Thi gian np

26
2,6 pht
10

Chu k x np ca bnh cha = 1,04 + 2,6 = 3,64 pht

Gi p sut ci t l P bar.
Lng khng kh c sn = 13P m3
Th tch s vn hnh trong thi gian

13P
pht
25
99

 l thi gian x ca bnh cha.

Thi gian np ca bnh cha =

13P
pht
35 25

Chu k x np ca bnh cha =

13P 13P

pht
25
10

s ln m my nh hn 20 ln trong 1 pht, th chu k x np ca bnh cha phi

ln hn 3 pht.

13P 13P

3 P 1,65bar
25
10
V th khi m ti p sut l 5,35bar
V d 2.8:
Mt my c nhu cu 0,1m3 khng kh trong 1 chu k p sut nh nht l 4 bar, hot
ng 25 chu k 1 pht. My c cung cp t ng du chnh vi p sut gim tuyn tnh
t 7 n 3 bar trong 20 giy chu k. c tnh kch thc b cha gia my v mch chnh
duy tr p sut nh nht ca my l 4 bar. ng sut thay i trong ng du chnh
c biu din theo hnh 2.18.
p sut ca ng du chnh gim 4 bar trong tng thi gian 5 giy ca chu k. l
lc b cha cha y khng kh vn hnh my gia p sut ln nht 5 bar, p sut nh
nht ca ng du chnh l 4 bar.
Gi th tch bnh cha l V. Th tch kh trong bnh cha 5 bar l:

51 3
m
1

Th tch kh trong bnh cha p sut 4bar:

41 3
m
1

Do th tch thay i trong bnh cha l:

51
4 1
V
Vm3
1
1
100

Th tch khn kh m my yu cu trong 5 giy l th tch khng kh tiu th trong mt

chu k:

0,1.25.5
0,208m3
60
Vy th tch ca bnh cha l: V = 0,208 m3
V d 2.9:
Trong 1 th nghim trnng du chnh, b cha y n p sut 7 bar v ngt my
nn kh trong 10 phut1cho p sut gim cn 6.5 bar. B cha c 20m3, ng knh
ng du chnh l 100mm, chiu di 800mm. c tnh s r r t h thng. Nu tng
cng sut cp vo l 100kW, Hy tnh phn trm lng nng lng cp cho khng kh b r
r.
Th tch ng du chnh

.0,12
4

.800 6,28m3

Tng th tch bnh cha v ng du chnh: 20 + 6,28 = 26,28 m3

Th tch thot ra t bnh ch v ng du chnh khi p sut gim t 7bar cn 6bar:
(7 6,5).26,28=13,14 m3
S r r t h thng trong 600s, lng kh r r trung bnh:

13,14
0,0219m3 / s
600

Hoc s r r ca h thng p sut trung bnh 6,75bar l 1,314 m3 / pht.

Nh tnh, 75 lt/pht p sut 7 bar cn cp cng sut 1kW. Do , cng sut yu
cu cung cp 1,324 m3 / pht p sut 6,75 bar:

1,314.1000 6,75 1
.
16,97kW
75
71
Phn trm cng sut cung cp cho kh r r l:

16,97
.100 16,97%
100

101

Chng 4:
Example chng 4
EX4.1 A double-acting cylinder is required to clamp a workpiece with an actual
force of 3kN. The minimum supply pressure is 5 bar, cylinder return is minimal load.
Caculate the cylinder size require assume efficiency of 96 per cent.
Mt xilanh tc ng kp c yu cu dng kp phi vi lc thc t l 3kN. p
sut cung cp ti a l 5bar, xilanh li v ch khng ti. Kch thc xilanh yu cu l
bao nhiu hiu sut l 96%.
Gii:

Trong trng hp ny nn chn xy lanh c ng knh 100 mm, gi tr ny gn ng

knh xy lanh tiu chun nht m c th m bo lc cn thit
EX4.2 A pneumatic cylinder is require to move 200kg pack of paper 600mm up a 60 o
incline. The coefficient of frictoria is 0.15. It is to be assumed that the accelecration of
the load will occur within the cushioned length (30mm) and that the load will attain
avelocity of 0.6m/s. The maximum pressure available at the piston is 5 bar gauge,
determine:
(a) The actuator required
(b) The air consumpation if the cylinder operates at 15 cycles/min.
Mt xilanh kh nn c yu cu di chuyn mt gi giy 200kg 600mm nghing mt
gc 60o. H s ma st 0,15. Cho rng ti tng tc trong phm vi chiu di m (30mm) v
t c tc 0,6m/s. p sut ti a c th c trong xilanh l 5bar. Hy tnh:
102

a) Kch thc b truyn ng.

b) Lng khng kh tiu th nu xilanh hot ng 15 chuk/pht.
Gii:
Xc nh tng lc trc i ca chuyn ng:

Trng lc: F1=mgsin60=200.9,81.0,866=1699N

Lc ma st: Ft=mgcos60=200.9,81.cos60=147N
Lc gia tc: Fa=ma
T phng trnh chuyn ng: V2=U2+2as
Vt chuyn ng t trng thi ngh nn U = 0

tot

t+

= 1699 + 147 + 1200 = 3046

Ma st trong + tng tn tht = 0.1 3046

Tng lc tc dng:

= 1.1 3046

ng knh pittng:

Theo tiu chun chn D = 100 mm.

Tnh lu lng cn thit ca xy lanh:

103

EX4.3 A pneumatic cylinder complete with a direction control valve and associated
pipe and fittings has been selected to move a mass of 3kg with a supply pressure of 8
bar. Estimate the extended stroke time.
Mt xilanh kh nn c vn hnh bi mt van iu hng vi ng ni va vn, h
thng dng di chuyn mt vt 3kg vi p sut cung cp l 8bar. c tnh thi gian
hnh trnh m rng.
Gii:
D liu ca nh sn xut xy lanh l:
D = 50 mm; L = 240 mm; LC = 29 mm.
V cho van l:
Ce = 2.76
T1 = 0.05
Thi gian cn thit n ch gim chn = T2

Mt khc,

Trng hp ny T2min < T2, thit b gim chn khng b hng. Vn tc gim chn ti a
c th l:

Vn tc chp nhn c ca xy lanh l 300 mm/s.

Thi gian hnh trnh nh nht thc t = T1 + T2 + T3 = 0.05 + 0.229 + 0.097 = 0.376s.
104

EX4.4 Using the same componets as the previous example but with the load increased
to 15kg, determine the stroke time.
S dng cc thnh phn ging nh v d 4.3 nhng vi ti 15kg, tnh thi gian
hnh trnh.
Gii:
T kt qu v d 4.3: T1 = 0.05s v T2 = 0.229 s

T2min > T2, ng thot cn thit cho hiu qu qu trnh gim chn.

Thi gian sut qu trnh gim chn l:

Vy, tng thi gian l: Ttot= T1 + T2 + T3 = 0.05 + 0.289 + 0.29 = 0.629 s

EX4.5 In vertically mounted cylinder application a mass of 5kg is driven downwards at

1.5m/s by supply pressure of 8 bar. The maximum working pressure of the cylinder is
10 bar. Determine a cylinder size that will provide adequate internal cushioning.
Trn mt xilanh t thng ng c gn mt vt 5kg c nh hng cho i xung
ti vn tc 1,5m/s vi p sut cung cp 8bar. p sut lm vic ti a l 10bar. Xc nh
kch thc xilanh (c m bn trong) .
Gii:

105

(trong , Fx =1.5 (hnh 4.28))

Theo bng 4.3 , vi Ecush = 3.75 Nm ta chn xy lanh c ng knh 32 mm.
Xc nh p sut gim chn:

Do , p sut gim chn nh hn p sut lm vic ti a, xy lanh 32 mm c th hm

hiu qu.
EX4.6 In vertically mounted cylinder application a mass of 5kg is driven upwards at
1.8m/s by supply pressure of 6 bar. The maximum working pressure of the cylinder is
10 bar. Determine a cylinder size that will provide adequate internal cushioning.
Trn mt xilanh t thng ng c gn mt vt 24kg c nh hng cho i ln
ti vn tc 1.8m/s vi p sut cung cp 6bar. p sut lm vic ti a l 10bar. Xc nh
kch thc xilanh (c m bn trong) .
Gii:

(trong , Fx =1.8 (hnh 4.28))

Theo bng 4.3, vi Ecush = 21,6 Nm ta chn xy lanh c ng knh 63 mm.
Xc nh p sut gim chn:
106

Kt qu tnh ton chng minh xy lanh 63 mm l ph hp

EX4.7 A 50mm diameter cylinder, having a stroke of 5000mm, is to carry an external
load of 1400N. if the maximum deflection is not to exceed 1mm, determine the number
and pitch of the supports
Mt xilanh c ng knh 50mm, hnh trnh 5000mm, dng nng ti 1400 N.
Nu vng ti a cho php l 1mm, hy quyt nh s lng v ln ca ct chng.
Gii:
A1 c xc nh t nh sn xut. Trong trng hp ny s dng 300 mm.

Chiu di thc gia cc bc, h thng gi (c):

(vi h thng gi (c), tsel = 4; vi h thng gi (d),tsel = 4.5)

Chiu di thc gia cc bc, h thng gi (d):

Theo hnh 4.31, gi tr cc i l 1700 mm, do c hai h thng gi u c th

chp nhn c.
Chng 6:
EX6.1A door is to be opened by a pneumatic cylinder when either of two push-button A
or B operated. When the valve is released the door will close.
Mt cnh ca c m bi mt xilanh kh nn khi mt trong 2 nt nhn van c
vn hnh. Khi van th th ca ng.
107

_ _

_ _

EX6.2 Minimise the function : S=A.B+ A.B.C+A.B.C.D+ A.B.C.D

Rt gn biu thc :
EX6.3 A machined plate shown in Fig. 6.24 has two holes A and B drilled in it. A
pneumatic inspection machine is used to check the pressure of the holes and the length
of the plate.
Pneumatic sensor W, X, Y, Z are used to detect the holes and check the length of
the plate. The sensor signals are
_

W=hole at A, W = no hole at A
Mt b my trong hnh 6.24 c khoan 2 l A v B. mt my o kh nn c s
dng kim tra hnh dng ca l v chiu dy ca b my. Cc cm bin W, X, Y, Z c
s dng d ra l v kim tra chiu dy ca b my. Tnh hiu ca cm bin l W= l
_

ti A, W =khng phi l ti A
EX6.4 Sequence

A+ B- A-B+

In this case the map would be as shown in Fig.6,40

The operations A+ and B+ starting simultaneously may result in A+ being
completed first, in which case the path will be square 1 to square 2 to square 4, but if
B+ is completed first the path will be square 1 to 3 to 4.

Trnh t

A+ B- A-B+

Trnh t trn c ch ra trong s hnh 6.40

Vn hnh ng thi A+ v B+ ,c th nhn kt qu A+ c vn hnh trc. Trong
trng hp ny ng i theo hnh vung 1 n 2 ri n 4. Nhng nu B c nhn
trc, ng i s t hnh vung 1 n 3 ri n 4.

108

Chng 7:
V d 7.1
Nu tn hiu S1 l Relay on v tn hiu S2 hoc S3 l Relay off v mch in
cho R le ( xem hnh 7.8).
Relay enable
K1e = S1
Relay disable K1d =
= .
Ch : S2 v S3 thng ng. S dng i s Boolean c gii thch chng 6
Chng 10:
EX10.1 A pneumatic cylinder which a bore of 100mm and stroke of 200mm completes
40 cylinder per minute. Neglecting the piston rod volume, determine the cylinder air
consumpation if it supply at 6.5 bar.
Mt xilanh kh nn vi l khoan 100mm, hnh trnh 200mm hon thnh 40
vng/pht. B qua thanh pittong, hy tnh lng khng kh tiu th nu xilanh c
cung cp p sut 6.5bar.

Gii
Th tch qut ca pitton trong mt chu k V= Th tch dui + th tch ko v
Khi b qua cn xylanh th V = 2 x din tch tit din xylanh x chiu di hnh trnh
2

0,12
.0, 2 0,00314m3
4

Lu lng trn pht Q = 0,00314 x 40 = 0,1256 m3/ph

p sut o l 6,5 bar, nn p sut tuyt i l 7,5 bar. Do t l nn l 7,5 : 1
Do Q = 0,1256 x 7,5 = 0,942 m3/ph f.a.d =15,7 l/s f.a.d
EX10.2 Estimate the size of direction control valve needes to supply the cylinder given
in example 10.1. the pressure drop across the valve is noat exceed 0.25 bar.
c tnh kch thc ca van iu hng cn cung cp cho xilanh v d 10.1. p
sut tiu hao khi qua van l 0.25bar.
Gii
S dng cng thc Q 6,844Cv P((Ps 1) P ))
109

Q=15,7l/sf.a.d
Trong P=0,25bar
Ps =6,5bar

Q 15,7l=6,844Cv 0,25(6,5+1-0,25)
Cv

Do

15,7
1,7
6,844 0,25(6,5+1-0,25)

Van BSP c h s Cv l 2.0 v p sut tiu hao i qua van hn 0,25 bar khi iu
khin xylanh.
Van p sut nn c kch thc theo theo yu cu ch to, thng th n c tiu
chun thit k sn.
EX10.3 Determine the bore of an air main to carry 6m 3/min f.a.d. at working pressure
of 6 bar.
Quyt nh kch thc khoan kh chnh ca xilanh nng 6m3/min ti p sut lm
vic 6.5bar.
Gii
Chuyn sang lu lng l/s: 6m3/p=100l/s
Ta c t l nn l (6,5+1):1=7,5:1, vi lng khng kh 6m3 vi p sut nn 7,5 bar
th c th tch l 6/7,5=0,8 m 3
Lu lng= Tit din x Vn tc

0,8 d 2

.5
60
4
Do d

4.0,8
0,0583m 58,3m
.60.5
2

p sut nh git = 800 LQ5,3

CR.d
Trong

L l di ng (m)
110

Q lu lng khng kh t do qua ng (l/s)

CR t s nn ng vo
d l ng knh thnh ng
EX10.4 The pipe used in Ex 10.3 has length of 300m. Determine of pressure drop for
65mm bore and 50 mm bore pipe when d=65. The flow is 100l/s.
ng c s dng v d 10.3 c chiu di l 300m. quyt nh p sut tiu hao cho
khoan 65mm v khoan 50mm ca ng khi d=65. Lu lng 100l/p.
Gii
T s nn l CR=(6,5+1):1=7,5:1
2

p sut tiu hao trong ng ng 65mm= 800.300.100 0,079bar

5,3
7,5.65

p sut tiu hao trong ng ng 50mm= 800.300.100 0,32bar

7,5.505,3
Trng hp p sut tiu hao l 0,32 bar th khng c. nu yu cu cao i vi
kh cung cp u vo th nn dng ng 65mm
EX10.5 a pneumatically operated feed unit for a carton erection machine is shown
diagrammatically in Fig 10.2 . A pre-formed flat cardboard sheet is lifted from a stack
of sheets by a vacuum cup attached to apneumatic cylinder A. when cylinder A is fully
retracted, cylinder B extends, transferring the sheet to a position above the carton
erection machine. Cyclinder A extends, pushing the sheet fully into the machine where
a hot melt gue is applied and the carton erected. To facilitate this operation, cylinder A
must remain fully extended for 1.5 seconds. The vacuum cups are exhausted and the
cylinder retracts, leaving the erected carton behind. The side of erection machine is
opened by extending cyclinder C; the carton is then ejected onto the discharge
conveyor by extending the eject cylinder D. The dimensions are:
Cylinder

Bore

Stroke

63mm

400mm

63mm

800mm
111

50mm

300mm

50mm

600mm

The vacuum pads are energized by switching on a supply of compressed air. The
carton erection machine requires an electrical signal to start its cycle, which is
completed in 1.5 seconds.
Design a suitable pneumatic system, size valve and estimate the air consumption
of the unit when it is producing five cartons per minute. The air supply pressure is 6
bar gauge; assume that all cylinders operation at this pressure. The unit must be fully
automatic in operation, stopping if the stack of carboard sheets is empty or if the
discharge conveyor has no space to accept a carton. The machine will automatically
restart when these faults have been corrected. The cylinder control valves are to be
5/2 double-solenoid operated. A 3/2 valve. Double-solenoid operated, is to be used to
switch the vacuum on and off.

112

FLUID POWER ENGINEERING

Chng 1_Mc 1.6:
1.1

State the function of the power systems.

Nu cc chc nng ca h thng nng lng
Gii

H thng nng lng c s dng truyn ti v iu khin nng lng. Chc

nng ny c minh ha bng hnh. 1.1

1.2

Discuss briefly the principle of operation of the different power systems giving the
necessary schemes.
Trnh by ngn gn nguyn tc hot ng ca cc h thng in khc nhau cho cc
phng n cn thit
Gii

113

Mechanical Power Systems

H thng nng lng c hc s dng cc yu t c hc truyn v iu khin nng
lng. Cc h thng truyn lc ca mt chic xe nh l mt v d in hnh cho h thng
nng lng c hc
(hnh Figure 1.3).
Hp s (3) c kt ni vi (1) ng c thng qua b ly hp (2). Trc dn ca hp s
c vn tc quay bng vn tc ng c, trc b dn (4) s quay vi cc tc khc nhau da
trn s n khp cc cp bnh rng. Nng lng sau c truyn ti cc bnh xe (8) thng
qua cc khp ni ph qut (5), trc (6), v cc chi tit khc (7).

1.3 Draw the circuit of a simple hydraulic system, in standard symbols, and explain
briefly the function of its basic elements.
V mch mt h thng thy lc n gin bng cc k hiu tiu chun, v gii thch
ngn gn cc chc nng c bn ca n
Gii

114

Chc nng:
y l mch thy lc nng ti nhanh, h ti chm
Mch gm cc chi tit:
+Bm du c truyn ng bi ng c.
+Van gii hn p sut, chc nng gii hn p sut ti a trong mch v l van an ton
+Van iu khin nng h ti, iu khin bi solenoid.
+Van tit lu hn ch lu lng u ra, lm ti h xung chm.
+B lc du gn sau ca x T ca van iu khin.
1.4
State the advantages and disadvantages of hydraulic power systems.
Nu nhng u im v nhc im ca h thng thy lc.
Gii
*Cc u im chnh ca h thng thy lc nh sau:
1.T s cng sut trn trng lng cao
2. T bi trn
3. Khng c hin tng bo ha trong cc h thng thy lc so vi bo ha trong
cc my in. Cc m-men xon ti a ca mt ng c in t l vi dng in, nhng n
b hn ch bi s bo ha t.
4. T l lc trn khi lng v m-men qun tnh cao, kt qu trong kh nng tng tc
cao v p ng nhanh chng ca cc ng c thy lc.
5. cng cao ca xi lanh thy lc, cho php dng ti ti bt k v tr trung gian.
6.H thng bo v chng qu ti n gin
7. C kh nng lu tr nng lng trong bnh tch p.
8. Tnh linh hot ca truyn ng so vi cc h thng c kh.
9. Sn c ca c hai chuyn ng quay v thng
10. An ton lin quan n nguy c d n.
* H thng thy lc c nhng nhc im sau:
1. Ngun thy lc l khng c sn, khng ging nh in. Do cn c ngun in
115

2. Chi ph sn xut cao do yu cu ca h nh v qu trnh sn xut chnh xc cao

3. Qun tnh cao ca ng dy truyn ti, lm tng thi gian phn ng ca chng
4. Gii hn nhit hot ng ti a v ti thiu.
5. Nguy c ha hon khi s dng cc loi du
6. Vn lc du.

