DWDM 101 - Introduction To DWDM 2

DWDM introduction
Introduction to DWDM, base applications and architectures
2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
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Why DWDM?
Optical Basics
DWDM Technology
Agenda
Optical Transmission
Systems Network Design

Reference architectures
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Bit-rate and protocol independent transport

Extremely high bandwidth
Bit-rate X no. of channels
10 Gbps 10G X 80 0.8 Tbps
40 Gbps 40G X 80 3.2 Tbps
100 Gbps 100G X 80 8 Tbps
Scales beyond efficiently too : 96 channels ; 400 Gbps ; 1 Tbps
Fiber plant investment is preserved add capacity to lit fiber thru equipment
upgrades; graceful growth

Highly scalable leverage abundance of dark fiber; convert existing spans of
SONET / SDH rings
Dynamic provisioning service availability in hours / days compared to months in a
purely TDM world; wavelength on demand
Convergence Layer Creates the optical superhighway IP and Ethernet
Spans from access to the core
Relevant in access, metro, regional, and long haul networks
An established field, well aided by frequent innovations
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Transport of bandwidths beyond available interface rates (GE, 10G,
40G, 100G) requires multiple channels.

With standard interfaces, multiple channels requires multiple fiber pairs.
Fiber is a scarce resource, and can be costly.
xWDM allows multiple channels over a single fiber pair, and is often
more cost effective than using multiple fiber pairs.
Each channel physically separated and dont have common data plane
path with the rest of the channels in the system
Without DWDM
N fiber pairs
With DWDM
One fiber pair
N wavelengths
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With standard interfaces, distance is limited to the reach of the specified
interface (e.g. LX, EX, ZX 10 km, 40 km, 80 km depends on fiber).

Exceeding these distances requires regeneration of each channel
(typically with router/switch interfaces).
With DWDM, single span distances can reach 250 km.
Amplified, multiple span DWDM distances can reach 1000s of km, with
no electrical regeneration and can have more than 80 channels today.
Without DWDM
up to 80km
Optical
Amplifier
With DWDM
1000s of km
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With standard interfaces, the physical (layer 1) network topology is
restricted to the fiber topology.

Fiber is expensive, and availability is limited. Metro / regional fiber is
most cost effectively deployed to multiple sites in a ring.
DWDM, specifically ROADM, allows any L1 topology (hub and spoke,
mesh) over any fiber topology typically a ring.
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Without DWDM (or TDM), service protection must be provided by an
upper layer protocol. This can be complicated and slow.

DWDM provides the ability to protect individual channels at layer 1, with
sub 50 ms switching times.
Bandwidth is reserved, with no oversubscription or contention in a failure
scenario.
Multiple levels of resiliency are available, at varying cost points.
Transport Section Protection
Multiplex Section Protection

(Splitter Protection)
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Optical Channel Protection

(Trunk Protection)
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Why DWDM?
Optical Basics
DWDM Technology
Agenda

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UltraViolet
Visible
InfraRed
850 nm
1310 nm
1550 nm
1625 nm
Optical communication wavelength bands in the InfraRed:
850 nm over Multimode fiber

1310 nm over Singlemode fiber
C-band:1550 nm over Singlemode fiber
L-band: 1625 nm over Singlemode fiber
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Wavelength (Lambda l) of light: in optical communications normally
measured in nanometers, 109m (nm)

Frequency () in Hertz (Hz): normally expressed in TeraHertz (THz),
1012 Hz
Converting between wavelength and frequency:
Wavelength x frequency = speed of light l x = C
C = 3x108 m/s
For example: 1550 nanometers (nm) = 193.41 terahertz (THz)
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The optical power of a signal can be measured in milliwatts (mW)

dBm is the optical power expressed in decibels relative to one milliwatt
Power in dBm = 10 log10 [Optical power (mW)/1mW]

Examples:
Optical Power mW
Optical Power dBm
0.1 mW
-10 dBm
1.0 mW
0 dBm
2.0 mW
+3 dBm
10 mW
+10 dBm
100 mW
+20 dBm
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Introduction
of Corning
62.5/125 um
multimode
fiber
Introduction
of Corning
SMF/DS
dispersion
shifted fiber
1976
Invention of
first
low-loss
optical fiber
1970
Introduction
of Corning
50/125 um
fiber
1986
Introduction
of Lucent
TrueWave
non-zero
dispersion
shifted fiber
1993
1985
Introduction
of Corning
SMF-21 fiber
1983
Introduction of
Lucent TrueWave
RS reduced
slope non-zero
dispersion
shifted fiber
1998
Introduction of
Corning SMF28 fiber
1986
Introduction of
Corning SMFLS non-zero
dispersion
shifted fiber
1994
Introduction of
Corning LEAF
non-zero
dispersion
shifted fiber
with large
effective area
1998
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An optical fiber comprises of three sections:

The core carries the light signals
The refractive index difference
between core & cladding confines

the light to the core
Core
SMF 8 microns
Cladding
125 microns
The coating protects the glass
Coating
250 microns
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n2
Cladding
n1
Core
Intensity Profile
Light is weakly guided through index difference between core and cladding
n2-n1
Single mode is transmitted
Mode field travels in core and cladding
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Attenuation, two primary loss mechanisms

Absorption loss due to impurities
Scattering loss due to refractive index fluctuations
Chromatic dispersion:
Wavelengths travel at different speeds (refractive index function of l)
Smears pulses because lasers are not perfectly monochromatic
Polarization mode dispersion (PMD):

Light travels in two orthogonal modes
If core is nonsymmetric, different modes travel at different speeds
Issue at high bit rates such as 10 Gbps and higher
Nonlinear effects
Prevalent at higher signal powers
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Transmit Power = Ptx (mW)
Lossy optical
component
Transmitter
Receive Power = Prx (mW)

Receiver
The Insertion Loss or Attenuation between transmitter and receiver is
expressed by the difference between the transmitted and received power

