Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 342 (2015) 125132

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Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/nimb

Assessment of radiation shield integrity of DD/DT fusion neutron

generator facilities by Monte Carlo and experimental methods
P. Srinivasan a,, S. Priya a, Tarun Patel b, R.K. Gopalakrishnan a, D.N. Sharma a
a
b

Radiation Safety Systems Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
Neutron and X-Ray Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Received 30 March 2014
Received in revised form 31 August 2014
Accepted 23 September 2014

Keywords:
DD/DT neutron generator
Dose rate
Neutron shield
FLUKA

a b s t r a c t
DD/DT fusion neutron generators are used as sources of 2.5 MeV/14.1 MeV neutrons in experimental laboratories for various applications. Detailed knowledge of the radiation dose rates around the neutron
generators are essential for ensuring radiological protection of the personnel involved with the operation.
This work describes the experimental and Monte Carlo studies carried out in the Purnima Neutron
Generator facility of the Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC), Mumbai. Verication and validation
of the shielding adequacy was carried out by measuring the neutron and gamma dose-rates at various
locations inside and outside the neutron generator hall during different operational conditions both for
2.5-MeV and 14.1-MeV neutrons and comparing with theoretical simulations. The calculated and experimental dose rates were found to agree with a maximum deviation of 20% at certain locations. This study
has served in benchmarking the Monte Carlo simulation methods adopted for shield design of such
facilities. This has also helped in augmenting the existing shield thickness to reduce the neutron and
associated gamma dose rates for radiological protection of personnel during operation of the generators
at higher source neutron yields up to 1  1010 n/s.
2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
DD/DT fusion neutron generators are used as sources of
2.5 MeV/14.1 MeV neutrons in experimental laboratories for various applications related to nuclear physics measurements, material research, security interrogation at ports etc. 14.1-MeV
neutron sources are proposed to be located at several positions
in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER)
vessel for calibration of neutron/gamma diagnostic systems [1].
Detailed knowledge of the radiation dose rates around the neutron
generators is essential in order to obtain necessary data on personnel exposures, calibration time, optimizing the number of calibration points with accuracy, predicting the response of neutron and
gamma monitors and ensuring adequate radiological protection
of the personnel involved with operation of 2.5-MeV and 14.1MeV neutron sources. It is also crucial to evaluate the shielding
adequacy of the laboratories that will house the neutron generators to reduce the neutron and associated gamma dose rates to
the stipulated dose limits [2]. Monte Carlo and other numerical
methods have been widely employed for dose rate and shielding
Corresponding author.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2014.09.027
0168-583X/ 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

evaluation of neutron generator facilities [37]. Experimental measurements for dosimeter response studies and dose rate proling
around neutron generators have been reported earlier [810].
Theoretical and experimental studies have also been conducted
for the evaluation of the energy spectral characteristics of neutron
and gamma radiation elds around neutron generators [1112].
Neutron spectrum measurements using Rospec, bubble detector,
long counter were reported to quantify the scattering effects of
14.1-MeV neutrons in a DT generator facility [13]. Radiological
Dose rate analysis around ITER port plug and vessel components
using deterministic and Monte Carlo methods was reported earlier
[1416]. Nuclear data for neutronic evaluation of fusion devices
and Monte Carlo based calculation of shut-down dose rate distributions in full 3D geometry were reported recently [17,18].
Preliminary radiological dose rate mapping studies around the
DD/DT generators of our lab were reported earlier [19]. Detailed
results of neutron and gamma dose rate evaluation in various locations of the neutron generator hall during different operational
conditions both for 2.5-MeV and 14.1-MeV neutrons are presented
in this work. Radiation attenuation studies were also carried out by
varying the thickness of concrete shields employed to attenuate
the radiological dose rates around the generator hall. Monte Carlo