1.5
Draw the circuit of a simple hydraulic system, including a pump, directional control
valves, hydraulic cylinder, relief valve, and pressure gauge. State the function of the
individual elements and discuss in detail the power transmission and transformation in the
hydraulic power systems.
V mch ca mt h thng thy lc n gin, bao gm mt my bm, van iu khin
hng, xi lanh thy lc, van x, v ng h o p lc. Nu cc chc nng ca tng b phn
v trnh by chi tit qu trnh truyn ti nng lng v chuyn i trong h thng thy
lc.
Gii

Gii
Cc chi tit trnh by cu 1.3
Qu trnh truyn nng lng
+ng c in hot ng sinh ra chuyn ng quay, chuyn ng quay truyn
sang my bm thong qua ni trc.
+My bm quay ht du t b ln h thng.
116

+p lc my bm y u i khp cc ngc ngch trong h thng v c iu

khin bi van iu khin.
+Khi khng tc ng cc solenoid ca P thng T, du chy v b.
+Khi solenoid bn tri c tc ng ca P thng A, du chy qua van 1 chiu ca
van tit lu i vo xylanh nng ti ln.
+Khi solenoid bn phi c kch hot ca P thng B, du i vo xylanh h ti
xung, du pha u ra i qua van tit lu nn lu lng i ra t nn ti h chm.
+Du theo ca T chy v b phi qua b phn lc du.
+ng h o p dung o p sut trong h thng.
1.6
The given figure shows the extension mode of a hydraulic cylinder. Neglecting
the losses in the transmission lines and control valves, calculate the loading force,
F,returned flow rate, QT, piston speed, v, cylinder output mechanical power, Nm, and pump
output hydraulic power, Nh. Comment on the calculation results, given:
Delivery line pressure P=200 bar
Pump flow rate QP=40 L/min
Piston diameter D=100 mm
Piston rod diameter d=70 mm
Cc con s c a ra din t qu trnh di chuyn ra ca mt xi lanh thy lc. B qua
nhng mt mt trong ng dy v van iu khin, tnh ton lc ti, F, lu lng chy v
(b du), QT, tc piston, v, cng sut xi lanh sinh ra, Nm, v cng sut my bm thy lc,
Nh. Nhn xt v kt qu tnh ton; cho:
p lc dng chy P = 200 bar
Lu lng my bm
QP = 40 L/min
ng knh piston D = 100 mm
ng knh cn piston d = 70 mm

Gii
*Tnh lc F
117

V ca ra thng vi kh tri nn p sut trn phn din tch vnh khuyn bng 0
PT cn bng lc

*Vn tc v

* Lu lng chy v (b du), QT

* Cng sut xi lanh sinh ra, Nm

* Cng sut my bm thy lc, Nh

1.7
The given figure shows the extension mode of a hydraulic cylinder, in
differential connection. The losses in the trans mission lines and control valves were
neglected. Calculate the loading force, F, inlet flow rate, Qin, returned flow ate,Qout, piston
speed, v, cylinder output mechanical power, Nm, and pump output hydraulic power, Nh.
Comment on the calculation results compared with he case of problem 6, given
Delivery line pressure P=200 bar
Pump flow rate QP=40 L/min
Piston diameter D=100 mm
Piston rod diameter d=70 mm
Cc con s c a ra din t t qu trnh di chuyn ra mt xi lanh thy lc, trong
mt kt cu thy lc c bit. Nhng mt mt trong dng chy v van iu khin c b
qua. Tnh lc ti, F, lu lng chy vo, Qin, lu lng chy ra, Qout, tc piston, v, cng
sc xilanh sinh ra, Nm, cng sut my bm thy lc, Nh. Nhn xt v kt qu tnh ton vi
trng hp ca bi 1.6; cho:
p lc dng chy P = 200 bar
Lu lng my bm
QP = 40 L/min
118

ng knh piston D = 100 mm

ng knh cn piston
d = 70 mm

Gii
* Lc ti, F
V ca ra thng vi ca vo nn p sut ca ra bng ca vo bng 200bar
PT cn bng lc:

* Lu lng chy vo, Qin, lu lng chy ra, Qout

Ta c:
Ta c
T 2PT 2 n
* tc piston, v

* cng sc xilanh sinh ra, Nm

W
*Cng sut my bm thy lc, Nh

1.8
Shown is the hydraulic circuit of a load-lifting hydraulic system. The lowering speed
is controlled by means of a throttle-check valve. Discuss the construction and operation of
this system. Redraw the hydraulic circuit in the load-lowering mode, then calculate the
pressure in the cylinder rod side, PC, the inlet flow rate, Qin, outlet flow rate, Qout, pump
119

flow rate, QP, pump output power, Nh, and the area of the throttle valve, At. Neglect the
hydraulic losses in the system elements, except the throttle valve.
The flow rate through the throttling element is given by:
where
Q=Flow rate, m3/s
Cd=Discharge coefficient
2
At=Throttle area,m
P=Pressure difference, Pa
3
=Oil density, kg/m
Given
Pump exit pressure =30 bar
Piston speed =0.07 m/s
2
Piston area AP=78.5 cm
Piston rod side area Ar=40 cm2
Oil density =870 kg/m3
Discharge coefficient =0.611
Safety valve is pre-set at 350 bar Weight of the body =30 kN
Trong nh l mch thy lc ca h thng thy lc nng ti. Tc h thp c kim
sot bng van iu khin lu lng. Tho lun v vic xy dng v hot ng ca h thng
ny. V li mch thy lc ch ti h, sau tnh ton p lc trn cn xilanh, lu
lng chy vo, Qin, lu lng chy ra, Qout, lu lng my bm, QP, cng sut bm, Nh,
din tch van tit lu, At. B qua cc tn tht thy lc trong cc thnh phn h thng, ngoi
tr cc van tit lu.
Lu lng chy qua b phn tit lu c tnh bng CT:
Q: lu lng m3/s
Cd: h s lu lng
2
At: din tch tit lu m
: chnh lch p sut Pa
3
: khi lng ring kg/m
p sut bm =30 bar
Tc d piston = 0.07 m/s
2
Din tch piston AP=78.5 cm
din tch cn piston Ar = 40 cm2
=870 kg/m3
Cd =0.611
p sut iu chnh trn van
Trng lng ton b =30 kN
an ton l 350 bar

, vi

120

1.9
Redraw the circuit of problem 8 in lifting mode. For the same pump flow rate,
safety valve setting, and dimensions, calculate the maximum load thatthe system can lift.
Calculate all of the system operating parameters at this mode. Neglect the hydraulic losses
in the system elements, except for the
throttle valve.
V li mch bi 1.8 trong ch nng. Vi cng lu lng ca my bm, p sut ca
van an ton, v cc kch thc. Tnh ton ti trng ti a m h thng c th nng. Tnh ton
tt c cc thng s vn hnh h thng ch ny. B qua cc tn tht thy lc trong cc
thnh phn h thng, tr van tit lu.
Chng 2_Mc 2.6:
2.1
Derive an expression for the pressure and power losses in a hydraulic
transmission line of constant diameter in the case of laminar flow.
Nhn xt s bin i ca p sut v nng lng tn tht trong mt dng truyn ng
thy lc ng knh khng i trong trng hp chy tng.
Gii
Trong ng dn, dng chy c th l dng chy tng hoc dng chy ri ty thuc vo
t l gia lc ma st nht v lc qun tnh, t l ny c biu th bng s Reynold, Re.
Trong trng hp dng chy tng, chnh p c th tnh nh sau:

121

Trong
D l ng knh ng dn, m
L l chiu di on ng ang xt, m
Re l s Reynold
v l vn tc trung bnh ca cht lng
l chnh p trong ng, Pa
l h s ma st ca dng chy tng
l trng lng ring ca du
Cng thc xc nh tn tht nng lng

2.2

Derive an expression for the hydraulic resistance, R, of a hydraulic transmission line

and find the resultant resistance of two lines connected in series or in parallel.

Trnh by v tr khng thy lc, R, ca ng dn thy lc v tm kt qu nu ni hai

ng song song hoc ni tip.
Gii
Tr khng thy lc c to nn do ma st gia cht lng v thnh ng dn, gy nn
tn tht cc b, ta c cng thc sau:

Trong
D l ng knh ng, m
122

Q l lu lng dng chy b tn tht, m3

L l chiu di on ng ang xt, m
l tr khng
l chnh lch p, Pa
Ch rng vic r r t l nghch vi nht, t l thun vi tit din trn ca ng,
trong trng hp ny tn tht nng lng c tnh nh sau:

2.3

Derive an expression for the hydraulic inertia of a transmission line.

Rt ra mt biu hin cho qun tnh thy lc ca mt ng dy truyn ti.

2.4

Rt ra mt biu hin cho qun tnh thy lc ca hai dng truyn ng thy lc ni
tip hoc song song.
Rt ra mt biu hin cho qun tnh thy lc ca hai dng truyn ng thy lc ni
tip hoc song song.

2.5

Define the bulk modulus of oil and derive the equivalent bulk modulus of an oil-air
mixture.
Xc nh cc module n hi ca du v suy ra module n hi tng ng vi mt
hn hp du-kh.
Gii

Cht lng c tnh nn rt thp, cn kh th ngc li, do cht lng thng c gi

s l khng nn c. Gi s ny c p dng c trong trng hp cht lng nn c
khng nh hng qu nhiu n h thng

Trong
l chnh p, Pa
l hiu th tch thay i, m3
B l modun n hi ca cht lng, thng ly B=1 ti 2 Gpa
123

2.6

Derive the expressions for the resultant hydraulic capacitance of two hydraulic lines
connected in series or in parallel.

Rt ra cc biu thc in dung thy lc kt qu ca hai dng thy lc ni tip hoc

song song.
Gii
Chnh lch v vn tc du tong ng c tnh theo lu lng vo v ra trong ng, ta
c:

Chnh lch th tch do tc dng nn ca du:

T ta c:

ph thuc vo cc yuto nh vt liu lm ng, chiu dy, ng knh, p sut

lm vic ca h thng:

, gi s

i vi dng chy ch chy trong ng1 ln, ta c

Hay
S gia

do tnh nn c nn:

C c gi l dung khng ca ng
Trong trng hp ng c bin dng do ghp ni, lc ny cn xc nh li dung khng
C
Khi ng dng trn bin dng, ta c th tch

nh sau:

124

rt nh so vi 2D nn ta c:

Gi

2.7

Derive an expression for the pressure increment in a volume of liquid trapped in a

rigid container when subjected to a temperature increase T

Rt ra mt biu hin cho s tng p lc trong mt th tch cht lng cha trong mt
chai cng v bt kn chu mt s gia tng nhit T
Gii
S thay i th tch ph thuc vo nhit :
Trong :
V l th tch ban u, m3
A l h s nhit ng hc bng 0,0007 K-1
l s thay i nhit ,
125

lng th tch thay i ng i lng thay i nhit

Gi s

2.8

ta c:

Discuss briefly the effect of the saturated vapor pressure on the fnctionof hydraulic
systems
Trnh by ngn gn tc dng ca p sut hi bo ha trn cc chc nng ca h thng
thy lc
Gii

Tt c cc cht lng c xu hng bay hi bng cch pht tn cc phn t vo khong

khng trn b mt. Nu c mt khng gian kn, p sut ring phn to ra bi cc phn t
tang dn n khi tc cc phn t thot ra v tr li cht lng bng nhau, p sut lc ny
gi l p sut hi bo ha.
Qu trnh gim dn p sut n khi t c gi tr bo ha thng gy nn hin
tng si bt, cc bong bng kh v ra dn n tang vn tc cc b ca cht lng y l
du. Ngoi ra cn gy cc phn ng khng tt ln b mt bm
2.9

Calculate the percentage of variation in volume of liquid of bulk modulus B=1.4 GPa
if its pressure is increased by 10 MPa.

Tnh phn trm thay i th tch cht lng ca hng lot m un B = 1,4 GPa nu p
sut ca n tng thm 10 MPa.
Gii

2.10

A hydraulic pipe line has a diameter D, length L, wall thickness h, material bulk
modulus E, and oil bulk modulus B. Prove that the hydraulic capacitance of the line
is given by

126

Mt ng ng thy lc c ng knh D, chiu di L, chiu dy ng h, vt liu loi

E, v s lng ln du loi B. Chng minh rng in dung thy lc ca cc dng c tnh
bi cc cng thc sau:
, b qua bin dng ng

a)
b)

, tnh n cc bin dng xuyn tm ca vt liu ng

c)

, tnh n cc bin dng xuyn tm v bin dng trc

Gii

d) p n a)
2.11

, b qua bin dng ng

Calculate the difference between the input and output flow rates of a line if the rate of
variation of pressure dP/dt=13.4 MPa/s, given
D=10 mm, L=3 m, B=1.3, wall thickness h=1 mm GPa,
Modulus of elasticity of wall material E=210 GPa

Tnh s khc bit gia t l u vo v u ra dng chy ca dng nu t l bin i

ca p sut dP / dt = 13,4 MPa /s, cho:
D=10 mm, L=3 m, B=1.3, b dy ng h=1 mm GPa
Modun n hi ca vt liu E=210 GPa
Gii

2.12

a) Derive an expression for, and calculate, the viscous friction coefficient for the
given spool valve given:
L1=L2=10 mm, D=8 mm, c=2m,=0.02 Ns/m2
b) If the spool performs a rotary motion, derive an expression for the viscous friction
coefficient and calculate its value.
a) Rt ra mt biu thc, v tnh ton h s ma st nht ca cho van c con trt, cho:
127

L1 = L2 = 10 mm, D = 8 mm, c = 2m, = 0.02 Ns / m2

b) Nu co trt thc hin mt chuyn ng quaytm biu thc tnh cho h s ma st
nht v tnh ton gi tr ca n.

Gii
a)Tnh h s ma st nht cho van sau:
L1 = L2 = 10 mm, D = 8 mm, c = 2m, = 0.02 Ns / m2
Ta c
2.13

Calculate the radial clearance leakage, QL, and the resistance to leakage, RL, in the
given spool valve if
D=12 mm, c=7 m , L=20 mm =0.018 Ns/m2 , PP=21 MPa, PT=0
Recalculate for different values of clearance, up to c=100 m, and plot the relation

QL(c)
Tnh lu lng r r qua khe h hnh trn, QL, v kh nng chng r r, RL, trong van
c con trt, cho
D=12 mm, c=7 m , L=20 mm =0.018 Ns/m2 , PP=21 MPa, PT=0
Tnh ton li cho cc gi tr, khi c = 100 mm, tm mi lin h QL(c)

128

Gii

Ta c
2.14 a) Derive the transfer function relating the spool displacement to the applied
pressure difference, X(s)/P(s), where P=P1P2.
b) Calculate and plot the transient response if P is a step of magnitude 4 bars,
given
Spool mass m=0.07 kg

Spool diameter D=8 mm

Spring stiffness k=20 kN/m

Radial clearance c=4 m

Spool land length L=10 mm

Oil density =860 kg/m3

Oil dynamic viscosity =0.02 Ns/m2

a) Trnh by chc nng chuyn ca con trt khi c s tc ng cc p sut khc
nhau
b) Tnh ton v v th mi quan h vi chia P=4bar, cho
Khi lng con trt m=0.07 kg ng knh con trt D=8 mm
cng l xo k=20 kN/m

h c=4 m

di con trt L=10 mm

khi lng ring ca du =860 kg/m3

nht ng hc ca du =0.02 Ns/m2

129

2.15

Calculate the pressure upstream of the throttle valve, At, assume laminar flow in the
lines, and then check this assumption, given
Pump flow Q=14 L/min

Oil density =866 kg/m3

Dynamic viscosity

Throttling valve Area A=3 mm2

=0.0185 Ns/m2

Dimensions of lines D1=14 mm,

Discharge coefficient
CD=0.611

D2=8 mm, D3=10 mm

L1=1.3 m, L2=2 m, L3=1.5 m

Tnh ton p lc dng chy qua van tit lu, At, gi s dng chy tng trong dng, v
sau kim tra gi thuyt ny, cho
Lu lng bm Q=14 L/min
H s nht ng lc hc
=0.0185 Ns/m2
H s lu lng
CD=0.611

Khi lng ring ca du =866 kg/m3

Din tch van tit lu A=3 mm2
ng knh cc ng dn D1=14 mm,
D2=8 mm, D3=10 mm
L1=1.3 m, L2=2 m, L3=1.5 m
130

Gii
Ta c cng thc sau:
Vi

thng vi b nn
2.16

Calculate the pressure at the inlet of a pump of 60 L/min discharge if the hydraulic
tank is open and the suction line has a 1 m length and a 15 mm diameter, given: oil
kinematic viscosity =0.2 cm2/s and oil density =900 kg/m3.

Tnh ton p lc u vo ca mt my bm lu lng 60 L / pht nu h thy lc

c m v ng ng ht c chiu di 1 m v ng knh 15 mm, cho: h s nht ng
hc = 0,2 cm2 / s v khi lng ring du = 900 kg / m3.
Gii

Tn tht dc ng

2.17

Calculate the pressure losses in the given pipe line if

131

Flow rate Q=10 L/min, oil density =850 kg/m3,L1=L2=4 m, D1=13 mm, D2=8 mm,
fluid kinematic viscosity =20 cSt.

Tnh ton tn tht p sut trong ng ng trn, nu

Lu lng Q = 10 L / min, khi lng ring = 850 kg / m3, L1 = L2 = 4 m, D1 = 13
mm, D2 = 8 mm, nht ng hc = 20 cSt.
2.18

Calculate the shift of the piston in the given system if the force F is increased by 100
kN if
Piston area Ap=.0176 m2

Pipe wall thickness h=1 mm

Pipe line diameter d=13 mm

Pipe length L=5 m

Cylinder wall thickness t=6 mm

Material bulk modulus E=210 GPa

Fluid bulk modulus B=1.4 GPa

Initial piston displacement xo=0.5 m

Tnh ton s thay i ca piston trong h thng nu lc F c tng 100 kN, nu

Din tch piston Ap=.0176 m2

dy thnh ng h=1 mm

ng knh ng dn d=13 mm

di ng L=5 m

dy thnh xilanh t=6 mm

Modun n hi ca vt liu E=210 GPa

132

Modun n hi ca lu cht B=1.4 GPa

V tr ban u ca piston xo=0.5 m
Chng 3_ Mc 3.6:
3.1

Explain the different types of losses in the hydraulic transmission lines.

Gii thch cc loi mt mt khc nhau trong dng truyn ng thy lc.
Gii

Mt nng th yu: l kt qu ca s thay i t ngt v cng v hng ca vn

tc du khi: chy qua knh m rng (co) dn dn hoc t ngt, ung cong hay nt nhnh,
van. Tn hao p sut c tnh theo cng thc sau:

Vi

v l vn tc trung bnh ca cht lng, m/s

l h s mt nng cc b
l tn hao p sut, Pa
l trng lng ring ca cht lng, kg/m3

Mt nng ma st: do ma st ca cht lng vi cht lng hoc cht lng vi thnh ng.
S mt mt nng lng do ma st ph thuc vo: hnh dng ng, nhm thnh ng, tnh
cht cht lng, s Re. Tn hao ma st c tnh theo cng thc sau:

Vi

tra bng
L l chiu di ng, m
D l ng knh ng, m
v l vn tc trung bnh ca cht lng, m/s
l tn hao p sut, Pa

3.2

Explain in detail how to calculate the power losses due to friction in the hydraulic
transmission lines.
133

Gii thch chi tit lm th no tnh ton tn tht nng lng do ma st trong dng
truyn ng thy lc.
Gii
Dng chy c 3 loi chnh l chy tng, chy ri, chy chuyn i. Chy tng l mt
dng chy thng sut ca cht lng, ni tt c cc ht ca cht lng di chuyn thnh dng
khc nhau ring bit. i vi cht lng Newton s phn b cht lng l hnh parabol, vn
tc cht lng ti thnh ng bng 0.
Cng thc Reynold nh sau:

Vi

D l ng knh ng, m
V l vn tc trung bnh, m/s
h s nht

Cng thc tnh tn tht ma st

Vi

tra bng
L l chiu di ng, m
D l ng knh ng, m
v l vn tc trung bnh ca cht lng, m/s
l tn hao p sut, Pa

3.3

Discuss in detail the modeling of hydraulic transmission lines assuming lumped

parameters. State clearly you're assumptions and derive the transfer matrix relating
the inlet and outlet pressures and flow rates.

Trnh by chi tit cc m hnh ca cc dng truyn ng thy lc gi nh gp cc

tham s. Nu r gi nh ca cc bn v suy ra ma trn truyn th hin mi lin h gia p
lc u vo v u ra v lu lng dng chy.
Gii

134

Dng chuyn ng thy lc l mt h thng tham s phn phi. Cc chuyn ng

ca cht lng chu tc ng qun tnh cht lng, ma st, cng nh p sut lm vic ca cht
lng, tc du, bn knh ng. thc hin mt m hnh m p ng tt c cc thng s
ny th qu phc tp. Do cn thit k pht trin mt m hnh ton hc n gin hn, vi
mc chnh xc chp nhn c. M hnh ny gi l m hnh gp tham s. Vi cc gi s
nh sau:
- Dng chy tng l dng mt chiu.
- p lc v vn tc c xem nh l gi tr tring bnh v lin tc.
- Du di chuyn trong dng l mt ln
M hnh gp tham s:

* v tr th nht, du di chuyn nh mt khi, chu tc ng ca lc ma st. Do

tc ca n c m t bi phng trnh lin quan n p lc P, lu lng Q c 2
u ca phn u tin.

Bin i Laplace phng trnh c bin i nh sau:

Vi
* v tr th 2, khi du chu tc ng ca lc qun tnh. Phng trnh ca khi
du chu tc ng ca lc qun tnh nh sau:

135

Bin i Laplace ta c cng thc c vit li nh sau:

Vi
* Tip theo du chu tc ng ca lc nn, cng thc c tnh nh sau:

Bin i laplace ta c cng thc nh sau:

Vi
T ta c ma trn ng dng c m t bi cng thc nh sau:

3.4 Equation (3.19) describes the relation between pressures and flow rates in a
hydraulic pipe line, assuming lumped parameters. Give the expressions for I, R, and
C.

