Voltage Profile Improvements of

Mosul City Ring System by

STATCOM Reactive Power Control
Dr. Dhiya A. Al-Nimma
Assist Prof. Elect. Eng. Dept.
Univ. of Mosul - IRAQ
E- Mail: dalnimma@ieee.org

Saad Enad Mohamed

Lecturer. Elect. Eng. Dept.
Univ. of Mosul - IRAQ
E- Mail: saadenad_2004@yahoo.com

Dr. Majed S. M. Al-Hafid

Assist Prof. Elect. Eng. Dept.
Univ. of Mosul - IRAQ
E- Mail: el_noor2000@yahoo.com

Abstract

Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) is a

regulating device used in AC transmission systems as a
source or a sink of reactive power. The most common use
of the STATCOM is in improving the voltage stability of
the transmission system.
This work suggests a simple and easy to implement
PI controller to control the operation of a 12-pulse
STATCOM placed at the weak point of Mosul city 132
kV ring system. The strategy of STATCOM controller is
to keep the DC capacitor voltage constant.
The whole system including the STATCOM and its
controller has been simulated after some kinds of
disturbances and the results show improvements in
voltage profile of the system.

Figure (1) Basic structure and equivalent

circuit of STATCOM
II.MODELING OF MOSUL CITY RING SYSTEM

Keywords

The largest part of Iraqi Northern Region National

Grid (INRNG) is Mosul ring and this part of the grid is
modeled by using MATLAB SIMULINK program. The
MUSOL ring includes two generator units one of them is
hydraulic and the other is Gas Station and the Grid
connected with power lines and this grid is shown in
figure (2). In previous study we found that the weak point
in MUSOL grid is located at BUS 37 and depending on
this study we suggested to put the STATCOM at that
location. The SIMULINK model of the grid with
STATCOM is shown in appendix (2).

STATCOM; Reactive Power Control ; Voltage Profile;

I. INTRODUCTION

The Iraqi national grid is divided into subgrids on

geographical bases. The Iraqi Northern Region National
Grid (INRNG) is one of these subgrids. Mosul city is part
of this (INRNG) and it is supplied by one 400 kV
substation at Bus 6 and seven 132 kV substations. These
substations form a ring consists of seven 132 kV buses.
The lines connecting the buses are mainly of two circuits.
There are three single circuit lines. This part of INRNG
suffers from problems such as loading on these three
lines can exceed the accepted loading percent during
peak load periods. This causes outage due to over load.
In a previous work it has been suggested the use of a
Static Synchronous Compensation (STATCOM)(Figure
1) in the Mosul ring for the first time in Iraq [1]. The best
location of the (STATCOM) can be obtained using load
flow study, which can also be used to determine the
optimal value of the reactive power needed at different
load conditions. Also ANN technique has been used in a
later study to govern the operation of this suggested
system during steady state operation [2].
In this work a PI controller has been suggested and
added to the same system to control its operation during
some kinds of disturbances. The transient behavior of the
whole system has been studied via modeling and
simulation. The results so obtained were compared with
those obtained without the controller. Three disturbance
cases were studied and the results are discussed.

Mosul
North

Bus 39

Rashidiya

Mosul
Bus 40
Bus 06
Infinite
Bus

Bus 36
Bus 35

Bus 38
Bus 37

Line 11
Yarimja
STATCOM

Mosul East

Mansoor

Figure (2) The largest part of northern

Iraqi Grid ( Mosul ring system )

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978-1-4673-5003-7/11$26.002011 IEEE

Thus in pu system the above equations can be written

III.CONTROL ALGORITHEM OF STATCOM

as:

Figure (3) shows the equivalent circuit of STATCOM,

which is connected to power system by a transformer. va,
vb, vc represent the three phase line to neutral system
voltages at the connection point. ea, eb, and ec represent
the fundamental components of the three phase Line to
Neutral output voltage of the STATCOM,s converter. L
and R represent the resistance and reactance of the
transformer. Rp accounts for losses in converter devices.
ia, ib, ic represents line currents and C is equivalent
capacitance on DC side of the converter[3]. The main
objective of the controller is to meet the desired
performance of the system as per the preset requirement.

R pu w

L pu
i a

p ib = 0
ic

i
Va e a
a
w

0 ib +
Vb eb
L
pu
i
Vc ec
R pu w c

L pu

R pu w
L pu
0

.(5)
Converting the equation above from abc to dq
quantities using parks transformation we have

R pu w

id L pu
p =
iq w

i
V ed
d + w d
R pu w i q L pu Vq eq

L pu
w

Figure (3) The equivalent circuit of

STATCOM

.(6)

From figure (4) taking KVL equations we obtained.

Va e a = R * i a + L *

di a
dt

Where

(1)

dib
dt

.(2)

Vc e c = R * i c + L *

dic
dt

.(3)

Assuming d-axis coincides with the voltage vector,

produced by the inverter, one can write the pair of
equation for ed and eq .