Attenuation expressed in decibels (dB) is a negative gain, calculated by
10 x log10 Prx/Ptx
(dB)
If half the power is lost, this is 3 dB

Example: Attenuation = 30 dB means transmitter power is 1000 times the
receive power
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Length = L km
Transmit Power = Ptx (W or mW)
Receive Power = Prx (W or mW)
Transmitter
Receiver
Fiber attenuation expressed in dB/km, calculated by
10 log10 (Ptx/Prx)/L
Example:
A fiber of 10 km length has Pin = 10 W and Pout = 6 W

Its loss expressed in dB is
Fiber loss = 10 log10(10/6) = 2.2 dB
And expressed in dB/km = 0.22 dB/Km
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Fundamental mode
Bending loss
OH Absorption Loss
1550
window
1310
window
Rayleigh scattering loss
Attenuation specified in loss per kilometer (dB/km)

0.40 dB/km @ 1310 nm, 0.25 dB/km @ 1550 nm
Loss due to absorption by impurities, 1400 nm peak due to OH (water) ions
Rayleigh scattering loss, fundamental limit to fiber loss
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Chromatic dispersion causes a broadening in time of the input signal as it

travels down the length of the fiber.
The phenomenon occurs because the optical signal has a finite spectral
width, and different spectral components will propagate at different speeds
along the length of the fiber.
The cause of this velocity difference is that the index of refraction of the fiber
core is different for different wavelengths.
Variation of Chromatic
Dispersion with
wavelength for Standard
SingleMode fiber
(>95% of installed fiber)
Dispersion ps/nm-km
This is called material dispersion and it is the dominant source of chromatic

dispersion in single-mode fibers.
20
0
1310 nm
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1550nm
Wavelength l
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Dispersion ps/nm-km
Standard SingleMode Fiber

>95% installed fiber
20
0
1310 nm
1550nm
Wavelength l
Dispersion (ps/nm -km)
Non-zero dispersion shifted fibers (NZDSF)

Lower dispersion in 1550nm window
+4
Lucent TW+
Corning Leaf
+2
-2
1530DSF
Corning
1540
1550
1560nm
Corning LS
-4
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Dispersion limitation is defined by the dispersion tolerance of the transmitter

and the receiver
Total dispersion is calculated from the fiber dispersion characteristics and the
fiber length for any channel or traffic path
The effect of fiber dispersion should be taken into account in the power
budget as the dispersion penalty budget
If any channel hit the dispersion limit, the dispersion should be compensated
or the channel signal should be regenerated (O-E-O)
Doubling of bit rate results in an increase of dispersion penalty of up to four
times
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Distance (Km) =
Dispersion Tolerance of Transponder (ps/nm)

Coefficient of Dispersion of Fiber (ps/nm*km)
Dispersion limited transmission distances over SMF fiber (17 ps/nm/km):
Transmission Rate
Modulation format
Dispersion
Tolerance
Distance
2.5 Gb/s
External
Modulation
20,000 ps/nm/km
~ 1,100 km
2.5 Gb/s
Direct Modulation
2,400 ps/nm/km
140 km
1,200 ps/nm/km
70 km
200 ps/nm/km
12 km
10 Gb/s
40 Gb/s
External
Modulation
External
Modulation
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FOLDING
Tx bit sequence
Eye diagram
no dispersion
In fiber the different frequency components of the signal propagate at different speeds
The effect is signal distortion and intersymbol Interference, the penalty is eye-closure
Can be compensated for by the use of Dispersion Compensation
Eye opening
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Dispersion generally not an issue below 10Gbps

Narrow spectrum laser sources (external modulation) and low chirp*
laser sources reduce dispersion penalty. With broad/chirped sources
the different spectral components of the source will see different
dispersions thus broadening the pulse in time
New fiber types (NZ-DSF) greatly reduce effects
Dispersion compensation techniques
Dispersion compensation fiber
Dispersion compensating optical filters
Dispersion Compensating Units (DCU) generally placed in midstage access of EDFA to alleviate DCU insertion loss
*Chirp: frequency of launched pulse changes with time
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Dispersion Compensating Fiber:

DCUs use fiber with chromatic dispersion of opposite sign/slope and of
suitable length to bring the average dispersion of the link close to zero.
The compensating fiber can be several kilometers in length, the DCU are
typically inserted after each span
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PMD causes a broadening in time of the optical signal
In an ideal optical fiber, the core has a perfectly circular cross-section. In this
case, the fundamental light mode has two orthogonal polarizations (orientations
of the electric field) that travel at the same speed through the fiber
Birefringence (index of refraction variation between two polarization axis) arises
due to random imperfections and asymmetries, causes broadening of the optical
pulse due to the two orthogonal polarization states traveling at different speeds
n1
n2
n1 > n2
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refractive index difference due

to mechanical stress
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The PMD coefficient, with units of ps/km1/2, indicates the rate

at which PMD builds up along the fiber length
Limits optical reach in high-speed transmission systems
Typical PMD tolerance
2.5 Gbps: typically 40 ps

10 Gbps: typically 10 ps
40 Gbps: typically 2.5 ps (can be larger dependant on
modulation format)
Power penalty due to PMD (1-2 dB)
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Link PMD:
Individual fibers have higher PMD values than when concatenated in a link
The PMD link value determines the statistical upper limit for system PMD
ELEAF: PMD spec <0.1 ps/km1/2, PMD Link Value of <0.04 ps/km1/2
Leads to PMD limited system length of:
Examples:
Transmission Rate
Distance
2.5 Gb/s
1,000,000 km
10 Gb/s
62,500 km
40 Gb/s
3,906 km
Old SMF: PMD spec <0.5 ps/km1/2, PMD link value of <0.2 ps/km1/2
Leads to PMD limited system length of:
Transmission Rate
Distance
2.5 Gb/s
40,000 km
10 Gb/s
2,500 km
40 Gb/s
156 km
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Not an issue at 2.5 Gbps