136

Phng trnh (3.19) m t mi quan h gia p sut v tc dng chy trong mt

ng ng thy lc, gi s gp cc tham s. Cho cc s liu I, R, v C.
Gii

3.5

a) Derive the transfer function of an open end line, Q L /Po/(s), and find the
expressions for its parameters.
b) A hydraulic line whose end is open to the atmosphere has the following
parameters:
Pipe length L =3.5 m, pipe diameter D =8 mm, oil density =850 kg/m 3, oil viscosity
=0.018 Ns/m2, and oil bulk modulus B =1.3 GPa.
Calculate the coefficients of the transfer function and plot in scale its response to a
step input pressure of 0.5 bar.
a) Bt ngun cc chc nng chuyn giao ca mt dng kt thc m, QL /Po/(s), v
tm nhng biu hin cho tham s ca n.
b) Mt dng thy lc m cui cng ca m thong vi khng kh c cc thng s sau:
di ng L =3.5 m, ng knh ng D =8 mm, khi lng ring du =850
kg/m3h s nht ng hc =0.018 Ns/m2, and modun n hi ca du B =1.3
GPa.
Tnh ton cc h s ca hm truyn v v th p ng chia p sut u vo
0.5bar
Gii
137

Trong trng hp ny
T ta c:
Suy ra
Vi L = 3.5m; D = 8mm;

B=1,3 GPa ;

th

3.6

a) Derive the transfer function of a closed end line, PL/Po/(s), and find the
expressions for its parameters.
138

b) A hydraulic line with a closed end has the following parameters. L =3 m, D =10
mm, =867 kg/m3, =0.13 Ns/m2, and B =1 GPa.
Calculate the coefficients of the transfer function and plot in scale its response to a
step input pressure of 100 bar magnitude.
a) Bt ngun cc chc nng chuyn giao ca mt dng kt thc kn, PL/Po/(s), v tm
nhng biu hin cho tham s ca n.
b) Mt dng thy lc vi kt thc kn c cc thng s sau: L =3 m, D =10 mm,
=867 kg/m3, =0.13 Ns/m2, and B =1 GPa.
Tnh ton cc h s ca hm truyn v v th p ng ca n vi chia p sut
u vo l 100bar thanh cng .
Gii

V ng dng ng v tr cui ung dng nn

T ta c

Hay
Khi

L = 3m;

D = 10 mm ;
; B = 1 GPa.

th dng p ng:

139

Chng 4_Mc 4.11:

1. Explain briefly the principal of operation of displacement pumps.
Gii thch nguyn l hot ng ca bm lu lng ring.
Tr li:
Hot ng ca bm lu lng ring c tm tt nh sau :
- Trong qu trnh gin n, bung bm ni vi ng ht. Qu trnh gin n ny
to ra nh p sut chn khng trong bung bm lm lu cht c ht vo bung bm.
- Khi th tch bung bm t n gi tr ti a (cn bng p sut gia trong
bung bm v bn ngoi), th va lc , bung bm c ngn cch vi ng ht.
- Trong qua trnh nn, bung bm c thng vi ng y. Lc ny, p sut
trong bun bm ln hn p sut pha ng y, do , cht lng c y vo
ng y.
- Chu trnh cung cp dng li khi p sut trong bun bm cn bng vi p sut
trong ng y. Sau , bung bm c phn cch vi ng y. V qu trnh c
tip tc tun hon nh vy.
2. Give the expressions describing ideal and real pumps.
Dn ra biu thc m t lu lng ca bm trong iu kin l tng v trong
iu kin thc.
Tr li:
* Bm iu kin l tng:
Lu lng ring ca bm c nh ngha l th tch cht lng cung cp bi cc
my bm trn mi vng quay, gi s khng c r r v b qua tc dng ca tnh chu
140

nn ca du. N ph thuc vo gi tr ti a v ti thiu ca th tch bung bm, s

lng bung bm, v s lng hnh trnh bm trn mi mt vng quay ca trc quay.
Th tch ny phthuc vo dng hnh hc ca my bm, v vy, n cng c gi l th
tch hnh hc, Vg.
N c cho bi phng trnh sau y:
Vg (Vmax Vmin ) zi

i = S hnh trnh bm trn mi vng quay.

Vg = Lu lng bm (th tch hnh hc) m3 /vng.
Vmax = Th tch ti a ca bung m.
Vmin = Th tch ti thiu ca bung m.
z = S lng bung bm.
Gi s mt my bm l tng (khng c r r, khng c ma st, v khng c tn
tht p sut) lu lng l thuyt ca bm c cho bi biu thc sau y:
Qt = Lu lng bm l thuyt m3 /s.
n = tc bm vng/s.
* Bm trong thc t:
Nng lng thy lc c truyn vo cht lng bng cc my bm trong thc t
t hn so vi nng lng c hc c cung cp cho bm ch yu do cc nguyn nhn
mt mc th tch, ma st, v tn tht nng lng thy lc. Lu lng bm thc t, Q, t
hn so vi dng chy l thuyt, Qt, ch yu l do cc nguyn nhn sau:
R r.
Bm to bt v kh.
Kh nng chu nn ca cht lng.
Qun tnh cht lng.
Nguyn nhn th nht l tn tht nng lng do r r. Trn thc t, khi hot
ng theo cc iu kin thit k chnh xc, tn tht dng chy ch yu l do r r, QL .
Dng r r qua khe h hp (xp thnh cc lp) v thay i tuyn tnh da trn chnh
lch p sut. Kh nng chng r r, RL t l thun vi nht cu du, , v t l nghch
vi ly tha ba ca khe h trung bnh, c.
QL P / RL
Q Qt QL

Vi RL K / c3
Cho mc p sut cao v tng khe h hng tm, tng tc dng chy tht thot
v dng r tr nn hn lon.

141

nh hng ca hin tng r r c th hin bng hiu sut th tch, v c

quy nh nh sau:

Hiu sut th tch trong lu lng (hnh hc) Bm phm vi 0,8-0,99. B piston
c hiu sut th tch cao, trong khi cnh gt v bm bnh rng c, ni chung, hiu sut
thtch thp hn.
Ma st l nguyn nhn th hai ca tn tht nng lng. Ma st nht v ma st c
gia cc phn t bm gy phn tn nng lng. Mt phn ca m-men xon b tiu th
thng lc ma st. Phn ny l m-men xon ma st, TF . N ph thuc vo tc
bm, p lc dng, v nht ca du. V vy, c c cc p lc nh yu cu, phi
d dng m-men xon ln hn. Nhng tn tht ma st trong cc my bm c nh
gi bng hiu sut c t , quy nh nh sau:

T = mment xon thc t bm Nm.

TF = Moment xon ma st Nm.
T-TF = Moment xon chuyn i sang p
lc Nm.
= tc d quay trc bm rad/s.
Nguyn nhn th ba ca tn tht nng lng trong cc my bm l tn tht p
sut trong nhng on bn trong ca my bm. p lc c to t bn trong bung
bm, Pc, ln hn p lc bm li ra, P. Tn tht ch yu l do nhng tn tht cc b.
Nhng tn tht thy lc c gi tr khng ng k cho my bm chy tc di 50
vng/s, v c ngha l tc du t hn 5 m/s. i vi tc ln hn, tn tht p sut
t l thun vi bnh phng ca tc dng chy. Nhng tn tht p sut c nh
gi bng hiu sut thy lc, h.

142

PC = p sut trong bung bm Pa.

P = p sut ra Pa.
Biu thc cho hiu sut tng, T, c trnh by nh sau:

Cc nng lng c hc (T T) c chuyn i thnh nng lng thu lc

bng Qt, PC, do :
Trong hot ng trng thi n nh, lu lng bm thc t c m t bi cc
mi quan h sau:

Nu p lc bm u vo, Pi, l qu nh so vi p lc dng, P, sau n c th

c b qua, v s khc bit p sut, P, bng vi p sut bm li ra, P. Do , ta c:

3. A displacement pump of 23 cm3 geometric volume operated at 1450 rev/min

delivers the oil at 20 MPa pressure. Assuming an ideal pump, calculate the
pump flow rate, Qt , the increase in the oil power, N, the pump outlet power,
Nout, and the driving torque, Tt, if the inlet pressure is 100 kPa.
Mt bm lu lng c lu lng ring l thuyt l 23cm3/v ang vn hnh
1450 v/ph, lng du vn chuyn p sut 20MPa. Gi s bm l tng, hy tnh lu
lng bm (Qt), nng lng gia tng trong du (N), cng sut ra ca bm (Nout),
Momen c (Tt), nu p sut bn trong l 100kPa.
Tr li:
Lu lng l thuyt ca bm: Qp Dp n 23.103.1450 33,35l / ph .
Nng sut mt i do du: N

Qt Ptrong
600

33,35.103.100.103
5,55kW .
600

143

QP 33,35.200

12kW .
600
600
D P 23.106.200.105
Moment c ca bm: Tt p
73, 21Nm .
2
2

Cng sut ra ca bm: Nout

4. The figure shown here explains the power transmission in a hydraulic power
system, as well as the causality relation of the system variables. Discuss it in
detail.
Nhn vo s ny gii thch s truyn nng lng trong h thng thy lc,
cng nh mi lin h gia cc bin ca h thng. Trnh by chi tit.

Tr li:
H thng in cung cp 1 in th kch lm motor quay vi tc n rad/ s =>
lm quay trc bm sinh ra 1 lu lng Q = Vg.n tc ng vo xylanh vi vn tc v =
Q/A (vi A l din tch ca xylanh nng ti). Ti c nng bi 1 lc F bng trng
lng ti => sinh ra p sut trn mt xylanh p = F/A. p sut P n bm v sinh ra 1
moment xon T = PVg/2 tc dng vo motor in sinh ra dng cp cho h thng
in. H thng c tip tc tun hon.
5. Discuss the different types of power losses in displacement pumps.
Trnh by nhng kiu tn tht nng lng trong bm lu lng.
Tr li:
- R r trong chnh bm .
- Ma st.
- Mt mt p sut trn ng i.
6. Discuss the cavitation phenomenon in displacement pumps.
Trnh by hin tng si bt kh trong bm lu lng.
Tr li:
S to bt trong bm lu lng l do tc ng ca p sut vo bm. Gim p lc
bm u vo vi cc gi tr thp hn so vi p sut hi dn n s bay hi hoc si ca
du. Cc dng chy ca cc ca bm to thnh mt hn hp lng, kh c gii phng
v hi. mc khng hoc p lc li ra rt thp, th bm c b qua v d, hi khng
ngng tv hc hi khng st p. Nhng trong iu kin hot ng bnh thng, my
bm c ti bi p lc ti trng ln. Khoang hi st p do s ngng t qu nhanh ca
hi khi chuyn n cc vng p sut cao hn. Do , tc dng chy rng ca bm
144

gim. Ni chung, tng 1% trong th tch hi trong dng chy hi lm gim hiu sut th
tch khong 1%.
Ngoi vic gim hiu sut th tch, cc phn t bm ang phi chu p lc tc
ng ln t cc cht lng o t lp y khng gian hi b st p. p lc tc ng ln
n gi trrt cao, ln n 7000 bar. Khi to bt kh, s lm tng mc v cng
ting n my bm. B mt ca cc phn t bn trong my bm b h hng bi cc l
thng do p lc tc ng ln b mt. Do , p lc bm u vo phi cao hn p sut
hi bo ha trong du nhit hot ng ti a bng gi tr thch hp. Gi tr ny
c gi l gi tr d to bt vo khong 0,3-0,4 bar.
Hin tng khng mong mun ny c th trnh c bng cch thc hin cc
hot ng sau, bt c khi no c th:
Gim tht thot p lc dng bm u vo bng cch tng ng knh ng
ng ht v gim chiu di ca n.
Trnh s dng cc b lc ng dy u vo v cc phn t gy mt nng cc
b khc.
Tng p lc bm ht bng cch lm mt trong cc cch sau:
+ S dng bm tng p.
+ S dng mt b kn.
+ Gn my bm di b nm cch mt khong cch thch hp.
7. Give and discuss briefly the classification of hydraulic pumps.
Trnh by ngn gn v phn loi bm thy lc.
Tr li:
Cc loi bm trong cng nghip:
a) Bm vi lu lng c nh:
+ bm bnh rng n khp ngoi.
+ bm bnh rng n khp trong.
+ bm pittng hng trc.
+ bm trc vt.
+ bm pittng dy.
+ bm cnh gt kp.
+ bm rto.
b) Bm vi lu lng thay i:
+ bm pittng hng tm.
+ bm pittng hng trc (truyn bng a nghing).
+ bm pittng hng trc (truyn bng khp cu).
+ bm cnh gt n.
Cc loi bm th tch:
a) Bm bnh rng
145

+ bm bnh rng n khp ngoi.

+ bm bnh rng n khp trong.
b) Bm trc vt:
+ Bm trc vt loi p sut thp.
+ Bm trc vt loi p sut trung bnh.
+ Bm trc vt loi p sut cao.
c) Bm cnh gt:
+ bm cnh gt n.
+ bm cnh gt kp.
d) Bm pittng:
+ Bm pittng hng tm.
+ Bm pittng hng trc.
8. Draw a schematic of a bent axis axial piston pump. Explain briefly its function
and give an expression for its geometric volume.
V s ca bm piston hng trc trc khuu. Gii thch ngn gn chc nng
ca n v a ra biu thc th tch hnh hc ca n.
Tr li:

Hnh 4.39 cho thy mt cu to in hnh ca trc cong bm piston hng trc.
Bm bao gm mt trc a (1), khi xi lanh (3), piston (4), v mt tm cng (5). Kt
thc cu ca cc piston c gn vo a (2), cng vi trc bm. Khi trc bm quay,
khi xi lanh cng quay theo. Khi xi lanh trt trn tm cng, trong bao gm hai l
kim sot dng qung (xem hnh .4.13).

146

Trc truyn ng quay quanh trc Ox nm ngang trong khi trc quay ca khi xi
lanh nghing mt gc . Khi xi lanh nghing gn vi piston lun phin chuyn ng so
vi khi xilanh. Do , mi piston thc hin mt chuyn ng qua li gia im cht
trn v di ca n. Chuyn ng piston t im cht di n im cht trn to ra
mt hnh trnh ht. Cht lng c ht thng qua vic m ca kim sot pha bn
ht ca tm cng vo khi xi lanh. Khi trc bm tip tc xoay v piston di chuyn t
im cht trn xung im cht di, cht lng c di chuyn ra ngoi thng qua vic
m ca kim sot khc (bn chu p lc). Trong hnh trnh phn phi, trc bm hot
ng trn a bng m-men xon cn thit to cc lc quay trc piston chng li p
lc ti.
Biu thc th tch hnh hc c cho bi biu thc sau y:

Trong
A = din tch piston m2.
D = ng knh vng trn pitch m.
d = ng knh piston m.
h = hnh trinh i ca piston m.
z = s piston.
= gc nghing rad.
9. Deal with the pulsation of flow of axial piston pumps and the associated
pressure oscillation for a pump loaded by a loading orifice.
Khc phc s dao ng lu lng ca bm piston hng trc v s dao ng p
sut ca bm.
Tr li:
S dao ng lu lng v p ca bm ni chung:
V mt l thuyt, lu lng bm c tnh l Q =Vgn. Biu thc ny a ra lu
lng trung bnh ca bm. Trn thc t, lu lng bm l khng phi l hng s. Mi
bung bm cung cp lu lng bng vi gim th tch ca n. Lu lng thc ca
bm ti mt khonh khc no ci m l tng ca lu lng c cung cp bi cc
bung bm th c ni vi ng ra ti lc .
Lu lng bm c cp bi bung bm c gi tr l 0 ngay ti lc bt u hnh
trnh bm. N tng dn cho n khi t gi tr ti a ti im gia ca hnh trnh.

147

S khng lin tc ca lu lng bm th tch

Sau s gim u cho n gi tr nh nht lc kt thc hnh trnh. Do , lu
lng thc tdao ng (hnh v). Cng dao ng th c nh gi bng h s
dao ng, v c xc nh:

Trong ,
Q: l h s dao ng ca lu lng.
max: lu lng ln nht, m 3/s.
min: lu lng nh nht, m3/s.
m: lu lng trung bnh, m3/s.
S dao ng lu lng dn ti s dao ng p sut v s chuyn ng khng
tng ng ca xi lanh thy lc v ng c.
Xt trng hp 1 bm tit lu u ra(hnh bn di) v b qua s nn cht
lng. p sut ti u ra l:

148

Trong
P: l h s dao ng ca p sut
max : p sut ln nht u ra, Pa
min: p sut nh nht, Pa
m: p sut trung bnh, Pa
Nu lu lng dao ng t 0,9 m n 1,04 m th Q = 14%,
= 24,16%. Trn
thc t, cho rng c s nh hng nn du, s dao ng p s gim c bit l s tng
th tch u ra.
S dao ng lu lng v p bm piston hng trc
i vi bm piston hng trc, cc piston chuyn ng n gin v hi ha theo
quy lut hnh sin. Lu lng to bi mi piston th bng tc ca n nhn vi din
tch ca mi piston. B qua nh hng ca r r du, qun tnh du v s nn du, lu
lng to bi mi piston cng c dng hnh sin. Hnh bn di th hin lu lng to
bi tng piston ring r trong 5 piston.

149

Lu lng ca bm th bng tng lu lng to bi mi piston. C th c n 2

hoc 3 piston to lu lng cng 1 lc. Tng lu lng my bm c th hin trong
hnh trn. Bm c ti bi 1 van tit lu. p sut v lu lng c v tng i gn
vi gi tr Pm v Qm trn hnh trn.
S dao ng lu lng ca bm piston th c tnh ton khc nhau ty vo s
piston. p sut c tnh ton khi b qua s nn ca du. Kt qu tnh cho thy l s
dao ng dng ca bm gim khi s lng piston l s l, v vy i vi bm piston
hng trc th s piston nn l s l.
10. Draw a schematic of a swash plate axial piston pump. Explain briefly its function
and give an expression for its geometric volume.
V s ca bm piston hng trc a lc rung. Gii thch ngn gn chc nng
ca n v a ra biu thc th tch hnh hc ca n.
Tr li:
Hnh 4.16 cho thy cu to v hot ng ca mt my bm a lc rung. Trc
a (1) quay v dn ng cho khi xi lanh (5). C a v khi xi lanh c cng trc quay.
Khi xi lanh (5) v piston ca n (6), lun phin vi cc trc. Mi piston c gn
vo mt bc lt lp m trt (3). Cc piston v bc lt lp m trt ca chng c
chn vo cc l ca tm chn (4). Do , tm chn quay cng vi cc piston v khi xi
lanh. N c dn hng xoay trong mt mt phng song song vi a lc (2) bi
mt hng c nh (8). Qu o ca bc lt lp m trt c xc nh bi a lc v
tm chn. Trong khi quay, mi piston thc hin mt chuyn ng xoay chiu. Trong
qu trnh ny, mt lng nc, tng ng vi din tch piston v hnh trnh ht hoc
cung cp qua c hai l kim sot trong cc tm cng (7).
150

Khi xi lanh c y chng li cc tm cng bng l xo (9), gim thiu s r

r thng qua khe h, phn chia u hot ng bm. Khi c p lc tch t, n hot ng

trn cc khi xi lanh vi mt lc xit cht bng 0, 25 d 2 dh2 P . Lc ny hot ng

bn phi, chng li lc y do s phn b p lc trong khe h gia cc khi xi lanh v
tm cng. Lc hot ng ny l kt qu gim n hng ca khe h v gim thiu
s r r thng qua n. Th tch hnh hc my bm c cho bi biu thc:

11. Draw a schematic of a swash plate axial piston pump with inclined pistons.
Explain briefly its function and give an expression for its geometric volume.
V s ca bm piston hng trc a lc rung vi piston c nghing. Gii
thch ngn gn chc nng ca n v a ra biu thc th tch hnh hc ca n.
Tr li:

151

Nguyn l hot ng: khi trc nghing quay th s lm thay i th tch bn

trong xilanh, lm p sut trong thay i, dn n vic chnh lch p sut v to p
sut y cht lng thy lc ra bn ngoi, truyn p sut cho mch lm vic.
Gc nghing cng ln th lu lng ra cng ln, khi gc nghing v 0 th khng
c lu lng bm ra ngoi.
12. Discuss briefly the need for variable displacement pumps.
Gii thch ngn gn s cn thit ca bm thay i lu lng.
Tr li:
a) Tng qut:
Bm lu lng ring thay i th t hn v thit k phc tp hn nhiu so vi
bm lu lng ring c nh. Tuy nhin c 2 l do cc nh thit k s dng bm
lu lng ring thay i l tit kim v iu khin.
b) Bm b p kiu cnh gt
Kt cu v hot ng:
Kt cu ca bm cnh gt thay i lu lng vi roto khng cn bng p c
th hin trong hnh 4.35 ti 4.37. Bm bao gm: v hp (1), roto (2), cnh gt (3),
vng stato (cam) (4), vt iu chnh (6). V tr ca cam (stato) (4) c iu khin theo
chiu ngang bng 2 pittng: mt ci nh (10) v mt ci ln (11). V tr thng ng ca
cam c iu khin bng vt iu chnh (7). Bung bm (8) c hnh thnh bi cnh
(3) v roto (2) vng stato (4), v mt bn (9). m bo chc nng bm trong thi
gian khi ng, stato (4) c t v tr lch tm bi l xo (5). Stato c t lch
tm cng vi roto. Sau do roto (2) quay, th tch ca bung (8) tng v cht lng
c in y thng qua 1 cng ht (S). khi th tch bung c in y, bung s
khng cn ni vi cng ht. Sau roto (2) tip tc quay, th tch ca bung gim khi
152

n thng vi pha c p. Du sau s c y ra khi bm qua cng (P). Pittng

iu khin nh (10) lun ni vi ng bm c p. Pittng ln c ti bi l xo (5).
Sau khi bm hot ng v p sut ca bm thot ra, s iu p ca l xo xc nh v
tr ca stato v bm tip tc quay.