After rearrangement the equations can be written as

follows:

0
R
L
0

d
dt

v q becomes zero. Neglecting the voltage harmonics

Vb eb = R * ib + L *

ia L

p ib = 0

ic
0

w=

0
Va ea
ia
1

0 ib + Vb eb

L
Vc ec
R ic

ed = kv dc cos

..(7)

eq = kv dc sin

..(8)

We define k as a factor of the voltage source

converter (VSC) which relates the DC-side voltage to the
amplitude (peak) of the phase-to-neutral voltage at the
VSC AC-side terminals, and is the angle by which the
VSC voltage leads the line voltage vector. Figure (4)
shows the vector diagram of phase and dq voltages[4].

..(4)
Where

p=

d
operator
dt

A per-unit system has been adopted according to the

definitions:

L pu =

wL
1
R
; C pu =
; R pu =
;
Z bace
wCZ bace
Z bace

Figure (4) The vector diagram of phase

and dq voltages

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The block diagram of STATCOM controller is shown

in figure (5), while Figure (6) shows the block diagram of
decoupled controller. the decoupled proportional
integral(PI) type of controller is considered KP1 and KI1
are the gains of the AC voltage regulator, where KP2 and
KI2 are the gains of the DC voltage regulator and KP3, KI3
are the gains of the AC current regulator. The strategy of
STATCOM controller is to keep the DC capacitor voltage
constant while controlling the modulation index to keep
the voltage constant during the disturbance interval[5].

Figure (8) shows the voltage at bus 37 when the

line 11 is disconnect during the interval 0.3 to 0.5 sec.
This type of disturbance occurs with STATCOM placed at
bus 37. From this figure we observe that the voltage
remains almost constant during the faulty interval. The
STATCOM controller tries to compensate the reactive
power and keep the voltage constant as soon as the
disturbance occurs.

Voltage at Bus 37 (per unit)

1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5
0.6
Time (Sec)

0.7

0.8

0.9

Figure (8) Voltage at bus 37 with STATCOM

(line 11 disconnection during 0.3 to 0.5 sec)

Figure (5) STATCOM controller

Figure (9) shows the current of STATCOM at Line

disturbance.

STATCOM Current (per unit)

Figure (6) AC current Decoupled

SIMULATION RESULTS
IV.
controller
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS
The effectiveness of STATCOM controller has
been verified on bus 37 in the system discussed in section
II (Mosul grid) A model of the system with STATCOM
with the controller has been developed in MATLAB /
SIMULINK. Three types of normal and abnormal
conditions were studied here.

Active &Reactive Power of STATCOM

Voltage at Bus 37 (per unit)

0.5
0
-0.5
-1

0.4

0.5
0.6
Time (Sec)

0.7

0.8

0.9

0.3

0.4

0.5
0.6
Time (Sec)

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.5
Active Power
Reactive Power

1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5
0.6
Time (Sec)

0.7

0.8

0.9

Figure(10)STATCOM active and reactive power

(line 11 disconnection during 0.3 to 0.5 sec)

Figure (7) Voltage at bus 37 without STATCOM

(line 11 disconnection during 0.3 to 0.5 sec)

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0.2

Figure (10) shows the active and reactive power of the

STATCOM under the same line disturbance .

0.3

-0.5

Figure (9) STATCOM current

(line 11 disconnection during 0.3 to 0.5 sec)

1.5

0.2

-1
0.1

Figure (7) shows the voltage at bus 37 when the

line 11 is disconnect during the interval 0.3 to 0.5 sec.
This type of disturbance occurs without STATCOM.
From this figure we observe that the voltage falls during
that interval.

-1.5
0.1

0.5

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Figure (11) shows the voltage at bus 37 when the

voltage level of one of the two sources in the grid
decreased to 0.95 pu during the interval 0.3 to 0.5 sec. The
voltage level is then increased to 1.05 pu during the
interval 0.4 to 0.7 sec without STATCOM.

STATCOM Active and Reactive power

Voltage at Bus 37 (per unit)

1.5
1
0.5
0

Active Power
Reactive Power
0.5

-0.5

-1
0.1

-0.5

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5
0.6
Time (sec)

0.7

0.8

0.9

Figure (14) STATCOM Active and Reactive

Power (source voltage level disturbance)

-1
-1.5
0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5
0.6
Time (sec)

0.7

0.8

0.9

Figure(11)Voltage at bus 37 without TATCOM

(source voltage level disturbance)

Figure (15) shows the modulation index of the PWM

signals source voltage level disturbance.

Figure (12) shows the voltage at bus 37 for the above

condition but with STATCOM.

1
0.9
Modulation Index

Voltage at Bus 37 (Per Unit)

1.5
1
0.5
0

0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4

-0.5
-1

0.1

-1.5
0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5
0.6
Time (Sec)

0.7

0.8

0.9

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5
0.6
Time (sec)

0.7

0.8

0.9

Figure (15) Modulation index

(source voltage level disturbance)

Figure (12) Voltage at bus 37 with STATCOM

(source voltage level disturbance)
The last disturbance studied in this paper is load
changing. Figure (16) shows the voltage at bus 37 where
the load at bus 38 has been doubled during the interval
(0.3 to 0.5sec) without STATCOM.