2000+ Km at 10 Gbps on typical fiber
Increase system robustness with Forward Error Correction (FEC) and

optimized transmitter modulation formats
Deploy PMD-optimized fibers
Use PMD Compensation (PMDC) (e.g. electronic post processing in
40/100G Optical Module DSP)
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As long as the optical power density within the optical fiber core is
low, the fiber can be considered a linear medium
When optical power levels gets fairly high, the fiber becomes a
nonlinear medium
Loss and refractive index are independent of the signal power
Loss and refractive index are dependent on the optical power
High channel count, high bit rate, long reach systems require
higher per channel powers making them susceptible to non-linear
effects
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Single channels non-linear effects
Self Phase Modulation (SPM)

Stimulated Brilliouin Scattering (SBS)
Multi channel effects
Four Wave Mixing (FWM)

Cross Phase Modulation (XPM)
Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS)
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Non-linearity arises (excluding scattering NLEs) from the

modulation of the refractive index of the fiber through the
interaction of the high optical power
Intensity of an optical pulse modulates the index of refraction

Nonlinearity scales as (channel power)2
Optical Pulse
Index of
Refraction
Nonlinear
Coefficient
Light
Intensity
Intensity
n = n0 + N 2
Fast Phase
Velocity
Slow Phase
Velocity
Time
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Self Phase Modulation is a single channel effect

Through the non-linear index, as earlier mentioned, the signal
intensity variation of a channel modulates the fibers local refractive
index
Therefore different parts of the optical signal see different refractive
indexes, and therefore different phase velocities
The resultant effect on the signal depends on fiber dispersion

For Dispersion < 0, SPM can add on to chromatic dispersion and
increase temporal broadening of the optical pulses, thus reducing the
dispersion tolerance of the system
For Dispersion > 0, SPM can narrow the optical pulse and thus
alleviate chromatic dispersion pulse broadening
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No SPM, just Dispersion
SPM + Dispersion < 0
SPM + Dispersion > 0
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Cross Phase Modulation is a multi-channel effect

Through the non-linear index adjacent channels also modulate the
fibers local refractive index and therefore modulate the phase of the
channel under consideration
The effect of XPM is to act as a crosstalk penalty
Increasing channel spacing reduces XPM because dispersion
increases and the individual pulse streams walk away from each
other
Optimized dispersion compensation mapping can also reduce the
effect.
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21-2
Into Fiber
22-1
Out of Fiber
Channels beat against each other to form intermodulation products
Creates in-band crosstalk that can not be filtered (optically or

electrically)
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Output Spectrum after 25 km of Dispersion Shifted Fiber

-5
Input Power = +4 dBm/ch
Power (dBm)
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
1542 1543 1544 1545 1546 1547 1548
Wavelength (nm)
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FWM effect efficiency strongly dependant on dispersion

With higher dispersion and greater channel spacing effect negated
Dispersion Shifted fiber with disp zero in C-band exhibits high FWM penalty
Uneven channel spacing can reduce effect because intermodulation products
do not fall on channels
FWM Efficiency (dB)
P( FWM ) (
D= 0 ps/nm
-10
-20
P * n2
)
Aeff * D
D= 0.2 ps/nm
-30
D= 2 ps/nm
-40
D= 17 ps/nm
-50
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Channel Spacing (nm)

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Effect and consequences

SRS causes a signal wavelength to behave as a pump for longer
wavelengths. Energy is transferred from the shorter to longer wavelengths
Thus the shorter wavelengths are attenuated by this process and longer
wavelengths amplified
SRS takes place in the transmission fiber
SRS (Raman) Amplification

SRS can be used for amplification in the transmission fiber. Using Raman
pumps it is possible to implement a distributed Raman amplifier
f
Transmission Fiber
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Impact of SRS in a DWDM system

-10
-15
Spectrum (dB)
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
-45
-50
1528
1532
1536
1540
1544
1548
1552
1556
1560
Wavelength (nm)
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DWDM Laser
Characteristic
Non-DWDM Laser
Characteristic
Power
Power
lc
lc
Fabry-Perot Laser
Distributed Feedback Laser (DFB)
Spectrally broad linewidth
Dominant single wavelength
Unstable center/peak wavelength
Tighter wavelength control
Characteristic of low-cost SR/IR optics
Can be externally modulated

Necessary for DWDM transmission
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Direct modulation
Directly varying the laser drive current with the information stream to
produce a varying optical output power, 1 and 0
Thermal difference between 1 and 0 state creates wavelength shift,
induces spectral broadening of the laser spectrum Chirping
Spectrally broad, chirped signal has low dispersion tolerance

External modulation
High-speed system to minimize undesirable effects, such a chirping
Modulation achieved through
separate device, for example Lithium Niobate Mach-Zehnder

interferometer
or integral part of the laser transmitter, electro-absorption
Spectrally narrow signal has high dispersion tolerance
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Each modulation format has advantages and disadvantages.

IM-OOK NRZ: Intensity Modulation On Off Keying Non Return to Zero
RZ: return to Zero
ODB: Optical Duobinary
(D)PSK: (Differential) Phase Shift Keying
(D)QPSK: (Differential) Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
PM-(D)QPSK: Polarization Multiplexing (D)QPSK
IM-OOK
(D)PSK
(D)QPSK
EIx (t )
11
1
ERx (t )
01
10
ERx (t )
0
00
x
RZ
EIx (t )
NRZ
Time
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Measures the degree of impairment when the optical signal is
carried by an optical transmission system that includes optical

amplifiers.
Optical Signal to Noise Ratio, expressed in dB, is given by the
following:
OSNR=10 x log(Psig/N) + log (Bm/ Br )
where:
Psig is the optical signal power (mW)
Bm is the resolution bandwidth (nm)
N is the noise power measured in Bm (mW)
Br is the reference optical bandwidth, typically
chosen to be 0.1 nm
Typical OSNR value in 0.5 nm resolution bandwidth is >10 dB