153

c)Bm pittng hng trc cong iu khin cng sut

M t v hot ng:
Hnh 4.39 th hin bm pittng hng trc vi trc cong iu khin cng sut
c th thay i lu lng. bm gm 2 nhm chnh. Nhm u tin l b dn ng cha
trc, tm cng, v 7 pittng trong mt khi hnh tr. Nhm th 2 l nhm iu khin,
trong c cc pittng cm bin p sut, pittng servo, thanh dn hng, van ng, l
xo iu chnh v hai l xo iu khin, hai nhm c kt ni bng cht. khu vc nh
hn pha trn ca pittng servo lun kt ni vi cng ra ca bm, thng qua nhng
l gim xc. Bung pittng servo thp hn c ni vi p hoc b. Pittng cm bin
p sut c ni vi ng p thng qua cc l gim xc th hai. Pittng ny di chuyn
xung di ng xuyn qua thanh dn hng v iu chnh l xo theo hng khc.
13. Explain briefly the principal of operation of wobble plate pumps.
Gii thch ngn gn nguyn l hot ng ca bm piston c a xoay.
Tr li:
bm piston hng trc vi a xoay (xem hnh trn), a c xoay bng trc
truyn ng. Thn xilanh c c nh. Piston di chuyn vo trong bng a xoay, trong
khi chuyn ng piston theo hng ngc li c bo m bng l xo. Trong hot
ng bm, bung bm c ni vi ng du vo v ra qua van 1 chiu. Van 1 chiu
ng vo nn p l c thp trnh to l hng trong bm.

154

14. Classify and explain briefly the principal of operation of radial piston pumps.
Use the illustrations in Figs. 4.19, 4.20, and 4.21.
Phn loi v gii thch ngn gn hot ng chnh ca my bm piston hng
tm. S dng hnh nh minh ha trong hnh. 4.19, 4.20, v 4.21.
Tr li:
a) Bm tc dng n (bm tc dng mt chiu)
Trong loi bm ny, cht lng lm vic v mt pha ca piston, mt chu k lm
vic ca piston ch c mt qu trnh ht v y ni tip. Cu to v nguyn l lm vic
ca bm tc dng n c th hin c th trong hnh 4.2.

b) Bm tc dng kp (bm tc dng hai chiu)

Trong loi bm ny, piston lm vic c hai pha, do c hai bung lm vic A v
B, hai van ht 1,4 v hai van y 2,3. Trong mt chu trnh lm vic ca bm c hai qu
trnh ht v hai qu trnh y (khi bung A ht th bung B y v ngc li).

155

Bm piston lm vic theo nguyn l th tch, bm piston c truyn ng bi

ng c, chuyn ng quay ca trc ng c c bin i thnh chuyn ng tnh
tin ca piston 1 trong xi lanh 2. Nu tay quay t v tr im C2 qua theo chiu mi tn
n im C1th piston di chuyn v pha tri, th tch bung lm vic 5 tng dn, p
sut p trong gim i v b hn p sut mt thong b cha pa (p < pa). Do
cht lng t b ht qua van ht 6 vo bung lm vic 5, trong khi van y 4 ng.
l qu trnh ht ca bm. Sau , tay quay tip tc quay t im C n im C2,
piston i chiu chuyn ng sang phi, th tch bung lm vic gim dn lm p sut
tng ln, van ht 6 b ng, van y 4 m cht lng chy vo ng y thc hin qu
trnh y ca bm. Qu trnh ht v y ca bm piston din ra gin on v xen k ln
nhau, to nn
qu trnh lm vic lin tc ca bm. Mt qu trnh ht v y k tip nhau gi l
mt chu trnh lm vic ca bm.
15. Draw a schematic of an external gear pump. Explain briefly its function and give
an expression for its geometric volume.
V s mch ca mt my bm bnh rng n khp ngoi. Gii thch ngn gn
chc nng ca n v a ra mt biu thc th tch hnh hc ca n.
Tr li:
Bm bnh rng l loi c nhiu roto. C 4 loi bm bnh rng l: n khp trong,
n khp ngoi, bm trc vt v gerotors.

156

Khoang bm c hnh thnh bi b mt ca 2 rng lin k, bn trong ca v

hp v 2 tm phng. Trong chuyn ng ca bnh rng, cc bnh rng cha n khp
to thnh khoang bm. Kt qu cha c p, cng vi lc ht cht lng buc phi chy
vo cng ht (7). Cht lng in y khoang sau c di chuyn bi bnh rng t
pha ht v pha c p. Ti y bnh rng n khp mt ln na v y cht lng ra khi
khoang bm v ngn khng cho chy ngc li vng ht.
Trong trng hp bnh rng n khp ngoi vi 2 bnh rng tc ng, th tch
hnh hc ca bm c cho bi:
Trong b = chiu dy ca bnh rng, m.
m = mun bnh rng, m.
z = s rng ca 1 bnh rng.
= gc p lc ca rng, rad.
16. Discuss the speed limitations in gear pumps and derive the necessary relations.
Trnh by tc gii hn trong bm bnh rng v rt ra cc mi quan h cn
thit.
Tr li:
Trong bm bnh rng, du i vo bung bm dc theo chu vi bnh. Khi vo my
bm, cht lng bt u quay vi cc bnh rng v c chu cc lc ly tm. Nhng lc
c xu hng y n i v ra khi bung bm. V vy, tc bm ti a nn c hn
ch v p lc u vo l cao trnh hin tng ny. Mt biu hin cho tc ti a
l suy lun trong nhng iu sau y:

157

So vi cc lc p lc v ly tm hot ng trn mt phn t ca cht lng. (Xem

hnh 4.24), cc mi quan h sau y c suy lun b qua thut ng (drd) so vi
(rd):

p lc u vo phi ln hn cc lc p lc ly tm
a nn c hn ch nh sau:

. V vy, tc bm ti

Bi trn l mt yu t p t tc ti thiu c ngh trong mt s my

bm. Cc bnh rng c np bi cc lc p, FP, v thit b lc lng lin lc, FC, nh
th hin trong hnh 4.25. Cc cnh qut l nonpressure bi thng v cc lc p lc l
khng cn bng. Nhng lc c truyn ti trc . V vy, trong trng hp trt mt
mang bi trn thy ng, tc bm ti thiu, nmin, c khuyn khch m bo
bi trn theo yu cu.
17. Discuss briefly the pulsation of flow in external gear pumps.
Trnh by ngn gn s dao ng lu lng trong bm bnh rng n khp ngoi.
Tr li:
158

Theo l thuyt, tc dng chy c tnh theo Q = Vgn. Biu thc ny cung
cp gi tr trung bnh ca tc dng chy. Thc t tc dng chy khng phi hng
s. Mi bm cung cp tc dng chy bng vi tc gim th tch ca n. Tc
dng chy ca bm ti mt thi im no l tng ca tc dng chy cung cp tc
thi bi khoang kt ni vi ca cung cp.
Tc dng chy cung cp bi khoang ca bm bt u ti gi tr 0 khi vo
hnh trnh cung cp. N tng dn cho ti khi t gi tr ti a ti im gia ca hnh
trnh cp. Sau n gim dn v gi tr null ti cui hnh trnh cp. Do lu lng
thc s bin ng nh trong hnh 4.9.

ln ca s bin ng dng chy c nh gi bi h s bin ng nh

ngha l:

Trong

Q: h s bin ng dng chy.

Qmin: gi tr nh nht ca lu lng m3/s.
Qmax: gi tr ln nht ca lu lng m3/s.
Qm = Vg: lu lng dng chy trung bnh m3/s.
Kt qu ca bin ng dng chy l p sut dao ng v chuyn ng khng u
ca xylanh v ng c.
Xem xt trng hp ca mt ng ng tit lu (hnh 4.10) v b qua s nn
ca cht lng, p sut ra ca bm c cho bi:

159

Trong
P: l h s dao ng ca p sut.
max : p sut ln nht u ra, Pa.
min: p sut nh nht, Pa.
m: p sut trung bnh, Pa.
Nu lu lng dao ng t 0,9 m n 1,04 m th Q = 14%,
= 24,16%. Trn
thc t, cho rng c s nh hng nn du, s dao ng p s gim c bit l s
tng th tch u ra.
18. Deal with the problem of oil squeezing in external gear pumps.
Khc phc cc vn v nn du trong bm bnh rng n khp ngoi.
Tr li:
Trong hot ng bnh thng ca bm, khi rng n khp, th tch du c gi
li trong khng gian gia hai rng lin tip. vng quay ca bnh rng lm gim th tch
du b kt v p sut ca n tng ln ti gi tr rt ln. (hnh 4.23). gim 1% th tch
du lm tng p sut t 100 ti 200 bar. S gia tng qu mc p sut du c th trnh
c bng cch s dng mt trong nhng kthut sau:
160

- Ct rnh trn cc tm mt bn truyn qua khng gian lin kt rng pha

c p.
- Thit k bnh rng vi s rng nh vi khe h 0.4 ti 0.5mm.
- S dng b truyn ng bnh rng nghing.

19. Explain briefly the principal of operation of internal gear pumps and discuss
their flow and efficiency characteristics. (Use Figs. 4.26 and 4.27.)
Gii thch ngn gn nguyn l hot ng ca bm bnh rng n khp trong v
trnh by lu lng v hiu sut ring ca n. (s dng hnh 4.26 v 4.27.)
Tr li:
Trong na vng quay u, bnh v vnh nh khp, khong trng gia cc rng
tng. Trong trng hp ny, du sau khi c ht t t qua l S, khng thay i lu
lng v c a sang cc khong trng gia cc rng ca bnh rng 2, vnh 3 v cc
chi tit trung gian hnh li lim.
Lu cht sau tip tc c y qua l P.
Bm bnh rng n khp trong thng c dng trong nhng trng hp yu
cu cng vng cao, n nh.

Bnh ch ng v bnh b ng lun t lch tm. Khi bnh ch ng quay ko

theo bnh b ng quay cng chiu trong Stato. Cht lng trong cc rnh rng theo

161

chiu quay ca cc bnh rng vn chuyn t khoang ht n khoang y vng theo v

bm. Khoang ht v khoang y c ngn cch vi nhau bi li chn.
Lu lng ring: 0.4 250 cm3/vng. p sut: n 300 bar. Vn tc quay: 500
n trn 3000 vng/pht. Lm vic t gy n nht trong cc loi bm.
20. Explain briefly the principal of operation of gerotors (Fig. 4.28) and screw
pumps (Fig. 4.29.)
Gii thch ngn gn nguyn l hot ng ca bm bnh rng gerotors v bm vt
(4.26 v 4.27.)
Tr li:
Bm bnh rng

Hnh bn minh hot mt ct ngang mt loi bm bnh rng in hnh, gm mt

cp bnh rng c to hnh sn. Bnh rng bn trong (hay rotor) dn ng bnh
rng bn ngoi.Bnh rng dn ng c t rng hn bnh rng b dn. Cc bung bm
c to ra nh cc cp rng lin k nhau. Khi rotor quay, cc rng trn n c gia
cng chnh xc nn n s dn dng vo mt trong ca b phn u ra. Bung cha
s m rng ra khi bnh rng ra khi v n s t th tch ln nht khi rng ca rotor b
dn chm vo gia im cht trn. Trong na vng quay cn li, khong trng nh dn,
thay th lu cht u ra. Th tch hnh hc ca bm bnh rng c cho bi:
trong b l chiu cao rng, z l s rng rotor.
Bm trc vis

162

i vi bm trc vis, bung cha th tch c to thnh gia ren v v.

Cng thc tnh th tch hnh hc bm trc vis 2 cp l:

21. Explain briefly the construction and operation of pressure-balanced vane

pumps. (Use Fig. 4.30.)
Gii thch ngn gn cu to v hot ng ca bm cnh gt cn bng p (s dng
hnh 4.30).
Tr li:

163

Cu to v hot ng: Hnh 4.30 cho thy cu to mt my bm cnh gt lu

lng c nh. Rotor (2) c iu khin bi trc (1) v quay trong vng stato (cam
vng) (3). Cc cnh gt (4) c gn vo khe cm xuyn trong rotor. N c p xuyn
tm ra pha ngoi c tip xc vi cc b mt bn trong ca vng cam di tc
ng ca lc ly tm. Khi ci t p lc trong cc dng cung cp, mc ch ca mt s
cnh gt c p lc m bo vic kn kht phi b tr chnh xc. Bung bm c
cu to bi hai cnh lin tip (cnh qut), b mt bn trong ca vng cam, b mt ngoi
ca rotor, v hai b mt ca cc tm bn (5). Th tch ca nhng thay i trong bung
bm (tng hoc gim) trong vng xoay do hnh dng hnh bu dc ca vng cam. Trong
Vic m rng ca n, l bung c kt ni vi ng ht thng qua mt l
trong tm bn. Do , du b ht vo trong bung. Sau , trong qu trnh thu hp ca
n, bung bm chim ch du vo dng u ra thng qua mt l trn tm bn. Bng
cch ny, mi bung thc hin hai hnh trnh bm trn mi vng quay.
Do hnh dng hnh bu dc, cu to bm l i xng. C hai p lc v hai bung
ht i din nhau. Do , cc cnh qut l p lc cn bng. N c np ch yu do
mmen xon bm truyn ng. Bng cch ny, ti trng mang c gim thiu, lm
gim ma st v mi mn v lm tng hiu qu bm v tui th.
22. Explain briefly the function of an intra-vane structure in pressurebalanced vane
pumps. (Use Figs. 4.33 and 4.34.).
Gii thch ngn gn cc chc nng ca mt c cu bn trong cnh gt trong my
bm cnh gt p sut cn bng. (S dng cc hnh. 4.33 v 4.34).
Tr li:

164

Hnh 4.16 cho thy cu to v hot ng ca my bm cnh gt lu lng c

nh c nh. Rotor (2) c iu khin bi trc (1) quay trong vng tnh (vng cam)
(3). Cc cnh qut (4) c gn vo khe cm trong bnh cnh qut. Chng c t
hng tm ra pha ngoi c thtip xc vi b mt bn trong ca vng cam di tc
ng ca lc ly tm. Khi p lc c sinh ra trong dng phn phi, cc gc ca mt s
cnh qut c p lc c m bo ng kn nhng v tr thch hp. Bung bm
c bao bc bi hai l cnh qut lin tip (cnh qut), b mt bn trong ca vng cam,
b mt ngoi ca cnh qut, v hai b mt ca tng bn (5). Nhng thay i th tch
trong bung bm (tng hoc gim) trong vng quay do hnh dng hnh bu dc ca
vng cam. Trong vic m rng ca n, bung c kt ni vi ng ht thng qua
mt ltrn tm bn. Do , du b ht vo trong bung. Sau , trong qu trnh thu hp
ca n, bung bm chim ch du vo dng u ra thng qua mt l trn tm bn.
Bng cch ny, mi bung thc hin hai hnh trnh bm trn mi vng quay.
23. Explain briefly the construction, operation, and control of variable displacement
vane pump. (Use Figs. 4.35 through 4.38.)
Gii thch ngn gn cu to, vn hnh v iu khin bm cnh gt p sut khng
cn bng. (S dng cc hnh. 4.35 qua 4.38.)
Tr li:

165

Cu to my bm cnh gt chuyn bin vi mt cnh qut p lc khng cn bng

c th hin trong hnh 4.35 v 4.37. Bm bao gm: hp v (1), bnh cnh qut (2),
cc cnh qut (3), vng tnh (vng cam) (4) v mt vt iu chnh (6). V tr ca vng
cam (stator) (4) c iu khin theo chiu ngang bng hai piston: mt piston iu
khin nh (10) v mt ci ln (11). V tr thng ng ca cam c xc nh bi cc c
vt iu chnh (7). Cc bung bm (8) c hnh thnh bi cc cnh qut (3), bnh
cnh qut (2), vng tnh (4), v cc tng bn (iu khin) (9).
m bo chc nng bm trong thi gian khi ng, vng tnh (4) c t
chc v tr c lp (v tr dch chuyn ) bng l xo (5). Vng cam c t lch
tm i vi cc cnh qut. Sau , chuyn ng quay ca rotor (2), th tch ca
cc bung bm (8) tng v lp y bi cht lng thng qua mt knh ht (S).
Khi th tch bung t n ti a, bung (8) b ngt kt ni t pha ng ht. Sau
, khi cnh qut (2) tip tc xoay, th tch ca bung gim khi chng c kt
ni thng vi cc vng p lc. Du sau c di chuyn n dng thot bm
qua cc knh p lc (P). Piston iu khin nh (10) kt ni thng trc vi
dng p lc bm. Piston ln c np bi mt l xo (5), trong t cc cam
v tr c lp, lc khi ng ca my bm. Sau , khi bm hot ng v p lc
thot bm c sinh ra, p lc l xo ca bung xc nh v tr ca vng tnh
(vng cam) v do to nn lu lng bm.

166

24. Explain briefly the construction, operation and control of variable displacement
axial piston pumps with constant power controllers. (Use Figs. 4.39 and 4.40.)
Gii thch ngn gn cu to, vn hnh v iu khin bm piston hng trc lu
lng thay i vi b iu khin cng sut khng i. (S dng cc hnh. 4.39 v 4.40).
Tr li:

167

Bm piston hng trc l loi bm c bittong t song song vi trc ca roto v

c truyn bng khp hoc hoc bng a nghing.
Bm pittng hng trc (Axial piston pump): thit k rt a dng, lu lng
thay i ddng, thun tin cho vic iu khin t ng cng sut theo ti, c dng
ph bin trong cc my thu lc hin nay.
Cu to:
- Thn my thng lm bng gang, gia cng bn tinh.
- H thng a nghing: bao gm mt nghing c c th quay quanh 1 trc
ngang, u trn c th gng them b phn iu chnh gc nghing.
- H piston: bao gm nhiu piston ging nhau, mi piston gm 2 phn, phn
thn v v phn u, phn thn hnh tr rng rut. B ngoi c gia cng rt chnh
xc, phn u c lm thnh khp cu gng vi a nghing.
- H thng xylanh.
Nguyn l lm vic:
- Khi ng c quay, dn ng trc bm quay, lm cc piston quay trn, cc u
piston s di chuyn mt nghing, lm thay i v tr ca piston so vi xy lanh.
- u ca bm s c 2 rnh hnh bn nguyt.
- Khi u ca piston v tri xa nht, khi v tr piston v xylanh rnh T,
th tch bn trong xylanh tng ln, p sut s gim sut thp hn p sut kh quyn,
cht lng s c ht vo.
- Khi di chuyn dn ti v tri i din (v tr u pittpng gn nht), kh v tr
ca xylanh v piston rnh P, th tnh xylanh gim, y cht lng ra ca P.
168

25. Calculate the displacement volume, delivery pulsation coefficient, input power
leakage flow rate, resistance to internal leakage, and the driving torque of a gear
pump with the following parameters:
pump speed =1450 rpm
number of teeth =12
tooth module =3.5 mm
tooth width =20 mm
pressure angle =20
inlet pressure =0.2 MPa
exit pressure =15 MPa
mechanical efficiency =0.85
volumetric efficiency =0.9
Calculate the volumetric efficiency if the pressure is increased to 220 bar.
Hy tnh lu lng ring, h s dao ng, nng lng tht thot do r r, cn
r
r bn trong, momen xon trn trc bm bnh rng vi cc thng s:
Tc bm = 1450 vng/ph
S rng = 12
M un rng= 3.5mm
B rng rng = 20mm
Gc p sut = 200
p v = 0.2MPa
p ra = 15 Mpa
Hiu sut c = 0.85
Hiu sut th tch = 0.9
Tnh hiu sut th tch nu p tng ln ti 220 bar.
Tr li:
Lu lng ring = 2 bm2 z sin 2 18,65cm3 / vg .
H s dao ng: 2cos2 / 4 z 1 0,167 .
Lu lng bm: Q 24,33l / ph
NL thy lc: PH = 6,08kW.
NL tht thot = 6,08/0,9 6,08 = 0,678 kW.
Moment xon: T = 51,68 Nm.
26. Calculate the maximum allowable speed of a gear pump connected as shown in
the following figure, given:
number of teeth =12
tooth module =3.5 mm
tooth width =20 mm
pressure angle =20
pipe length =1 m
pipe diameter =13 mm
pressure head H =0.3 m
tank over pressure =0.13 MPa
oil density =870 kg/m3
pipe friction coefficient =0.035
Neglect the local losses in the suction line.
Tnh vn tc ln nht c th cho php ca bm bnh rng vi cc s liu bn
di:
S rng z = 12
Modun rng: m = 3,5 mm
169

B rng rng b = 20 mm
Gc p sut: = 200
Chiu di ng L = 1 m
ng knh ng: D = 13 mm
Chiu cao ct p H = 0,3m
p sut bnh cha: pt = 0,13 Mpa
Khi lng ring ca du : = 870 kg/m3
H s ma st trong ng ng: = 0,035
B qua s tn tht trong ng ht.
Tr li:

p sut Pi:
Pi PT d H 0,13.106 870.9,81.0,3 132,56kPa
Bn knh vng nh bnh rng:
mz
2m 12.3,5 2.3,5
cos
r
1
24,5mm
2
2

Vn tc ln nht cho php ca bnh rng:

nmax

1
r

Pi
1

2 3,14.24,5.103

2690, 41
16,16vg / ph
2.870

27. A bent axis pump has the following parameters:

number of pistons z =9
piston diameter d =9.3 mm
pitch circle diameter D =33 mm
driving speed n =4000 rpm
inlet pressure Pi=0.3 MPa
exit pressure P =18 MPa
volumetric efficiency =0.94
total efficiency =0.89
hydraulic efficiency =1
inclination angle of cylinder block =20
(a) Calculate the pump theoretical flow, real flow, input mechanical power and
driving torque.
(b) Calculate the leakage flow rate and resistance to leakage.