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methods were employed to predict the expected neutron-gamma

ambient dose rates and energy spectra of the neutron radiation
eld around the facility.
2. Description of the neutron generator facility
The experimental measurements were carried out in the Purnima Neutron Generator facility of the Bhabha Atomic Research
Center (BARC), Mumbai. This consists of an indigenously built
300 kV DC electrostatic accelerator based neutron generator
housed inside a hall (dimensions 7.5 m  7.5 m  7.5 m) made of
reinforced concrete of thickness 0.3 m on three sides and 1.5 m
on one side. Neutrons are produced using two fusion reactions
3
H(D, n)4He and 2H(D, n)3He, commonly known as (D, T) and
(D, D) reactions respectively as given below:
3
2

H1 2 H1 ! 4 He2 1 n0 17:6 MeV En 14:1 MeV

2

H1 H1 ! He2 n0 3:3 MeV En 2:5 MeV

1
2

The D ions are produced in a radio frequency ion source, which

are extracted, focused, accelerated up to 300 keV energy and bombarded on to target to produce the neutrons. The target consists of
Deuterium or Tritium adsorbed in titanium with a circular Cu/Ti
backing disc. The effective target diameter is 2.5 cm. Online monitoring of the ion current is done using Faraday Cup inserted in the
path of the beam. Various intensities of neutron beams are
achieved by varying the operating beam current from 0.001 to
1 milli-Ampere. Major components of neutron generator are
300 kV DC power supply, ion source dome, isolation transformers,
accelerating column, beam diagnostic components, target assembly with water cooling system and turbo molecular vacuum pump.
All parameters of neutron generator are monitored and controlled
from a centralized console located in the control room of the
facility.
3. Monte Carlo simulations
Detailed theoretical modeling of the neutron and gamma transport occurring in and around fusion neutron generators was carried out in order to assess the expected radiological dose rates
during various operational conditions. The neutron and gamma
dose rates were computed by Monte Carlo simulation code FLUKA
[20], which simulates the interaction and propagation of about 60
different particles, including photons and electrons, neutrinos,
muons, hadrons (neutrons and protons) and heavy ions with energies ranging from keV to TeV. Transport of neutrons with energies
lower than certain energy is performed in FLUKA by a multigroup
algorithm. For neutrons with energy lower than 20 MeV, FLUKA
uses its own neutron cross section library derived from the evaluated nuclear data-ENDF/BVI [20]. The ambient dose equivalent factors based on ICRP-74 publication [21] were used for arriving at the
radiological dose rates. The dimensions and concrete wall thickness described earlier were used for constructing the geometry
model of the neutron generator hall in the FLUKA code.
The neutron generator was modeled as a cylindrical tube made
of type 316 stainless steel (SS) with a length of 30 cm and diameter of 7.6 cm. The neutron generator tube was assumed to be
located at a horizontal distance of 1.9 m from North wall, 2.2 m
from East wall, 5.7 m from West and 5.2 m from the South walls
inside the generator hall at a height of 2 m from the oor. A thickness of 6 mm was used for the SS walls of the DD/DT tube. Neutrons were assumed to be emitted isotropically in all the
directions from the target. Source self-attenuation and attenuation/scattering in the surrounding materials were considered in
the Monte Carlo computations. The room was lled with dry air
of density 1.2905  103 g cm3 and concrete shield of various

