Lythuyetmach

Bi ging
L THUYT MCH IN
Bin son: Cung Thnh Long
B mn K thut o v Tin hc cng nghip
Khoa in
Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni
H Ni - 2006
Kt cu chng trnh:
A. Hc k 1
Mch in tuyn tnh
B. Hc k 2
+ Mch in phi tuyn
+ L thuyt ng dy di
C. Hc k 3
L thuyt trng in t
Ti liu tham kho

[1]. PGS. Nguyn Bnh Thnh & cc cng s, C s k thut
in (quyn 1, 2, 3), Nh xut bn i hc v trung hc chuyn
nghip (1971)
[2]. Norman Balabanian, Electric Circuits, McGraw-Hill, Inc
(1998)
MCH C THNG S TP TRUNG
MCH IN TUYN TNH

Chng 1. Khi nim v m hnh mch in
Chng 2. c im ca mch in tuyn tnh ch xc lp iu ho
Chng 3. Phng php gii mch in tuyn tnh ch xc lp iu ho
Chng 4. Quan h tuyn tnh v cc hm truyn t ca mch in tuyn tnh
Chng 5. Mng mt ca v mng hai ca tuyn tnh
Chng 6. Mch in tuyn tnh vi kch thch chu k khng iu ha
Chng 7. Mch in ba pha
Chng 8. Mch in tuyn tnh ch qu
Chng I
KHI NIM V M HNH MCH IN
I.1. Hin tng in t - M hnh m t h thng in t

I.2. nh ngha v cc yu t hnh hc ca mch in
I.3. Cc phn t c bn ca mch in Kirchhoff
I.4. Hai nh lut Kirchhoff m t mch in
I.5. Graph Kirchhoff
I.6. Phn loi cc bi ton mch
I.1. HIN TNG IN T - M HNH M T H THNG IN T

in t l hin tng t nhin, mt th hin ca vt cht di dng
sng in t
M t cc h thng in t: m hnh mch v m hnh trng
i
E(x,y,z,t)
Ngun
Ti
H(x,y,z,t)
1. M hnh mch
+ Ch c thng tin ti mt s hu hn im trong h thng
+ Cc phn t c bn: R, L, C, g
+ Da trn c s 2 nh lut thc nghim ca Kirchhoff
Vi m hnh mch, chng ta tp trung mi hin tng in t lin tc trong
khng gian vo mt phn t c th, do khng thy c hin tng truyn
sng trong h thng!
M hnh mch l m hnh gn ng ca qu trnh in t, b qua yu t khng

gian
2. iu kin mch ho
Bc sng ca sng in t rt ln hn kch thc thit b in
dn in ca dy dn rt ln hn dn in ca mi
trng ngoi
I.2. NH NGHA V CC YU T HNH HC CA MCH IN
1. nh ngha
Mch in:
+ mt tp hu hn cc phn t c bn l tng ghp vi nhau mt
cch thch hp sao cho m t c truyn t nng lng in t
+ bin c trng: dng in v in p (trn cc phn t ca mch)
I.2. NH NGHA V CC YU T HNH HC CA MCH IN
2. Cc yu t hnh hc ca mch in
L1
R1
e1
L2
i1
R3
R2
e2
i3
Nhnh
Nt (nh)
L3
C3
Cc phn t mch
i2
Vng
I.3. CC PHN T C BN CA MCH IN KIRCHHOFF
Phn t c bn
+ i din cho mt hin tng in t trn vng xt
+ c biu din bng phn t mt ca
+ c 1 cp bin bin c trng dng in v in p trn ca
+ ni ti cc phn khc ca mch in qua ca.
1. in tr R, in dn g
i
u
+ in tr c trng cho qu trnh tiu tn trn vng xt

+ Quan h dng p: ur = ur ( ir )
+ n v: Ohm () v cc dn xut: k, M,
Nu quan h u(i) l phi tuyn: in tr phi tuyn

Nu quan h u(i) l tuyn tnh: in tr tuyn tnh
u(V)
u = Ri
+ Nghch o ca in tr R l in dn g. n v in
dn l Siemen (S)
i(A)
2. in dung C
+ in dung C c trng cho hin tng tch phng nng
lng in trng trong vng xt
i
u
+ Quan h dng p: q = q u
dq
,i =
dt
+ tn s thp, in tch q ph thuc in p t vo

vng xt. a s quan h q(u) l tuyn tnh
+ Khi q(u) tuyn tnh: in dung C tuyn tnh
q
q(u)
u
q = Cu,
i = C du ,
dt
u = 1 idt
C
+ n v in dung: Farad (F) v cc dn xut ca F

3. in cm L
i
u
+ c trng cho hin tng tch phng nng lng t

trng trong vng xt
+ Quan h dng p: = ( i ),
u = d
dt
Khi (i) phi tuyn: in cm L l phi tuyn
Khi (i) tuyn tnh: in cm L l tuyn tnh
= Li,
i
u = L di
dt
+ n v ca in cm: Henry (H) v cc dn xut
4. H cm M
i1
= i ,i , = i ,i
1
22
u1
i2
21
12
u2
11
1 1 2
2 1
d 1 1 ' 1 '
=
i1 +
i2 = L1i1' + M12i2'
dt
i1
i2
d
u2 = 2 = 2 i1' + 2 i2' = M 21i1' + L2i2'

dt
i1
i2
u1 =
M12 = M21 = M gi l h s h cm gia 2 cun dy

xc nh du ca in p h cm phi bit v tr khng gian ca cc cun dy
Khi nim cc tnh ca cc cun dy
4. H cm M
Nguyn tc: Khi chiu dng ging nhau vi mi cc tnh ca cc cun dy
c lin h h cm th trong mi cun dy chiu t thng t cm v h cm
trng nhau.
i1
L1
u1
u1 = L1i1' Mi2'
L2
*
i2
u2
u2 = L2i2' + Mi1'
Du ca in p t cm v h cm ph thuc vo chiu dng

in p quy c tnh cho nhnh cha phn t h cm

5. Ngun p, ngun dng
5.1. Ngun p
ik
-Ngun p c lp
-Ngun p ph thuc
5.2. Ngun dng
uk
-Ngun dng c lp
-Ngun dng ph thuc
Thc t vn
hnh khng
c php
ngn mch
ngun p, h
mch ngun
dng!

6. M hnh phn t thc
+ tp hu hn cc phn t l tng ghp vi nhau 1 cch thch hp
R
+ c nhiu m hnh tip cn mt phn t thc

+ sai s m hnh ho phn t thc:
= MH + TT

7. Vn trit tiu ngun trong mch
Ch trit tiu ngun trn s , phc v vic phn tch mch!
+ Ngun c lp:
- ngn mch ngun p
- h mch ngun dng
+ Ngun ph thuc:
- trit tiu nguyn nhn gy ra ngun ph thuc
I.4. HAI NH LUT KIRCHHOFF M T MCH IN

1. Lut Kirchhoff 1
C
+ Pht biu:
k =1
i3
i2
=0
+ ngha: th hin tnh lin tc ca dng

in qua mt mt kn (trng hp ring l
qua mt nh ca mch)
R
i1
2. Lut Kirchhoff 2
m
+ Pht biu:
u
k =1
=0
+ ngha: th hin tnh cht th ca qu

trnh nng lng in t trong mt vng
kn
R1
L3
R4
e1
e2
L2
I.4. HAI NH LUT KIRCHHOFF M T MCH IN

3. S phng trnh Kirchhoff c lp m t mch
L1
R1
e1
L2
i1
R3
Vi mch c n nhnh, d nh th:

R2
L3
C3
i2
e2
i3
-S phng trnh Kirchhoff 1 c lp

l d -1 phng trnh
-S phng trnh Kirchhoff 2 c lp
l n d + 1 phng trnh
Phn tch mch da trn h cc phng trnh Kirchhoff m

t mch!
I.5. GRAPH KIRCHHOFF

j
+ nh ngha
i1
i2
R1
i3 C
R3
*
L2
R4
L4
R2
e1
i4
+ Cy (ca Graph)
i5
R5
*
e5
3
1
+ Cnh (s phng trnh K1 c

lp)
+ B cnh (s phng trnh K2
c lp)
+ Vit phng trnh K1 t Graph
Kirchhoff
+ Vit phng trnh K2 t Graph
Kirchhoff
I.6. PHN LOI CC BI TON MCH
+ Bi ton phn tch

+ Bi ton tng hp
Chng II
C IM CA MCH IN TUYN TNH CH
XC LP IU HO
II.1. Khi nim chung

II.2. Hm iu ho v cc i lng c trng
II.3. Phn ng ca nhnh R, L, C, R-L-C vi kch thch iu ho
II.4. Quan h dng, p dng phc trn cc nhnh c bn R, L, C, R-L-C
II.5. Hai nh lut Kirchhoff dng phc
II.6. Cng sut
C IM CA MCH IN TUYN TNH CH XC LP IU HO
II.1. KHI NIM CHUNG
+ Mch in tuyn tnh

+ Ch qu
+ Ch xc lp
+ Tn hiu dao ng iu ho
+ Mch in tuyn tnh ch xc lp iu ho
+ Tnh cht xp chng mch in tuyn tnh
II.2. HM IU HO V CC I LNG C TRNG

1
Xt dng iu ho i(t) = Imsin(t + i)
0.8
0.6
0.4
- Bin dao ng cc i Im
1
- Tn s gc = 2 f , f =
T
- Gc pha ban u i
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
Im
-0.6
-Gi tr hiu dng:
-0.8
-1
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Im
1 2
I=
i
dt
=
T 0
2
II.3. C IM CA MCH IN TUYN TNH CH

XC LP IU HO
1. ch xc lp iu ho, trong mch tuyn tnh dng v p bin thin iu
ho cng tn s
i ( t ) = I m sin (t + i )
1.1. Vi in tr
uR ( t ) = Ri (t ) = 2 RI sin (t + i ) = 2U sin (t + u )
1.2. Vi in cm
uL ( t ) = L
di
= 2 LI cos (t + i ) = 2 LI sin t + i +
dt
2
uL ( t ) = 2U L sin (t + u )

XC LP IU HO
1.3. Vi t in
1
1
idt
=
2 I sin (t + i )
C
C
1
1
2 I cos (t + i ) =
2 I sin t + i
uC ( t ) =
2
C
C
uC ( t ) =
uC ( t ) = 2U sin (t + u )
1.4. Vi mch RLC ni tip
u ( t ) = Ri + L
di 1
+ idt = 2U sin (t + u )
dt C

XC LP IU HO
2. ch xc lp iu ho, cc i lng dng v p ch c trng bi hai

thng s l tr hiu dng v gc pha u. Do , c th biu din bng s phc
hoc vector.
2.1. S phc
a + jb = Ae j
a = A cos ; b = A sin
2.2. Biu din phc cc i lng in
i
a
-Cc i lng vt l (dng, p, sc in ng,

ngun dng): dng ch in hoa c du chm pha
trn
- Cc gi tr tng tr, tng dn, dng ch in hoa

XC LP IU HO
2.2. Biu din phc cc i lng in
V d:
I = 5 300 i ( t ) = 5 2 sin (t + 300 )
U = 50e j 45 u ( t ) = 50 2 sin (t 450 )

Chuyn h phng trnh vi phn thnh h phng
trnh i s tuyn tnh!