Figure (13) shows the STATCOM current for the

above condition

1.5
0.5

Voltage at Bus 37 (per unit)

Current of STATCOM (Per Unit)

-0.5

-1
0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5
0.6
Time (Sec)

0.7

0.8

0.9

1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
0.1

Figure (13) STATCOM current

(source voltage level disturbance)

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5
0.6
Time (sec)

0.7

0.8

0.9

Figure (16) Voltage at bus 37 without STATCOM

(at load disturbance)

The STATCOM active and reactive power for the

above condition are shown in figure (14).
4

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While figure (17) shows the voltage at bus 37 with

STATCOM at load disturbance.

V. CONCLUSIONS
A three phase two level PWM STATCOM with its
controller has been inserted in the Mosul ring system and
some disturbances has been studied via modeling and
simulation. A constant dc voltage strategy and a
conventional PI controller which is simple and easy to
implement has been adopted.
The simulation results have shown that the
STATCOM with the proposed controller can improve the
voltage profile of the power system during different kinds
of disturbances. A STATCOM model has been developed
with all the necessary components and controllers in
order to demonstrate its effectiveness in maintaining a
fast voltage regulation at any bus bar. The simulation
results were compared with that of the system without
compensation. Simulation results have proved the ability
of the STATCOM to respond to the system demand for
inductive or capacitive requirements with satisfactory
performance. The Addition of the STATCOM at bus 37
caused the THD of the voltage at that bus to be 1.47%
which is within IEEE-519 standards [6],[7].
The performance of STATCOM with its controller
was very close (within 98%) of the nominal value of
voltage. The response time took about two cycles.

Voltage at Bus 37 (per unit)

1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5
0.6
Time (sec)

0.7

0.8

0.9

Figure (17) Voltage at bus 37 with STATCOM

(at load disturbance)
Figure (18) shows the active and reactive power at
STATCOM terminals at the same load disturbance.

STATCOM Active and Reactive Power

1.5
Active Power
Rective Power

REFERENCES

0.5

[1] Majed S. M. Al-Hafid Simulation of a Static

Synchronous Compensator in the 132 KV Mosul Ring
System a PHD Thesis , University of Mosul - Iraq,
2006.

0
-0.5

[2] Majed S. M. Al-Hafid and D. A. AlNimma

Application of ANN for Reducing THD by a Combined
STATCOM and Capacitor Bank Compensation System,
JIEEEC , Amman- Jordan, 2006.

-1
-1.5
0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5
0.6
Time (sec)

0.7

0.8

0.9

Figure (18) STATCOM active and reactive

power (at load disturbance)

[3] M. Tavakoli Bina and D. C. Hamill, Average circuit

model for angle-controlled STATCOM, IEE proc.
Power Appl., Vol. 152, No. 3, May 2005.

The DC capacitor voltage under the last disturbance is

shown in figure (19). From this figure we observe that the
DC capacitor voltage is kept constant during the
disturbance.

[4] Claudio A. Canizares, M. Corsi and E. Uzunovic,

STATCOM Modeling for Voltage and Angle Stability
Studies, Electrical Power & Energy Systems 25 (2003)
1-20.

Voltage of DC Capacitor (V)

x 10

[5] B. Singh and R. Saha, A New 24-Pulse STATCOM

for Voltage Regulation, International Conference on
Power Electron. Drives and Energy Systems, 2006.
PEDES '06, 12-15 Dec. 06, pp. 1-5.

2.5
2
1.5

[6] Deepika Masand, Shailendra Jain and Gayatri

Agnihotri, Control Strategies for Distribution Static
Compensator for Power Quality Improvement, IETE
Journal of Research, Vol. 54, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2008.

1
0.5
0
0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5
0.6
Time (Sec)

0.7

0.8

0.9

[7] Alper etin and Muammer Ermis, Member, IEEE,

VSC-Based D-STATCOM With Selective Harmonic
Elimination, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY
APPLICATIONS, VOL. 45, NO. 3, MAY/JUNE 2009.

Figure (19) DC capacitor voltage

(at load disturbance)

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APPENDIX (1)
Parameters (Base- 100MVA):
IGBT-VSCs based two-level 12-Pulse, 100MVAR STATCOM.
A. Converter Parameters:
IGBT-VSC Converters; No. of pulses----500F.
B. Transformer Units:
Each 3-winding Transformer Rating: (100/3)MVA, 50Hz, 132kV/20kV, 12% (X)
C. PI-controller Gains:AC Voltage Contoller: Kp = 3, KI -axis controller: Kpd =
2, KId -axis controller: Kpq = 2, KIq DC Voltage Balancer: Kp = 0.1, Ki = 100
D. Thevenin's Equivalent Voltage Source:
- 7.
APPENDIX (2)

(a)

(b)

The model of Mosul ring with STATCOM using MATLAB SIMULINK

(a) The model of Mosul ring using MATLAB/SIMULINK
(b) STATCOM model using MATLAB/SIMULINK

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