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BER is a key objective of Optical System Design

BER is the number of erroneous bits received divided by the total number
of bits transmitted over a stipulated period
Goal is to get from the Tx to Rx with a BER less than the BER
threshold of the Rx
Typical minimum acceptable system BER is 10-12 (10-15 with
Forward Error Correction)
TX
RX
With no noise
With no Inter Symbol Interference
BER=0 independent of power

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Link Optical Budget = Ptx Prx
Where: Ptx = Transmitter output power
Prx = Receiver input sensitivity to achieve required BER performance

Ptx = +3 dBm
Prx = -26 dBm
Budget = 29 dB
Optical Budget is affected by:

Fiber attenuation
Splices
Patch Panels/Connectors
Optical components (filters, amplifiers, etc)
Bends in fiber
Contamination/dirt on connectors
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FOLDING
Tx bit sequence
The vertical eye opening shows the ability to distinguish between a

1 and a 0 bit
The horizontal opening gives the time period over which the signal
can be sampled
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What causes bit errors:

Noise introduced through receivers and amplifiers
Pulse shape distortion introduced through dispersion and non-linear effects
These contribute to errors in bit detection when determining if a bit is a 1 or a 0
1 Level
Decision Threshold
0 Level
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Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFA)

Operating range: C-band: 1530 to 1565 nm
L-band: 1605 to 1625nm
Gain up to 30 dB, 1000x amplification for small signals
High output saturation power up to +27 dBm, 500 mW
Low signal distortion and cross-talk
Optically Transparent
Signal format and Bit rate independent
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The photon generated by the decay of the

Erbuim ion back to Its fundamental state is in
phase with the signal photon that initiated the
Stimulated Emission
Excited State
Transition to a lower energy state
Metastable State
Energy = h .
Pump Photon
at 980 nm
Energy = h .
+=
Amplified Telecom
Signal
Photon at 1550 nm
Telecom signal
photon at 1550 nm
Fundamental State
Fundamental State
= Erbium Ions
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Gain though high power pump laser(s) at either 980nm or 1480nm pumping
into the absorption bands of the erbium ions
Input and output isolators stop the EDFA lasing due to reflected power
passing back through EDFA
WDM coupler efficiently combines pump and signal wavelengths
Isolator
Signal
Input
980 or 1480 nm
Pump Laser
Erbium
Doped
Fiber
Isolator
Amplified
Signal
Output
WDM Coupler
for pump and
signal
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Basic EDFA
configuration
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Pin
Amplifier
Pout
Gain can be expressed by the ratio of Pout/Pin
Gain is measured more conveniently in dB , calculated by

10 log10 Pout/Pin
If the power is doubled by an amplifier, this is +3 dB
Example: Pout/Pin = 50, Gain = 17 dB
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Total Output Power : +2dBm
Total Input Power : -12dBm

Per channel
input power
-15dBm
Gain 14dB
Per channel
output power
-1dBm
AMP
Constant Power Mode
Constant Gain Mode

Total Output
Power +5dBm
Per channel
power -1dBm
Per channel
power -15dBm
Per channel
power -4dBm
Per channel
power -15dBm
AMP
AMP
Gain Stays Constant : Gain 14dB
Total Output
Power +2dBm
Total Output Power Constant : +2dBm
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For DWDM applications Constant Gain mode is preferred

Automatically corrects amplifier gain for capacity change, ageing
effects, operating conditions
Keep traffic working after network failures

Prevent BER degradation due to network degrade
Constant Power mode suitable for single channel applications
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Erbium absorption and

emission lines.
The multiple emission
lines gives rise to the
broad spectrum of the
EDFA
Pump bands
EDFA non-flat
gain spectrum
Channel Power
Gain band
Non-flat amplified
signal spectrum
Ch1
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EDFAs are the source of noise, Amplified Spontaneous Emission noise

(ASE) in a system
The difference between the optical power of a channel and the noise
power is called the Optical Signal to Noise Ratio, OSNR
Between EDFAs, the OSNR stays constant
The lower the input power to the EDFA the lower the OSNR at the output
The only way to recover OSNR is via an OEO Regeneration.

OSNR is tracked on a per channel basis, each channel will have a
different OSNR
Every optical interface (line card, Transponder etc) has a minimum
OSNR specification that must be met
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Why DWDM?
Optical Basics
DWDM Technology
Agenda

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STM-16 Tx
STM-16 Rx
STM-16 Rx
STM-16 Tx
STM-16 Tx
STM-16 Rx
STM-16 Rx
STM-16 Tx
STM-16 Tx
STM-16 Rx
STM-16 Rx
STM-16 Tx
STM-16 Tx
STM-16 Rx
STM-16 Rx
STM-16 Tx
STM-16 Tx
STM-16 Rx
STM-16 Rx
STM-16 Tx
STM-16 Tx
STM-16 Rx
STM-16 Rx
STM-16 Tx
STM-16 Tx
STM-16 Rx
STM-16 Rx
STM-16 Tx
STM-16 Tx
STM-16 Rx
STM-16 Rx
STM-16 Tx
One traffic channel per fiber pair

40 x 2.5 Gbps channels, 80 fibers
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DWDM systems use optical devices to combine the output of several
optical transmitters
TX
TX
TX
RX
Transmission
RX
Optical
fiber pair
TX
Optical
transmitters
RX
RX
DWDM devices
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receivers
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STM-16 Tx
STM-16 Tx
STM-16 Tx
STM-16 Tx
STM-16 Tx
STM-16 Tx
STM-16 Tx
STM-16 Tx
STM-16 Rx
STM-16 Rx
STM-16 Rx
STM-16 Rx
STM-16 Rx
STM-16 Rx
STM-16 Rx
STM-16 Rx
STM-16 Rx
Tx
STM-16 Rx
Tx
STM-16 Rx
Tx
STM-16 Rx
Tx
STM-16 Rx
Tx
STM-16 Rx
Tx
STM-16 Rx
Tx
STM-16 Rx
Tx
STM-16 Rx
Tx
STM-16 Rx
Tx
STM-16 Rx
Tx
STM-16 Rx
Tx
STM-16 Rx
Tx
STM-16 Rx
Tx
STM-16 Rx
Tx
STM-16 Rx
Tx
Multiple traffic channels on a fiber pair