thicknesses were used on all directions as per the design. Concrete

of density 2.35 g/cc was used for the structural walls around the
hall. Concrete wall thickness in all the directions was taken from
the construction data of the hall. The FLUKA simulations were carried out in an Intel desktop PC with Pentium-IV, 2.4 GHz processor
and 4 GB RAM. No variance reduction methods were employed in
the simulations.
4. Experimental
4.1. Instruments
Neutron dose measurements were carried out using BF3 proportional counter based Digi-Pig neutron rem meters (Model
2222), Wedholm Medical, Sweden. Gamma measurements were
done using plastic scintillator based Atomtex survey meter (Model
AT1121A) ATOMTEX, Belarus. MGPI (Model DMC-2000GN) neutron-gamma Direct Reading Dosimeters (DRD) were also employed
at certain locations. The MGPI neutron DRDs simultaneously register the cumulative gamma doses in addition to the neutron doses.
4.2. Dose rate measurements
4.2.1. Unshielded dose rates inside the generator hall
The experimental measurements of unshielded dose rates
inside the generator hall were carried out during continuous
(D, T) neutron generator run for a source yield of 107 n/s. Digi-Pig
neutron rem monitors and neutron DRDs were located in various
experimental positions for known time during the operation of
the 14.1-MeV neutron generator. The experimental dose measurement points were distributed at different distances ranging from
25 cm up to 354 cm in different directions with reference to the
source. Fig. 1 shows a schematic representation of the detector
locations chosen for dose rate mapping inside the hall. Both the
cumulative doses and the dose rates were registered in the monitors near the 14.1-MeV neutron generator. The accumulated dose
values registered by the rem meters were also used in calculating
the average dose rates during the irradiation period in the respective locations. Gamma dose rates were measured in certain locations in order to verify the ambient gamma dose rates in the
vicinity of the D-T generator.
For 2.5 MeV (D, D) neutrons, unshielded dose rate measurements were conducted only at limited experimental points inside
the hall. The measurements were conducted by deploying the
detectors on contact with the walls inside the hall corresponding
to a neutron yield of 1  108 n/s.
4.2.2. Transmitted dose rates for neutron yields of 1  108 n/s and
above
The shielding adequacy for 14.1 MeV neutron yields up to
1  1010 n/s was veried by measuring the neutron dose rates
transmitted through the concrete walls outside the generator facility in all directions. In this study, D-T neutron generator trial runs
were carried out from 1  108 n/s up to a maximum yield of
1  1010 n/s for experimental measurements of transmitted ambient dose rates. Based on FLUKA simulations, it was estimated that
an additional 60 cm of concrete shield would be required to bring
down the ambient dose rate at the facility boundary to 1 lSv/h for
a 14.1 MeV neutron source yield of 1  109 n/s. Hence, an additional shield of 60 cm thickness of concrete was augmented by
stacking reinforced cement concrete blocks on an MS platform
for carrying out dose rate attenuation measurements. A schematic
representation of the existing and additional concrete shielding
thickness used for transmitted dose rate measurements is shown
in Fig. 2.

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127

Fig. 1. A schematic representation of the detector locations for dose rate mapping inside the hall for 1  107 n/s yield of 14 MeV neutrons shown in Table 2.

Fig. 2. A schematic representation of the shielding arrangement used for dose rate attenuation measurements.

5. Results and discussion

The USRBIN option available in the FLUKA code was used to plot
the dose rate map inside the neutron generator hall by superimposing on to the geometry of the hall using the code inbuilt
options. The USRBDX option inbuilt in the FLUKA code was used
to plot the energy spectral distribution of ambient neutron dose.
Random statistical errors in the dose rates estimated by Monte
Carlo runs were less than 2% for the 2  108 source neutron histories considered in simulating each of the experimental case. The
relative standard errors in the spectral energy distribution were
less than 0.5% in the source energy bins and maximum of 3% in
other energy bins of the spectra both in case of 2.5-MeV and
14.1-MeV neutrons.
5.1. Unshielded dose rate estimates
5.1.1. 2.5 MeV neutrons
Fig. 3a shows the neutron dose rate map around the 2.5-MeV
(D, D) generator for a neutron yield of 1  108 n/s generated by
FLUKA simulations. Fig. 3b shows the neutron dose rate as function
of neutron energy incident on the north side wall inside the hall

obtained from FLUKA. The experimental and the theoretical estimates of dose rates for 2.5 MeV neutrons were found to agree
within 20% deviations (see Table 1).
5.1.2. 14.1 MeV neutrons
Fig. 4a shows the vertical neutron dose rate prole generated by
plotting the isodose curves from the USRBIN plot of FLUKA for a
source neutron yield of 1  107 n/s. Also a map of the neutron uence rate around the 14.1 MeV source was plotted using FLUKA in
order to aid other experimenters to choose suitable locations for
activation foils and other detectors. Fig. 4b shows the neutron uence rate map within a 10 cm  10 cm segment of vertical mid
plane along the source. A comparison of the dose rates obtained
by the experimental measurements and those by FLUKA simulation is given in Table 2. Gamma dose rates registered by MGPI
DRDs are given in parentheses below the corresponding neutron
dose rate values. It is observed that the theoretical and the experimental values of the unshielded dose rates inside the generator
hall agree within 10% except for few points where maximum deviation up to 20% was observed. The deviations may be due to uncertainties in the input data used for simulating the structural
material compositions and dimensions of the DT tube, detector