XC LP IU HO
2.3. Quan h dng, p dng phc trn cc phn t R, L, C, RLC
2.3.1. Phn t R
u R = Ri = RI 2 sin (t + i )
i
uR
Biu din:
I = I i
Ta c:
U R = RI i = U u = RI
I
U

XC LP IU HO
2.3.2. Phn t L
Biu din
i
uL
Ta c
Do :
I
I = I i
di
uL = L = LI 2 sin t + i +
2
dt
U L = LI i + = j LIe j i
2
U L = Z L I; Z L = j L = jX L
Vi ZL l tng tr phc ca in cm L, XL l cm khng
U L
ZL

XC LP IU HO
2.3.3. Phn t C
Biu din
i
uC
C
Ta c
Do :
I = I i
I
1
1
uC = idt =
I 2 sin t + i
2
C
C
j i
1
1
2

UC =
Ie
=j
Ie j i
C
C
1

UC = j
I = Z C I = jX C I
C
ZC l tng tr phc ca in dung C, XC l dung khng
U C
ZC

XC LP IU HO
2.3.4. Phn t RLC
C
i
u = Ri + L
di 1
+
idt
dt C
U = RI + jX L I jX C I = R + j ( X L X C ) I = ZI
Z l tng tr ca mch, X = XL XC l in khng
U
ZL
ZC
I
U Ue j u
Z = = j i = Z e j
I
Ie
Z = R 2 + X 2 ; = artg
X
R
2.3. C IM CA MCH IN TUYN TNH CH

XC LP IU HO
2.3.4. Phn t RLC
R = Z cos
j
U L
U X
U C
U R = U cos
U
i
U R
X = Z sin
U X = U sin
Tam gic tng tr
Tam gic in p
Ch cc mi
quan h ny
v tam gic
cng sut
phn sau!
II.4. LUT KIRCHHOFF DNG PHC

ch xc lp iu ho:
n
I
k =1
=0

U
k =0
k =1
II.5. CNG SUT
1. Cng sut tc thi: p =ui

V d nhnh gm 3 phn t RLC ni tip
p = pR + pL + pC = I 2 sin t.IR 2 sin t

+ I 2 sin t. LI 2 cos t I 2 sin t.
1
I 2 cos t
C
p = RI 2 (1 cos 2t ) + I 2 ( X L X C ) sin 2t
2. Cng sut tc dng
T
P=
1
1
1
2
pdt
=
p
dt
+
p
dt
=
RI
r
X
T 0
T 0
T 0
P = RI 2 = ZI .I .cos = UI cos
n v: Wat
(W)
v dn xut
II.5. CNG SUT

3. Cng sut phn khng
Q = XI 2 = Z sin .I .I = UI sin
VAr
4. Cng sut biu kin
S = UI
VA
S = P +Q
2
4. Cng sut phc
= P + jQ
S = UI
Q
P
Chng III
CC PHNG PHP PHN TCH MCH TUYN
TNH CH XC LP IU HO
III.1. Khi nim chung

III.2. Phng php dng in nhnh
III.3. Phng php dng in vng
III.4. Phng php in th nh
III.5. Ba phng php c bn dng ma trn
CC PHNG PHP PHN TCH MCH IN TUYN TNH CH XC LP IU HA
III.1. KHI NIM CHUNG
- Da trn hai nh lut Kirchhoff

- Nguyn tc: i bin v bin i s mch
- Ba phng php c bn: dng nhnh, dng vng, th nh
Gii mch
trong min
nh phc!
III.2. PHNG PHP DNG IN NHNH
1. Nguyn tc:
-Chn n l dng in cc nhnh
- Lp v gii h phng trnh i s trong min
phc m t mch theo 2 nh lut Kirchhoff
2. Lu :
- V h cm (K2)
- V ngun dng (2 cch vit)
3. V d
J
j
i1
R1
e1
R3
i2
*
i3 C
i4
L2
R2
R4
L4
I1
i5
R5
*
e5
Z1
E1
Z3
I2
Z2
*
I3
I4
Z5
ZM
I5
Z4
E 5
3. V d
I1 I2 I3 + J = 0
I3 I4 + I5 J = 0

Z1 I1 + Z 2 I2 Z M I4 = E1
Z 2 I2 + Z 3 I3 + Z 4 I4 + Z M I4 Z M I2 = 0
Z M I2 + Z 4 I4 + Z 5 I5 = E 5
III.3. PHNG PHP DNG IN VNG
1. Nguyn tc:
- Chn n l dng in khp kn cc vng c lp ca
mch
- Vit phng trnh theo lut Kirchhoff 2 cho cc dng
vng
2. Lu :
- V ngun dng
- V dng in nhnh
- V h cm
3. V d
J
I1
Z1
E1
Z3
I2
Z2
*
I3
I4
Z5
ZM
I5
Z4
E 5
- Xt mch nh hnh v trn

- Chiu vng chn nh cc mi tn m t trong hnh
3. V d
( Z1 + Z 2 ) Iv1 ( Z 2 + Z M ) Iv 2 Z M Iv3 = E1

( Z 2 + Z M ) Iv1 + ( Z 2 + Z 3 + Z 4 + 2 Z M ) Iv 2 + ( Z 4 + Z M ) Iv 3 = JZ
3
Z M Iv1 + ( Z M + Z 4 ) Iv 2 + ( Z 4 + Z 5 ) Iv 3 = E5
III.4. PHNG PHP IN TH NH
1. Nguyn tc:
+ Chn n l th cc nh c lp. Vit (h) phng trnh K1 theo
th cc nh chn
+ Gii (h) phng trnh thu c nghim l th cc nh c lp
+ Tnh dng in trong cc nhnh theo lut m tng qut
Xt lut m:
I
U AB
E
ZI E = U AB
U AB = A B
+
E
A
B
I =
= Y ( E + A B )
Z

2. Lu :
+ Khng tin s dng phng php in th nh cho
mch c h cm (khi gii tay)
3. V d
J
Xt mch in:
I1
ZM = 0!
Z1
E1
Z3
I2
Z2
*
I3
I4
Z5
ZM
I5
Z4
E 5

3. V d
J
B
A
I1
Z3
I2
Z1
Chn 2 nh c lp:
I3
I4
I5
Z5
Z2
Z4
E1
C
I3 = Y3 ( A B )
E 5
A , B
C = 0 - Gc
Z1 I1 + U AC = E1
E1 A

I1 =
= Y1 ( E1 A )
Z1
I = A = Y I = B = Y
2
2 A
4
4 B
Z2
Z4
I5 = Y5 ( E 5 B )

3. V d
J
B
A
I1
Z3
I2
Z1
Phng trnh K1 cho 2 nh A v B:
I3
I4
I5
Z5
Z2
Z4
E1
E 5
I1 I2 I3 + J = 0

I 3 I 4 + I 5 J = 0
T c h phng trnh th nh:
(Y1 + Y2 + Y3 ) A Y3 B = Y1 E1 + J
Y3 A + (Y3 + Y4 + Y5 ) B = Y5 E5 J

4. Tng qut
Mch c 2 nh c lp:
YAA A YAB B = YkA E kA + JlA
k
l

YAB A + YBB B = YnB EnB + J mB
n
m
Mch c 3 nh c lp:
YAA A YAB B YACC = YkA E kA + JlA

k
l
YAB A + YBB B YCBC = YmB E mB + JnB

m
n
Y Y + Y = Y E + J
hC hC
gC
AC A CB B CC C
h
g
III.5. BA PHNG PHP C BN DNG MA TRN

Xt mch in nh hnh v:
J
A
I1
Z1
E1
Z2
*
I3
Z3
I2
I4
Z5
ZM
Z4
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
I5
E 5
V1 V2 V3
C
+ Bng s nhnh nh v ma trn nhnh nh A
+ Bng s nhnh vng v ma trn nhnh vng C
A
C
Z
1. Vi ma trn nhnh nh A
+ Vector dng in nhnh I
n
+ Vector in p nhnh
U n
+ Vector sc in ng nhnh
+ Vector th nh
d
+ Vector ngun dng nh
Jd
U n = Ad (1)
A I + J = 0 ( 2 )
T n
E n
I1

I = I 2
n
...

I
n
U1

U 2

Un =
...

U
n
E1

E 2

En =
...

E
n
Jd 1
d 1

Jd = ... d = ...
J

dd
dd
(1) Lut Ohm cho cc nhnh
(2) Lut Kirchhoff 1

1. Vi ma trn nhnh nh A
Xt v d minh ha cho u bi, ta c:
1 0
1
0
A = 1 1
0 1
E1

0
E n = 0

0
E
5
I1

I2

In = I3
I
4
I
5
A

d =
B
I1 I2 I3 + J 0

=
AT In + Jd = 0
I I + I J 0
3 4 5
J
Jd =

J
U1

U 2

U n = U 3
U
4
U
5

A
U1

U
A
2

Ad = U n A B = U 3
B
U 4

B
U5

2. Vi ma trn nhnh vng C
Cng vi cc vector lp vi ma trn nhnh nh A, ta lp thm:
+ Vector Jn:
- Nhnh c ngun dng khp qua, cng chiu dng in

trong nhnh, ghi J; ngc chiu dng ghi - J
- Nhnh khng c ngun dng khp qua ghi 0
- Dng ma trn ct
+ Vector
+ Ta c:
Iv
- Dng ma trn ct
- Mi phn t l mt dng vng c lp chn
In = CIV + Jn ( 3)

C U = 0 ( 4)
T
(3) chuyn i dng nhnh dng vng

(4) phng trnh Kirchhoff 2

2. Vi ma trn nhnh vng C
V d, trong mch in xt u bi
1 0 0
1
0
C = 0 1 0
0
1
1
0 0 1
Iv1

I = I
v
v2

I v3
0

0
Jn = J

0
0


3. Ma trn tng tr nhnh Z
+ Nguyn tc lp:
Zkk tng tr trn cc nhnh

Zij tng tr h cm gia hai nhnh i v j
+ V d:
Z1
Z2
-ZM
Z3
-ZM
Z4
Z5
Chiu dng nhnh vo cc

phn t h cm ngc nhau so
vi cc cc cng tnh th zij
mang du m!
+ Ta c:
U n = ZIn E n ( 5 )
(5) lut m cho nhnh c ngun

4. H phng trnh dng nhnh dng ma trn
+ Phng trnh K1: kt qu (2)
+ Phng trnh K2: thay (5) vo (4) ta c CT ZIn E n = 0 CT ZIn = CT E n
+ V ta c h phng trnh dng nhnh:
AT In + Jd = 0
CT ZIn = CT E n
(6)

5. H phng trnh dng vng dng ma trn
Thay (3) vo (6) ta c:
CT Z ( CIv + Jn ) = CT E n
cng chnh l h phng trnh dng vng dng ma trn
CT ZCIv = CT E n CT ZJn

6. H phng trnh th nh dng ma trn
T (5):
U n = ZIn E n Z 1U n = In Z 1 E n In = Z 1 (U n + E n )

AT Z 1U n + AT Z 1 E n + Jd = 0
Thay vo (2) ta c:
Theo (1) U n = Ad
Thay (1) vo (*) ta c phng trnh th nh:
AT Z 1 Ad = AT Z 1 E n + Jd
(*)

7. Lu
+ S dng Matlab gii mch in (chun b lm th nghim)

+ Cch vit dng ma trn cho php gii mch c h cm d
dng theo c 3 phng php
Chng IV
QUAN H TUYN TNH
V CC HM TUYN T CA MCH IN TUYN TNH
IV.1. Khi nim

IV.2. Phng php xc nh h s truyn t trong QHTT
IV.3. Mt s hm truyn t thng gp
IV.4. Truyn t tng h v truyn t khng tng h
IV.5. Bin i tng ng s mch in
QUAN H TUYN TNH V CC HM TRUYN T CA MCH IN TUYN TNH
IV.1. KHI NIM

Quan h tuyn tnh
- Trong mch tuyn tnh, cc i lng dng, p nu coi mt nhm l
kch thch, mt nhm l p ng th chng quan h tuyn tnh vi
nhau.
V d:
I1 ( E 3 ) = Y13 E 3 + I10

I1
U1
I2
U 2
U1 = Z11 I1 + Z12 I2 + U10

U = Z I + Z I + U
2
21 1
22 2
20
- H s trong quan h tuyn tnh: h s truyn t hay hm truyn t

- H s truyn t ph thuc kt cu mch, tn s ngun. Chng c
th nguyn Ohm, Siemen hoc khng th nguyn
IV.2. PHNG PHP XC NH H S TRUYN T

TRONG QHTT
1. Xc nh hm truyn t trong quan h tuyn tnh (QHTT)
Nguyn tc: da vo 2 nh lut K1, K2
Phng php:
+ Phng php th nht: Vit phng trnh phc cho
mch ri gii tm cc h s QHTT (cc hm truyn t
HT)
+ Phng php th hai: Xt cc ch c bit trong
mch tm HT (thng l cc ch cho php xt
QHTT on gin hn)

