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Aircraft Propulsion
Introduction
First rotating component that the fluid encounters.
Basic function:
Impart kinetic energy to the working fluid by means of
rotating blades, then
Convert the increase in energy to an increase in total
pressure.
Aircraft Propulsion
Introduction
Design of an efficient axial flow fan/compressor is
a complex process which often involve success or
failure of an engine CFD tools can efficiently be
use for complex 3D analysis and design.
Addition functions:
A small portion of the air is bled to provide some cockpit
and electronic environmental control.
A small portion is bled to provide pressurized air for inlet
anti-icing.
Some of the high-pressure cool air is directed to the
turbine and used to reduce the temperature of hot
turbine blades.
October 27, 2012
Aircraft Propulsion
Geometry
Tip
and
housing
diameter
are
approximately
constant
through
a
Rotor
blades:
do
the
compressor.
work on fluid.
Stationary blades: do
not input any energy
but
necessary
for
guiding the flow.
Aircraft Propulsion
Geometry
Dis
k
Aircraft Propulsion
Aircraft Propulsion
Compressor Stage
Operation
Proper
flow
direction
from
IGV or stator of
previous stage
Conceptual
unwrapping
of middle section
Consider the flow at
some midspan blade
section (between hub
and tip).
3D effects occur in an
actual
compressor
but
for
study
purposes flow in a
cascade is considered
to be 2D.
October 27, 2012
Aircraft Propulsion
A stage:
a rotor wheel carrying
blades
+ a stator assembly
carrying
stationary
Investigation
blades or vanesof stage
aerodynamics is usually
carried out in a cascade
tunnel, an experimental
setup where single or
multi-stage cascades are
tested under simulated
flow conditions.
Absolute velocity V as
seen by an external
observer standing next
to the engine.
Circumferential
velocity U depending
on
rotational
speed
(rpm)
and
radial
position.
Relative velocity Vrel
as seen by an observer
7
sitting on the rotating
2D Simulation in CFD
Aircraft Propulsion
Aircraft Propulsion
Exit
blade
angle
relative to the axis of
the engine..
The
absolute
flow
velocity (velocity in
the
non
rotating
flame) at the IGV exit
is c1.
10
1 Stage Rotor
st
Relate
the
velocities in the
stationary
ref.
frame to those in
rotating frame
Vabs Vrel Vref frame
Resulting velocity in a
rotating frame w1. has
a flow angle 1.
c w U
Abs.
vel.
c1
has
component
in tangential direction
cu1
In axial direction ca1
Rel.
vel.
w1
has
October 27, 2012
component
If 1 = 1 incidence
angle is 0.
Difficult to happen in
off-design conditions
The difference at tailing
edge 2 and 2 is called
the deviation.
Aircraft Propulsion
11
1 Stage Stator
st
Aircraft Propulsion
12
nd
Stage Rotor
Aircraft Propulsion
13
nd
Stage Stator
Aircraft Propulsion
14
Blade
Height
Radius of
the blade
Aircraft Propulsion
15
Aircraft Propulsion
16
sh m
U2 cu2 U1cu1
W
Total Pressure Ratio of the Stage
pt2
U2 cu2 U1cu1
12
1
pt1
cpTt1
Aircraft Propulsion
Percent Reaction
A relation that approximates the relative
loading of the rotor and stator based on
the enthalpy rise:
hrotot h2 h1
%R
1
c22 c12
2
2
w1 w2
Aircraft Propulsion
18
Incompressible Flow
For comparison, the pressure rise and percent
reaction of a turbomachine with an incompressible
fluid can be found from the following equations:
Power Input to the Shaft
sh m
U2 cu2 U1cu1
W
Percent Reaction
%R
1
p2 p1
2
2
pt3 pt1
c2 c1
2
2
w1 w2
Aircraft Propulsion
19
Aircraft Propulsion
20
Aircraft Propulsion
21
Aircraft Propulsion
22
Rotor
w12 1w12
2
M1relative 2
a1
p1
2
2
c
c
2
M 2absolute
22 2 2
a2 p2
p2 1 1w1 Cprotor
1
p1 2
p1
2
p3 1 2 c2 Cpstator
1
p2 2
p2
p2
1
2
1 Cprotor M1relative
p1
2
p3
1
2
1 Cpstator M1absolute
p2
2
Aircraft Propulsion
23