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Fig. 3. (a) Neutron dose rate map (FLUKA) around DD source-yield 1  108 n/s inside the hall. (b) Neutron dose rate spectrum (FLUKA) on the north wall inside the hall, DD
source-yield 1  108 n/s.

Table 1
Comparison of theoretical and experimental unshielded neutron dose rates on contact
with the inner walls of generator hall for 2.5 MeV (D, D) 1  108 n/s yield.
Direction

North
East
West
South

Distance from source (m)

1.9
2.2
5.7
5.2

Neutron dose rate (lSv/h)

Fluka

Measured

270
180
53
80

254
150
45
67

holder frame, small variations in experimental distances, neutron

interaction cross-sections etc.
5.2. Transmitted dose rate estimates for neutron yields of 1  108 n/s
and above
5.2.1. 14.1 MeV neutrons
For the 14.1-MeV neutron source yield of 1  107 n/s, it was
observed that ambient dose rates outside the 30 cm thick concrete

wall were below measurable levels. Fig. 5 shows the transmitted

neutron dose rate spectrum for 14.1 MeV (D, T) neutrons of
1  108 n/s yield after attenuation by 30 cm concrete wall on the
western side of the generator hall as simulated using FLUKA.
A comparison of the results obtained by the experimental measurements and by FLUKA simulation is presented in Tables 3 and 4.
Table 3 gives the neutron dose rates on different directions around
the facility. The values given are (a) Dose rate on contact with the
inner walls of the generator vault (b) contact dose rate outside the
30 cm concrete shield wall on the three sides of the room and after
1.5 m concrete wall in the southern side and (c) contact dose rate
on the newly augmented shield structure of 60 cm reinforced concrete outside the generator hall, in addition to the originally existing 30 cm concrete wall resulting in a total shielding thickness of
90 cm. Fig. 6 shows a C/E graphical representation of the comparison between theoretically calculated (C) and experimentally measured (E) neutron dose-rates at different locations for a typical set
of measurements during 14.1-MeV DT neutron generator runs with
a source yield of 1  109 n/s. In case of transmitted neutron dose
rates, a maximum deviation of 20% was observed between the
experimental and theoretical values. The additional shield

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Fig. 4. (a) Neutron dose rate map (FLUKA) around DT source (1  107 n/s yield) inside the hall. (b) Neutron uence rate map (FLUKA) around DT source (1  107 n/s yield)
inside the hall.

Table 2
Comparison of theoretical and experimental values of unshielded dose rates at few locations inside the NG hall for 14 MeV (D, T) neutron yield of 1  107 n/s.
Detector Number

Angular location and reference plane

Distance from source (cm)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

30 with DT tube length axis on HP

Along the length axis
Perpendicular to the tube length on HP
42.2 with tube on HP
15 with the tube length axis on HP
13 with the tube length axis on HP
10 with tube on VP through the DT tube
Perpendicular to the DT tube length on VP
56 with the normal thro the tube on VP perpendicular to the length
65 with the normal thro the tube on VP perpendicular to the length

26
25
25
40
69
77
45
103
266
354

Neutron (Gamma)* dose rate lSv/h

Measured

FLUKA

2660
2820 (MGPI 18)
1680 (MGPI 12)
680
226 (MGPI 2)
212
800
85
11.5
1.3

2560
3110 (MGPI 23)
1570 (MGPI 14)
640
250 (MGPI 1.5)
230
780
90
14
1.5

HP horizontal plane, VP vertical plane.

