FLUID MECHANICS

U
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t

Mass

M=pV

Volume

based on the object

Area

based on the object

Velocity

Acceleration

Quantity

Formula

v=

Angular
Velocity

Velocity =

s
2N
60

m
2
s

u=

D N
60

Angular
Acceleration

s2

Frequency

Discharge

1
0
1
1

Temperature
Density
Mass Density
Specific
Mass

Distance
Time

f or

Angular Velocity =

m2

m2

cm2

m/s

cm /
s

ft / s

m/
s2

cm /
s2

ft / s2

m / s2

ml, cft,
litres
gallon
square
inch

in all the unit systems

For Rotational Motion; Tangential Velocity is the LINEAR velocity that

may be experienced by a body if it is released from the
Circumference of a Rotating body Units m / s or cm / s
Angular Acceleration =
Radian / sec2 in all the unit
systems

Hz HERTZ = per

Frequency = Time
Volume
Discharge =
Time
Velocity

Density =

second in all the

systems
= Area *

m3 / s

m3 /
s

Degree Celcius C
KELVIN K

= V

FPS

g
cm3

Radian / sec

Angle RADIAN
Time

Angle RADIAN
TimeTime

= s

Q = AV

Velocity
Time

CGS

kg
m3

m/s

Acceleration = TimeTime =

MKS

kg
m3

Distance

Tangential
Velocity

SI

Mass = Density * Volume

m
s

a=
6

Units

Expansion

Mass
Volume

kg / m3

kg /
m3

cm3 /
s

cft / s

Degree Fahrenheit F

g / cc

lb / ft3

U
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1
2

Weight
Density
Specific
Weight
Unit Weight

1
3

Force

1
4

Weight

1
5

Work
Energy

1
6
1
7
1
8

Quantity

Pressure

==

N/
m3

kg(f) /
m3

g(f) /
m3

lb
(f)/cft

Force = Mass * Acceleration

N = kg
m / s2

kg(f)

g(f)

lb ( f )

W=mg

Weight = Mass * Acceleration due

to Gravity

N or
kN

kg(f)

g(f)

lb ( f )

W = Fs

Work or ENERGY = Force *

Displacement

Joule J
N-m

kg(f)m

g(f)- m

W
V

F = ma

Formula

p=

Weight
Volume

Specific Weight =

F
A

Units

Expansion

Pressure =

Stress

SI

MKS

Pascal ,
Pa = N / m2
kPa = kN / m2
MPa = MN / m2
MPa = N / mm2

Force
Area

CGS

kg(f) /
m2
kg(f) /
cm2

g(f) / cm2

Same as that of Pressure

Viscosity
1
9

Dynamic

psi =
Pounds
per
square
inch

Same as that of Pressure

Modulus of
Elasticity
Coefficient
of

FPS

du/dy

Viscosity =

Shear Stress
Velocity Graident

Ns
m2
kg
ms

Poise

dynes
cm2
gm
cms

kg(f)
s/m2

cm2 / s

ft2 / s

Viscosity

1 Ns/m2 = 10 Poise
2
0

2
1

Kinematic
Viscosity

Power

P=Fu

Kinematic Viscosity =
Dynamic Viscosity
Density

Power=

Work
=ForceVelocity
Time

m2 /
s
Watt
W

kW
Joules/

m2 /
s

( STOKE )

kg(f) m / g(f) m /
s
s

s
Power for Linear Motion

P = Fu
Power for Rotational Motion

and also
2
2

Power for Rotational Motion

Surface
Tension

Surface Tension =

F
length

Surface Tension for Liquid JET

pd
2

2
3

Un
it

Capillarity

Quantity

P= T*
=

P=

2NT
60

where N speed of Rotation in rpm

T - Torque = Force * Radius

Force
Length

kg(f)/
m

N/m

ST for Liquid DROP

pd
4

=
4 cos
g d

h=

Equation of
State for
gases

2
5

Gas
Constant

2
6

Universal
Gas
Constant

2
7

Compressibility =

pV = RT
R =
p
T

pV = nM
1
K

g(f)/m
ST for BUBBLE

Capillary rise / fall = h =

Expansion

p*
RT

SI

Pressure * Specific Volume

Temperature
Gas Constant =
Joule

Pressure
DensityTemperature
N Number of Moles in volume of a
RT gas
K Bulk Modulus

kgK
M =

Units
MKS

pd
8

m
c
m

DensityAcceleration due
4SurfaceTensioncosine of Angle of Contact
gravityDiameter of Tube

Formula

2
4

2N
60

where = Angular velocity =

CGS

Gas Constant *
kgfm
kgK

Mass of Gas Molecules

Mass of a Hydrogen Atom

FPS

2
8

Bulk
Modulus

K=

2
9

Pressure

P=
gh

dp
dV
V

Pressure and Volume are INVERSELY

Proportional; that is Volume DECREASES
Increase Pressure
K Volumetric Strain
when Pressure INCREASES hence the -ve
sign
psi =
Pa =
Pound
kg(f )
g (f )
Pascal =
s per
Pressure = Density *
m2
cm2
N
squar
Acceleration due to gravity
m2
e inch
* Height/ Depth of Liquid
MPa =
kg(f )

ksc =

N
mm2

U
ni
t

3
0

Specific
Gravity S or
G

3
1

Pressure
HEAD

3
2

Cd
Coefficient
of Discharge

Quantity
/ Name

object
water

S=

H=h=
p
g

C d=

Continuit
y
Equation

Density of givenliquid /solid

Density of WATER

Pressure Head =

No
unit

object
water

S=

DensityAccel due
Pressure
Gravity

cm

inche
s

Qact
Qtheo

Formula

Q = AV
2

cm2

AV=
Constant = Q
A1V1 = A2V2
= .