TRONG QHTT
2. V d xc nh hm truyn t trong quan h tuyn tnh (QHTT)
I1
Z1
E1
Tm quan h:
I3
Z2
E 2
I1 ( E1 , E 2 ) , I3 ( E1 )
Dng tng qut:
I1 = Y11 E1 + Y12 E 2 + I10
Z3
Cch 1: Gii trc tip mch xc nh cc h s
+ Vit phng trnh th nh:
Y1 E1 + Y2 E 2
A =
Y1 + Y2 + Y3
Do :
Y1Y2
I = Y ( E ) = Y1 (Y2 + Y3 ) E
E 2
1
1
1
A
1
Y1 + Y2 + Y3
Y1 + Y2 + Y3
Y1 (Y2 + Y3 )
Y1Y2
Y11 =
, Y12 =
, I10 = 0
Y1 + Y2 + Y3
Y1 + Y2 + Y3

TRONG QHTT
I1
Z1
E1
Cch 2: Xt cc ch c bit
I3
Z2
E 2
+ Cho trit tiu 2 ngun p, t mch suy ra:
Z3
+ Cho:
I10 = 0
E1 = 0, E 2 0
I1

Khi , t phng trnh, ta c: I1 = Y12 E2 Y12 =
E 2

Y2 E2
A =
T mch:
V: I1 = AY1 =
Y1 + Y2 + Y3
Do :
Y12 =
Y1Y2
Y1 + Y2 + Y3
Y1Y2
E 2
Y1 + Y2 + Y3

TRONG QHTT
I1
Z1
E1
Cch 2: Xt cc ch c bit
I3
Z2
E 2
Z3
+ Cho:
E1 0, E 2 = 0

I
T phng trnh: I1 = Y11 E1 Y11 = 1
E1
T mch:
Y1 (Y2 + Y3 )
Y1 E1

A =
, I1 = Y1 ( E1 A ) =
E1
Y1 + Y2 + Y3
Y1 + Y2 + Y3
I1 Y1 (Y2 + Y3 )
Do : Y11 =
=

E1 Y1 + Y2 + Y3
Nguyn l xp chng mch in tuyn tnh
IV.3. MT S HM TRUYN T THNG GP

1. Tng dn vo ca mt nhnh
I1
Z1
E1
I1 Y1 (Y2 + Y3 )
Y11 =
=

E1 Y1 + Y2 + Y3
I3
Z2
Z3
Y11 gi l tng dn vo ca nhnh 1

Tng qut:
In
Ynn =
E n
Vi iu kin cc ngun khc ca mch trit tiu

2. Tng tr vo ca mt nhnh
I1
Z1
E1
1
11
Z11 = Y
I3
Z2
Z3
Y1 + Y2 + Y3
=
Y1 (Y2 + Y3 )
Tng qut:
E n E n
Z nn =
Ek = 0, k n
=

In
I n
Jl = 0, l

3. Tng dn tng h
I1
Z1
E1
I3
Y31 =
E1 E = 0, J = 0
I3
Z2
Z3
ngha: kh nng gy dng trn nhnh 3 ca

ngun trn nhnh 1
Tng qut:
Il
Ylk =
E k E = 0, J = 0

4. Tng tr tng h
I1
Z1
E1
I3
Z2
U1 U1
Z13 =
=

I3 E = 0
I 3
Ni chung:
Z3
Tng qut:
Z lk Ylk1
U l
Z lk = , ( J l = E k = 0; l , m k )
Jk
Zlk bng p truyn n cp ca l bi ngun dng Jk=1A ti ca k
IV.4. TRUYN T TNG H V TRUYN T

KHNG TNG H
E1
Gi thit phn mch gia hai nhnh 1 v 2

khng cha ngun, ta c:
I2
I2 = Y21 E1

Nu
I1
E 2
E1 = E 2
v
v
I1 = Y12 E 2
I1 = I2
th
Y12 = Y21
Khi , ni mch truyn t tng h, ngc

li c mch truyn t khng tng h
ngha: Nu thun tin, c th o ngun t nhnh ny sang nhnh khc

tnh dng khi gia 2 nhnh c quan h truyn t tng h.
IV.4. TRUYN T TNG H V TRUYN T

KHNG TNG H
Mch cha cc phn t R, L, C, M tuyn tnh v cc ngun

c lp th c tnh truyn t tng h.
IV.5. BIN I TNG NG S MCH IN
1. Mc ch: gip vic tnh ton phn tch mch in n gin hn

2. Nguyn tc: dng in v in p trn ca ca phn mch trc
v sau bin i phi gi nguyn gi tr

3. Mt s php bin i c bn
3.1. Bin i nhnh cc phn t mc ni tip
I Z1
Z2
Zn
U
I
U
U = ( Z1 + Z 2 + ... + Z n ) I
n
U = ZI
E = E k
k =1
Z = Zk
I
U
k =1
I
U
E
E1
E 2
E n

I
U
3.2. Bin i cc nhnh khng ngun mc song song
Z1
Z2
Zn
I
U

U
I =
Z

I = U + U + + U
Z1 Z 2
Zn
n
1 1
1
1
= +
+ +
Y = Yk
Z Z1 Z 2
Zn
k =1
Tng t cho cc ngun dng cng u vo hai nh xc nh no :

n
J = Jk
k =1

V d:
Cho mch in nh hnh v, tnh dng in trong cc nhnh ca mch?
Z1 I1
U
I2
Z2
I3
Z3
Z1 I1
U
Bin i s mch in, ta c:
Z 2 .Z 3
1
1
1
=
+
Z 23 =
Z 23 Z 2 Z 3
Z 2 + Z3
I1 =
Z 23
U
Z1 + Z 23

Z
I
2 1
I3 =
Z 2 + Z3

I = Z 3 I1
2
Z 2 + Z3

3.3. Bin i sao tam gic
Y :
Z1
Z1 =
Z2
Z3
Z12 .Z13
Z12 + Z13 + Z 23
Z2 =
Z12 .Z 23
Z12 + Z13 + Z 23
Z3 =
Y :
Z12
Z13
Z 23
ZZ
Z12 = Z1 + Z 2 + 1 2
Z3
Z 23 = Z 2 + Z 3 +
Z 2 Z3
Z1
Z13 = Z1 + Z 3 +
Z1Z 3
Z2
Z13 .Z 23
Z12 + Z13 + Z 23

V d:
I6
I1
Z6
I2
Z2
Z3
Z1
E1
I3
Chuyn Z2, Z4, Z6 ni tam gic thnh ni

sao, mch s d phn tch hn.
I4 C
Z 4 I5
Z5
E 5
ZA =
Z2 Z6
Z2 + Z4 + Z6
ZC =
Z4 Z6
Z2 + Z4 + Z6
Mch s c dng:
ZB =
Z2Z4
Z2 + Z4 + Z6

V d:
I1
Z1
E1
ZA
ZC C
ZB
B I
3
Z3
Ik , k = 1,3,5
I2 , I/4 , I6
Trong mch mi tm cc dng:
I5
Z5
E 5
T tm nt cc dng:
U AB = U AO + U OB = Z A I1 + Z B I3

I = U AB
2
Z2
I4 = I3 I2
I6 = I2 I1

3.4. Bin i tng ng cc nhnh song song cha ngun
I
U
U
Ta c, trong s trc bin i:
I1
I
Z1
E1
I2
Z2
J
U U
E
+ J
I = I1 + I2 + J I = 1
Z1
Z2

I = U 1 + 1 + E1 + J
Z1 Z 2 Z1
Trong s sau bin i:
Z
E
Ta c:
1 1
1
= +
Z Z1 Z 2
E
U
I = +
Z Z
E Y1 E1 + J

E =Z +J=
Z1
Y1 + Y2
Chng V.
MNG MT CA V MNG HAI CA TUYN TNH
V.1. Khi nim v mng mt ca Kirchhoff

V.2. Phng trnh c trng ca mng mt ca
V.3. nh l Thevenin v Norton
V.4. iu kin a cng sut cc i ra khi mng 1 ca
V.5. Khi nim v mng hai ca Kirchhoff
V.6. Cc dng phng trnh mng hai ca
V.7. Ghp ni cc mng hai ca
V.8. Mng hai ca hnh T v
V.9. Cc hm truyn t p v hm truyn t dng
V.10. Phn tch mch c cha phn t phc hp
V.1. KHI NIM V MNG MT CA KIRCHHOFF

1. nh ngha
+ Mng mt ca l mt phn ca mch in tn cng bng mt ca
+ Bin trng thi ca mng mt ca: cp bin dng v p trn ca
2. Phn loi
- Mng mt ca khng ngun
- Mng mt ca c ngun
V.2. PHNG TRNH C TRNG CA MNG MT CA
I
U
+ Phng trnh c trng:
U = ZI + U 0
Z v U0 xc nh t 2 ch sau:
+ H mch ca, tm U0
+ Ngn mch ca, tm Z
+ Mng 1 ca khng ngun: thay tng

ng bng mt tng tr duy nht. (Xem
li php bin i tng ng mch in)
+ Mng mt ca c ngun: thay tng
ng theo nh l Thevenin hoc Norton
U 0 = U h
U 0
U h
=
Z =
I
Ing
ng
I
U
U 0
V.3. NH L THEVENIN V NH L NORTON

1. nh l Thevenin
C th thay tng ng mng mt ca phc
tp, c ngun bng s my pht in n
gin c tng tr trong bng tng tr vo ca
mng 1 ca khi trit tiu cc ngun v sc in
ng bng in p trn ca ca mng khi h
mch ngoi.
2. nh l Norton
C th thay tng ng mng mt ca c
ngun bng s my pht in ghp bi mt
ngun dng (bng dng ngn mch mng mt
ca) ni song song vi tng dn bng tng dn
vo ca mng khi trit tiu cc ngun.
I
U
U 0
I
U Y
J
V.3. NH L THEVENIN V NH L NORTON
U
U
I = 0 (1)
Z Z
: T (1) v (2), ta c th
thy tnh tng ng ca hai
nh l v cch chuyn i
thng s gia hai s
Thevenin v Norton!
I
U
U 0
J ( 2 )
I = UY
I
U Y
J
V.4. IU KIN A CNG SUT CC I RA KHI MNG

MT CA
Nguyn tc: dng nh l Thevenin chuyn mng mt ca v s
my pht tng ng n gin ni vi ti.
Z ng
E
I
Zt
Cng sut:
E
rt
2
P = r I = rt
= E
2
2
Z
( rng + rt ) + ( xng + xt )
2
t t
xng = xt
P ln nht khi:
V:
rt
d
=0
2
drt ( r + r )
ng t
Tm c iu kin cng sut pht ln ti ln nht nh sau:
Z t = Z ng
V d
A
Z1
E1
Z 3 B I5
Z4
Z2
I5
Z5
E 5
Z td
Z5
E td
E 5
C
Cn tnh dng trong nhnh 5 ca mch in. p dng nh l Thevenin
a mch v dng hnh v pha bn phi.
Z td = Z 4 ss Z 3nt ( Z1ssZ 2 )
E td = U BC
E td c th tnh nh sau:
Z AC = Z 2 ss ( Z 3 ntZ 4 )
U AC =
E1
Z AC
Z1 + Z AC
I5 = 0
U AC

U BC = Etd =
Z4
Z3 + Z 4
V.5. KHI NIM V MNG HAI CA KIRCHHOFF

1. nh ngha
- L mt phn ca mch in tn cng bng hai ca Kirchhoff
- Bin trn ca:
U1 , I1 ,U 2 , I2

I1
U1
I2
U 2
2. Phn loi
- Mng hai ca c ngun v mng hai ca khng ngun
- Mng hai ca tuyn tnh v phi tuyn
V.6. CC DNG PHNG TRNH MNG HAI CA
I1
U1
I2
U 2
Trn c s quan h tuyn tnh, c th k ra

6 dng phng trnh c bn
1. B s A
U1 = A11U 2 + A12 I2 + U10

I1 = A21U 2 + A22 I2 + I10
Mng 2 ca tuyn tnh, tng
h th det A = 1
Khng ngun:
U10 = I10 = 0
Dng ma trn:
U1 A11
=
I1 A21
A12 U 2 U10
+
A22 I 2 I10
Xc nh b s c trng A qua cc ch : ngn mch ca 1, h mch

ca 2
I1
2. B s B
U 2 = B11U1 + B12 I1 + U 20

I 2 = B21U1 + B22 I1 + I20
Dng ma trn:
U 2 B11
=
I 2 B21
B12 U1 U 20
+
B22 I1 I 20
I2
U 2
U1
B=A
Xc nh b s B theo hai ch : ngn mch ca 1 v h mch ca 1