*
Values indicated in parentheses are gamma dose rates with respective dosimeters.

predicted by FLUKA code was found to be satisfactory based on the

experimental measurements.
It was observed during experiments that as the distance from
the shield wall increased there was an increase in the neutron dose
rate which may be partly due to the scattered neutrons and partly

due to the lack of shielding above 3 m from the ground resulting

from the skyshine effect. The thickness of augmented shield, combined with a good administrative control procedure to minimise
personnel movement would be adequate for operation of the neutron generator up to 1  109 n/s yield. For operation of the neutron

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P. Srinivasan et al. / Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 342 (2015) 125132

Fig. 5. Neutron dose rate spectrum (FLUKA) after 30 cm west wall outside the hall, for DT source-yield 1  108 n/s.

Table 3
Comparison of theoretical and experimental neutron dose rates (lSv/h) at different neutron yields of (D, T) and (D, D) neutron generator.
Location

Air + concrete thickness

14 MeV (D, T)

2.5 MeV (D, T)

1  108 n/s

1  109 n/s

1  1010 n/s

1  108 n/s

Fluka

Measured

Fluka

Measured

Fluka

Measured

Fluka

Measured

North

a
b
c

1.9 m (air)
1.9 m + 30 cm
1.9 m + 90 cm

373
25
0.3

367
22
BDL

3730
250
3

3400
208
2.6

37300
2500
30

32

270
0.83
<1 nsv/h

254
BDL
BDL

East

a
b
c

2.2 m (air)
2.2 m + 30 cm
2.2 m + 90 cm

230
16
0.28

14
BDL

2300
160
2.8

2100
135
2.4

23000
1600
28

32

180
0.8
<1 nsv/h

150
BDL
BDL

West

a
b
c

5.7 m (air)
5.7 m + 30 cm
5.7m + 90 cm

62
3.2
0.06

3
BDL

620
32
0.6

517
34
0.5#

6200
320
6

350
5.5

53
0.2
<1 nsv/h

45
BDL
BDL

South

a
b

5.2 m (air)
5.2 m + 1.5 m

90
0.02

BDL

900
0.2

830
0.18#

9000
2

1.6

80
0.014

67
BDL

Indicates measurement not done, MDL for Digipig neutron rem monitor 1 lSv/h.
#
Neutron dose rate measured using integrated dose mode of MGPI dosimeter.

On contact with the walls inside the hall.

Table 4
Comparison of theoretical and experimental gamma dose rates (lSv/h) for different neutron yields of (D ,T) and (D, D) neutron generator.
Location

Air + concrete thickness

14 MeV (D,T) generator

1  109 n/s

2.5MeV (D,D)
1  1010 n/s

1  108 n/s

Fluka

Measured

Fluka

Measured

Fluka

Measured

North

a*
b
c

1.9 m (air)
1.9 m + 30 cm
1.9 m + 90 cm

45
16
1.9

12
2.2

447
155
14.2

15.3

1
0.35

1.2

East

a*
b
c

2.2 m (air)
2.2 m + 30 cm
2.2 m + 90 cm

23
8
0.9

6
2.8

225
78
8.3

13

0.72
0.23

1.3

West

a*
b
c

5.7 m (air)
5.7 m + 30 cm
5.7 m + 90 cm

5.5
1.9
0.2

5.1
0.8

52
17
2

0.22
0.08

0.2

South

a*
b

5.2 m (air)
5.2 m + 1.5 m

6.3
0.021

35
0.08

58
0.18

340
0.5

0.31
0.002

1.0
0.07

Indicates measurement not done.

*
Contact with the inner walls of the generator hall.

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131

Fig. 6. C/E ratio of theoretically calculated to experimentally measured neutron dose rates during the 14 MeV DT neutron generator runs with a source yield of 1  109 n/s.