Each channel transmitted on a different wavelength/color prevents
channel interference and allows them to be separated at the receiving end
40 x 2.5 Gbps channels, 2 fibers
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DWDM
CWDM
Application
Long Haul
Metro
Amplifiers
Typically EDFAs
Almost Never
# Channels
Up to 80
Up to 8
Channel Spacing
0.4 nm
20nm
Distance
Up to 3000km
Up to 80km
Spectrum
1530nm to 1565nm
1270nm to 1610nm
Filter Technology
Intelligent
Passive
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100GHz Grid
Wavelength l
1530.33 nm
Frequency
0.80 nm
195.9 THz
100 GHz
1553.86 nm
193.0 THz
50GHz Grid
Wavelength l
1530.33 nm
0.40 nm
Frequency
195.9 THz
50 GHz
ITU-T l grids are based on 191.7 THz + 100 GHz or + 50 GHz
It is a standard for the channels in DWDM systems
APJC Optical Sales
1553.86 nm
193.0 THz
Cisco Confidential
69
Animated slide
Transponder
Transponder
(O-E-O)
(O-E-O)
OA
Mux/Demux
ROADM
OADM
Rx
Tx
OA
Mux/Demux
To client devices
Direct interface
(IPoDWDM)
APJC Optical Sales
Cisco Confidential
70
Layer 1+ Transport
Transponders
Muxponders
Xponders (L2)
Layer 0 Transport
ROADMs
Multiplexers / Demultiplexers
Amplifiers, DCU
Commons
Chassis
Power Supplies
Processors
Optical Service Channel
APJC Optical Sales
Cisco Confidential
71
40/80 Wavelength DWDM

Metro, Regional, Long Haul scalability
Widely deployed across Carrier, Enterprise, Government, & Education customers
ROADM Leadership
Leader Worldwide Market Share
Any Fiber Topology (mesh, ring, linear, etc)
Any-to-Any Wavelength Provisioning
Service Flexibility
Transponder based Wavelengths
Router/Switch based Wavelengths
Muxponder L1 Aggregation
Xponder L2 Aggregation and Services
Automation and Intelligence

Automated turn-up, Automated Power Control
Advanced GUI, feature rich performance monitoring
APJC Optical Sales
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72
Animated slide
Point to Point
Protected
Point to Point
Dark Fiber
DWDM
Wavelengths
Physical Ring
Wavelength Hub & Spoke
Physical Ring
Wavelength Mesh
APJC Optical Sales
Physical Mesh
Wavelength Mesh
Cisco Confidential
73
RX
to next site
TX
Client
Multiplexer /
Demultiplexer
(router, switch, etc.)
This is a simple and effective solution if

Distance is less than ~60km
Client devices support DWDM interfaces
Client protection (layer 2, layer 3 failover mechanism) is acceptable
Topology is point-to-point only
APJC Optical Sales
Cisco Confidential
74
Animated slide
same chassis
ONS Chassis
ONS Chassis
RX
TX
TX
TX
RX
RX
Client
Sponder
to next site
Multiplexer /
Demultiplexer
Services require
Transponding,
Muxponding, or Xponding
Amplifier(s)
Distance and/or loss is

too high for passive
Services Require Layer 1 (sub-50ms) Protection
One ONS 15454 chassis handles any or all of these features

APJC Optical Sales
Cisco Confidential
75
Animated slide
Point to Point
Protected
Point to Point
Dark Fiber
DWDM
Wavelengths
Physical Ring
Wavelength Hub & Spoke
Physical Ring
Wavelength Mesh
APJC Optical Sales
Physical Mesh
Wavelength Mesh
Cisco Confidential
76
Animated slide
same chassis
ONS Chassis
ONS Chassis
RX
TX
TX
TX
RX
RX
Client
Sponder
Services require
Transponding,
Muxponding, or Xponding
ONS Chassis
to next site
Multiplexer /
Demultiplexer
Physical Network
Topology is a Ring
(3+ nodes) or a Mesh
ROADM
Amplifier(s)
Distance and/or loss is

too high for passive
Services Require Layer 1 (sub-50ms) Protection
One ONS 15454 chassis handles any or all of these features

APJC Optical Sales
Cisco Confidential
77
Animated slide
Traditional OADM
Reconfigurable OADM
pass-thru path
add/drop path
A fixed number of channels

A fixed set of channels
Physical Ring Only (2 Degree)
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Any number of channels (0 to 40/80)

Any set of channels, directional
Physical Ring (2D) or Mesh (Multi-Degree)
Cisco Confidential
78
Animated slide
Fixed or Banded Filter Architecture
ROADM Architecture
Traffic Topology is Fixed

Difficult to Upgrade
Traffic Topology is Fully Flexible (Any-to-Any)