3. B s Z
I1
U1 = Z11 I1 + Z12 I2 + U10

U 2 = Z 21 I1 + Z 22 I2 + U 20
Dng ma trn:
U1 Z11
=
U 2 Z 21
I2
U1
U 2
Mng khng ngun:
Z12 I1 U10

+
Z 22 I 2 U 20
Mng hai ca tuyn tnh, tng h th:
U10 = U 20 = 0
Z12 = Z 21
Xc nh b s Z qua vic xt hai ch : h mch ca 1 v h mch ca 2

4. B s Y
I1
U1
I2
U 2
I1 = Y11U1 + Y12U 2 + I10

I 2 = Y21U1 + Y22U 2 + I20
Dng ma trn:
I1 Y11 Y12 U1 I10

=
+
I 2 Y21 Y22 U 2 I 20
Y = Z 1
Xc nh b s Y qua vic xt hai ch : ngn mch ca 1 v ngn

mch ca 2

5. B s H
I1
U1
I2
U 2
U1 = H11 I1 + H12U 2 + U10

I 2 = H 21 I1 + H 22U 2 + I20
Dng ma trn:
U1 H11
=
I 2 H 21
H12 I1 U10

+
H 22 U 2 I 20
Xc nh b s H qua hai ch : h mch ca 1 v ngn mch ca 2

6. B s G
I1
U1
I2
U 2
I1 = G11U1 + G12 I2 + I10

U 2 = G21U1 + G22 I2 + U 20
Dng ma trn
I1 G11 G12 U1 I10

=
+
U 2 G21 G22 I 2 U 20
G = H 1
Xc nh b s G qua hai ch : ngn mch ca 1 v h mch ca 2

7. Nhn xt
- Mi mng 2 ca c mt b s c nh, ph thuc vo kt cu v thng s
ca mch.
- Mng 2 ca c ngun, khng tng h c 6 h s c lp
- Mng 2 ca khng ngun, khng tng h c 4 h s c lp
- Mng 2 ca khng ngun, tng h c 3 h s c lp ( Z12 = Z21, detA =
1)
- Mng 2 ca i xng c 2 h s c lp

8. V d
I1
U1
I2
Z2
Z1
Xc nh b s Z ca mng 2 ca
hnh bn?
E
U 2
Phng trnh tng qut:
U1 = Z11 I1 + Z12 I2 + U10

U 2 = Z 21 I1 + Z 22 I2 + U 20
Xc nh qua 3 ch :
+ H mch 2 ca
I1 = I2 = 0
Ta c:
U10 = U1 = 0

U 20 = U 2 = E

8. V d
I1
U1
E
Z1
- T mch, tm
+ H mch ca 1:
I2
Z2
U1 , I2
U 2
- T phng trnh, ta c:
U1
Z12 =
U1 = Z12 I2
I2

U 2 = Z 22 I 2 + E Z = U 2 E
22
I2
E )
E
Z
U
(
U
1
2
I2 = 2
, U1 = Z1 I2 =
Z1 + Z 2
Z1 + Z 2
Do :
I1 = 0
U1
U 2 E
Z12 =
= Z1 , Z 22 =
= Z1 + Z 2
I
I
2
2

8. V d
I1
U1
Z1
- T mch, tm
Do :
+ H mch ca 2:
I2
Z2
E
U 2 , I1
U 2
I2 = 0
- T phng trnh, ta c:
U1
Z11 =

I1
U1 = Z11 I1

U 2 = Z 21 I1 + E Z = (U 2 E )
21
I1

U
U 2 = Z1 I1 + E , I1 = 1
Z1
U1
U 2 E Z1 I1 + E E
Z11 =
= Z1 , Z 21 =
=
= Z1
I
I
I
1
1
1

8. V d
B s Z ca mng 2 ca hnh bn
tm c nh sau:
U1 Z1
=
U 2 Z1
Z1 I1 0
+
Z1 + Z 2 I 2 E
I1
U1
I2
Z2
Z1
Lu :
T dng phng trnh ny c th suy ra dng
phng trnh khc ca mng 2 ca
E
U 2
V.7. GHP NI CC MNG HAI CA
1. Ni xu chui
I2
I1
U1
A2
A1
I2
I1
U1
A
A = A1. A2
U 2
U 2
2. Ni ni tip
I2
I1
Z1
U1
I2
I1
I2
I1
U 2
U1
Z2
Z = Z1 + Z 2
U 2

3. Ni song song
I1
U1
I2
U 2
Y1
U1
U1
I2
I1
Y2
U 2
Y = Y1 + Y2
I2
I1
U 2
V.8. MNG HAI CA HNH T V
Z d 2 I2
I1 Z d 1
U1
Zn
Tnh b s A ca mng 2 ca hnh T.

Phng trnh b s A:
U 2
U1 = A11U 2 + A12 I2

I1 = A21U 2 + A22 I2
H mch ca 2:
T mch, ta c: I1 =
Do :
U1Z n
U1

, U 2 = I1Z n =
Zd1 + Zn
Zd1 + Zn
Z
U1
= 1 + d1
A11 =
U 2
Zn
I1
1
A21 =
=
U 2 Z n
Z d 2 I2
I1 Z d 1
U1
Ngn mch ca 2:
T mch, ta c:
U 2
Zn
I1 =
Z n + Z d 2 ) U1
(
U1
=
Zn Zd 2
Z d 1Z n + Z d 2 Z n + Z d 1Z d 2
Zd1 +
Zn + Zd 2

Z
U
n
1
I2 =
Z d 1Z n + Z d 2 Z n + Z d 1Z d 2
Z d 1Z d 2
U1
Do :
A12 =
= Z d1 + Z d 2 +
I
Zn
2
Zd 2
I1
A22 = = 1 +
I
Z
2
Z d 2 I2
I1 Z d 1
U1
Zn
U 2
Zd1
1 + Z
n
A=
1
Zn
Z d 1Z d 2
Z d1 + Zd 2 +
Zn
Zd 2
1+
Zn
C th thay mng hai ca Kirchhoff bt k cng b s A ca n bng 1

mng hnh T tng ng, vi cc thng s nh sau:
1
Zn =
A21
1
Zd1 =
( A11 1)
A21
Zd 2
1
=
( A22 1)
A21
Mng hnh
Zd
U1 Z n1
Z n 2 U 2
C th thay tng ng mng 2 ca Kirchoff khng ngun bt k

vi b s A ca n bng mng hnh . Trong :
Z d = A12
A12
Z n1 =
A22 1
Zn2
A12
=
A11 1
V.9. CC HM TRUYN T P V HM TRUYN

T DNG
Khi quan tm n vic truyn tn hiu i l mt trong hai trng thi
dng hay p trn ca v qu trnh truyn chng i qua mng, khi
ch cn xt cc hm truyn t (khng cn xt c h 2 phng trnh
vi 4 thng s c trng ca mng)
U 2
+ Hm truyn t p: K u =
U1
I2
+ Hm truyn t dng: K i =
I1
S2
+ Quan h cng sut: K s =
S1

T DNG
+ Khi ti bin thin th cc hm truyn t ph thuc vo c thng s

ca mng v ti
I2
I2
1
Ki = =
=
I1 A21U 2 + A22 I2 A21Z 2 + A22
U 2
I2 Z 2
Z2
Ku =
=
=
U1 A11 I2 Z 2 + A12 I2 A11Z 2 + A12

S 2 U 2 I 2
Ks =
= = Ku Ki

S1 U1 I1

T DNG
Khi quan tm ti vic trao i nng lng tn hiu vi mch ngoi,

khng xt s truyn t gia hai ca, ta cn dng khi nim tng tr
vo ca mng.
U1 A11Z 2 + A12

Z v1 =
=
I
A21Z 2 + A22
1
U1
I1
Z v1
+ Tng tr vo ngn mch v h mch

+ Ha hp ngun v ti bng mng hai ca
I2
Z2
U 2
V.9. PHN TCH MCH CHA PHN T PHC HP
Vi mng mt ca:
S dng nh l Thevenin v Norton
Vi mng hai ca:
S dng b s Y, Z v da vo h phng trnh c trng ca
mng gii (thay th bng ngun dng v ngun p ph thuc)
+ Dng phng php th nh cho ngun dng
+ Dng phng php dng vng cho ngun p
Khuych i thut ton:

+
- in tr vo
- in tr ra
- H s khuych i trong
S thay th tng ng:
+
+
( + )
Rv
Rr
S thay th ca khuych i mc vi sai:
Rv
Rv
( + )
Rr
Chng VI
MCH IN TUYN TNH VI KCH THCH CHU K
KHNG IU HA
VI.1. Nguyn tc chung

VI.2. Gii mch in c kch thch mt chiu
VI.3. Tr hiu dng v cng sut ca hm chu k
VI.4. V d p dng
VI.5. Ph tn ca hm chu k khng iu ha
MCH IN TUYN TNH VI KCH THCH CHU K KHNG IU HA
VI.1. NGUYN TC CHUNG
- Thc t cn tnh mch in c kch thch chu k khng sin (h

thng in c cu chnh lu c ln, h quang in, bin tn,)
- Phng php gii:
+ Phn tch ngun chu k thnh tng cc thnh phn
iu ha (khc tn s)
eT ( t ) = ek ( t ) = 2 Ek sin ( kt + k )
+ Cho tng thnh phn kch thch tc ng, tnh p ng
ca mch
+ Tng hp kt qu
i ( t ) = ik ( t )
u ( t ) = uk ( t )
VI.1. NGUYN TC CHUNG
- Ngun chu k c chuyn sang thnh tng cc tn hiu iu

ha da vo chui Fourier
f ck ( t ) = f 0 + Fkm cos ( k t+ k )
k =1
k Z+
- Tn s s bn ca cc thnh phn iu ha
VI.2. GII MCH IN C KCH THCH MT CHIU

1. c im ca mch mt chiu
+ Ngun mt chiu: gi tr khng i theo thi gian
+ ch xc lp:
di
du
= 0,
=0
dt
dt
Do :
I0 R
I0
I0 C
U 0 = RI 0
U L0 = L
IC 0 = C
dI 0
=0
dt
du
=0
dt
VI.2. GII MCH IN C KCH THCH MT CHIU

2. Cch gii mch in mt chiu ch xc lp
+ B qua nhnh cha t khi gii mch
+ B qua cun cm trong nhnh cha cun cm
+ Mch ch cn cc phn t in tr
+ H phng trnh lp theo phng php dng nhnh,
dng vng, th nh DNG I S
+ Cc php bin i mch vn ng cho mch mt chiu
VI.3. TR HIU DNG V CNG SUT CA HM CHU K

1. Tr hiu dng
i ( t ) = ik ( t ) = 2 I k sin ( kt + k )
Vi dng in:
2
1 2
1
I=
i dt =
2I k sin ( kt + k ) dt
T 0
T 0
1
1
I = ik2 dt + ik il dt =
T 0
T 0
Tng t:
U=
2
U
k
k
E=
I
k
2
k
2
k
VI.3. TR HIU DNG V CNG SUT CA HM CHU K

2. Cng sut
Cng sut a vo phn t:
T
1
1
P = uT iT dt = uk ik dt
T 0
T 0
P=
1
1
u
i
dt
+
uk il dt = Pk
k k
T0
T 0
+ H s mo: K meo =
iT
uT
2
I
k
k 1
I1
+ H s nh:
K dinh
Im
=
I
VI.4. V D P DNG
1. V d th nht
u
A
u = 20 + 100 2 sin 314t + 20 2 sin ( 3.314t 200 ) V

R = 10; L = 0,1H ; C = 106 F
Tnh s ch ca ampemet, vonmet v cng sut
ngun?
Gii
+ Cho thnh phn mt chiu tc ng:

Do C h mch nn:
I 0 = 0 A U C 0 = 0V
P0 = U 0 I 0
+ Cho thnh phn xoay chiu th nht tc ng: ( = 314rad / s )
VI.4. V D P DNG
1. V d th nht
R
U1
j L
1
j
C
Z1 = R + j L
C

