H

ay kids how are you? Are you enjoying science? If yes let us re call about ELEMENTS

which we learnt previous class. We learnt these elements cannot be bifurcated in to two or more
parts. Chemists have found 115
elements. The smallest unit of any element is called an ATOM.

MODEL OF AN ATOM
Maharishi KANADs model of an
atom :
The modern nuclear epoch was started in 1929; Einstein, Neils
Maharishi Kanad was a
great Indian saint in Vedic period.
According to Kanad if a pure
substance is cut into smaller of
the smallest, ultimately in a stage
will be reached when we cannot
cut or subdivide it further any
more. He named this tiniest of
the tiny particle of substance
ANU. He further believed that
there is a possibility that anu
may be made up of some more
particles.
He
named
these
particles
as
PARAMANU.

Democritus first suggested

the existence of the atom but it
took almost two millennia
before the atom was placed on
a
solid
foothold
as
a
that
atoms
fundamental
chemical object by
John
Dalton (1766-1844).
Although two centuries old,
Dalton's atomic theory remains
valid in modern chemical

Bohr, Enrico ferny, Villard and Oppenheimer led the world to

the dawn of the nuclear epoch.
In spite of the great work of the modern worlds nuclear
scientists, why should we call Maharshi Kanad, the pioneer of
Quantum Mechanics?
The work span of Maharshi Kanad is dated back to the second
century. He was born in the Prabhas region (old name).
Aacharya Soma Sharma was his guru.

John Dolton in 1808 published a theory of atom assuring

are ultimate individual particles of matter.

The term atom comes from
Greek language means individual.

The important points

of Dolton atomic theory are:
1.

Matter consists of small indivisible particulars

called
atoms.
2 Atoms of same elements are alike in all
characteristics.
3 Atoms of different elements are different in all
characteristics.
4 Atoms combine in small whole numbers to form
compound atoms.
5 Atom is the smallest unit of matter which takes
part in a chemical reaction.

J.J. Thomsons model of an atom:

JJ Thomson was an English scientist. In his research in conduction

electric

discharge through gases at very low pressure. In this research he discovered

a particle which was electrically charged. Its mass is equal to 1/1837 of the
mass of Hydrogen. He named this particle as electron.

Hydrogen was considered the lightest atom. It was consider that electron is the part of an
atom. In other words atom in made of sub atomic particles. One of them being electron and an
atom is electrically natural, therefore it was thought

that must be a positively charged particle

with in the atom. That particle should not only have positive charge

but also carry most of the

mass of an atom.
Later Goldstein proved the presence of positively charged particle with in the atom by a
brilliant experiment. Lateral it was found that its mass in almost equal to mass of one atom of
hydrogen. It was named PROTON. In later experiment it in proved that all elements are
composed of electrons and protons. However no two elements have same number of protons
Element

No of Protons

Hydrogen

Helium

Lithium

Beryllium

Boron

Carbon

Nitrogen

Oxygen

Fluorine

As the atom of any element is electrically neutral it is assumed that the number of electrons in
that atom is equal to the number of protons.
Here in the question that how electrons and protons are arranged with in the atom, being
both attach each other. J.J. Thomson at that time proposed an atomic model with the name
APPLE PIE PUDDING MODEL OF ATOM.
This model says that positively changed substance which
is spread very tightly in the form of a sphere. In to this sphere
negatively charged electrons are embedded as pieces at apple
are embedded in the apple pie.
This J.J. Thomsons model of atom was not accepted by fallow physicists as if was unable
to explain how positively charged particulars are shielded from the negatively charged
particles with out getting neutralized.

Discovery of Neutron :-

The mass of an atom is concentrated with its protons and the electrons have practically
negligible mass. Thus atomic mass of an element should be equal the mass of its protons.
When the number of protons was calculated experimentally with in the atom it was found
the mass of the protons was far less than the atomic mass calculated experimentally. This
difference in the mass was explained by saying that with in atom are present particles having
almost the same mass as protons, but no electronic change. These wnum as protons, were
named neutrons. He named this space as nucleus of the atom.
In the nucleus of the atom the protons are held so closely that the forces at short distance
start attracting the protons no matter the positive changes on them try to replay them. There
forces at short distances are called nuclear forces.

As a matter of fact there is equilibrium

between the attraction due to nuclear forces and repulsion due to positive charges.

These the following conditions can be drawn about the nucleus of an

atom:
1. The entire mass of an atom is provided by the mass of the protons and neutrons within in
nucleus , as the electrons have negligible mass
2. The entire positive charge on the nucleus in due to the nuclear of changes on individual
protons.
3. A nuclea is stable in nature because the attraction due to nuclear forces counter balances
the repulsion due to positive charges.
4. Protons and neutrons are collectively called nucleons. For example if there are 4 protons
and 4 neutrons in the nuclear of am atom then the number of nucleons is equal to
4+4=8.

MODERN ATOME MODEL:

1. The modern atomic model is based on the researches conducted by many great scientists

like J.J. Thomson, Ruther Ford, Niels Bhore and Chadwick.

2. A) Proton: It has a unit positive charge on it. Its mass is almost equal to mass of one
atom of Hydrogen. It is denoted by the symbol

P1 Where in the superscript denotes 1

+1

its mass and +1 in the subscript denotes its charge .

B) Electron: it has a unit negative charge on it. Its mass in 1/1837 times mass of one
atom of Hydrogen. ( So,
its mass is negligible). It is denoted by the symbol
denotes its mass and -1 in

-1

e0 where 0 in the superscript

the subscript denotes its charge.

C) Neutron : It has no electric charge on it. Its mass in almost equal the mass of one
atom of Hydrogen. It is
denoted by the symbol
in the subscript denotes

n1. Where 1 in the superscript denotes its mass in amu and 0

its change.
3. Protons and neutrons form the central core of an atom, which is commonly called
nucleus. These protons and
neutrons are bound finally in the nucleus by strong nuclear forces.
4. A) The electrons revolve round the nucleus into fixed orbit (Orbits are called as energy
levels Or Shells) great
speed. Due to this high speed they experience outward pull (centrifugal force). This
force is balanced and
electro station force or attraction between electrons and the nucleons.
B. The electrons in the shells close to nucleolus are held strongly by the electronic pull of
protons. These
electrons are called bound electrons.
However the electrons in the outer most shall experience a very small nuclear force
because the distance between them and the nucleus increase. These electrons are called
Valance electrons.

As the atom of any normal element is electrically neutral, therefore it lam be safely
concluded that the total number of protons in the nucleus is equal to the total number of
electrons revolving around the nuclear.