170

(c) Calculate the pump real flow and driving torque if the exit pressure is
increased to 30 MPa, keeping the resistance to leakage and mechanical
efficiency constant.
Mt bm hng trc khuu c cc thng s sau:
S pittng z=9
ng knh pittng d=9,3mm
ng knh trc bm D=33mm
Tc quay n=4000 v/ph
p sut vo Pi=0,3 Mpa
p sut ra P=18MPa
Hiu sut th tch = 0,94
Hiu sut tng = 0,89
Hiu sut thy lc =1
Gc nghing ca khi xylanh = 200
a) Tnh lu lng l thuyt, lu lng thc, cng sut c vo v momen xon.
b) Tnh lu lng b r r v lc cn r r.
c) Tnh lu lng thc ca bm v momen quay nu p sut ra c tang n
30MPa, gi lc cn r r v hiu sut c l hng s.
Tr li:
Tng th tch bm c sau mt vng quay:
d2
0,952
Vg xAh xAD sin z
D sin 9
3,3sin(20) 6,9cm3 / vg
4
4

a/ Lu lng l thuyt ca bm:

Qlthuyet Vg n.103 6,9.4000.103 27,6l / ph

Lu lng thc t ca bm:

Qthuc vVg n.103 0,94.6,9.4000.103 25,944l / p
Cng sut u vo:
P

P.Q (180 3)25,944

8, 6kW
600o
600.0,89

Hiu sut moment: t

Moment xon: T

Vg P
2t

0
0,95
v

6,9.106.177.105
20, 46 Nm
2 .0,95

b/ Lu lng b tht thot: Qthatthoat Qltthuyet Qthuc 1,656l / p

c/ Moment khi p sut n 30Mpa :
T

Vg P
2t

6,9.106.297.105
34,33Nm
2 .0,95

28. A swash plate axial piston pump has the following parameters:
z =7, d =10 mm, D =35 mm, =20, n =3000 rpm, m=0.9, h=0.99, Pi=0 and
resistance to internal leakage RL =258 GNs/m5.
171

(a) Calculate the geometric volume of the pump and plot in scale the relation
between the real pump flow and exit pressure in the range from 0 to 30 MPa.
(b) Calculate the total pump efficiency at an exit pressure of 10 MPa.
(c) Calculate or find graphically the maximum pressure in the delivery line if
it is completely closed, in the absence of any relief valves.
Mt a lc rung ca bm piston hng trc c cc thng s sau:
z = 7, d = 10 mm = 0,01 m, D = 35 mm = 0,035 m, = 20, n = 3000
vng/pht=50 vng/s, m= 0.9, h= 0.99, Pi= 0 v lc cn r r ni b, RL = 258
GNs/m5
(a) Tnh th tch hnh hc ca cc my bm v tnh ton mi lin h gia lu
lng thc ca bm v p sut ra trong khong 0-30 MPa.
(b) Tnh tng hiu sut ca bm p sut ra l 10 MPa.
(c) Tnh hoc tm th p sut ti a bn trong dng chy hon ton khp
kn, v khng c s tc ng ca van gim p.
Tr li:
a/ Th tch hnh hc:

Vg d 2 Dz tan 102.35.7.tan 200 7003, 6mm3 / vg 7cm3 / vg

4

Q Vg n 7003, 6.10 .50 0,35l / s

Pout

30.106

30.106
P
P

6
8 P
1

dP

dP

30.10

1,11.10
25MPa

0 258.7003, 6.50
R
V
n
2
L
g

b/Tnh hiu sut tng khi Pout = 10 MPa:

v 1

P
10.106
1
0,889
RLVg n
258.7003, 6.50

0 vmh 0,889.0,9.0,99 0, 79

Chng 5_Mc 5.6:

1. Gii thiu ngn gn v iu khin h thng thy lc:
Tr li:
iu khin h thng thy lc c thc hin bng cc van iu khin v phi m bo
chc nng ca h thng, chia lm 4 nhm:
Van nt nhn thng thng
Van gii hn p sut
Van tr ng
Van k thut s
172

2. Miu t cu trc v so snh hai van: van chn v van con trt.
Tr li:
Van chn: bao gm mt u (thng gi l con chn) mt l xo, v mt mt bch
chn.Con chn c th l hnh cu, hnh nn, hnh ci bo, hoc mt s hnh dng khc.Trong
qu trnh lm vic th van c th ng hoc m.u dim ca van l gi r cu trc n gin
d sa cha, hn ch c du r, d bo dng.Nhc im chnh l gii hn s lng
cng v kh iu khin chnh xc.
Van con trt tnh tin: bao gm mt con trt bao ngoi mt trc.Van ny th thng
i xng v con trt th chy dc trc.u im chnh l tng c s lng cng kh nng
iu khin cao hn.Nhc im chnh l tng lng du r,mc hn so vi cc loi khc
ang hin hnh.
Van con trt xoay: bao gm mt con trt bao ngoi mt trc.Con trt th xoay
quanh trc.Loi van ny s dng cho cc h thng li ca cc phng tin giao thng.
3. Gii thch chc nng ca van iu khin p sut trong h thng thy lc
Tr li:
Van gii hn p sut trc tip: van ny c kt ni vi p sut cao ng vo v p
sut thp ng ra.ng iu khin ly tn hiu ng vo.Cu to chnh l mt con chn
c gi bi mt l xo.Con chn b l xo y vo mt bch.Lc nn ca l xo c iu
khin bi vt hoc bi mt vng gng thay i khong cch.
Con chn chu tc ng ca c l xo v p sut ng vo.Khi p sut ng vo ln hn
lc nn ca l xo: Fp P. Apr Fx kxo th con chn s di chuyn, ng du ng vo p lc
ln s v b.
Van gii hn p sut gin tip: Vn tng p sut qu ln van gii hn p sut trc
tip c gii quyt bng vic s dng van gii hn p sut gin tip.Van gii hn p sut
gin tip bao gm mt van chnh c gi bi mt l xo.van c thit k vi mt con trt
chnh c ng knh ln,v mt l xo c cng nh,gip gim p sut ti hn.
Khi p sut ng du ln hn p sut ci t l xo ca con trt ph, cho
php du v b. Do c dng chy, xut hin p sut chnh lch ti khe cnh con trt con
trt chnh (tng t nh van tit lu), sinh lc nng con trt chnh ln trn (lc ny ln
hn lc l xo ca con trt chnh), thng du v b. c mt lc, p sut u vo gim,
con trt chnh tt xung. Van ny ci p sut nh
m bo an ton hn van gii hn p sut trc tip.
4. Tho lun chi tit c tnh trng thi ca van gii hn p sut gin tip, v gii thch
lm th no gim c p sut ti hn.
Tr li:
173

Hot ng ca van chnh c iu khin bi mt ng iu khin.Van iu khin l

mt van gii hn p sut trc tip thng vi ng vo p sut ln thng qua hai ng
N1,N2.ng knh ca hai ng ny thng nh hn 1 mm nn lu lng qua chng rt l
nh.Van gii hn p sut trc tip s dng tng p sut gii hn ca l xo chnh.ng
iu khin c kch thc nh v l xo c cng nh.Tuy nhin,p sut ngng c gi tr
khng ng k bi v lu lng rt nh.
5. V s mt van gii hn p sut gin tip, gii thch chc nng ca n

Tr li
Van gii hn p sut gin tip: Vn tng p sut qu ln van gii hn p sut
trc tip c gii quyt bng vic s dng van gii hn p sut gin tip.Van gii hn p
sut gin tip bao gm mt van chnh c gi bi mt l xo.van c thit k vi mt con
trt chnh c ng knh ln,v mt l xo c cng nh,gip gim p sut ti hn.
6. Gii thch chc nng ca van gii hn p sut gin tip m t hnh 5.7 v 5.8

174

Tr li:
ng du chnh vo cng P qua on ng 2 v 3 tc dng vo con chn 6.Nu p lc
tai P ln hn p sut ci t ca l xo 5 th con chn 6 s di chuyn theo ng du 8 v
T.Lc ny xut hin s chnh lch p sut gia bung 2 v bung trc n, nu P ln hn
p sut ci t ca l xo ca con trt th con trt s di chuyn sang tri ng du t P
thng thng v T.

Loi ny c hai cng chia cho phn chnh v phn iu khin.

7. Tho lun ng dng ca van gii hn p sut gin tip m t hnh 5.9

175

Tr li:
ng dng ca van gii hn p sut gin tip trong trng hp ny l p ng nhiu p
sut ng ra phc v nhu cu ca tng ng.Trong trng hp ny th van gii hn p sut
gin tip s c gi tr p sut ci t ln hn gi tr ci t ca van gii hn p sut trc tip
ca cc thnh phn mc ch l m bo hot ng ca cc ng ra thnh phn.Ta c quan h
gia cc gi tr p sut thnh phn l : p1 p2 p3 p 0 theo cch phn b ca hnh.
Trng hp van tit lu c vn th khi p sut vt qu cho php th ng du x v
b T.
8. Tho lun nguyn l hot ng ca van gim p trong mt h thng thy lc.
Tr li:
Van gim p c s dng khi h thng ph hot ng vi p sut nh hn p sut ca
h thng chnh.Thng thng n c thc hin bng mt van tit lu.
176

Cu to bao gm mt con trt c gi bng mt l xo.p sut ca ng ra c ni

vi bung iu khin, bn phi con trt thng qua mt ng iu khin.N tc ng vo
con trt y l xo. Nu p sut ng ra nh hn p sut ci t ca l xo, con trt di
chuyn n bin ca trng thi bn phi.P thng vi A.p sut cng A c tng ln tc
ng vo con trt khi lc ny ln hn p sut ci t ca l xo con trt di chuyn sang
tri v A-P tit lu. v tr cui cng con trt chia cng A thnh hai ng p sut chnh
v ng x v b ngoi tr khe h hng knh.Nu p sut tng ln v vt qu p sut ci
t, con trt tip tc di chuyn sang bn tri thng cng A v b,p sut cng A gim.
9. Gii thch chc nng ca van gim p m t trong hnh 5.11 v 5.13

Tr li:
Van gim p thng l mt van m vi tit lu hoc ng duy tr p sut n nh
ng ra.Ngha l vi p sut ng vo ca mch chnh bt k th p sut ng ra t van gim p
lun c diinhj l hng s.

177

Nu p sut ng ra cng A nh hn p sut gii hn ca PL, cng iu khin ng v

p sut bung chnh cn bng vi p sut ng vo, v p lc tc ng ln con trt chnh
cn bng.L xo bung ph gi con trt chnh m.Khi p sut cng A bt u ln hn
p sut PL, ng iu khin m ra buc cc cng bung ph duy tr lu lng qua con
chn ca ng iu khin.Khi s chnh p qua con trt chnh vt qu p sut ci t
ca l xo bung chnh, con trt bt u ng li,lu lng dng chy t P sang A gim
t t.V vy con trt chnh t ti trng thi n nh khi m p lc tc ng ln n bng 0
hay :
PA=PL+ k(x+x0)/ As
10. Tho lun ng dng ca van gim p m t trong hnh 5.14
Tr li:

178

Van gim p trong trng hp ny c tc dng n nh lu lng tc dng ln pittong

bn phi m bo cho pittong hot ng an ton.
11. Tho lun tm tt hot ng ca van gim p c ng iu khin m t hnh 5.15
Tr li:

179

12. Gii thch chc nng ca van tun t hnh 5.16 v 5.17
Tr li:

180

Van tun t c dng to mt dy cc hot ng theo cc mc p sut trong h

thng.
Hnh 5.16 biu din mt van tun t hot ng trc tip n bao gm con trt 2 c
gi bi l xo 3.p sut t ca np P c ni bung iu khin pha bn phi ca con
trt,qua ng dn 6.p sut trong bung tc ng ln con trt v ln c l xo.Nu p
sut vt qu lc l xo, con trt chuyn di sang tri ni cng P vi A.Van ny c th
c iu khin ni b thng qua ng B. trng hp ny ng ni ng P vi bung iu
khin nn c chn li.Ty ,van c ni vi 1 van iu khin c dng chy ngc
chiu t do.Trng thi m ca van tun t trc tip c th hin hnh 5.17.

13. iu khc bit gia van gii hn p sut v van tun t l g?

Tr li:
Van gii hn p sut dng gii hn p sut ly tn hiu t ng vo m bo an
ton hoc phn phi lu lng t mch chnh cho cc mch con thng qua vic ci t gii
hn p sut khc nhau.
Van tun t dng m bo th t hot ng trc sau ca cc cm cng tc thng
qua vic dng cc van gii hn p sut m bo cm ny i ht hnh trnh th cm kia
mi hot ng v ngc li.
14. Tho lun ng dng ca van tun t trong hnh 5.19
Tr li:
181

Lu cht khi i t my bm qua van mt chiu n van bn cng ba v tr.Khi cho

trng thi bn phi hot ng trc th lu lng qua tc ng vo pittong bn tri,pittong i
ht hnh trnh th lc xut hin mt p sut M3 ln thng c p sut ci t ca
van gii hn p sut bn phi nn cht lng s theo tc ng vo pittong bn phi v y
pittong i ht hnh trnh.Tng t cho trng thi bn tri hot ng.
Nh vy van tun t y hot ng da trn cc van gii hn p sut,m bo
pittong ny hot ng xong th pittong kia mi hot ng ng theo tnh cht ca van tun
t.
15. Tho lun ngn gn cu trc v hoat ng ca van tun t c ng iu khin m t
hnh 5.20
Tr li:
182

Van tun t c iu khin s dng cho trng hp yu cu tng lu lng. Cu to bao

gm mt v hp chnh vi mt b bm thy lc,, mt van iu khin, v mt van kim tra
c chiu v qua van mt chiu t do. Chc nng ca van ny ph thuc vo ng iu
khin v ng du r.
Phn iu khin l mt van iu khin trc tip 2/2 loi con trt. Con trt c gi
bi mt l xo. iu khin cc b, mt cht di chuyn v m cht c nh. p sut iu
khin tc ng vo l con trt thng qua mt cn y. iu khin bn ngoi, ng
iu khin X hot ng, cht 4.1 c ci t trong khi cht 4.2 di chuyn.
Nu p lc iu khin nh hn lc nn l xo, con trt nm bn tri. Con trt ng
l xo ca con trt chnh ca van chnh. Hai bn ca van chnh thng nhau bi ng 6. p
sut ng vo ca con trt l xo cn bng vi l xo tc ng gi van chnh ng li. n
khi p sut iu khin ln hn lc nn ca l xo van iu khin, con trt di chuyn sang
phi. A thng vi B qua ng 6,9 con trt ph v ng ng 11,12. Chnh p qua ng 6 tc
ng ln con trt chnh t di ln. Van chnh m ra v thng cng A sang B. ng 9 hot
ng nh mt thit b gim sc.
16. V s mt van c bnh tch p, gii thch chc nng.
Tr li:

Bnh tch p thy lc c s dng tch tr nng lng thy lc. Chng c lp
t cc h thng thy lc p ng nhiu yu cu khc nhau: Lu tr nng lng, bo v
h thng chng li chn ng mnh, khi bm khng ti, v nhiu l do khc. Khi s dng
183

bnh tch p cho trng hp khng ti, n c xem nh l b ngun cha nng lng thy
lc ca h thng.
17. Gii thch tm tt chc nng ca van iu khin trc tip
Tr li:
Van iu khin trc tip c dng khi ng, dng hoc thay i hng ca dng
chy. Cc loi van ny c c trng bi s lng ng v s lng trng thi iu khin.
Trng thi iu khin xc nh ng vo thng vi ng vo, v kt qu l iu khin hng
dng chy
18. Tho lun chi tit hot ng ca p sut dng trong van trt, xut pht t mt ng
dng lc.
Tr li:

Van DCV 4/3 c chc nng iu chnh dng chy ca lu cht khi lm vic bng cch
iu khin thng qua h thng in.Khi ta kch hot hot ng tc l tc dng mt ngun
in vo cun dy coil lm chuyn trng thi ca van t trng thi ng ban u sang trng
thi bn tri.Khi tc dng vo cun coil bn phi th van s chuyn trng thi qua bn phi
nhng trc tin n phi qua trng thi gia
19. V s v gii thch chc nng ca van iu khin trc tip c iu khin 4/3
20. Tr li:

184

21. Nu cc cc cch iu khin khc nhau ca van iu khin trc tip

Tr li:

Van ny thc hin chc nng iu khin dng chy ca lu cht trong mch.Khi c tn
hiu iu khin thy lc bn tri tri th trng thi bn tri c kch thch v chuyn v tr
thc hin chc nng ca mnh.Tng t cho trng hp bn phi.im khc ca van ny
vi van DVC 4/3 chnh l vic s dng tn hiu thy lc thay v dng in.Tn hiu thy lc
c thc hin thng qua cc ng dn t h thng iu khin trn hnh 5.45

185

22. Gii thch tm tt cu trc v hot ng ca cun nam chm in, so snh cun nam
chm in DC v AC
Tr li:
Van iu khin trc tip c nhiu loi cch iu khin:

Khi cn nn khng c nhn hnh cu t di p lc hot ng ca l xo.p sut

t cng P c ng v con trt chnh v tr gia,ni vi ng i ra ca cng A xung
b T.Khi cn y di chuyn,thng l dng cm ng in t,n y ng chnh v con
trt hnh cu sang phi.Cng b c ng v cng A c kt ni vi ng vo P.

Trn y l cch thng thng iu khin van iu khin trc tip.

186

Ngoi ra cn c cc cch sau:

iu khin c hc bng tay

iu khin bng c cu cam, li.
iu khin c hc bng nm tay
iu khin bng thy lc.
iu khin c hc bng kh.
iu khin bng in thng qua cm ng t trc tip (mt chiu).
iu khin bng in thng qua cm ng t hai chiu (xoay chiu).

23. Trch dn cc loi van kim tra, v gii thch chc nng ca van kim tra c iu
khin.
Tr li:
DC Solenoid:Trong trng hp nam chm in trc tip,trng t ha c m rng
ha trn vi s phn cc.C khung C v li s c phn cc vi cc cc Nam-Bc xc
nh.Khi hot ng cc Bc-Nam ca khung C ht cc Nam-Bc ca li.Chnh iu ny
to ra lc t trong DC solenoid.
AC Solenoid : Cng ging nh DC th AC cng hot ng nh th nhng trng lc
t c nh hng bi s i chiu lin tc.S i chiu ko theo lm s thay i ca lc
in t v xoay phn kim loi ca b phn t vi thnh phn chnh l khung C v li.
Thnh phn
DC
AC
Thi gian nhn
50-60 ms
Trong khong 20 ms
Thi gian lm vic
20 n 50 triu vng
10 n 20 triu vng
mong i
Tc ln mi ln
Ln n 4 vng/s
Ln n 2 vng/s
nhn
Chu k tip tc lm
Khng gii hn
15-20 pht cho lc in t t
vic
60-80 pht cho lc in t
nhiu
Chi ph
1
1.2
T l xy ra
10
2

24. Tho lun ng dng ca van kim tra c iu khin hnh 5.52
Tr li:
C cc check valve:
Check valve iu khin trc tip vi l xo gi.
187

Loi van ny c chc nng cho dng chy i qua 1 chiu, khi p sut mt u ln
hn p sut u kia rt nhiu th l xo c nhim v gim chn m bo an ton khi van hot
ng trong trng hp ny.Thng ta hay s dng van ny u cc my bm hay gn
song song vi h thng lc du.
Check valve iu khin trc tip m khng cn n l xo.
Van ny c chc nng cho dng chy i qua t do mt chiu,chiu cn li c kha
li.Van ny thng dng ni song song vi van tit lu mc ch kim sot dong chy ca
mch.

25. Trch dn v tho lun tm tt cc loi van iu khin lu lng

Tr li:

Van iu khin 1 chiu trong trng hp ny c tc dng khi du vo cng B th c tn

hiu bo hiu cho Check valve i chiu trng thi tc l cho i t B v A iu ny c ngha
l pittong s hot ng m khng kt cng.Mt check valve na gn song song vi phn
188

tit lu s cho dng chy u tin qua n thay v qua tit lu y pittong ln.Cn hai
check valve cn li c nhim v gim chn cho valve khi lc ca dng chy khi v.
26. Gii thch nguyn l hot ng ca van tit lu v van kim tra tit lu hnh 5.57
Tr li:
Van tit lu thng dng hn ch dng chy ca cht lng v c hai hng.Khi i qua
cht lng s c chy qua mt tit din nh hn tit din ban u iu ny lm cho dng
chy b cn tr mt mt nng lng,van chy vi lu lng nh hn ban u khi mi v
van.
Van tit lu c vt mp:
Gi tr dng chy qua van tit lu c vt mp th ph thuc vo nht ca cht
lng.Van ny bao gm mt hp bao bc, b phn iu chnh v cc ca.Khi dng chy t A
sang B th b tit lu cc khe h m.Khi b phn tit lu c iu chnh bng cch xoay
li (5), li ny dng hnh xon.Dng chy ph hp s chy t A-B khi ta xoay li theo iu
kin lm vic mong mun.
Van iu khin lu lng bng b p
27. Gii thch hot ng ca chui van iu khin lu lng c b p m t hnh 5.59
Tr li:

Van tit lu hn ch dng chy theo c hai hng. Dng chy qua mt thit b xit
hng tm (3) n bung tit lu (4) gii hn bi v trong v bc lt iu chnh (1).
Van tit lu mt chiu hn ch dng chy ch mt hng v cho php mt chiu cn li
t do. Dng chy qua thit b xit v cng tit lu. Tit lu ch hot ng theo mt chiu.
189

Theo chiu ngc li, p sut tc ng ln con chn (5). Khi chnh p ln hn p ci t,
con chn m, cho php dng chy ngc li. Song song , dng chy cng qua vng tit
lu.