I = U1 U = j 1
1
C1
Z1
C
Pu1 = Re U1 I1
U1 = 100(00
I1
{ }
+ Cho thnh phn xoay chiu th hai tc ng
( = 3.314rad / s )
S tnh ton vn nh trn nhng tng tr ca cun cm v t C

thay i
1

U 3 = 20( 20 V Z 3 = R + j 3 L
1
U C 3 = j
I3
Pu 3 = Re U 3 I3
3C
0
{ }

U
I3 = 3
Z3
VI.4. V D P DNG
1. V d th nht
+ Tng hp kt qu:
- S ch ca ampemet:
I = I 0 + I1 + I 3 = I1 + I 3
- S ch ca vonmet:
U c = U C 0 + U C1 + U C 3
- Cng sut tc dng ca ngun:
Pu = Pu 0 + Pu1 + Pu 3 = Pu1 + Pu 3
VI.4. V D P DNG
2. V d th hai
i1
L1
i2
R2
R1
e1
C2
e1 = 10 + 100 2 sin103 t V
i3
e3 = 220 2 sin (103 t 200 ) + 150 2 sin ( 3.103 t + 400 ) V
R3
V
A
I 20 = 0 A; I10 = I 30 =
e3
R1 = 100; L1 = 0, 2 H ; R2 = 50; C2 = 104 F ; R3 = 50

Tnh s ch ca vonmet, ampemet, i3 ( t ) , Pe1 , Pe 3 ?
Gii
+ Cho thnh phn mt chiu tc ng:
E10
R1 + R3
U C 0 = I 30 R3
PE10 = E10 I10 ; PE 30 = 0
VI.4. V D P DNG
2. V d th hai
+ Cho thnh phn xoay chiu th nht tc ng: = 103 rad / s
I11
R1
E11
I31
Z L11
Y11 E11 + Y31 E 31

A1 =
Y11 + Y21 + Y31
I21 A
R2
Z C 21
R3
E31
I11 = Y11 ( E11 A1 ) I21 = Y21 A1

I31 = Y31 ( E31 A1 ) U C11 = Z C 21 I21
PE11 = Re E11 I11
PE 31 = Re E 31 I31
VI.4. V D P DNG
2. V d th hai
+ Cho thnh phn xoay chiu th hai tc ng
I13
R1
I33
Z L13
I23
R2
R3
E 33
Y33 E 33
A3 =
Y13 + Y23 + Y33
I13 = Y13 A3 I23 = Y23 A3
I = Y ( E ) U = Z
33
Z C 23
( = 3.10 rad / s )
33
PE13 = 0
33
A3
C 23
PE 33 = Re E 33 I33
I
C 23 33
VI.4. V D P DNG
2. V d th hai
+ Tng hp kt qu:
- S ch ca ampemet:
I1 = I102 + I112 + I132
- S ch ca vonmet:
U C = U C2 20 + U C2 21 + U C2 23
- Gi tr tc thi ca dng in i3:

- Cng sut cc ngun:
V
i3 ( t ) = I 30 + i31 ( t ) + i33 ( t )
PE1 = PE10 + PE11
PE 3 = PE 31 + PE 33
W
W
VI.5. PH TN CA HM CHU K KHNG IU HA

1. Ph bin v ph pha
- Tn hiu chu k c phn tch thnh:
Fkm , k
f (t ) = Fkm cos ( k t+ k )
0
phn b theo tn s v ph thuc vo dng ca
Fkm = Fkm ( ) , k = k ( )
f (t )
c gi l ph bin v ph pha ca hm chu k
- Vi cc hm chu k: Fkm(), km() c gi tr khc khng ti cc im ri

rc k trn trc tn s, ta gi l ph vch hay ph gin on.
- Tn hiu khng chu k (xung n hoc tn hiu hng), c th coi T, do
0. Cc vch ph xt nhau, phn b lin tc theo tn s, ta c ph c
hay ph lin tc.
- Vi cc tn hiu chu k dng i xng qua trc thi gian, chui Fourier
khng c thnh phn iu ha chn, ph s trit tiu cc im 2k

2. Dng phc ca ph
+ Tn hiu biu din di dng ph tn qua cc cp ph: Fkm
( k ) , k ( k )
+ mi tn s k, ph tn xc nh bng mt cp: Fkm , k

Biu din cc cp s module gc pha ny di dng phc. Cc gi tr ny
phn b ri rc theo tn s, to thnh ph tn phc.
Fkm = Fkm e j k
1
1
j k jkt
f (t ) = f 0 + Fkm cos ( k t+ k ) = f 0 + Fkm e e + Fkm e j k e jkt
2 1
2 1
1
1
1
f (t ) = Fkm e j k e jkt = Fkm e jkt
2
2
( *)
(*) l cng thc lin h gia hm thi gian v ph tn ca n

2. Dng phc ca ph
( *)
1
1
f (t ) = Fkm e j k e jkt = Fkm e jkt
2
2
( *)
c gi tr phc ri rc theo tn s . Tr tuyt i ca moule

hm s l ph bin , cn argumen l ph pha.
Quy c:
1
Fom e j 0 = f 0
2
F0 m = 2 f 0 ; 0 = 0

3. Tnh ph phc theo tn hiu cho
jkt
e
Nhn hai v ca (*) vi
ly tch phn trong mt chu k:
1
jkt
f ( t ) e
d t =
2
Fkm =
Fkm dt +
1 j (l k )t
Fkm e
d t
l = 2
f (t ) e jkt dt
( *)
Chng VII.
MCH IN BA PHA
VII.1. Khi nim v h thng ba pha

VII.2. Mch ba pha c ti tnh i xng
VII.3. Mch ba pha c ti tnh khng i xng
VII.4. o cng sut mch ba pha
VII.5. Phng php cc thnh phn i xng
MCH IN BA PHA
VII.1. KHI NIM V H THNG BA PHA

- H thng in ba pha c s dng rng ri
- H thng ba pha gm ngun ba pha v ti ba pha
Z
A
- Ngun ba pha gm 3 sc in ng mt pha,

c to bi my pht in 3 pha.
1. Cu to ca my pht in ba pha:
+ Stato: hnh tr rng, ghp t cc l thp k
thut in, t 3 cun dy AX, BY,CZ, lch
nhau i mt mt gc 1200
+ Roto: hnh tr, l nam chm in nui bng
ngun mt chiu, quay t do trong lng stato
MCH IN BA PHA
Khi roto quay, trong cc dy A, B, C xut hin cc sc in ng

xoay chiu
Z
A
AX:e A ( t ) = E A 2 sin t
BY:e B ( t ) = EB 2 sin (t 1200 )
CZ : eC ( t ) = EC 2 sin (t 2400 )
E A = EB = EC
MCH IN BA PHA

2. M hnh ni ngun ba pha (c ti)
Y
Z
eA
ZA
eB
ZB
eC
ZC
+ y l m hnh ni ring bit ba

pha
+ Thc t ngi ta ni sao (Y)
hoc tam gic () c pha ngun v
ti
MCH IN BA PHA

Ni dy h thng ba pha
- Ni sao:
X Y Z
ZA
ZB
ZC
C
- Ni tam gic:
Z AC
Z AB
B
Z BC
MCH IN BA PHA

3. Biu din phc cc s ngun ba pha
Vi ngun i xng th:
E A
E C
o
E B
V do :
E A = E Ae j 0
j1200

EB = E A e
j 2400

E =E e
C
E A + E B + E C = 0
+ Xt mch ba pha tuyn tnh ch XLH

+ Ba phng php c bn bit vn c th dng gii mch ba pha
MCH IN BA PHA
4. Khi nim ti tnh v ti ng

+ Ti tnh: gi tr hon ton xc nh, khng ph thuc vo
tnh cht ca ngun
+ Ti ng: gi tr thay i ty theo tnh bt i xng ca
ngun. Chng c gi tr xc nh khi t di cc ngun i
xng. (C phng php gii ring cho mch ba pha ti ng)
MCH IN BA PHA
VII.2. MCH BA PHA I XNG, TI TNH

1. c im
+ Mch ba pha i xng l mch c c ngun v ti i xng
E A + E B + EC = 0, E A = EB = EC
Z A = Z B = ZC
+ c im:
- Bit dng, p trn mt pha c th suy ra cc i lng
tng ng trn cc pha cn li
- Mi lin h gia dng, p:
MCH IN BA PHA

1. c im
* Mch ba pha i xng u Y-Y:
Id = I f
X Y Z
j 300

U d = 3U f e
ZA
ZB
ZC
* Mch ba pha i xng u -:

A
I f
B X
Id
U d
Y
Z AC
Z AB
Z BC
U d = U f
I = 3I e j 300
d
f
MCH IN BA PHA

2. Phng php phn tch
- Tch ring tng pha tnh do th cc im trung tnh bng nhau
2.1. V d 1
E A
E
B
IA
I
E C
IC
ZN
ZA
ZB
O1
ZC
IN
Cho mch in nh hnh bn. Tnh

dng, p trn cc pha ca ti v
cng sut ngun?
Gii
YA E A + YB E B + YC E C Y ( E A + E B + E C )
=
=0
O1 =
3Y + YN
YA + YB + YC + YN
MCH IN BA PHA

2.1. V d 1

E
IA = A
Z
E A
E
B
IA
I
E C
IC
ZA
ZB
O1
ZC
Nh vy, th O v O1 bng nhau.

C th ni bng dy khng tr khng
hai im v tch ring tng pha
tnh.
E A
IN
I = I e j1200 ; I = I e j 2400
B
A
C
A
IA
O1
ZN
Cng sut ngun:
PE = 3PA = 3Re E A IA
} (v mch ba pha i xng)
MCH IN BA PHA

2.2. V d 2
E A
E
B
IA
I
E C
IC
Zd
A
Zd
B
Zd C
IC1
I
3Z1 3Z
1
3Z1
C2
Z2 Z2 Z2
O2
Cho mch ba pha i xng nh hnh v trn. Tnh in p ri trn dy,
cng sut tiu tn trn cc b ti mt v hai?
MCH IN BA PHA

2.2. V d 2
E A
E
B
IA
I
E C
IC
Z1
Zd
Zd
Zd
IC 2
IC1
Z1
O1
Z1
Dng bin i Y-, a

mch v dng nh hnh bn
Z2 Z2 Z2
O2
Chp cc im trung tnh v tch ring tng pha tnh.
MCH IN BA PHA

2.2. V d 2
E A
IA

I
A A1
IA2
Zd
Z1
O1
Z2
O2
Gi s tnh cho pha A:
IA =
E A
ZZ
Zd + 1 2
Z1 + Z 2
St p trn dy:
T suy ra:
U dA = Z d IA
Dng in trn cc nhnh:
IB ; IC
U
U
E
E
A
dA
dA
;
; IA 2 =
IA1 = A
Z2
Z1
MCH IN BA PHA

2.2. V d 2
Cng sut tiu tn trn b ti th nht:
Pt1 = 3PA1 = 3Re Z A1 IA1 IA1
Cng sut tiu tn trn b ti th nht:
Pt 2 = 3PA 2 = 3Re Z A 2 IA 2 IA 2
MCH IN BA PHA
VII.3. MCH BA PHA KHNG I XNG, TI TNH
1. Nguyn tc
- Phn tch mch ging nh mch in tuyn tnh c nhiu
ngun kch thch ch XLH
- Thng c gng bin i v dng mc Y-Y, ri dng
phng php th nh gii
2. V d
Cho mch in:
A
B
Zd
Zd
Zd
A
Z
Z
220V
400
220V
MCH IN BA PHA

2. V d
Ngun ba pha khng i xng, cho di dng tam gic in p
dy. Tnh cng sut tiu tn trn ti?
Gii
+ Chuyn ngun d cho v dng cc in p pha, trung tnh gi chn
trng im A. Ta c:
E A = 0; E B = U BA = 220( 00 ; E C = U CA = 220( 400