Non-Disruptive Service Additions
APJC Optical Sales
Cisco Confidential
79
Animated slide
Legacy
Two Degrees
32ch 2-Degree
iPLC Technology
32 Channels
Industrys first widely deployed
ROADM
40ch 2-Degree
iPLC Technology
40 Channels
Lower insertion loss than 32WSS
Multi-Degree
40-WXC
9x1 3D MEMS WSS
Core of Mesh ROADM Node
40 Channels 8 Degrees
Add degrees in-service
80-WXC
9x1 3D MEMS WSS
Core of Mesh ROADM Node
Add degrees in-service
Single Module
SMR-1
ROADM & Integrated Pre-Amp
Significant Cabling Reduction
45% Space & Power Reduction
SMR-2
ROADM + Integrated Pre & Post Amp
Significant Cabling Reduction
50% Space & Power Reduction
APJC Optical Sales
Cisco Confidential
80
Animated slide
8 Degrees
40 Channels
80 Channels
Colorless A/D option
2 Degrees
40 Channels
Very compact, single slot
Integrated Pre-EDFA
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4 Degrees
40 Channels
Extremely compact, single slot
Integrated Pre/Post EDFAs
Cisco Confidential
81
EDFA, ROADM, OSA
combined
EDFA
Only one slot required per
degree
4-Degree and cost-
optimized 2-Degree
versions
ROADM
Very few fibers required,
minimize complexity
Thousands in service
OSA
APJC Optical Sales
Cisco Confidential
82
Form Factor
40ch ROADM + Amplifiers in a single slot card
Leaves room for service line cards and for ROADM in
smaller footprints
Price-Point
Allows for ROADM anywhere (and everywhere)
Pay-As-You-Grow pricing option
Simplicity
Very few fibers required
Two Versions:
40ch 4-Degree ROADM
ROADM + Pre + Booster Amplifiers
40ch 2-Degree ROADM
ROADM + Pre-Amplifier
APJC Optical Sales
Cisco Confidential
83
15454-M6
15454-M6
outside plant
outside plant
MD-40
MD-40
Total number of line cards for 40ch ROADM 2D Optical Layer: 2

Total number of cables for 40ch ROADM Optical Layer*: 6
Total number of optical layer devices (line card + passive): 4
All amplifiers are internal to the ROADM

APJC Optical Sales
Cisco Confidential
84
Local Add/Drop
Direction B
Local Add/Drop
Direction A
MD-40
MD-40
To Next Site
Direction B
To Next Site
Direction A
Mesh Patch Panel
To Next Site
Direction D
To Next Site
Direction C
MD-40
Express
Wavelengths
APJC Optical Sales
MD-40
Cisco Confidential
85
Omni-Directional ROADM ports

are not direction specific (re-route
does not require fiber move)
40-WXC
80-WXC
SMR-2
Colorless ROADM ports are not

frequency specific (re-tuned laser
80-WXC
APJC Optical Sales
Cisco Confidential
86
Complete Control in Software, No Physical Intervention Required
Omni-Directional ROADM ports
15454 MSTP
Tunable Receiver Coherent
are not direction specific (re-route

receiver can select one wavelength

among a composite signal (no demux
needed)
Tunable Laser Transmit laser
Flex Spectrum Ability to
can be provisioned to any frequency

in the C-band (96 channels)
provision the amount of spectrum

allocated to wavelength(s) allowing
for 400G and 1T channels.
Embedded Optical
Intelligence
Colorless ROADM ports are
Contention-less - Same frequency
not frequency specific (re-tuned

laser does not require fiber move)
can be added/dropped from multiple

ports on same device.
WSON
Wavelength Switched Optical Network
APJC Optical Sales
Cisco Confidential
87
Why DWDM?
Optical Basics
DWDM Technology
Agenda

APJC Optical Sales
Cisco Confidential
88
Transponder Spec
Speed
2.5G
Transmit Power
0 dBm
Receive Power
-28 dBm
Dispersion Tolerance
1600 ps/nm
OSNR Tolerance
21dB
Outside of spec
Fiber
Type
SMF-28
Distance
120 km
Loss per KM
.25 dB
Dispersion
16.7 ps/nm*km
30dBm
25dBm
5dBm
0dBm
APJC Optical Sales
Cisco Confidential
89
Transponder Spec
EDFA
Speed
2.5G
Input Power
-9 dBm
Transmit Power
0 dBm
Output Power
+5 dBm
Receive Power
-28 dBm
Gain
11 dB
1600 ps/nm
Noise Figure
6 dB
OSNR Tolerance
21dB
Fiber
Type
SMF-28
Distance
120 km
Loss per KM
.25 dB
Dispersion
16.7 ps/nm*km
25dBm
20dBm
0dBm
-9dBm
+5dBm
APJC Optical Sales
Cisco Confidential
90
Transponder Spec
Speed
2.5G
Transmit Power
0 dBm
Receive Power
-28 dBm
1600 ps/nm
OSNR Tolerance
21dB
Outside of spec
Fiber
Type
SMF-28
Distance
120 km
Loss per KM
.25 dB
Dispersion
16.7 ps/nm*km
2004ps/nm
1670ps/nm
334ps/nm
0ps/nm
APJC Optical Sales
Cisco Confidential
91
Transponder Spec
EDFA
Speed
2.5G
Input Power
-9 dBm
Transmit Power
0 dBm
Output Power
+5 dBm
Receive Power
-28 dBm
Gain
11 dB
1600 ps/nm
Noise Figure
6 dB
OSNR Tolerance
21dB
Fiber
Type
SMF-28
Distance
120 km
Loss per KM
.25 dB
Dispersion
16.7 ps/nm*km
35dBm
54ps/nm
25dBm
2004ps/nm
DCF
Compensation
1950 ps/nm
Loss
10 dB
20dBm
1670ps/nm
+0dBm
334ps/nm
9dBm
+5dBm
0ps/nm
APJC Optical Sales
Cisco Confidential
92
Transponder Spec
OSNR
16.9 dB
EDFA 2
Speed
2.5G
Input Power
-35 dBm
Transmit Power
0 dBm
Output Power
-15 dBm
Receive Power
-28 dBm
Gain
20 dB
1600 ps/nm
Noise Figure
6 dB
OSNR Tolerance
21dB
Fiber
Noise
Outside of spec
Type
SMF-28
Distance
120 km
Loss per KM
.25 dB
Dispersion
16.7 ps/nm*km
15dBm
54ps/nm
25dBm
2004ps/nm
DCF
Compensation
1950 ps/nm
Loss
10 dB
20dBm
1670ps/nm
+0dBm
334ps/nm
9dBm
+5dBm
0ps/nm
APJC Optical Sales
Cisco Confidential
93
Option #1
Transponder Spec
OSNR
21.9 dB
RAMAN
Speed
2.5G
Gain
5 dB
Transmit Power
0 dBm
Noise Figure
0 dB
Receive Power
-28 dBm
1600 ps/nm
OSNR Tolerance
21dB
Noise
Add RAMAN
Fiber
Type
SMF-28
Distance
120 km
Loss per KM
.25 dB
Dispersion
16.7 ps/nm*km
15dBm
54ps/nm
20dBm
2004ps/nm
DCF
Compensation
1950 ps/nm
Loss
10 dB
20dBm
1670ps/nm
+0dBm
334ps/nm
9dBm
+5dBm
0ps/nm
APJC Optical Sales
Cisco Confidential
94
Option #2
OSNR
16.9 dB
Transponder Spec
Add FEC to Transponder to