28. Gii thch cu trc v hot ng ca chui van iu khin lu lng c b p m t

hnh 5.60
Tr li:
Gii thch hot ng ca chui van iu khin lu lng c b p m t hnh 5.59

Van bao gm mt van tit lu cnh sc v mt van b p. Van b p c t ti u

ra ca van tit lu. N bao gm mt con trt gi bi mt l xo. Chnh p qua van tit lu
chnh tc ng ln con trt mt lc Fp. Nu chnh p qua van b p tng, lu lng tng,
con trt di chuyn xung di, tc ng vo l xo, gim th tch bung vo. Lu lng qua
van tit lu chnh gim. Nu chnh p gim, lu lng gim. p sut tc ng vo con trt
nh hn p sut l xo. L xo y con trt i ln, tng th tch vo.
29. Tho lun ca ng dng ca van iu khin lu lng 2 hng hnh 5.62
Tr li:

190

Van bao gm mt v (1), mt ai c vn bng tay, v mt van b p ngc dng.

Dng chy t A sang B qua khe h (5) ca con trt (3). Quay ai c (2) iu chnh v tr
theo chiu dc ca con trt v t , iu chnh th tch vng tit lu (5). S b p c
thc hin bi van b p ngc dng, bao gm mt con trt (4) ca phn din tch As, v
mt khe h trong lung khe h (5). Khi con trt (4) i ln gim din tch tit lu ca khe
h (8) v ngc li. Con trt tc ng vo l xo. trng thi cn bng, p lc cn bng
vi lc l xo. Khi lm vic, p lc con trt th qu nh so vi b p lc u ca l xo, v
vy, chnh p (PA PS) v lu lng l hng s trng thi cn bng.
30. Gii thch cu trc v hot ng ca van iu khin lu lng c b p song song
hnh 5.63
Tr li:

191

Hnh 5.62 cung cp mt ng dng ca van iu khin 2 hng.

Tc ca c cu chp hnh thy lc c iu khin bng vic kim sot c lu
lng vo v lu lng ra. iu khin lu lng vo c u tin khi di chuyn c ti,
trong khi iu khin lu lng ra l bt buc khi di chuyn cng hng vi ti. Tuy nhin,
nu hng ti khng xc nh hoc thun nghch, iu khin lu lng ra l la chn tt
nht.

31. Tho lun tm tt chc nng ca van chia lu lng loi c lu lng ring thay i
c.
Tr li:
Hnh 5.63 hin th mt s thy lc s dng mt van iu khin lu lng b p
song song mt loi van iu khin lu lng 3 cng. Loi van ny iu chnh lu lng v
gi lu lng l hng s nu chnh p qua van ln hn p ci t trc Pt . p sut t bm
th ln hn p sut nng ti mt cht, P1 = P2 + Pt , trong Pt c gi tr t 4 n 10 bar.
32. Tho lun chc nng ca van chia lu lng loi con trt m t hnh 5.66 v 5.67
192

Tr li:

H thng bao gm hai xi lanh i xng lp t song song nhau. Th tch hai xi lanh c
th c ng b ha trong sut hnh trnh i. V vy, mt van chia lu lng c ci t.
Van chia lu lng dng chia dng chy t bm u nhau cho hai nhnh ln hai xi lanh.
ng du vo phn gia ca con trt, ri qua vng thu hp AA v AB n hai xi lanh A v
B. Nu hai xi lanh nng ti bng nhau, th hai bn s i xng, lc cn 2 bn bng nhau v
con trt nm v tr chnh gia. Ngc li, nu gi s FA tng, chnh p (PP PA) nh hn
so vi (PB PB), lu lng A ln hn. Con trt di chuyn sang tri, tng th tch bung tit
lu AA, gim th tch bung AB. Trong trng hp ny, lc cn qua P-A gim v qua P-B
tng. V vy, Lng tng ti ca mt bn c b bi lng gim lc cn ca n v lng
tng lc cn ca pha cn li. Trong trng thi cn bng, lu lng bng nhau t c.

193

Cu trc thng mi ca van chia lu lng loi con trt c th hin trong hnh
5.67. Van bao gm cc b phn chnh l v (1), con trt iu khin (2), v 3 l xo (3).
Dng chy qua P c chia thnh 2 dng c lu lng bng nhau. L xo trung tm cng
nh p lc gi cho con trt iu khin v tr gia. Bt k s mt cn bng no v lu
lng t 2 cng ra A v B u gy ra chnh p. Kt qu l chnh p gy chuyn v con trt
tit lu nhnh lu lng tng ln v m ca t do nhnh cn li. Nh vy, trng thi
cn bng, lu lng qua 2 cng x l bng nhau.
33. Tc ca xi lanh thy lc c iu
khin bi phng tin l mt chui van iu
khin lu lng c b p.
Cho bit
Bm:

Van iu khin trc tip

Van gii hn p sut

p sut gii hn ci t: 6 MPa
p sut ngng: 0
Xi lanh thy lc:
194

ng knh nng: 60 mm
ng knh pittong: 25 mm
Khng c ng du r
Tnh:
Tn hao nng lng DCV
Tn hao nng lng FCV
Lu lng thc ca bm
Chng 6_Mc 6.5:
1. Explain the principals of operation and the possible applications of the hydraulic
accumulators.
Gii thch nguyn l hot ng v cc ng dng c th c ca cc loi bnh tch thy
lc.
Tr li:
C 3 loi bnh tch thy lc chnh l : dng lc ca ti trng, dng lc l xo v tch kh.
Bnh tch dng lc ca ti : loi ny tch tr nng lng di dng nng lng
tim nng trong khi lng ca pittng v ti. N c sc bng cch bm du vo
bung pha di, ti v pittong s c nng ln cao. S thay i p lc trong mch khi
pittong di chuyn ln l khng ng k, do n cp du p sut l hng s.
Bnh tch dng lc l xo : loi ny tch tr nng lng di dng lc n hi ca l
xo, l xo c nn bng du bm vo bnh tch. Loi bnh tch ny cung cp du p sut
khc nhau, p sut cung cp gim theo gin ca l xo do s st gim nng lng khi l
xo b gin ra. p lc phn phi s t l thun vi khi lng du trong bung du ca bnh
tch. Biu thc sau th hin s ph thuc ca p sut v s gin ra ca l xo :

195

trong : A = din tch pittong (m2)

k = cng ca l xo (N/m)
P = p sut (Pa)
V = th tch du trong l xo (m3)
x0 = di l xo trc khi nn
C 2 loi bnh tch dng lc ti v bnh tch dng lc l xo u khng c s dng
rng ri mc d chng d thit k v ch to trong h thng thng du xylanh thy lc
tiu chun. Do kh nng p ng thp, kch thc lm vic ln v hn ch lm vic
Bnh tch tch kh : l loi c s dng rng ri nht m du c tch tr
di p lc kh ( thng l Nit). Khng kh c th c s dng tch kh trong trng hp
s dng du chng chy.Bnh tch tch kh c chia lm 4 loi theo loi du-kh c s
dng : loi pittong, loi ti kh, loi c mng di chuyn ln xung v loi bnh tch khng cn
tch du-kh. Loi cui cng hot ng trong iu kin hn ch l du khng c php c
hon ton.
Bnh tch tch kh bao gm mt thng thp c 2 bung : 1 cha du v 1 cha kh nit.
Bung cha kh bt buc c sc kh nit nn thng qua van kim tra sc. Qu trnh sc
c thc hin trong trong khi bnh tch hon ton khng cha du. Trong qu trnh hot
ng, du c bm vo khoang du, khi p sut du ln hn p sut kh np, du i vo
bnh tch, gim lng kh v tng p sut ca n ln. Trng thi cn bng l khi p sut du
bng vi p sut kh. Du c gi p sut cao di tc dng ca kh nn.
Phng trnh sau m t qu trnh nn kh:

trong : P0 : p sut tch ca bnh tch, p sut kh, Pa(abs)

P1 : p sut nh nht ca h thng, Pa(abs)
P2 : p sut ln nht ca h thng, Pa(abs)
V0 : th tch ca bnh tch, th tch kh khi c sc p sut P0, m3
V1 : th tch kh p sut P1, m3
196

V2 : th tch kh p sut P2, m3

Ty thuc vo loi ca qu trnh nn, gi tr ca s m n thay i trong khong 11,4. i vi qu trnh ng nhit n = 1; qu trnh a hng 1 <n <1,4; v i vi mt
qu trnh on nhit n = = 1,4.
2. Define and derive an expression for the volumetric capacity of an oleo-pneumatic
accumulator.
Hy nh ngha v a ra cng thc tnh dung tch ca bnh tch p dng kh.
Tr li:
Bnh tch p bng kh l bnh tch p m trong du c lu tr di p sut ca
mt kh, thng l nit. i vi qu trnh a bin, dung tch ca bnh c tnh theo cng
thc:

i vi qu trnh ng nhit, cng thc tng ng l:

3. Explain the construction and operation of the piston type accumulators. (See Fig. 6.2.)
Trnh by cu ti v nguyn l hot ng ca bnh tch p dng piston hnh 6.2
Tr li:

197

Cu to:
Mt piston c t gia mt xylanh ngn cch gia bung cha du v bung kh,
ngoi ra cn c ca vo ca du v van iu chnh kh ga, loi bnh tch p ny c kh nng
nn cao: P2/P0. Ngoi ra du c th dich chuyn trong qu trnh hot ng t b tn tht.
Bnh tch p dng piston c mt s nhc im sau:
- Khi lng piston v b mt tip xc lm gim kh nng p ng ca bnh tch p
- Khe h b mt piston v xylanh lm r ri kh
V vy loi bnh tch p cn bo tr nhiu hn cc loi khc.
Nguyn l hot ng:
Khi du c a vo bnh tch p, th du s y piston tin qua phi, lm nn kh
trong bung kh, s ti ra mt p sut nht nh v s gia li p sut , khi p sut u
vo st th lng kh t t dn ra lm n inh p sut.
4. Explain the construction and operation of bladder-type accumulators. (See Figs. 6.3
through 6.5.)

Gii thch cu to v hot ng ca bnh tch loi ti (hnh 6.3 n 6.5).

Tr li:
198

Trong loi bnh tch ny th 1 ti c s dng tch bit s co gin ca th tch

kh v du.Ti c gn cht trong mt thng thp bng van sc kh lu ha. N c th
c g b v thay th thng qua mt l hng trn bnh thp ni lp t van du. Ban
u, ti kh c sc khi cng du khng cha du. Ti kh c ko di cho n khi chm
vo thnh bnh.Vt liu lm ti kh chu c p lc cao, nhng kh nng chu ng sut ct
v bn ko rt thp. Do , ti kh c bo v chng b n thng qua van kt ni
cng du bng mt trong hai cch :
ng cc cng du bng mt tm thp hnh bn cu vi mt s lng ln cc l
ng knh nh cho php du chy qua t do. ng knh l l nh cc ng
sut ct ca du tc dng ln thnh ti kh nh hn gi tr cho php (hnh 6.3).
S dng van bo v hnh nm, van ny nh l ch ta pha di cho ti kh khi ti
kh c sc y (hnh 6.4 v 6.5).
Khi du bm vo bnh tch c p sut ln hn p sut kh trong ti th du s nn
kh lm gim th tch ca ti kh. kn ca ti kh l hon ha min l ti kh khng b h
hng.
5. Explain the construction and operation of the diaphragm type accumulators
(as shown in Figs. 6.6 and 6.7.)
Gii thch cu to v hot ng ca bnh tch p loi mng.
Tr li:
Mng c kp gia thnh trong bnh cha, chc nng nh mt lp ngng gia cht
lng v kh trong bnh. Mng c th c hn (khng thay th c) hay sit bng c
(thay th c). Cu to in hnh ca loi tch p mng nh hnh v.

199

Cc giai on hot ng ca mng c gii thch di hnh v sau. Lu lng v

mng khng nn qu 40l/min trnh gy hi cho mng:

200

6. Discuss in detail the applications of the hydraulic accumulators as energy storage

elements. Draw a hydraulic circuit for this application.
Tho lun chi tit cc ng dng ca nng lng tch trong bnh tch p, v mch thy
lc th hin ng dng .
Tr li:
Trong cc h thng truyn ng thy lc i khi du cn c lu tr di dng nn
cung cp cho cc c cu chp hnh. Khng ging nh kh, lu cht khng th nn c
t to p sut. Thng thng, du s dng trong cc h thng thy lc c mun n
hi t 1-2 GPa, nh vy, kh nng tch nng lng ca du rt km.
Hu ht cc bnh tch p c s dng gii quyt cc vn sau:
1. H tr vo lu lng ca bm cung cp cho h thng.
2. Duy tr p sut cho xy lanh trong lc bm x ti hoc ngng hat ng.
3. Cung cp nng lng d phng khi h thng b h hng.
4. Gim sc v gim rung ng.
Mch ng dng:

201

H thng dng bnh tch p b sung lu lng cho bm.. V p sut lm vic ti
thiu l 140 bar nn du phi c nn vo bnh tch p c p sut cao hn, v vy van gii
hn p sut ci gi tr l 200 bar.
7. Derive an expression for the total energy stored in a hydraulic accumulator, assuming
isothermal gas compression. Find the condition for the maximum energy stored.
Ly mt biu thc tng nng lng c lu tr trong mt bnh tch thy lc, gi
thit nn kh ng nhit. Tm iu kin ti a nng lng c lu tr.
Tr li:
Nn kh ng nhit ta c phng trnh sau:
PV = P0V0 = P2V2
PdV + VdP = 0

nng lng ti a: nng lng ti a:

Do ta c : Emax = P2V0/e
8. Derive an expression for the total energy stored in a hydraulic accumulator, assuming
polytropic compression of gas. Find the condition for the maximum energy stored.
a ra cng thc nng lng c cha trong bnh tch p (gi s qu trnh l nn a
bin). Tm iu kin nng lng ny t gi tr ln nht.

Tr li:
202

Nng lng c cha ca qu trnh nn a bin:

Nng lng ny t gi tr ln nht khi:

9. Derive an expression for the useful energy stored in a hydraulic accumulator, assuming
the isothermal compression of gas. Find the condition for the maximum energy stored.
Ly mt vi d v s hu ch ca nng lng lu tr trong bnh tch p. Gi gi gi
trnh l ng nhit, hay nu iu khin nng lng lu tr ln nht.

Tr li:

Cc h thng thy lc thng khng lm vic c nu bm khng hat ng. Mt

vi trng hp trong cng nghip my phi thc hin ht chu trnh m bo an ton
203

ngay c khi bm b h hng. Trong trng hp ny bnh tch p c dng lu tr mt

nng lng cung cp cho xy lanh lm vic n v tr an ton khi bm b h hng.
Khi ngun h thng b hng, bm ngng hat ng, cc cun dy Y1 v Y2 cng
ngng c cp ngun. Bnh tch p bm du trc tip n xy lanh thc hin vic ng
ca.
Nu qu trnh nn kh l ng nhit th n = 1:
Ta c:

p sut np P0 phi nh hn p sut lm vic nh nht P1 m bo bnh tch p

vn hnh ng chc nng ca n. Nu iu ny khng c tha mn, khi p sut lm vic
tr nn nh hn P0, kh s gin n v lm y khng gian bn trong ti kh v bnh tch p
s ngng hot ng. V vy, p sut np cho bnh tch p c chn trong khong P0 = (0.7
n 0.9) P1.
10. Derive an expression for the useful energy stored in a hydraulic accumulator, assuming
polytropic compression of gas. Find the condition for the maximum energy stored.
Ly mt biu thc tng nng lng c lu tr trong mt bnh tch thy lc, gi
thit qu trnh a hng. Tm iu kin ti a nng lng c lu tr.
Tr li:
Qu trnh a hng ta c phng trnh:

204

T phng trnh trn ta thy nng lng b nh hng bi p sut np P0. Nng
lng
bng khng khi P0 = 0 hoc P0 = P2. Gi tr ca p sut sc cho nng lng ln nht c
tch tr nh sau: dE/dP0 = 0 hay P0/P2 =
11. Discuss in detail the application of a hydraulic accumulator for damping pressure
oscillation at the delivery line of displacement pumps.
a ra cng thc nng lng hu ch c cha trong bnh tch p (gi s qu trnh
l nn a bin). Tm iu kin nng lng ny t gi tr ln nht.
Tr li:
Nng lng hu ch c cha ca qu trnh nn a bin:

Nng lng ny t gi tr ln nht khi:

12. Discuss in detail the application of a hydraulic accumulator for protection against
hydraulic shocks.
Tho lun chi tit v ng dng bnh tch p trong vic bo v chng sc trong thy lc.
Tr li:
Bnh tch p c tc dng cung cp phn lu lng, tr v, to ra lc , c tc dng
gim chn, t va p, thit b lm vic vi tui th lu v bn hn.
13. Discuss in detail the application of hydraulic accumulators in protecting against
thermal expansion.
Tho lun chi tit vic p dng cc bnh tch thy lc trong vic bo v chng li s
gin n nhit.
Tr li:
205

Trong qu trnh hot ng bnh thng ca mt h thng thy lc, mt s thit b

truyn ng b chn bi cc thit b thy lc hoc b phn cng tc. Khi kha v tr bng
thy lc th mt lng du s b kt li trong ng dn hoc xylanh. Nu lng du ny tng
nhit ng k th p sut du cng s tng ln, b qua s gin n v nhit ca ng dn
v xylanh, ta c mi quan h gia nhit v p sut du trong ng l :
P = BT.
trong : : h s gin n v nhit ca du, K-1
B: s lng modun du, Pa
T : nhit tng thm, K
P : kt qu p sut tng, Pa
H thng c th c bo v khi s gia tng p sut ny bng cch s dng mt van
x hoc bnh tch thy lc. Xt mt mt ct ngang c din tch A chu s tc ng ca nhit
tng ln T , th tch tng ln l Va = ALT, th tch ny cng l th tch yu cu bnh
tch thy lc b cho th tch tng ln do nhit.
14. Discuss in detail the application of a hydraulic accumulator for internal leakage
compensation and the application of constant pressure.
Trnh by v ng dng ca bnh tch p trong vic b du r v hot ng ng p.
Tr li:
Bnh tch p c th dng duy tr mt p sut hng s trong mch thy lc, b li
lng lu cht b r r khi hot ng, v d pit-tng. ng dng ny c th em li li ch
v vic gim thiu cng tc bo tr cho h thng.

206

15. Discuss in detail the application of a hydraulic accumulator as a hydraulic spring.

Tho lun chi tit v ng dng bnh tch p trong trong loxo thy lc
Tr li:
Bnh tch p thy lc c th dng treo cc h thng trong lnh vc t, thay th
cho cc loxo thng thng.

Bnh tch p c tc dng ging nh mt loxo, tch nng lng v x nng khi cn thit.
207

16. A hydraulic accumulator is installed to protect a hydraulic line against an excessive rise
in pressure due to thermal expansion. Derive an expression for the proper size of this
accumulator if the permissible pressure increment is P for a temperature increase of T.
Mt bnh tch thy lc c lp t trong h thng thy lc chng li s gia tng
p sut do tng nhit . Ly mt biu thc tnh kch thc ca bnh tch ny nu p lc
tng P khi nhit tng ln l T.
Tr li:
Gi s qu trnh l a hng. Theo cu 13 ta c th tch tng ln l Va = ALT, th
tch cn thit ca bnh tch l:

Khi c xt n s gin n v nht ca ng dn:

vi p l h s gin n v nhit ca ng dn (K-1).

17. Calculate the size of a hydraulic accumulator necessary to deliver five liters of oil
between pressures of 200 and 100 bar if the charging pressure is 90 bar (gauge pressure),
assuming an adiabatic compression process.
Tnh ton kch c ca mt bnh tch p thy lc c yu cu phi cung cp 5 lt du
p sut gia 200 v 100 bar nu p sut np l 90 bar (p sut d). Bit qu trnh l on
nhit.
Tr li:
Th tch ca bnh cn phi dng l:

208

18. A hydraulic system operates in a regular operating cycle of 50 s duration. The flow
demand during the operating cycle is shown in the figure that follows. The maximum pump
delivery pressure during the operating cycle is 160 bar, and the flow rates are set by a flow
control arrangement. The system has a fixed displacement pump. Determine the required
pump flow rate in the following cases:
a) When using the pump only for hydraulic power supply.
b) If a hydraulic accumulator is used to compensate for the short duration flow
demands. Calculate the suitable size of the accumulator if the maximum allowable
pressure is 240 bar.

Mt h thng thy lc hot ng trong mt chu k l 50s. lu lng yu cu trong

qu trnh hot ng c th hin trong hnh. p sut ln nht bm cung cp trong chu k
l 160bar, v lu lng c ci t bi mt h thng iu khin, h thng c cung cp
bi mt bm c nh lu lng ring. Xc inh lu lng bm cn thit trong cc trng
hp sau
a. Khi ch dng bm
b. Dng bnh tch p b lu lng trong thi gian ngn. tnh kch thc ln nht ca
bnh tch p bit p sut ln nht l 204bar

209

Tr li:
a) Lu lng ln nht l 0,4 (l/s). Vy lu lng cn ca bm cng l 0,4 (l/s)
b) Tng th tch du cn thit trong mt chu k:
Lu lng cn thit ca bm:
Ta c bng sau:
Th tch bm vo bnh tch
(l)
05
-0,2
5 10
0,8
10 20
-2,4
20 35
2,4
35 45
-1,4
45 50
0,8
Th tch hu dng ca bnh tch l:
Khong thi gian (s)

V0 (l)
-0,2
0,6
-1,8
0,6
-0,8
0

Kch thc bnh tch (gi s qu trnh on nhit):

19. Discuss briefly the function of hydraulic filters.

Tm tt chc nng ca cc b lc thy lc.