+ Chuyn ti ni thnh ni Y, ta c s nh sau:
MCH IN BA PHA

2. V d
Zd
Z td
E B
Zd
Z td
E C
Zd
Z td
O1
+ T mch hnh bn, c th dng

cc phng php phn tch mch
bit gii. Nn dng th nh
+ Tnh dng trong cc nhnh
+ T tnh cng sut tiu tn
trn ti
+ Ch : Tnh dng in qua cc ti ni tam gic?
MCH IN BA PHA
VII.4. O CNG SUT MCH BA PHA

1. Nguyn tc
o, tnh ri cng cng sut tng pha li
P = U A I AcosA + U B I B cosB + U C I C cosC = PA + PB + PC

Q = U A I A sin A + U B I B sin B + U C I C sin C = QA + QB + QC
S = U I + U I + U I = P + jQ
A A
B B
C C
2. Vi mch ba pha i xng: ch cn o trn mt pha ri suy ra c ba pha
P = 3PA = 3U f I f cosA
Q = 3QA = 3U f I f sin A
Thng tnh theo cc in p v dng in dy (cho c u Y v )
P = 3U d I d cos
Q = 3U d I d sin
MCH IN BA PHA
VII.4. O CNG SUT MCH BA PHA

3. Mch ba pha ba dy: dng phng php 2 wattmet
IA
A
*
IB
C
Vi mch ba pha 4 dy khng i xng: dng 3 wattmet
B
C
IA
Ptai = Re U AC IA + Re U BC IB
IB
ZA
ZB
*
IC
ZC
MCH IN BA PHA
VII.4. PHNG PHP CC THNH PHN I XNG
+ Dng gii mch in ba pha c ti ng

+ Th nghim thc t: gi tr ca ti ng l tnh i vi mi thnh
phn i xng ca ngun
+ Phng php phn tch mch ba pha c ti ng:
- Phn tch ngun ba pha KX thnh cc thnh phn i xng
- Gi mch ba pha X vi tng thnh phn ngun X
- Xp chng kt qu
MCH IN BA PHA

1. Phn tch ngun ba pha KX thnh cc TPX
+ Phn tch thnh cc thnh phn X thun, nghch v zero
U A 2
U A1
U C1
U B 2
o
U B1
o
U C 2
U A = U A1 + U A 2 + U A0

(1) U B = U B1 + U B 2 + U B 0

U C = U C1 + U C 2 + U C 0
U A0
U B 0
U C 0
MCH IN BA PHA

+ t ton t xoay a = 1( 1200
U A1
- H X thun: U B1 = aU A1
U = a 2U
C1
A1
U A 2
-H X nghch: U B 2 = a 2U A 2
U = aU
U A0
- H X zero: U B 0 = U A0
U = U
C0
A0
- H thng 3 pha KX c biu din:
C2
A2
U A = U A1 + U A2 + U A0
U B = aU A1 + a 2U A 2 + U A0 ( 2 )
U = a 2U + aU + U
C
A1
A2
A0
MCH IN BA PHA

+ Tm c cc thnh phn i xng thun, nghch, zero ca pha A:
1

U A0 = (U A + U B + U C )
3
1

U A 2 = (U A + aU B + a 2U C )
3
1

U A1 = (U A + a 2U B + aU C )
3
+ Cc pha cn li:
U B = U B1 + U B 2 + U B 0 = aU A1 + a 2U A2 + U A0
U C = U C1 + U C 2 + U C 0 = a 2U A1 + aU A 2 + U A0
MCH IN BA PHA

2. V d
+ Phn tch ngun ba pha khng i xng thnh cc thnh phn i xng
+ Gii bi ton mch ba pha KX, ti ng
(xt k hn trong gi bi tp)
Chng VIII
MCH IN TUYN TNH CH QU

VIII.1. Khi nim
VIII.2. Cc gi thit n gin ha m hnh qu trnh qu (QTQ)
VIII.3. Biu din hm theo thi gian v m rng tnh kh vi ca hm s
VIII.4. S kin v phng php tnh s kin
VIII.5. Phng php tch phn kinh in
VIII.6. Phng php tch phn Duyamen
VIII.7. Phng php hm Green
VIII.8. Phng php ton t Laplace
VIII.1. KHI NIM
+ Thc t vn hnh thit b in:

thay i t ngt kt cu v thng
s mch, dn ti thay i v quy
lut phn b nng lng in t
+ Sau thi im thay i t ngt
v kt cu v thng s: mch tin
ti trng thi xc lp no, qu
trnh din ra nhanh hay chm
U
R
t
WL = 0
WL+ 0
VIII.1. KHI NIM

1. nh ngha QTQ
L qu trnh xy ra trong mch k t sau khi c s thay i
t ngt v kt cu v thng s ca n
2. S tn ti ca QTQ
+ Do h thng cha cc phn t c qun tnh nng lng
+ Trong k thut in: cc phn t L, C l nguyn nhn gy ra qu
trnh Q. Mch thun tr: ko c QTQ
+ Nghin cu QTQ: cn thit cho cng tc thit k, hiu chnh,
vn hnh thit b in
VIII.1. KHI NIM

3. M hnh ton ca QTQ
ik = 0
k
uk = 0
k
(1)
+ QTQ nghim ng (1), khi u t ln cn ca thi im c s thay

i t ngt v kt cu v thng s ca mch
+ Nh vy, m hnh ton ca QTQ:
- H phng trnh vi phn m t mch theo 2 lut Kirchhoff
- Tha mn s kin ca bi ton quanh thi im xy ra s thay
i v kt cu v thng s ca mch (t0)
VIII.1. KHI NIM

3. M hnh ton ca QTQ
+ Bi ton hay gp trong LTM: tnh cc p ng Q u(t), i(t),
di kch thch ca ngun p hoc ngun dng
+ Hnh ng lm thay i kt cu v thng s ca mch: ng tc
ng m
+ Thng chn thi im ng m t0 = 0 (gc thi gian tnh
QTQ)
4. Bi ton mch CQ
+ C hai dng: bi ton phn tch v bi ton tng hp
+ Mt s phng php phn tch: tch phn kinh in, tnh p
ng xung ca hm qu v hm trng lng, ton t Laplace
VIII.2. CC GI THIT N GIN HA M HNH QTQ
Mc ch: n gin ha m hnh QTQ, c th dng m hnh mch

xt v qu trnh tnh ton mch n gin hn
Cc gi thit n gin ha m hnh QTQ:
+ Cc phn t R, L, C l l tng
+ ng tc ng m l l tng: qu trnh ng ct coi l tc thi
+ Lut Kirchhoff lun ng
Ch
- Gi thit n gin ha th 2: khng phn nh ng hin tng vt
l xy ra trong mt s trng hp
- Khc phc: cc lut ng m
VIII.2. CC GI THIT N GIN HA M HNH QTQ

V d
K
L1
R1
Trc khi m K:
i1
R2 i 2 L2
i1 ( 0 ) 0; i2 ( 0 ) = 0
1 2
L1i1 ( 0 ) 0;WM 2 ( 0 ) = 0
2
Sau khi m K: i1 ( +0 ) = i2 ( +0 ) = i (lut Kirchhoff)
WM 1 ( 0 ) =
Vy chn i2 bng bao nhiu?

Nu
i2 ( +0 ) 0 cn mt cng sut v cng ln cp cho L2
Nu
i2 ( +0 ) = 0
cng sut pht ra trn L1 v cng ln
Cc gi thit vi phm lut qun tnh ca thit b
VIII.3. BIU DIN HM THEO THI GIAN

V M RNG TNH KH VI CA HM S
Do gi thit n gin ha qu trnh ng m nn c th khin iL, uC b nhy cp,
trong khi thc t chng bin thin lin tc. Ta xt hai hm ton hc m ng dng
ca n c th kh vi ha cc hm gin on, tin xt bi ton QTQ trong nhiu
trng hp
1. Hm bc nhy n v v ng dng
1.1. nh ngha
0 : t 0
1( t ) =
1: t +0
1
Nhy cp: (-0;+0)
0 : t T0
1( t T0 ) =
1: t +T0
Nhy cp (-T0;+T0)
t
0
t
0
T0

1.2. ng dng
Biu din mt s qu trnh qua hm bc nhy n v
0 : t 0
( t ) = 1( t ) f ( t )
(t ) =
f ( t ) : t +0
f (t )
+ Xt mt on tn hiu:
f ( t ) : T1 t T2
(t ) =
0 : t < T1 ; t > T2
( t ) = f ( t )1( t T1 ) f ( t )1( t T2 )
(t )
T1
T2

+ Biu din xung vung:
u1 = U 0 1( t ) 1( t T )
U0
T
+ Biu din xung tam gic:
U0
U0
u2 =
t 1( t ) 1( t T )
T
T

+ Mt s dng tn hiu khc:
U0
u3 =
t 1( t ) 1( t T ) + U 01( t T )
T
U0
T
U0
u4 = 0 t + U 0 1( t ) 1( t T )
T

2. Hm xung dirac v ng dng
2.1. nh ngha
(t )
Hm xung dirac c nh ngha l o hm

ca hm bc nhy n v
0 : t ( 0; +0 )
d
( t ) = 1( t ) =
dt
: t ( 0; +0 )
0 : t ( T0 ; +T0 )
d
( t T0 ) = 1( t T0 ) =
dt
: t ( T0 ; +T0 )
t
0
( t T0 )
t
0
T0
Vi nh ngha ny, hm bc nhy n v c m rng tnh kh vi, n c o

hm ti bc nhy

2.1. nh ngha
+ C th coi:
1
( t ) = lim
T 0 T
+ Xung lng ca hm dirac bng 1:
1
T
+
( t ) dt = 1
+ V d:
U0
u2 =
t 1( t ) 1( t T )
T
U0
Ta c:
U0
du2 U 0
=
t ( t ) ( t T0 )
1( t ) 1( t T0 ) +
dt
T0
T0
U
= 0 1( t ) 1( t T0 ) U 0 ( t T0 )
T0

2.1. nh ngha
+ Tnh cht:
2.2. ng dng
f ( t ) . ( t T ) = f (T ) . ( t T )
+ Biu din cc xung hp. V d xung st e(t)
e (t )
T0
T0
e ( t ) = S ( t T )
x' ( t )
+ Biu din cc tn hiu ri rc
x (t )
x ' ( t ) = x ( kT ) ( t kT )
k =0
x (t )
LM
x' (t )
MH
x* ( t )
MT
VIII.4. S KIN V PHNG PHP TNH S KIN

1. nh ngha
SK l gi tr ca bin v o hm ti cp n-1 ca bin trong phng
trnh vi phn m t mch, ti thi im (+0)
2. ngha
+ V mt ton hc: QTQ m t bi h phng trnh vi phn thng,
theo 2 lut Kirchhoff cho tha mn s kin. Nghim tng qut cha h
s hay hng s tch phn. Dng s kin tnh gi tr cc HSTP, ng
vi iu kin u ca bi ton.
+ V mt vt l: SK chnh l trng thi ca mch ngay sau ng tc
ng m. Trng thi ny nh hng ti QTQ

3. Hai lut ng m
+ Khi l tng ha qu trnh ng ct: c th vi phm tnh lin tc ca
qu trnh nng lng trong mch c nhy cp nng lng, xut
hin cc gi tr VCL trong phng trnh vi phn m t mch.
+ Khc phc nhc im trn: 2 lut ng m
3.1. Lut ng m th nht
Theo lut K1:
i1 + i2 i3 = 0
C u + i2 C u
'
1 C1
'
3 C3
C1
=0
i3
i2
Phi m bo: C1uC1 ( 0 ) C3 uC 3 ( 0 ) = 0
C1 uC1 ( +0 ) uC1 ( 0 ) C3 uC 3 ( +0 ) uC 3 ( 0 ) = 0
i1
C u ( +0 ) = C u ( 0 )
k Ck
k Ck
hay
q ( +0 ) = q ( 0 )
k
C3

3. Hai lut ng m
3.1. Lut ng m th nht
+ Pht biu: Tng in tch ti mt nh c bo ton trong qu trnh
ng m nhng ti cc phn t ring bit c th c nhy cp
+ Nu ti mt nh ch c duy nht mt phn t in dung C th:
uC ( +0 ) = uC ( 0 )
3.2. Lut ng m th hai
V bo ton t thng trn mt vng kn
bt k trong qu trnh ng m
R1
L3
R4
e1
e2
L2