improve ONSR Tolerance
Speed
2.5G
Transmit Power
0 dBm
Receive Power
-28 dBm
1600 ps/nm
OSNR Tolerance (E-FEC)
12 dB
Noise
Fiber
Type
SMF-28
Distance
120 km
Loss per KM
.25 dB
Dispersion
16.7 ps/nm*km
15dBm
54ps/nm
25dBm
2004ps/nm
DCF
Compensation
1950 ps/nm
Loss
10 dB
20dBm
1670ps/nm
+0dBm
334ps/nm
9dBm
+5dBm
0ps/nm
APJC Optical Sales
Cisco Confidential
95
Why DWDM?
Optical Basics
DWDM Technology
Agenda

APJC Optical Sales
Cisco Confidential
96
Following options are available today:

Passive Point-to-Point Architecture (CWDM or DWDM)
Active* Point-to-Point Architecture (DWDM only)
Active* Ring and Mesh Architectures (DWDM only)
CWDM systems usually limited to passive solutions and short spans due
to performance limitation, protections usually performed on client side

DWDM systems provide much better performance and scalability,
protection and restoration capabilities is available in DWDM system
Topology
P2P
P2P
P2P
P2P
P2P
Ring / Mesh
Mode Technology
Passive
Passive
Passive
Passive
Active
Active
CWDM
DWDM
DWDM
DWDM
DWDM
DWDM
Single span
Optical budget **
20 dB
15 dB
12.5 dB
8 dB
> 30 dB
> 30 dB
Single span
distance **
80 Km
60 Km
50 Km
30 Km
> 130 Km
> 130 Km
System capacity
Traffic protection
8 x 2.5G
4 x 100G
8 x 100G
40 x 100G
80 x 100G
80 x 100G
only on client equipment

1+1, Y-cable, PSM
1+1, Y-cable, PSM
1+1, Y-cable, PSM
1+1, Y-cable, PSM
1+1, Y-cable, PSM, Restoration
* Active means management and control capability

** Reference values as actual performance depends on configuration and performance of optical interfaces
APJC Optical Sales
Cisco Confidential
97
DataCenter / SAN extension uses dedicated optical fibers

Scale limited to optical fiber availability, as separate pair of fiber required to add additional
capacity
Protection performed at application level and need to have diverse optical paths
Distances are usually short due to optical performance limitations
Campus Network
Branch Network
Service Provider
Control and Legacy
Control and Legacy
TDM,
Voice,
Etc.
TDM,
Voice,
Etc.
Data Center
Data Center
Direct fiber connection is required.

The same optical cable or diverse paths are used.
Core Site
Metro Area
APJC Optical Sales
Remote Site
Cisco Confidential
98
CWDM or DWDM passive devices can be used to improve optical fiber use, as many
channels can be transported in single optical fiber at the same time

Distances are limited by optical performance of optical interfaces
Interface protection can be done, path protection require diverse optical path
Campus Network
Branch Network
Service Provider
Control and Legacy
Control and Legacy
TDM,
Voice,
Etc.
TDM,
Voice,
Etc.
Colored interfaces are used on client equipment

CWDM or DWDM optical MUX/DEMUX
Data Center
Data Center
Single pair of optical fiber
Core Site
Metro Area
APJC Optical Sales
Remote Site
Cisco Confidential
99
In DWDM systems Optical Service Channel (OSC) can be added to control optical fiber
loss, perform management automation as well to provide management access to remote

site
Campus Network
Branch Network
Service Provider
Control and Legacy
Control and Legacy
TDM,
Voice,
Etc.
TDM,
Voice,
Etc.
Optical Service Channel perform

span loss measurement and enable
management connectivity between nodes
Data Center
O
S
C
Core Site
Data Center
O
S
C
Metro Area
APJC Optical Sales
Remote Site
Cisco Confidential
100
PSM module measure power level of signal and perform protection switching in case if
power level falls beyond specified threshold.

Provide simplest optical protection solution
Unit introduce significant amount of attenuation as result in many cases optical
amplification is required
Campus Network
Branch Network
Service Provider
Control and Legacy
Control and Legacy
TDM,
Voice,
Etc.
TDM,
Voice,
Etc.
PSM Provide simplest protection against fiber cuts
Data Center
O
S
C
Core Site
P
S
M
P
S
M
Metro Area
APJC Optical Sales
Data Center
O
S
C
Remote Site
Cisco Confidential
101
CWDM or DWDM passive devices can be used to improve optical fiber use, as many
channels can be transported in single optical fiber at the same time

Distances are limited by optical performance of optical interfaces
Both port protection and part protection are available, protection switching performed on
client side
Campus Network
Branch Network
Service Provider
Control and Legacy
Control and Legacy
TDM,
Voice,
Etc.
TDM,
Voice,
Etc.
O
S
C
O
S
C
Diverse optical paths can be used for

protection, protection switching performed
on client equipment
Data Center
O
S
C
Core Site
Data Center
O
S
C
Metro Area
APJC Optical Sales
Remote Site
Cisco Confidential
102
WDM Transponders can be used to:

Connect devices which doesnt support CWDM or DWDM interfaces
Aggregate multiple client signals into single optical channel
Gain improvement in optical performance (extend reach)
Perform optical protection switching with guaranteed sub 50 ms connection recovery
Campus Network
Branch Network
Service Provider
Control and Legacy
Control and Legacy
TDM,
Voice,
Etc.
TDM,
Voice,
Etc.
O
S
C
O
S
C
Transponders can be used to achieve

sub 50ms protection switching between
two optical paths
Data Center
T
X
P
T
X
P
Core Site
O
S
C
Data Center
T
X
P
O
S
C
Metro Area
APJC Optical Sales
T
X
P
Remote Site
Cisco Confidential
103
Optical amplification can be added to extend distance between sites in cases when
distance or fiber loss are too high for passive system.

Together with OSC amplifiers are able to automatically adjust to changes in fiber loss
without need to manually change settings in the system
Campus Network
Branch Network
Service Provider
Control and Legacy
Control and Legacy
TDM,
Voice,
Etc.
TDM,
Voice,
Etc.
O
S
C
O
S
C
Optical amplification can significantly

extend reach of DWDM systems.
Single span can reach 250-300km.
Data Center
T
X
P
T
X
P
Core Site
O
S
C
Data Center
T
X
P
O
S
C
Metro Area
APJC Optical Sales
T
X
P
Remote Site
Cisco Confidential
104
Use of ROADM allow to support ring architectures and most used configuration today in
DWDM networks due to simplicity and easy to use together with scale options
High level of integration allow to have all necessary components (OPM, Amplifiers) in
single card, providing compact and simple for management solution
Can be upgraded/extended to cover more advanced configurations or topologies
Campus Network
Branch Network
Service Provider
Control and Legacy
Control and Legacy
TDM,
Voice,
Etc.
TDM,
Voice,
Etc.
O
S
C
O
S
C
ROADM allow to support ring

topologies with possibility to
bypass channels without patching
Data Center
T
X
P
T
X
P
Core Site
O
S
C
Data Center
T
X
P
O
S
C
Metro Area
APJC Optical Sales
T
X
P
Remote Site
Cisco Confidential
105
In Regional / LH DWDM networks Transponders or IPoDWDM cards are used to meet
performance requirements and support error-free transmission on long distances

OSC is required to provide access to intermediate optical amplification (OLA) sites
EDFA and Raman amplifiers are used for optical signal amplification
No generic designs as any design is unique and depends on specific customer requirements
Campus Network
Branch Network
Service Provider
Control and Legacy
Control and Legacy
TDM,
Voice,
Etc.
TDM,
Voice,
Etc.
O
S
C
Data Center
T
X
P
T
X
P
Core Site
O
S
C
O
S
C
O
S
C
Intermidiate amplification sites are

controlled via OSC and support
efficient transmission of the signal
O
S
C
O
S
C
O
S
C
O
S
C
Metro Area
APJC Optical Sales
O
S
C
Data Center
T
X
P
O
S
C
T
X
P
Remote Site
Cisco Confidential
106
Flexible Optical Transport

Flexible Service Options Any Service, Anywhere
Low Latency Optical Network Architecture
L2+ Services, L1 Wavelength Services, Encryption
Carrier Class Quality and Reliability
Simplified Management and Planning Tools
Virtually Unlimited Bandwidth & Scale
Industry leading 100G Solution

Industry Leader in Packet + DWDM Convergence
Industrys Most Compact ROADM Solution
End to End Management with Cisco Prime
APJC Optical Sales
Cisco Confidential
107
Today we have discussed

Why DWDM?
Optical Basics
Closing
DWDM Technology

APJC Optical Sales
Cisco Confidential
108
Thank you.

DWDM 101 - Introduction To DWDM 2

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DWDM 101 - Introduction To DWDM 2

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DWDM introduction

Introduction to DWDM, base applications and architectures

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

APJC Optical Sales

Systems Network Design

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

APJC Optical Sales

Bit-rate and protocol independent transport

upgrades; graceful growth

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

APJC Optical Sales

Transport of bandwidths beyond available interface rates (GE, 10G,

40G, 100G) requires multiple channels.

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

APJC Optical Sales

With standard interfaces, distance is limited to the reach of the specified

interface (e.g. LX, EX, ZX 10 km, 40 km, 80 km depends on fiber).

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

APJC Optical Sales

With standard interfaces, the physical (layer 1) network topology is

restricted to the fiber topology.

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

APJC Optical Sales

Without DWDM (or TDM), service protection must be provided by an

upper layer protocol. This can be complicated and slow.

Transport Section Protection

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Multiplex Section Protection

APJC Optical Sales

Optical Channel Protection

Systems Network Design

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

APJC Optical Sales

Optical communication wavelength bands in the InfraRed:

850 nm over Multimode fiber

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

APJC Optical Sales

Wavelength (Lambda l) of light: in optical communications normally

measured in nanometers, 109m (nm)

APJC Optical Sales

The optical power of a signal can be measured in milliwatts (mW)

Power in dBm = 10 log10 [Optical power (mW)/1mW]

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Optical Power dBm

APJC Optical Sales

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

APJC Optical Sales

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

APJC Optical Sales

An optical fiber comprises of three sections:

The refractive index difference

between core & cladding confines

The coating protects the glass

APJC Optical Sales

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

APJC Optical Sales

Attenuation, two primary loss mechanisms

Polarization mode dispersion (PMD):

2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

APJC Optical Sales

Transmit Power = Ptx (mW)

Receive Power = Prx (mW)

The Insertion Loss or Attenuation between transmitter and receiver is