Expansion
Discharge = Area of Cross
Section of Flow * Velocity of Flow

Units
SI

MKS

CGS

m3/s

m /
s

cm3/s
litre /
sec

FPS

Discharg
e

Eulers
Equation

Q=

V
t

Discharge=
dp gdz
+

Bernoulli
s
Equation
4

For
IDEAL
Fluids
IDEAL
Flow

Bernoulli
s
Equation
for
REAL
Fluids
REAL
Flow

Pressure Head
= Constant
p 1 (v 1) 2
+
+
g
2g

z1

> TE2

Datum Head

p 2 (v 2) 2
+
g
2g

cm3/s

IDEAL
Flow /
Fluid

Total of the 3
Energy HEADs
at END Point 2
= TE2

Total of the 3 Energy

HEADs at END Point 2

as the flow moves forward, the TOTAL

ENERGY Head decreases gradually
To make the total equal on both sides, ADD
the LOSSES at the END POINT as shown below

2
p 1 v1
+
g 2 g

litre /
sec

for

Total of the 3 Energy

HEADs at STARTING
Point 1

m3/
s

= Constant

Velocity Head

z2
Total of the 3
Energy HEADs at
STARTING Point 1
TE 1

TE 1
TE2
TE 1

m /s
3

+ vdv = 0

p v2
+
g 2 g

Volume
Time

+ z1 =

2
p 2 v2
+
g 2 g

+ z2

+ HEAD LOSSES

for

REAL
Flow /
Fluid

Un
it

Quantity /
Name
MAJOR
HEAD loss
due to
FRICTION

Formula
DARCY WEISBACH
Formula

Friction
Coefficient

f=
f =

7
7
7
7

16
Re

0.079
(Re)1/4

MAJOR HEAD
loss due to
FRICTION

hf =

4 fl v
2 gd

if Re < 2,000
i.e
if flow of
LAMINAR
( Viscous)

Expansion

hf

HEAD loss due to

FRICTION
f Coefficient of FRICTION
l length of PIPE or Length of
FLOW
v Flow Velocity
g Acceleration due to gravity
d Pipe Diameter

if Re > 4,000 and upto 106

CHEZYs
Formula
V = C (mi)
i = Hydraulic
Gradient

MINOR Loss due to SUDDEN

ENLARGEMENT
MINOR Loss due to SUDDEN
CONTARCTION
MINOR Loss at INLET
( Entrance )
MINOR Loss at OUTLET
( EXIT )

SI

MKS

Units
CGS

FPS

f value depends on
the value of REYNOLDs Number Re

Friction COEFFICIENT

vD vD
=

- rho - Density ofthe Liquid flowing in

the pipe
V velocity of the flow
D diameter of the pipe
- dynamic viscosity of the liquid
- nu kinematic viscosity of the liquid

i.e if the flow is TURBULENT

V velocity of flow
C Chezys
constant
hf
i=
L
2
V 1V 2

he=
k V 22
hc=
c
2g
2
V
hi=0.5
i
2g

m HYDRAULIC
MEAN DEPTH
A
m=
P

A WETTED Area of Pipe

( Area of Flow )
P WETTED Perimeter of Pipe
( Perimeter of Flow )

h
h

where k = (

1
1 2
Cc

V2
2g

ho

ho=

kV
hb=
2g

MINOR Loss due to BEND

hb

MINOR Loss due to

OBSTRUCTION

hobs

K coefficient of bend depends on

i) Angle of Bend
ii) Radius of Curvature of Bend
ii)
Pipe Diameter

hobs=

V2
A
(
1)
2 g Cc ( Aa)

A Pipe Area
A Obstruction area

7
U
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#
8

MINOR Loss due to FITTINGS

Quantity
/ Name

Formula

HGL

Hydraulic Gradient
Line

hfit

hfit =

TEL

Total Energy Line

Pipes in
SERIES
( Compou
nd
Pipes )

The EQUIVALENT
Pipe DIAMETER for
a given set of
PIPES IN SERIES is

1
0

Pipes in
PARALLE
L

for Pipes in
PARALLEL,
HEAD Loss in EACH
Pipe
is the SAME

1
1

Power
Transmis
sion
through
PIPES

Units

HGL =

p
g

TEL =

SI

+ z

p v
+
g 2 g

+ z

Q = Q1 = Q2 = Q3
= .

P=

L
Hh
gQ

Efficiency of
Power
Transmission

K coefficient of Pipe Fitting

Expansion

k V 2
2g

L L1 L2 L3 L 4
= 5 + 5 + 5 + 5+
5
d d d d d

This equation is also

called

DUPUITs
equation
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3
+.

HhL
H

CGS

FPS

HGL is the line joining the VERTICAL

Ordinates given by the SUM of PRESSURE
Head + DATUM Head
TEL is the line joining the VERTICAL Ordinates
given by the SUM of PRESSURE Head +
DATUM Head + KINETIC Head

L Sum of the Lengths L1 L2 L3 L4 ..

D Diameter of the EQUIVALENT Pipe which
will have the same TOTAL head Loss as in the
Pipes in SERIES
d1, d2, d3, d4 diameters of the pipes in
series

f1 = f 2

from
2
1

f 1 l 1 v f 2 l 2 v 22
=
d1
d2

hf1 = hf2
P Power available
at the OUTLET /
END of the Pipe
Q Discharge
Condition for
MAXIMUM Power
Transmission

MKS

H TOTAL HEAD available at the INLET of the

Pipe

hL

= TOTAL HEAD LOSSES ( friction and all

MINOR Losses )

L=

H
3

Maximum Possible
Efficiency of Power
Transmission through Pipes =

66.667 %