Fig. 7. Estimated neutron dose rate transmission factors in concrete shield.

generator at 1  1010 n/s, further shielding would be required to

keep the dose rates within stipulated limits. Fig. 7 shows the
neutron dose rate transmission factors as a function of concrete
shielding thickness. It is seen that the agreement between the
experimental and theoretical values of dose transmission factors
are quite satisfactory. Thus from Fig. 7, the effective neutron dose
rate attenuation coefcient for concrete works out as
0.0823 cm1 and the dose rate attenuation length (analogous to
neutron mean free path) works out as 12.16 cm or 28.58 g/cm2.
This may be compared to a value of 30 g/cm2 quoted in literature
[22].
5.2.2. Gamma dose rate estimates
Table 4 shows the gamma dose rates near the vicinity of the
neutron generator facility estimated by Monte Carlo methods
and the experimental measurements. The gamma dose rate values
indicated in the South side (measurement at 5.2 m) are those measured by the area gamma monitor installed inside the Neutron
Generator hall. The differences between the calculated and experimental gamma dose rate values may indicate the presence of
prompt gamma photon contributions from the activation products
in the concrete wall/other components located inside the generator
hall and the gamma background dose rates from adjacent facilities.
Gamma dose rate contributions from activation reactions are not
included in FLUKA simulations.

5.2.3. Uncertainties in the experimental measurements

The uncertainty in estimated values neutron and gamma dose
rates from experimental measurements using DD & DT sources
essentially consists of the uncertainty in the instrument readings
which is up to 20% as specied by the manufacturer (neutron monitor 2222 and DMC2000-GN, Mirion Technologies). In a recent
study using Am-Be source, [23], the response of the DMC2000GN dosimeters was compared with that of commonly used
methods of neutron dose estimation using SSNTD personnel dose
badges and survey meter 2222 instrument. The gamma response
of DMC2000-GN was compared with that of Thermo-luminescent
Dosimeters (TLD) and gamma survey meter (Automess teletector
6150-AD6, GmbH). The study showed that the gamma doses measured by DMC2000-GN agreed within 20% of the doses recorded by
Thermo-luminescent Dosimeters (TLD). The neutron doses registered by DMC2000-GN agreed within 20% of the dose recorded
by personnel neutron badges (SSNTD) and within 15% of the doses
recorded by neutron survey meter (2222). There might be some
uncertainties in instrument reading due to variation in the actual
user eld conditions compared with calibration conditions. There
could be uncertainties in source neutron yield during the experiments arising from small variations in neutron generator operational parameters. However further detailed work would be
taken up in arriving at a rigorous estimate of the overall uncertainty in the measured dose rates after identifying and quantifying
all the associated Type A and Type B uncertainties in the experimental measurements.
6. Conclusion
Detailed knowledge of radiation dose rates around 2.5-MeV and
14.1-MeV neutron generators were generated for the purpose of
ensuring adequate radiological protection of the personnel. Experimental and Monte Carlo studies were employed for dose rate
mapping studies. Verication and validation of the shield adequacy
was achieved by measuring the neutron and gamma dose-rates at
various locations inside and outside the Neutron generator hall
during different operational conditions both for 2.5 MeV and
14.1 MeV neutrons. It is observed that the theoretical and the
experimental values of the neutron and gamma dose rates are in
good agreement except for few locations where external gamma
dose rate contributions are observed from neighboring facilities.
The deviations in most of the locations may be due to uncertainties
in the input data used for simulating the structural material

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P. Srinivasan et al. / Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 342 (2015) 125132

compositions, dimensions of the neutron generator tube, the neutron and gamma cross-section data, geometry details of surrounding structural media, small variations in experimental distances
etc. An effective neutron dose rate attenuation coefcient was estimated to be 0.0823 cm1 for concrete and the dose rate attenuation length was found to be 12.16 cm or 28.58 g/cm2. In addition
to verication of integrity of the concrete shielding, this study
has served in benchmarking the Monte Carlo simulation methods
used in shielding analysis of DD/DT fusion neutron sources.
Acknowledgements
The authors express their sincere thanks to Dr. Amar Sinha,
Head, Neutron and X-ray Physics Division for his guidance and
experimental support in completing this work. The keen interest
and constant motivation provided by Dr. K.S. Pradeepkumar, Head,
Radiation Safety Systems Division is gratefully acknowledged by
the authors.
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