3.2. Lut ng m th hai
Theo lut K2:
R1
R1i1 + uC + L i R4i4 L i = e1 e2
'
3 3
'
2 2
L3
R4
e1
+ Ti ti im ng m, nu ngun cha
xung lng S ( t )
e2
L2
( L3i3 L2 i2 ) = S L3i3 L2 i2 = S
+ Nu ngun khng c s hng VCL ti thi im ng m th:
L i ( +0 ) = L i ( 0 )
k k
k k
hay
( +0 ) = ( 0 )
k
+ Pht biu: Tng t thng trn mt vng kn bo ton trong qu trnh

ng m
+ Trng hp vng kn ch cha mt cun cm:
iL ( +0 ) = iL ( 0 )
4. Cc bc tnh s kin
Bc 1: + Tm uC(-0), iL(-0) trc ng m
+ p dng lut ng m tm cc SK c lp uC(+0), iL(+0)
Bc 2: + Vit h phng trnh vi phn m t mch, sau ng m
+ Cho t = 0, tnh cc s kin theo yu cu
Bc 3: + Nu cha SK, o hm HPT bc 2
+ Thay t = 0, tm tip cc SK cn li
+ C th o hm nhiu cp nu cn
Ch : mch cp n nu c n phn t qun tnh c lp. Khi cn
tnh o hm ti cp n-1 ca 1 bin

4. Cc bc tnh s kin
V d
Tnh cc s kin ik(+0), k=1,2,3 cng o
hm cp 1 ca chng?
Gii
A i3
i1
i2
R3
R2
R1
L1
i2
C2
C2
R4
Gii mch ch xc lp, tm iL(t), uC(t)

Thay t = 0, tnh cc gi tr iL(-0), uC(-0)
R4
R3
R2
R1
+ Trc khi ng K: mch c dng
L1
i3
i1
+ p dng lut ng m

4. Cc bc tnh s kin
A i3
i1
L1
R3
R2
R1
- Ti A:
i2
C2
R4
uC 2 ( +0 ) = uC 2 ( 0 )
- Trong vng 1:
iL ( +0 ) = iL ( 0 ) = i1 ( +0 )
Bc 2: Vit phng trnh sau khi ng kha K
i1 ( +0 ) i2 ( +0 ) i3 ( +0 ) = 0
'
R1i1 ( +0 ) + L1i1 ( +0 ) + R3i3 ( +0 ) = e1 ( +0 )
R2i2 ( +0 ) uC 2 ( +0 ) + R3i3 ( +0 ) = 0
+ o hm h trn mt ln na tm nt cc
s kin theo yu cu bi.
A i3
i1
L1
i2
R2
R1
C2
R3
CC PHNG PHP TNH QU TRNH QU

TRONG MCH IN TUYN TNH
TB
MTT
PTVP+SK
x (t )
SH
mch
PTS
X ( p)
TT
+ Phng php tch phn kinh in

+ Phng php tnh p ng xung hm qu v hm
trng lng
+ Phng php ton t Laplace
VIII.5. PHNG PHP TCH PHN KINH IN

1. Ni dung
Tm nghim qu dng:
xcb ( t )
x ( t ) = xcb ( t ) + xtd ( t )
+ V mt ton hc: nghim ring cho tha mn kch thch

+ V mt vt l: l qu trnh c ngun nui duy tr
N l nghim ca qu trnh xc lp
xtd ( t )
+ V mt ton hc: nghim ring cho tha mn s kin

ca phng trnh vi phn thun nht
+ V mt vt l: p ng ca mch khng c ngun
nui duy tr
Nu kch thch l chu k th xcb(t) chnh l nghim xc lp sau ng

m bit cch tm.
Vn ca phng php TPK l i tm nghim t do: xtd(t)

1. Ni dung
Xc nh nghim t do:
Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh vi phn c dng:
Do :
dxtd
= pAe pt = pxtd
dt
xtd ( t ) = Ae pt
Ae pt xtd
xtd dt = p = p
(H) phng trnh vi phn thun nht vit thnh:
(A p
n
+ An 1 p n 1 + ... + A0 ) xtd = 0
khng c nghim tm thng th:
( p ) = An p n + .... + A0 = 0
Gii (1) c h s m pk ca cc nghim t do

n
Nghim qu :
x ( t ) = xxl ( t ) + Ak e pk t
k =1
Cc hng s tch phn Ak c xc nh nh s kin
(1)

2. Lp v gii phng trnh c trng
2.1. Lp phng trnh c trng
Cch 1: + Vit phng trnh vi tch phn m t mch sau ng m
+ Trit tiu cc ngun
+ Thay dxtd/dt bi pxtd; xtddt bi xtd/p v nhm cc tha s
chung xtd
+ Phng trnh theo p thu c l phng trnh c trng
R1 i
1
V d: Lp phng trnh c trng

cho mch sau
e
L
R2
i2
i3

R1 i
1
+ H phng trnh dng nhnh m t mch:
i1 i2 i3 = 0
di2
=e
R1i1 + R2i2 + L
dt
+
R
i
1 1 C i3 dt = e
e
L
R2
i2
i i i = 0
1td 2td 3td
+ Trit tiu ngun v dng ton t p:
R1i1td + ( R2 + Lp ) i2td + 0i3td = 0
R1i1td + 0i2td + 1 i3td = 0

Cp
i3

R1 i
1
+ H khng c nghim tm thng khi:
det R1
R1
1
R2 + Lp
0
0 =0
1
Cp
e
L
R2 + Lp
R1
+ R1 ( R2 + Lp ) +
=0
Cp
Cp
R1 LCp 2 + ( R1 R2C + L ) p + ( R1 + R2 ) = 0
(2) Chnh l phng trnh c trng cn tm
( 2)
R2
i2
i3

Cch 2: + i s ha s sau ng m (L Lp; C 1/Cp), trit
tiu cc ngun
+ Tm tng tr vo ca mch nhn t mt nhnh bt k
+ Cho trit tiu tng tr vo, thu c phng trnh c trng
R1 i
1
V d: Lp phng trnh c trng cho

mch sau
e
L
R2
i2
i3

+ i s ha s ta c:
R1
+ Tng tr vo nhn t nhnh 1:
1
Cp
Z v1 ( p ) = R1 +
1
R2 + Lp +
Cp
( R2 + Lp )
R2
Lp
R1 LCp 2 + ( R1 R2C + L ) p + ( R1 + R2 )
=
LCp 2 + R2Cp + 1
+ Phng trnh c trng:
Z v1 ( p ) = 0 R1 LCp 2 + ( R1 R2C + L ) p + ( R1 + R2 ) = 0
1
Cp

+ C th tm tng tr vo nhn t
nhnh 2
R
R1
Z v 2 ( p ) = ( R2 + Lp ) +
R2
Cp
1
R1 +
Cp
Lp
R1CLp 2 + ( R1 R2C + L ) p + ( R1 + R2 )
=
R1Cp + 1
+ Phng trnh c trng thu c:
Z v 2 ( p ) = 0 R1 LCp 2 + ( R1 R2C + L ) p + ( R1 + R2 ) = 0
1
Cp

2.2. Vit dng nghim t do
+ Nu phng trnh c trng c nghim n p1, p2,, pn:
xtd = A1e
p1t
+ A2 e
p2t
+ ... + An e
pn t
= Ak e pk t
k =1
+ Nu phng trnh c trng c nghim bi n th:
xtd = A1e pt + A2te pt + ... + Ant n 1e pt

+ Nu phng trnh c trng c nghim phc
p = j
xtd = Ae t cos ( t + )
+ Nu phng trnh c trng c c nghim n, bi v phc th
nghim t do l xp chng ca cc thnh phn

2.3. S m c trng v dng iu ca qu trnh t do
+ Khi pk l nghim n:
xtd = Ak e
pk t
pk < 0; A > 0
k =1
- Nu pk>0 th QTQ khng ti qu

trnh xc lp
- Nu pk <0 th QTQ tin ti qu trnh
xc lp
pk > 0; A < 0

2.3. S m c trng v dng iu ca qu trnh t do
+ Khi pk l nghim phc:
pk = k j k
xtd = Ak e k t cos ( k t + k )
k =1
- Nghim t do dao ng theo hm cos

- Nu k<0 bin dao ng tt dn, QTQ tin ti QTXL
- Nu k > 0 bin dao ng ln dn, QTTD khng tt, QTQ
khng tin c ti QTXL
+ Khi pk l nghim bi (thc hoc phc) th ch khi Re(pk) < 0 nghim
qu mi dn ti xc lp
3. Xc nh cc hng s tch phn Ak

n
+ Vit nghim qu :
x ( t ) = xxl ( t ) + Ak e pk t
k =1
+ Tm s kin ti cp thch hp
+ Thay t = 0 nghim qu x(t)
+ Cn bng vi cc gi tr s kin tm cc hng s Ak

4. Trnh t gii bi ton QTQ bng phng php TPK
Bc 1: Tm nghim xc lp sau ng m
Bc 2: + Lp phng trnh c trng v gii tm s m c trng
+ Xp chng nghim
Bc 3: + Tnh s kin v tm cc h s Ak
+ Vit nghim y ca QTQ

5. V d p dng
Xt QTQ khi ng in p U mt chiu co mch R-C, ban u t
cha c np. Tm dng v p qu trn C
Bc 1: Tnh nghim xc lp
ixl = 0 A
u xl = U (V )
Bc 2: Lp PTT v vit dng nghim Q
1
RCp + 1
=
Zv ( p ) = R +
Cp
Cp
1
Nghim ca PTT: p =
RC
Ta c cc nghim qu nh sau:
uCqd ( t ) = uCxl + uCtd = U + Au e
1
t
RC
iqd ( t ) = ixl + itd = 0 + Ai e
1
t
RC

5. V d p dng
Bc 3: Tnh s kin v tm Ai, Au

+ C
nn
uC ( 0 ) = 0V
uC ( +0 ) = uC ( 0 ) = 0V
uR ( +0 ) = Ri ( +0 ) = U i ( +0 ) =
+ Do , sau khi ng K th:
+ Cho tha mn nghim qu :
U + Au e
1
0
RC
= 0 Au = U
Ai e
1
0
RC
U
U
= Ai =
R
R
+ Vy dng in Q trong mch v p Q trn t C c dng:
uCqd ( t ) = U Ue
1
t
RC
1
t
U RC
iqd ( t ) = e
R
U
R
VIII.6. PHNG PHP TCH PHN DUYAMEN

1. Ni dung phng php
+ Hn ch ca phng php TPK: ch gii mch c kch thch xoay
chiu iu ha hoc kch thch hng
+ Nguyn tc ca phng php tch phn Duyamen:
Kch thch c chia thnh chui cc bc nhy n v
Tm p ng cho tng thnh phn bc nhy
Xp chng cc p ng thu c nghim ca QTQ
+ Phng php tch phn Duyamen ch p dng cho bi ton c
s kin zero

2. Khai trin bc nhy h-vi-xaid
+ Kch thch f(t) c khai trin thnh
tng cc nguyn t n v, dng:
1( t ) df ( )
df ( )
(bt u t thi im , bin bng

lng tng vi phn ti im
f (t )
+ Nu hm f(t) l tng ca nhiu hm, dng khi nim hm 1(t) ta c:
1( t ) f ( t ) = 1( t ) 1( t T1 ) f1 ( t ) + 1( t T1 ) 1( t T2 ) + 1( t T2 ) f3 ( t )
= 1( t Tk 1 ) 1( t Tk ) f k ( t ) = k ( t )
k =0
Do : 1( t ) f ( t ) =
'
(t )
'
k
V:
1( t ) f ( t ) =
'
( ) d

3. p ng H-vi-xaid
+ p ng H-vi-xaid ca mch (k hiu
h(t)) chnh l p ng Q ca i lng
x(t) (dng hoc p) khi kch thch vo mch
hm bc nhy 1(t) vi s kin zero
SK = 0
1( t )
MHM
h (t )
+ C th khai trin 1 hm gii tch bt k thnh tng cc bc nhy n

v v tnh p ng qu ca mch i vi kch thch . (C s ca
phng php TP Duyamen)
Nu: 1( t ) > h ( t ) th 1( t ) df ( ) > 1( t ) df ( ) h ( t )
Hay vi phn p ng Q x(t) c dng:
dx ( t ) = 1( t ) f ' ( ) h ( t ) d