210

Tr li:
B lc thy lc dng hn ch s nhim bn ca du thy lc. Chng c t trn
ng bm ht, ng phn phi du hoc l ng quay v h thng.
Cc b lc du c tc dng ch yu l kim sot s phn b kch thc ca tp cht
trong du thy lc, gim s hao mn v ngn chn s tc nghn trong ng ng bi cc
cht gy nhim.

20. Explain the construction and operation of the pressure switches illustrated in Fig. 6.27.
Gii thch cu trc v hot ng ca cng tc thy lc trn hnh 6.27.

Tr li:
y l cng tc thy lc loi pit-tng, c th l thng ng hay thng m. Trong
hnh 6.27a cng tc c cu to bao gm v (1), cng tc micro (2), c cu iu chnh (3),
u gic mt (4), pit-tng (5) v l xo (6).Khi m p lc vt qu lc l xo, gic mt dch
chuyn v kch hot vo cng tc micro. C cu (7) gip trnh cng tc ny i qu gii hn.

211

 hnh 6.27b, cng tc bao gm v (1), pit-tng (2), l xo (3), c cu iu chnh (4),
cng tc micro (5). Ban u cng tc ny tip xc vi p sut thp. p lc tc ng vo pittng qua mt van tit lu (7). Pit-tng tc dng ngc vi l xo. a (6) chuyn i dch
chuyn ca pit-tng v gii phng cng tc khi p sut t gi tr nht nh.
Chng 7_ Mc 7.5:
F.7.1.
Hy tm tt chc nng, cu to, v vn hnh ca xilanh thy lc?
Tr li:
Chc nng: Xilanh thy lc l c cu chp hnh dng bin i th nng ca
du thnh c nng, thc hin chuyn ng thng.
Cu to:

Hnh 1. Cu to ca xilanh tc ng kp c cn pittng mt pha

1.Thn; 2.Mt bch hng; 3.Mt bch hng; 4.Cn pittng; 5.Pittng; 6. trt;
7.Vng chn du; 8.Vng m; 9.Tm ni; 10.Vng chn hnh; 11.Vng chn pittng;
12.ng gi; 13.Tm dn hng; 14.Vng chn hnh; 15.ai c; 16.Vt vn; 17.ng
ni.
Hnh trn l v d xilanh tc dng kp c cn pittng mt pha. Xilanh c cc b
phn chnh l thn (gi l xilanh), pittng, cn pittng v mt s vng lm kn.
Vn hnh:
+ Xilanh tc dng n: Cht lng lm vic ch tc ng mt pha ca pittong v
to nn chuyn ng mt chiu. Chiu chuyn ng ngc li c thc hin nh l
Hnh 2. Xylanh tc dng n ( chiu ngc li bng l xo) v k hiu

212

+ Xilanh tc dng kp: Cht lng lm vic tc ng vo hai pha ca pittong v to

nn chuyn ng hai chiu.

F.7.2
Tho lun v cc khc bit cc loi xy
lanh. Tr li:
1. Xylanh tc ng n:
Xylanh tc ng n l xylanh ch c cp du mt chiu, chiu cn li do tc
dng ca loxo hay tri trng.
Kt cu xylanh tc ng n bao gm: piston, xy lanh, cn piston, b phn dn
hng, loxo phn hi.

213

214

- Xylanh tc dng kp l loi xylanh c cung cp du theo c hai hng tin

v li. Kt cu xylanh bao gm piston, cn piston, xylanh, trc, sau
3. Mt s loi xy lanh khc:
- Xy kanh mng: l loi xylanh tc ng n c c im piston c thay th
bi mt mng bng kim loi n hi hay tm kim loi mng, loi xylanh n y n
gin, hnh trnh lm vic ngn dng lm c cu kp.

215

Xylanh hai tng: L loi xylanh tc ng n c c im nhiu ng tup c

ng knh khc nhay lng vo nhau nh m nng cao hnh trnh lm vic v gn
hn khi ngh

F.7.3.
Gii thch vic tnh ton cong trong xilanh thy lc?
Tr li:
- Ti trng ti a tc ng truc xi lanh thy lc khng c vt qu gii hn
cong ca trc. Cn phi tnh ton trc khng b cong. Ti trng ti a c tnh
nh sau:

Chiu

di

ngm

do,

LK

tra

theo

bng

216

F.7.4.
Tho lun v cc cu to khc nhau ca xi lanh thy lc, cho cc chng trnh cn thit.
Tr li:
- Cc xi lanh thy lc c phn thnh cc loi sau y: tc ng n, tc ng
kp, song song, ba v tr v ng lng.
Xylanh tc ng n: c iu khin bng thy lc theo mt hng, hng cn li
c iu khin bi lc bn ngoi hoc mt l xo c lp bn trong.

Xylanh tc ng kp: c iu khin bng thy lc theo c 2 hng ca

chuyn ng

217

 Xylanh song song: Cho p lc gp i so vi xy lanh c cng ng knh pittng

Xylanh ba v tr: mt s b phn vn hnh c 3 trng thi hot ng. Trong trng
hp ny, xylanh tc dng kp bnh thng khng yu cu chc nng ki m sot. Xylanh
c 2 pittong v cn pittong ring bit. Ba v tr thu c bng cch iu p bung xylanh.

218

 Xylanh vi cc yu t kho c kh: cc v tr kha ca xylanh thy lc c th c

thc hin bng thy lc hoc c kh. i vi cc v tr kha thy lc th cc van kim tra
n hoc i c s dng. Yu t kha c kh gi pittong xylanh v tr yu cu ca
bt k khi lng ti no. i khi, c kha thy lc v c kh c s dng. Kha c kh
c lp t ti m t trong hai hoc c hai bn ca xylanh
Xylanh ng lng c s dng trong thit b cng nghip v thit b di ng ca
h thng thy lc. Xylanh ng lng cho mt chu k lm vic di vi khng gian lp t
tng i nh.

219

F.7.5
Trnh by cch tnh ton hnh trnh xilanh?
Tr li:
- di ti thiu ca xi lanh thy lc hnh 7.9 bao gm cc khong sau y:

L = L4 + di iu chnh + khong cch c nh

L = 2L1 + L2 + L3 + L4 + L5 + L6 + L7 +L8

Chiu di gia cc trung tm bu - lng c th gim nu cc xi lanh gn lin vi

ngng trc.

F.7.6
Trnh by cc phng php c nh xy lanh.
Tr li:
- C nh bng tai hay mc ch U C th kt hp trt hay bi tai u xy lanh.

220

C nh bng ngng trc: Phng php ny cho php xy lanh quanh quanh trc.

C nh bng mp: Dng c nh xy lanh theo phng thng ng.

221

C nh bng chn xy lanh: S dng cc c c nh, chng li lc ct.

F.7.7
Gii thch ngn gn cu trc v vn hnh ca b truyn quay?
Tr li:
- B truyn thanh rng-bnh rng:
Trong thit k ny, phn trung tm ca cc piston c hnh thnh vo mt thanh
rng. Chuyn ng thng ca piston c chuyn thnh chuyn ng quay ca bnh
rng. Xoay gc ln n 360 v ln hn ty thuc vo t l chiu di pistong v xilanh
(xem hnh. 7.24).

B truyn quay nh 2 pittong song song:

Hai pittong di chuyn song song vi nhau, to nn s chnh p. p lc ny lm di
chuyn trc pittong v truyn momen ra ngoi. Loi ny ch quay c mt gc
nh hn 100o

222

F.7.8

Tho lun ngn ngn chc nng ca ng c thy lc, v a ra biu

thc tnh theo l thuyt v thc t.
Tr li:
- ng c thy lc c chc nng bin i chuyn nng lng thy lc thnh c
nng di dng quay
- ng c thy lc c cng sut ln, n nh, c dng nhiu cc thit b c
cng sut ln Lu lng cung cp theo l thuyt: nmDm
- Moment to ra bi ng c theo l thuyt:
- Cng sut theo l thuyt ca ng c QmPm
- Nhng thc t th hiu sut c v hiu sut th tch khng bng 1 nn ta c cc
cng thc tnh thc t phi thm hiu sut th tch v hiu sut c
-

Lu lng thc t

Trong nv l hiu sut th tch ca ng c

F.7.9

223

Gii thch cu to v vn hnh ca moto thy lc dng trc khuu?

Tr li:
- Cc ng c thy lc truyn p lc u vo to mt m-men xon tng ng.
Tc du chy u vo xc nh tc ng c. Hnh 7.27 cho thy mt trc
khuu ng c piston. p lc du chy thng qua mt trong cc l trn tm cng
(A) vi cc l khoan hnh tr (B). Cc piston lin kt vi cc cng u vo to p
lc. Cc p lc tc ng ln piston c truyn ti cc m t bch a, c gn
vi cc trc (C). Cc trc ny s truyn mt m-men xon lm ng c hot
ng.

224

F.7.10
Gii thch vic cu to v hot ng ca cc mt thy lc a swash.

Tr li:
- Cht lng c a t cc h thng thy lc vi ng c thy lc. p lc v
ng quay v c kt ni vi hai cng hnh thn trn t m cng c nh (C). Trong
trng hp ca ng c chn pittong , bn hoc nm xylanh c kt ni vi ca kim
sot hnh thn pha bn p lc
- Cc xylanh cn li c kt ni vi ng tr li thng qua ca m khc. Tm
swash (E) khng quay. Bng cch iu p piston (A), du i xung tm swash v xoay
khi xylanh (B). Cc khi xylanh v pittong lun phin lm quay trc ( F). Cc lc p
sut to ra m-ment xon khi xylanh ti trc ng c. Tc dng chy cp vo ng
c xc nh tc u ra ca trc. p lc do pittong to ra tc dng ln a quay ti v tr
(D) . Cc ming m piston c vng bi thy tnh lm gim ma st v mi mn tng tui
th ca ng c.Pittong c cung cp lu cht t cc my bm v do y chng li
b mt dc. Pittong trt xung dc b mt, v do y cc khi xylanh v trc cng
vi

225

F.7.11
Gii thch cu trc v vn hnh ca moto cnh gt (Hnh 7.29)
Tr li:

- Vic ch to cc motor cnh gt tng t nh cc bm cnh gt. Cu to in

hnh ca mt ng c cnh gt c th hin trong hnh 7.29. M-men xon to ra t tc
ng ca p sut cao ca du u vo trn cnh qut. Do cc cnh qut c nh
vo momen ny v truyn m-men xon vi ti trng bn ngoi. Cc cnh gt ra ngoi
bi l xo v th chng tip xc vi trc cam im bt u vn hnh. Trong sut qu
trnh ng c vn hnh, tt c p lc h tr lc l xo m bo kn yu cu.
F.7.12
Mt h thng nng ti thy lc c cc thng s sau (hnh v):
Bm: bm pit-tng hng trc, ng knh pit-tng d=8mm, ng knh bc 3cm,
gc nghin a ban u 20o, hiu sut c 0,9, hiu sut chung 0,81, s lng pit-tng l 7,
tc quay ca bm 3000rpm.
Van an ton: gi tr t ban u l 10MPa.
Xy lanh thy lc: xy lanh l tng, ti l hng s 60kN, ng knh pit-tng v cn
trc l 10cm v 7cm.
Van mt chiu: khng gy mt mt p sut
Van tit lu: cnh bn vi din tch mt ct 3cm2.
Du thy lc: khi lng ring 850kg/m3.
a) Gii thch tnh nng ca h thng.
b) Tnh vn tc pit-tng v cng sut bm hot ng ti mi v tr ca van phn
phi. B qua tht thot trn ng ng v van phn phi.

226

Tr li:
a) H thng dng nng ti bng mt xy lanh thu lc. Khi h ti th tc c
iu phi qua quan tit lu nhm gim tc , trnh h hi. Hai ch c chuyn
i thng qua van phn phi.
b) Lu lng ring ca bm

Lu lng thc qua bm:

Trng hp nng ti:

Vn tc piston:

m/min

p sut pha mt xy lanh:

Cng sut cung cp cho bm:

Trng hp h ti:
227

p sut pha mt vnh khuyn: P1 = 10 MPa = 100 bar

Phng trnh cn bng lc:
P1(A a ) + F = P2.A
Suy ra: P2 = 127 bar
Lu lng qua van tit lu:

Vn tc xy lanh i xung:

Suy ra lu lng n mt xy lanh: Q = v.(A a) = 9,69 l/p

Cng sut cung cp cho bm:

228

Chng 8_Mc 8.6:

1. Draw the functional scheme of a hydraulic servo actuator and explain its function.

Tr li:
Khi dch cc ng (2)sang bn phi mt khong z (xem hnh. 8,1), ng van kt ni
cc ng dy cao p (P) vi piston bung tri (B). Du Chy t ng dy cao p ti
bung ny, tng p lc PB. Cc bung piston bn phi (A) c kt ni ng thi vi cc
dng ngc (T). p lc, P A , Gim s chnh lch p sut (PB-PA) iu khin piston (6)
bn phi. S khc bit p sut trong khoang piston to ra mt lc lng bng vi lc ti.
Cc dng chy n bung xy lanh v piston c dng li.
2. Draw a scheme of an HSA with mechanical feedback, explain its function, and derive
a mathematical model describing its dynamic behavior.
V mt s ca mt HSA vi thng tin phn hi c hc, gii thch chc nng ca
n.
Tr li:
229

HAS c th c m t bi mt hm truyn ch khi m hnh ton hc ca n l

tuyn tnh, vi iu kin ban u l khng . V vy, cn thit thc hin mt qu trnh
tuyn tnh gi nh n gin ha sau cc gi nh v xem xt rng cc HSA c kch
thch bi nhiu lon nh:
1. Cc DCV c kt ni i xng.
2. Spool ca DCV l l tng.
3. S r r ng van l khng ng k v lu tc u vo v tr li xylanh l bng
nhau.
4. Cc p lc tr li l: Pt = 0.
5. Cc piston ban u gia ca xylanh.

230

3. Deduce a mathematical model describing the hydraulic servo actuator illustrated by

Fig. 8.1, develop a simulation program for this HSA, then,
a. Discuss the transient performance of the HSA.
b. Discuss the effect of internal leakage on the HSAs behavior.
c. Discuss the effect of the load coefficient on the HSAs behavior, given the
following:
= 1 mm Cd = 0.611 = 867 kg/m3 Ps = 15 MPa
Ap = 20 cm2 m = 6 kg V0 = 120 cm3 Pt = 0
fv = 2000 Ns/m B = 1.5 109 Pa Re = 1018 Pa s/m3 Ri = 1012 Pa s/m5
kL = 1.5 105 N/m Assume convenient values for any missing data.
Kt lun 1 hm s ton hc ca b dn ng servo thy lc minh hoc nh hnh
8.1, trnh by hot ng ca n v sau
a. Tho lun c tnh ca HAS.
b. Tho lun nh hng ca r r bn trong ca HAS khi hot ng.
c. Tho lun nh hng ca h s ti khi HAS hot ng, vi cc thng s i km.
= 1 mm Cd = 0.611 = 867 kg/m3 Ps = 15 MPa
Ap = 20 cm2 m = 6 kg V0 = 120 cm3 Pt = 0
fv = 2000 Ns/m B = 1.5 109 Pa Re = 1018 Pa s/m3 Ri = 1012 Pa s/m5
kL = 1.5 105 N/m

Tr li:
a/ Khi di di li (2) sang bn phi bng mt khong cch z (xem hnh. 8.1), van s
kt ni ng du vo (P) vi bung piston bn tri (B). Chy du t P n bung ny,
lm tng p sut ti B. Cng lc bung piston bn phi (A) c kt ni vi dng tr
li (T). p lc ti A gim v chnh lch p sut (PB - PA) hot ng gi piston (6) bn
231

phi.V an iu khin hng (4) gn lin vi thanh piston v chng chuyn ng cng
nhau. S chuyn di ny gy ra lm tit lu trong vic m khong cch van li, tc
dng chy u vo, v tc piston. Cui cng, khi tng s dch chuyn piston bng ca
li, cc cng van li gn nh khp kn. S khc bit p sut trong khoang piston to ra
mt lc tng ng vi lc ti. Cc dng cht lng vo bung xi lanh ngng chy v
piston c dng li.
b/ Tc dng chy r r l t l thun vi p lc, tc dng chy r r c a
ra bi cng thc sau y:
Qi = (PA - PB)/Ri
QeA = PA /Re
QeB = PB/Re
Trong
Ap = din tch piston, m2
Qe = tc dng chy r r bn ngoi, m3/s
Qi = tc dng chy r r bn trong, m3/s
Re = Chng r r bn ngoi, Pa.s/m3
Ri = Chng r r bn trong, Pa.s/m3
V0 = Na th tch cc xi lanh, m3

4. Derive the transfer function of the HSA (see Fig. 8.1) and state clearly the simplifying
assumptions.

Tho lun chi tit cc c tnh dng chy ca cc thit b truyn ng van iu khin, ly
c cc mi quan h cn thit.
Tr li:

232

Trong 1 trng hp ca HSA, lu lng ring ti a ca ng ca DCV, lin quan

n thn van, c gii hn bi v tr c hc b gii hn, thng trong vng 1 mm. Khi
lu lng ring ln hn l cn thit,cc thanh iu khin tip tc c di di bng
cch p dng cc cn lc lng, cho n khi piston t n v tr yu cu. Trong giai
on ny, cc van ng m hon ton, cc ng lin tc di di. Do , cn thit nghin
cu hot ng ca h thng nhng iu kin ny.
5. Discuss in detail the flow characteristics of the valve-controlled actuators, derive the
necessary relations, and draw the needed schemes.
Trnh by (v kt cu , k hiu , nguyn l lm vic , thng s k thut) v nhng van
sau:
233

a) iu khin p sut gin tip

b) Cn bng
c) Qua tm
d) Tun t
e) iu khin hng
f) Prefill

Tr Li :
a) Van iu khin p sut gin tip
b) Van cn bng

234

Khi dng chy i vo T,p lc nh tc ng vo Van 1 chiu lm n lui v v Dng du

c thng qua P ln h thng.
Khi dng chy i vo P,Van 1 chiu b g kn li,p sut tc ng ln din tch hnh
vnh khn ca con trt tng dn n khi p lc ny ln hn gi tr p lc ca l xo,
Con trt b y lui v v du thng qua T.
S p dng:

Bm hot ng, nng ti ln ta tc ng vo cung B thay i v tr ca van

iu khin hng m ta mong mun. Du c bm ln n van 1 chiu ca Van cn
bng n tc ng vi piston nng vt ln. Khi vt c nng ln n v tr mong mun,
ta ngng bm, lc ny piston b trng lc ca vt th tc dng ln, lm cho n c xu
hng i xung, p lc du bung di ca xi lanh tng ln tc ng vo van iu chnh
235

p sut ca Van cn bng. Vi vic thc hin co t gi tr p sut cho van ln hn p

sut m ti gy ca vo van lm cho van vn gic trng thi ngt dng Ti c
gi v tr mong mun. Khi mun h ti xung, ta tc ng vo cun A chn v tr
ca can iu khin hng, lc ny du cp ln pha trn ca piston tc ng cng vi
trng lc lm tng p sut tc ng vo Van iu chnh p sut ca Van cn bng, p
dn tng ln n khi vt qu gii hn ci t ban u, ti s i xung.
c/ Van qua tm:

Nguyn l hot ng:

Tng t nh Van cn nhng van xuyn tm c thm ng du iu khin X
pilot,Khi X pilot c tn hiu iu khin th lp tc Con i chy ln y Con trt chnh
lui v v du c thng. Ta thy rng din tch chu tc ng ca p sut dng iu
khin ca con t l khc ln nn ch cn mt p kh nh ta c th thc hin vic
thng dng.
236

ng dung ca van xuyn tm:

Trong thc t Van xuyn tm c s dng vi mc ch tng t van cn bng.

Nhng i vi Van cn bng c trnh by phn trn,mun hn ti xung ta cn bm
du vo phn trn xylanh tc ng ln pha trn piston,nh th ta cn cp ln p
sut kh ln c th a vt i xung. gim bt p sut ny dn n tit kim
nng lng chy bm. Ta nh vo ng iu khin cu Van xuyn tm,ch cn
cp vo X pilot ny mt p nh l ta c th h c ti xung.

d) Van tun t
237

d.1) Van tun t thng ng vi van mt chiu o ngc tch ri

Kt cu:

Kt cu van tun t ny gm 2 phn chnh l van gii hn p sut v van mt

chiu tch ri nhau. Cc b phn ca van c k hiu trn hnh 1.1. Trong :drain line
l ng du r t bung l xo, spring l l xo chnh ca van gii h n p sut, main
spool l con trt chnh ca van gii hn, check valve l van mt chiu mc ngc li, A
l nm iu chnh lc gi ca l xo hay ci t p sut qua van.

238

Nguyn l lm vic: Cht lng i vo cng IN ca van tun t (hnh 1.1), p sut
cht lng gy ra lc tc dng ln mt vnh khn a. Khi p sut tng dn ln n mc ci
t ca l xo (spring) th lc ny s thng lc gi ca l xo v cht lng i ra cng OUT
hay i t A n B trn hnh 1.2. p sut ci t c th thay i c nh thay i
nm xoay A hnh 1.1. Cht lng chy theo chiu ngc li bng van mt chiu (check
valve) hnh 1.1 v van mt chiu ny c tch ri vi van iu khin p sut trn.
V nh vy cht lng s i t B qua A qua van mt chiu hnh 1.2. Tuy nhin, van tun
t ny s dng van gii hn p sut l van trc tip nn p sut lm vic nh, lm
vic p sut ln hn ngi ta s dng van tun t kickdown
d.2) Van tun t kickdown

239

 Kt cu van nh hnh 1.3 trong : main jet l ng iu khin chnh, control

spring l l xo iu khin, kickdown jet l ng thot p ra cng OUT khi main spool
m hon ton, drain l ng du r v b, main spool l con trt chnh, light spring
l l xo nh v control relief poppet l con trt iu khin gii hn.
Hot ng: Lc p sut cha ln cht lng chy qua main jet v in y bn
trong van.
p sut 2 bn main spool bng nhau nn n c gi bi light spring. Khi p sut
tng ln ln hn p sut ci t ca main spring th control relief poppet dch chuyn v
pha bn tri, cht lng c thng ra b qua ng drain. Lc ny, p sut bn tri
main spool gim xung trong khi p sut bn ph i khng i. S chnh p ny thng
lc ca light spring lm cho main spool dch qua phi, thng IN v OUT. ng
kickdown cng thng ra b lm gim p sut ca phi bn tri main spool.
Thng s k thut ca van nh sau:
+ p sut lm vic ln nht (Max Operating Pressure Mpa (PSI))
+ Lu lng lm vic ln nht L/Min (Max. Flow L/min (U.S.GPM))
+ Lu lng dng chy t do (qua van mt chiu) (Free Flow L/min
(U.S.GPM))
+ rng ca p sut iu chnh (Pres. Adj. Range MPa (PSI))
240

+ Kch c van (Valve Size)

+ Chun thit k (Design Standard)
e) Van iu khin hng
Kt cu van

Kt cu van nh hnh 3.1, trong , cc ng vo/ra l P,T,A,B; Spring l l xo cn

bng, Lead wire l ng than dung cp in vo cun dy iu khi n
(solenoid), con trt chnh
K hiu van :

241

 Nguyn l hot ng Trn hnh 3.1, trng thi bnh thng (tc trng thi
gia hnh 3.2) ng P v T tch ri ng A v B bi kt cu con trt chnh spool v s gi
cn bng ca l xo (spring). Khi cun dy solenoid bn phi kch hot y con trt
chnh ch y v bn spool chy v bn tri, tc th ng P thng ng A, v ng T thng
ng B (trn hnh 3.2 l trng thi tri kch hot). Nu solenoid ngng kch th spool li
tr v chnh gia tr li trng thi ban u. Tng t khi solenoid bn tri kch, lc
ny P thng B v T thng A (ng T chung cho c 2 trng thi) (trn hnh 3.2 trng thi
phi hot ng).
Thng s k thut ca van
- Lu lng qua van ln nht (Max. FlowL/min (U.S.GPM))
- p sut ln nht tc dng ln van (Max. Operating Pressure MPa (PSI))
- p sut ng du v b ( ng T) (Max. Tank-Line Back Pressure MPa
(PSI))
- Tn s thay i trang thi (Max. Changeover Frequency min1 (Cycles/min))
- Khi lng (Approx. Mass kg (lbs.))
f) Van prefill
Kt cu van prefill:

242

Kt cu van trnh by nh trong hnh 2.1 trong 1 l l xo iu khin, 2 l con

trt iu khin, 3 l l xo chnh v 4 l con trt chnh.
K hiu van prefill:

Trong k hiu trn, P l ng vo, T l ng ra v X l ng iu khin.

243

 Nguyn l lm vic Trn hnh 2.1, ng P l ng vo ca lu cht, ng T l ng ra.

trng thi bnh thng, ng P ng v l xo chnh 3 y con trt chnh 4 kha kn
ng vo li. Van ny thuc li thng ng. Ngc li, khi ng X c lu cht gy p sut,
do con trt iu khin 2 c tit din ln nn ch cn p sut nh cng to ra lc
ln y con trt iu khin 2 chy xung chm con trt chnh 4 v y con trt
chnh 4 m ra, thng ng P v ng T. Trn hnh 2.2, khi c tn hiu i u khin t ng X,
th ng P v T thng nhau.
Thng s k thut ca van prefill:
_ C (size).
_ Lu lng qua ln nht (Max.flow L/min).
_ p sut tc dng ln nht (Max.pressure MPa).
_ p sut iu khin (Cracking pressure MPa).
_ Khi lng (Weight Kg).
6. Discuss in detail the power characteristics of the valve-controlled actuators, derive
the necessary relations, and draw the needed schemes.
Tho lun chi tit v c tnh cng sut ca thit b truyn ng van iu khin, rt ra
cc mi lin h cn thit.
Tr li:
Cc c tnh cng sut ca thit b truyn ng van iu khin m t quan h gia
cng sut u ra, s dch chuyn ca ng trt v p lc ti. Cng sut u ra c a
ra theo cng thc:

Cng sut u ra s khng c khi mt trong hai yu t x hay PL l 0 hay PL = PS.

Cng sut ti a ti x = xmax v p lc ti PL trong khong 0 PL PS. Cng sut ti a l:

244

Chng 9_Mc 9.8:

1. Discuss briefly the construction and performance of the electromagnetic torque
motors. (See Figs. 9.1, 9.2, and 9.3.
Tho lun ngn gn vic xy ng v hot ng ca in t ng c momen xon.
Tr li:

245

i vi ng c in t cc nam chm vnh cu c t i xng vi cc khe h

trong khng kh, khi phn ng v tr trung lp ,bn khe h c kch thc bng nhau.Do
cc phn c kh phn mnh lm tng cc trn v di bng nhau.To iu kin
momen xon khng i .Cc mo men xon l qu nh so vi chiu di phn ng vi
khng kh. Phn ng c sn xut t vt liu st t nn lm hiu qu tr t .
2. Explain the function of the single-stage electrohydraulic servovalve. (See
Fig. 9.4.)
Gii thch chc nng ca 1 giai on SERVOVALUE. (hnh 9.4)

246

Tr li
p lc kim sot cu vo Ps c gim thng qua l N1 v N2 vi phun.S dch
chuyn ca tm m dch chuyn s thy i ca 2 vi phun .Cc chuyn ng ca m
phun phi lm tng din tch cc vi phun v bn di lm gim din tch vi phun .S
khc bit p sut P2-P1 t l thun vi s dich chuyn ca vi phun.
3. Discuss briefly the construction and performance of the flapper valve
hydraulic amplifier. (See Fig. 9.5.)
Tho lun vic xy dng v thc hin cc m van khuyt i thy lc. (hnh 9.5)

Tr li:
247

Hnh trn cho thy s thy i p sut nh u vo ca van.Nhng nh hng ca

s tr t v bo ha cng tc ng r rang .Khi dich chuyn Xf th gy ra s thy i p
sut, p sut ln hn th Xf s dch chuyn v .
4. Explain the function of a two-stage electrohydraulic servovalve with a flapper valve
amplifier and mechanical feedback. (See Figs. 9.6, 9.7, and 9.8.)
Gi thch chc nng ca SERVOVALUE vi mt m phn hi c kh. (hnh 9.6, 9.7 v 9.8)

248

Tr li:

249

Giai on u tin ca SERVOVALUE gm mt ng c momen xon v mt m

phun van i.
Giai on th hai gm mt ng thy lc iu khin bi s khc bit v p lc
c iu khin bi cc m van.
Cc thng tin phn hi giu hai giai on c thc hin theo ng dy phn hi
gn vi ci m mt u v tham gia vo mt ng rnh trong ng i din vi n.
Khi chng dch chuyn nh vy th momen xon bng vi momen xon trung ha.
Trn thc t cc m di di ra cc v tr cn bng ca n.
5. Explain the function of the two-stage electrohydraulic servovalve with a flapper valve
amplifier and electrical feedback. (See Fig. 9.9.)
Gii thch cc chc nng ca van hai giai on thy lc in vi m khuyt i v phn
hi in.

Tr li:

250

Nh trn hnh ta thy mt h thng van thy lc din vi hai giai on thng tin
phn hi in nm giai on th 2. Cc ng 9 cng vi b li 11 chuyn i v tr np
12.
Cc ch li trong v tr cun dy c u d .Bng cch so snh cc tnh hiu phn
hi vi lch gi tr tnh hiu bt k lch no cng c pht hin . lch c a
vo h thng gia on u tin thong qua h thng iu khin in t. iu ny lm
cho m 3 dch chuyn gia cc vi phun phn lc 6. iu ny s tao ra mt s khc bit
t l vi cc thnh phn trong ng 10. Cc ng 9 c gn lin vi li 11 sau dch
chuyn n cc gi tr thc t khp vi gi tr lch .Cc gi tr u khin ln nu li bng
khng.
6. Explain the function of the two-stage electrohydraulic servovalve with a flapper valve
amplifier and barometric feedback. (See Fig. 9.10.)
Gii thch chc nng ca van in thy lc 2 cng vi 1 van khuyt i v p kh phn
hi. (hnh 9.10)

251

Tr li:
Trong van c p kh phn hi, trong c 1 l xo.Trng thi khng b kch thit
,trng thai cn bng p sut gi v tr gia .Khi np c x l bi mt tnh hiu in
to s lch p gia khng t l thun vi tnh hiu. Cc np dich chuyn n khi p cn
bng. L xo c c im tuyn tnh trong phm vi dich chuyn nh .V vy hnh trnh ca
np v tc t ln thun vi du vo.
7. Discuss the static and dynamic behavior of the electrohydraulic servovalves,
incorporating different types of feedback systems. (See Figs. 9.11 to 9.18.)

Tho lun tnh hc v ng hc trng thi lm vic ca servovalve thu lc, lin kt vi
mt s mch phn hi ( 9.11 ti 9.18)

252

253

254

255

8. Explain the construction and operation of the electrohydraulic servovalve,

incorporating a Jet Pipe amplifier. (See Figs. 9.19, 9.20, and 9.21.)
Trnh by cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca van tr lc kiu thu lc in t
lp vi b khuch i Jet Pipe (ng phun). (hnh 9.19,9.20 v 9.21)
Tr li:
y l mt trong nhng b khuch i thu lc kh ph bin. Van phun c khe h tng
i ln, do nhy khng cao.

B khuch i Jet Pipe c quay bi ng c dn. Dng c p cao chy vo Jet

Pipe v tc ng vo b nhn tn hiu. Hai l c ng knh nh (Hnh 9.20) t cnh
nhau b nhn tn hiu cng kt ni vi con trt. V Jet Pipe t gia hai l ny nn
s cn bng p sut vn hnh mi bn ca con trt. Khi ng c dn lm cho Jet Pipe
xoay quanh trc ca n, th vi phun s tc ng nhiu hn n mt l v t hn i vi
l cn li. iu ny to thnh s chnh p qua con trt.

256

Yu cu:
_ Khong trng gia vi phun v b nhn tn hiu t nht bng 2 ln ng knh
vi phun.
_ Hai l nhn tn hiu phi gn nhau nht c th.
_ Nu ng knh trong ca vi phun l hng s trn mt n v chiu di bng gi
tr
ng knh vi phun th khi vi phun nm gia, p sut phi bng p sut ti.
Bm tr lc hai cp kiu thu lc in t chuyn i tn hiu in u vo vo con
trt chnh xc theo t l. Bao gm 2 giai on:
_ Giai on u vo van iu khin, bao gm c ng c dn, Jet Pipe v hai l
nhn tn hiu.
_ Giai on sau vo con trt v ng ni.
Dng lu cht c p cao c a qua b lc n Jet Pipe s dn hng cho dng
chnh xc ca lu cht vo hai l nhn tn hiu. Mi l c kt ni vi mt bn ca con
trt giai on sau. v tr trng, ni m khng c tn hiu kt ni vo ng c dn,
vi phun c iu hng chnh xc gia hai l tn hiu. Lc cn bng to ra bi p sut
cn bng gi v tr con trt v tr gia.
257

Khi Jet Pipe v phn cng ca ng c u quay quanh trc, lu cht phun ra c
iu hng qua mt trong hai l tn hiu. p sut chnh lch c to ra v i qua con
trt hng i din vi phun. (Hnh 9.21)

258

9. Explain the construction and operation of the electrohydraulic servovalve,

incorporating a jet de ector ampli er. (See Figs. 9.22 and 9.23.)
Gii thch vic xy dng v hot ng ca servo in thy lc kt hp vi b
khuch i dng ng ector.
Tr li:
V nguyn tc, cc b khch i lm lch phun hot ng theo 1 cch tng t
nh cc b khuch i dng ng Jet. Van c trang b mt vi phun v thu c nh l.
cc u phun cht lng b lch v 1 pha so vi 2 u nhn nn lm cho dng b lch
hng v s lch hng c thay bng 1 ng c.
Chng 10_Mc 10.5:
Bi 1: V s ca mt ng c hm in t, gii thch c cu ca n v rt ra biu
thc tnh ton momen.

259

ng c hm bao gm mt li thp, c lp trn mt ng mm nm l lng trong

khong trng ca vng t tnh. Hai linh kin in cc to ra b khung xung quanh li st
v dnhng cho dng t tnh. Nam chm vnh cu cung cp t tnh cho 4 vng trng do
li thp v linh kin in cc to ra. Khi dng in i vo cun dy v li thp, t tnh
tng ln 2 vngi din (cho nhau) v gim i 2 vng khc. Mt momen c sinh
ra trn li thp bi s dch chuyn gc ca n.ng mm hot ng nh mt l xo xon,
gy ra gc quay t l thun vi momen xon. Namchm vnh cu c t ngoi vng
in trng nn khng b n hng. Cng thc xc nh momen xon:

Khi

Khi iN

b v xa

x0 . Do xa2 v i 2 N 2 khng ng k so vi x02 v b2 . Ta

c cng thc sau:

260

Trn thc t K v .v

ki .i . Do T Ki .i

Bi 2: V s double jet flapper valse, gii thch c cu ca n, suy ra cng thc

ton
m t c trng ca n. Kho st s bin i ca van p sut vi s dch chuyn ca
mn ngn.

261

Mt van double jet flapper bao gm 2 l c nh v hai khe h c th thay i c.

Tit din ca khe h c iu chnh bi s dch chuyn ca mn ngn. Van c ci t
vi p sut vo cao (Ps). trng thi n nh ca C1, C2 b ng bi trc trt c nh.
Khi Q1 = Q3 v Q2 = Q4.

Trong : A0. Din tch l m2 ;

Cd v CD h s lu lng df. ng kn khe h mn ngn (m)
Ps,PT. p sut vo v ra (Pa)
: Khi lng ring ca du
Xf: S dch chuyn ca mn ngn
Xi: Khe h ca mn ngn
T nhng cng thc trn ta c cng thc tnh nondimensional pressure vi PT = 0
262

Vi xf << x0 nn xf2 khng ng k so vi xi2. Khi P c tnh nh sau

263

Bi 3. V s ca mt single-stage electrohydraulic servo valse, gii thch c cu, suy

ra cng thc ton m t trng thi tnh v ng ca n.

264

Single-stage electrohydraulic servovalse bao gm mt ng c hm in t v mt van

khuch i thy lc c mn chn.

265

266

Bi 4 V s mt two-stage electrohydraulic servovalse; gii thch cu to ca

n, suy ra cng thc ton m phng trng thi ng v tnh.

267

268

Bi 5. V s electrohydraulic servo actuator, gii thch c cu ca n, suy ra

m hnh ton hc m t trng thi ng v tnh ca n.

269

ng c hm in t chuyn i tnh hiu in vo mc thp ( thng

khong 10mA). ng c thng c thit k ring c kh nng thay th, c chng
thm. Cc momen xon ph thuc vo hiu sut u vo v gc quay ca mn chn.
B qua hiu ng tr t, cng thc tnh ton momen c th suy ra:
T Ki ie K v

Trong : ie: Momen ng c vo A\

T: Momen ca ng c hm in t N.m
- Phng trnh chuyn ng ca linh kin Chuyn ng ca phn ng quay v
cc yu t km theo c iu chnh theo phng trnh:

Trong : J . momen ca phn ng Nms2

TL. momen ph thuc vo khong gii hn ca mn ngoi
fv. h s tt dn
KT. cng ca ng mm N.m/rad
TF. momen tr v N.m
TP. momen ph thuc vo p sut N.m
- Feedbacks Torque:

270

Trong :KS. cng l xo

LS. chiu di tr v ca l xo v mn chn
x. khong trc trt (m)
FS. lc tc ng vo l xo
- Lc qua van gii hn c mn ngn:

Chng 11_Mc 11.6:

1. Explain the principal of operation of pneumatic power systems.
Gii thch nguyn l hot ng ca h thng kh nn.
Tr li:
H thng kh nn l h thng nng lng s dng khng kh nn lm vic nh
cho truyn cng sut . Nguyn l vn hnh ging nh h thng thy lc. My nn
khng kh bin i c nng ca ng c thnh nng lng p lc ca khng kh nn.
271

Bin i ny to iu kin thun li truyn ng, ct gi, v kim sot nng lng.
Sau khi nn, khng kh nn nn c chun b dng. Chun b khng kh bao gm
lc, lm lnh, chia tch nc, sy, v cng du bi trn sng m. Khng kh nn l
c tch tr a vo thng cha khng kh nn v truyn qua ng truyn : ng
v ng mm. Nng lng kh nn c kim sot bng cc van nh l p lc, dng,
v van iu khin hng. Sau , nng lng p lc c chuyn thnh c nng yu
cu bng ng c v xi lanh kh nn.
2. Derive an expression for the bulk modulus of air at different pressure levels.
Dn ra biu thc cho mun khi ca khng kh cc mc p lc khc nhau.
Tr li:
Biu thc l:

3. Derive an expression for the energy stored in a volume of compressed air.

Dn ra biu thc cho nng lng lu tr trong th tch ca kh nn.
Tr li:
Biu thc l:

4. Discuss in detail the effect of air compressibility on the function of pneumatic

systems.
Trnh by chi tit v s nh hng ca tnh nn c khng kh n chc
nng ca h thng kh nn.
Tr li:
Tnh nn c lu cht l kh nng lu cht i th tch ca n v p sut
khc nhau . N c nh gi bng mun khi, B, hoc h s tnh nn c,
: ( = 1 / B ). Mun khi c nh r do mi quan h sau :

Trong : p : p sut cp vo .
V : th tch lu cht.
Du m th hin th tch gim khi p lc tng.
Kh ga thc s, nh lut i theo l c cng nhn cho quy trnh nn a
hng:
272

V th, mun khi ca khng kh nn bng:

B = np
Lc 10 MPa, khng kh c mun khi = 1.4 107 Ba, cho n = 1.4. Gi tr ny
qu nh, so vi ca cht lng ca h thng thy lc (Khi si = 1 n 2 GPa). Do
, khng kh, thm ch khi nn p sut cao, c th nn c hn rt nhiu
so vi cht lng ca h thng thy lc.
Tnh nn c ny cho php nng lng c tch tr. Nu xt l Vo th
tch ca khng kh p sut Po, c php gin n p, biu thc p sut thp
cho gii phng nng lng trong quy trnh m rng l suy ra nh sau:

Suy ra:

5. Discuss the effect of ambient temperature on the operation of pneumatic

power systems using compressed air bottles as an energy source.
Trnh by v s nh hng ca nhit mi trng n hot ng ca h
thng kh nn c s dng cc l kh nn nh mt ngun nng lng.
Tr li:
S thay i p sut ca mt khi lng khng kh nn do nhit bin i l
qu nh so vi cc h thng thy lc. trong trng hp ca h thng thy lc,
s thay i ca p lc (p = p2 - p1) ca mt lng cht lng b nn ,module
khi B, v gin n nhit h s , c cho bi biu thc sau y:
Trong : T : chnh nhit .
273

P1 : p sut ti trng thi 1.

P2 : p sut ti trng thi 2.
6. Deal with the effect of air density on the operation of pneumatic systems.
Khc phc s nh hng ca mt khng kh n hot ng ca h thng
kh nn.
Tr li:
- Bo v chng sc thy lc, do qun tnh nh lc lng v nn cao khng
kh.
- Gim tng trng lng ca h thng.
- Tc khng kh trong ng dy truyn ti l ln hn so vi cht lng
cho s khc bit p sut tng t. V vy, dng nh ng knh c th
c s dng, dn n gim thm trng lng h thng.
7. Deal with the effect of air viscosity on the operation of pneumatic systems.
Khc phc s nh hng ca nht khng kh n hot ng ca h thng
kh nn.
Tr li:
nht ca kh nn l rt nh so vi nht ca cht lng. nhit v p
sut tiu chun loi cht lng c h s nht ng hc du = 2. 10-2. Trong iu
kin tng t, h snht ca kh l kh = 2. 10-5, s ma st trn ng truyn
ca kh l rt nh, iu ny lm gim ng knh ng dn. mt khi cnh
khc, kh c th r r nh nht, nguyn nhn chnh l do nht v mt kh
nh. V vy, rt kh r r trong h thng.

274