4. Cng thc tch phn Duyamen
+ Ta c: dx ( t ) = 1( t ) f
'
( ) h ( t ) d
l p ng qu ca kch thch:
1( t ) f ' ( ) d
+ Di kch thch f(t) th p ng qu ca mch l:
1( t ) x ( t ) =
f ' ( ) h ( t ) d
( *)

5. V d
Tm in p qu trn t C khi ng mch RC

vo ngun p xung ch nht nh hnh di?
R
C
Bc 1: Tm p ng h-vi-xaid
+ Kch thch hng 1(t)
+ Mch xc lp: i = 0, uC = u =1
+ Phng trnh c trng:
1
1
R+
=0 p =
Cp
RC
+ Nghim qu :
+ Do SK zero nn:
uC ( t ) = 1 + Au e
uC ( t ) = 1 e
t
T
1
t
RC
1
t
RC
= hu ( t )

5. V d
+ Ngun p:
u ( t ) = U 1( t ) 1( t T )
u' (t ) = U (t ) U (t T )
R
C
Bc 2: p dng cng thc tch phn Duyamen

t
uC ( t ) = u ' ( ) hu ( t ) d
t
1
0
( T )
RC
= U ( ) U ( T ) 1 e
d
1
1
( t T )
RC
RC
= U 1 e
1( t ) U 1 e
1( t T )
Ch :
u
t
T
f ( ) ( ) d = 1( t ) f ( t ) ; f ( ) ( T ) d = 1(1 T ) f ( t T )
VIII.7. PHNG PHP HM GREEN

1. Ni dung phng php
+ Khai trin kch thch 1(t)f(t) thnh cc xung dirac nguyn t
+ Tm p ng qu x(t) nh l tng cc p ng nguyn t y
+ Cch phn tch 1(t)f(t) thnh cc xung nguyn t:
t =
f ( ) d ( t )
Mi phn lng ti
l:
f ( ) d
Ly tng v hn cc phn lng :
1( t ) f ( t ) =
f ( ) ( t ) d

2. Hm green v cng thc tnh QTQ
+ Hm green l p ng Q ca mch khi c kch thch dirac tc ng
vo mch vi s kin zero
+ K hiu:
gx (t )
Kch thch: f
p ng:
- hm trng lng ca p ng Q x(t)
( ) ( t ) d
dx ( t ) = f ( ) g x ( t ) d
Do , p ng Q l:
x (t ) =
f ( ) g ( t ) d (**)
x
+ Tm hm g(t) qua hm h(t): g ( t ) =
dh ( t )
dt

3. Cc bc tnh QTQ bng phng php hm Green
+ Bc 1: Cho kch thch 1(t), tm p ng hx(t)
+ Bc 2: o hm hx(t) theo t, ta c gx(t)
+ Bc 3: Tnh p ng qu x(t) vi kch thch f(t) bng cng thc (**)

4. V d
Tnh uC(t) qu khi ng in p xung ch

nht vo mch RC bng phng php hm
Green?
+ c:
hu ( t ) = 1 e
1
t
RC
= 1 e
R
C
u
U
g u ( t ) = e t
+ Dng cng thc hm Green, ta c:

t
uC ( t ) = u ( ) gu ( t ) d = U 1( ) 1( T ) e
t
= U 1( ) e
0
( t )
d U 1( T ) e
0
( t )
( t )

4. V d
= 1( t ) Ue
t
0
1( t T ) Ue
uC ( t ) = U (1 e t )1( t ) U 1 e
( t T )
t
T
)1( t T )
VIII.8. PHNG PHP TON T LAPLACE

1. Ni dung phng php
+ Khng tm nghim trc tip trong min thi gian
+ C s ca phng php l s dng ton t Laplace
chuyn bi ton trong min thi gian v min ton t
h phng trnh vi phn + SK vi gc f(t) chyn thnh HPT i
s vi nh F(p)
+ Gii PT (HPT) i s trong min ton t, bin i ngc c
nghim Q trong min thi gian

2. Php bin i Laplace
+ Bin i Laplace thun:
X ( p ) = x ( t ) e pt dt
(1)
+ Tn hiu c bin i Laplace nu (1) hi t: x(t) tng khng nhanh

hn hm m Met
+ Tnh cht ca php bin i Laplace:
Tnh tuyn tnh:
L { Ck xk ( t )} = Ck X k ( p )
Bin i Laplace ca o hm:
L { x ' ( t )} = pX ( p ) x ( 0 )
L f ( n ) ( t ) = p n X ( p ) p n 1 x ( 0 ) p n 2 x ' ( 0 ) ... x( n 1) ( 0 )
L
Tnh cht tr:
1( t T ) x ( t T ) R X ( p ) e pT

3. Tm gc t nh Laplace
+ Bin i Laplace ngc:
x (t ) =
a + j
2 j a j
X ( p ) e pt dp
+ Dng cng thc khai trin:
M ( p)
Vit nghim dng: X ( p ) =
N ( p)
(bc M(p)<N(p))
Nu N(p) = 0 c nghim n p1, p2,, pn th gc vit dng:
1( t ) x ( t ) = A1e p1t + A2 e p2t + ... + An e pnt

Trong :
M ( p)
Ak = '
N ( p ) p = pk

Nu N(p) c nghim bi n: p1 = p2 = = pn = p th:
A1 A2
pt
A3 2
An
n 1
1( t ) x ( t ) = + t + t + ... +
t e
2!
( n 1)!
0! 1!
nn
1
d( )
n M ( p)
Trong : An =
( p pn )
N ( p ) p = pn
( n n )! dp
1
d(
An 1 =
( n n + 1)! dp
n n +1)
n M ( p)
( p pn )
N
p
( ) p = pn
1 d ( n 1)
n M ( p)
A1 =
( p pn )
N ( p ) p = pn
( n 1)! dp

Nu N(p) c nghim phc p = j
1( t ) x ( t ) = 2 Be t cos ( t+ )
Trong :
M ( p)
= a + jb
'
N ( p ) p = pk
B = a 2 + b2
b
= artan
a
Nu N(p)=0 c nhiu loi nghim th tm gc cho tng loi v xp chng

4. ng dng bin i Laplace tnh QTQ trong mch in
4.1. S ton t
I ( p) R
i (t ) R
uR ( t )
iL ( t )
I ( p)
UR ( p)
Lp Li ( 0 )
uL ( t )
i (t ) C
uC ( t )
U R ( p ) = RI ( p )
U L ( p ) = LpI ( p ) Li ( 0 )
UL ( p)
1
I ( p ) Cp uC ( 0 )
p
UC ( p )
uC ( 0 )
1
UC ( p ) =
I ( p) +
Cp
p

4.2. Algorithm gii
+ Tnh mch ch c, tm iL(-0), uC(-0)
+ Lp s ton t theo phng php gii thiu trong 4.1
+ Dng cc phng php c bn gii tm nh Laplace ca
nghim Q
+ Suy ra nghim Q t nh tm c bc trn

4.3. V d
Vi e1 = 40 2 sin100t (V ,) E2 =20V (mt
chiu), R1 = 40, R2 = 10, R3 = 10,
C = 4.10-4 F. Tnh in p qu uAB(t)
khi chuyn kho K ngt ngun e1 v
ng ngun E2 vo mch, bit trc khi
chuyn kho K mch ch xc
lp, chn t = 0 ti thi im chuyn kho
K.
R1
E2
e1
A
R2
C
B
R3

4.3. V d
+ Trc khi chuyn kho K:
Gii mch xc lp vi kch thch iu ho, tm c:
U C = 5.2687 j 3.7935 = 6.4923 35.750
Do : uC ( 0 ) = 6.4923 2 sin 35.75 = 5.3643

+ Sau khi chuyn kho K ng ngun e2, ta c:
0
E2 ( p ) uC ( 0 )
+
1
R1
R2 p +
p + 250
2,3841
C = 20 .
U AB ( p ) =
1 e pT )
(
C2 p
1
1
p + 138,89
9 p ( p + 138,89 )
+
+
R1 R2C2 p + 1 R3
+ Nghim: u AB ( t ) = 4 4,16e 138,89t 1( t ) 4 1, 78e
138,89( t T )
)1( t T )

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Bi ging

Ti liu tham kho

MCH C THNG S TP TRUNG

MCH IN TUYN TNH

MCH C THNG S TP TRUNG

KHI NIM V M HNH MCH IN

I.1. Hin tng in t - M hnh m t h thng in t

KHI NIM V M HNH MCH IN

I.1. HIN TNG IN T - M HNH M T H THNG IN T

KHI NIM V M HNH MCH IN

I.1. HIN TNG IN T - M HNH M T H THNG IN T

M hnh mch l m hnh gn ng ca qu trnh in t, b qua yu t khng

KHI NIM V M HNH MCH IN

I.1. HIN TNG IN T - M HNH M T H THNG IN T

KHI NIM V M HNH MCH IN

I.2. NH NGHA V CC YU T HNH HC CA MCH IN

KHI NIM V M HNH MCH IN

I.2. NH NGHA V CC YU T HNH HC CA MCH IN

KHI NIM V M HNH MCH IN

I.3. CC PHN T C BN CA MCH IN KIRCHHOFF

KHI NIM V M HNH MCH IN

I.3. CC PHN T C BN CA MCH IN KIRCHHOFF

+ in tr c trng cho qu trnh tiu tn trn vng xt

Nu quan h u(i) l phi tuyn: in tr phi tuyn

KHI NIM V M HNH MCH IN

I.3. CC PHN T C BN CA MCH IN KIRCHHOFF

+ tn s thp, in tch q ph thuc in p t vo

+ n v in dung: Farad (F) v cc dn xut ca F

KHI NIM V M HNH MCH IN

I.3. CC PHN T C BN CA MCH IN KIRCHHOFF

+ c trng cho hin tng tch phng nng lng t

Khi (i) phi tuyn: in cm L l phi tuyn

Khi (i) tuyn tnh: in cm L l tuyn tnh

+ n v ca in cm: Henry (H) v cc dn xut

KHI NIM V M HNH MCH IN

I.3. CC PHN T C BN CA MCH IN KIRCHHOFF

u2 = 2 = 2 i1' + 2 i2' = M 21i1' + L2i2'

M12 = M21 = M gi l h s h cm gia 2 cun dy

KHI NIM V M HNH MCH IN

I.3. CC PHN T C BN CA MCH IN KIRCHHOFF

Du ca in p t cm v h cm ph thuc vo chiu dng

KHI NIM V M HNH MCH IN

I.3. CC PHN T C BN CA MCH IN KIRCHHOFF

5.2. Ngun dng

KHI NIM V M HNH MCH IN

I.3. CC PHN T C BN CA MCH IN KIRCHHOFF

+ c nhiu m hnh tip cn mt phn t thc

KHI NIM V M HNH MCH IN

I.3. CC PHN T C BN CA MCH IN KIRCHHOFF

KHI NIM V M HNH MCH IN

I.4. HAI NH LUT KIRCHHOFF M T MCH IN

+ ngha: th hin tnh lin tc ca dng

+ ngha: th hin tnh cht th ca qu

KHI NIM V M HNH MCH IN

I.4. HAI NH LUT KIRCHHOFF M T MCH IN

Vi mch c n nhnh, d nh th:

-S phng trnh Kirchhoff 1 c lp

Phn tch mch da trn h cc phng trnh Kirchhoff m

KHI NIM V M HNH MCH IN

I.5. GRAPH KIRCHHOFF

+ Cnh (s phng trnh K1 c

KHI NIM V M HNH MCH IN

I.6. PHN LOI CC BI TON MCH

+ Bi ton phn tch

I = 5 300 i ( t ) = 5 2 sin (t + 300 )

U = 50e j 45 u ( t ) = 50 2 sin (t 450 )

I1 I2 I3 + J = 0

I3 I4 + I5 J = 0

Z M I2 + Z 4 I4 + Z 5 I5 = E 5

( Z1 + Z 2 ) Iv1 ( Z 2 + Z M ) Iv 2 Z M Iv3 = E1