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L THUYT MCH

NGUYN TRUNG TP

_______________________________________________Chng 1 Nhng khi nim c


bn - 1

CHNG I
NHNG KHI NIM C BN
DNG SNG CA TN HIU

Hm m
Hm nc n v
Hm dc
Hm xung lc
Hm sin
Hm tun hon

PHN T MCH IN

Phn t th ng
Phn t tc ng

MCH IN

Mch tuyn tnh


Mch bt bin theo thi gian
Mch thun nghch
Mch tp trung

MCH TNG NG

Cun dy
T in
Ngun c lp

________________________________________________________________
L thuyt mch l mt trong nhng mn hc c s ca chuyn ngnh in t-Vin
thng-T ng ha.
Khng ging nh L thuyt trng - l mn hc nghin cu cc phn t mch in
nh t in, cun dy. . . gii thch s vn chuyn bn trong ca chng - L thuyt mch
ch quan tm n hiu qu khi cc phn t ny ni li vi nhau to thnh mch in (h
thng).
Chng ny nhc li mt s khi nim c bn ca mn hc.

1.1 DNG SNG CA TN HIU


Tn hiu l s bin i ca mt hay nhiu thng s ca mt qu trnh vt l no
theo qui lut ca tin tc.
Trong phm vi hp ca mch in, tn hiu l hiu th hoc dng in. Tn hiu c th
c tr khng i, v d hiu th ca mt pin, accu; c th c tr s thay i theo thi gian, v
d dng in c trng cho m thanh, hnh nh. . . .
Tn hiu cho vo mt mch c gi l tn hiu vo hay kch thch v tn hiu nhn
c ng ra ca mch l tn hiu ra hay p ng.
Ngi ta dng cc hm theo thi gian m t tn hiu v ng biu din ca chng
trn h trc bin - thi gian c gi l dng sng.
Di y l mt s hm v dng sng ca mt s tn hiu ph bin.
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1.1.1 Hm m (Exponential function)


v(t ) = Ket K , l cc hng s thc.
(H 1.1) l dng sng ca hm m vi cc tr khc nhau

(H 1.1)

1.1.2 Hm nc n v (Unit Step function)


1 , t a
u(t - a) =
0 , t < a
y l tn hiu c gi tr thay i t ngt t 0 ln 1 thi im t = a.
(H 1.2) l mt s trng hp khc nhau ca hm nc n v

(a)

(b)

(c)

(H 1.2)

Hm nc u(t-a) nhn vi h s K cho Ku(t-a), c gi tri bng K khi t a.

1.1.3 Hm dc (Ramp function)


Cho tn hiu nc n v qua mch tch phn ta c ng ra tn hiu dc n v.
t

r(t) = u(x)dx

Nu ta xt ti thi im t=0 v mch khng tch tr nng lng trc th:


t

r(t) = u(x)dx + u(0) vi u(0) = u(x)dx = 0


Da vo kt qu trn ta c nh ngha ca hm dc n v nh sau:
t , t a
r(t - a) =
0 , t < a
(H 1.3) l dng sng ca r(t) v r(t-a)

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(a)

(H 1.3)

(b)

Hm dc r(t-a) nhn vi h s K cho hm Kr(t-a), dng sng l ng thng c dc


K v gp trc t a.

1.1.4 Hm xung lc (Impulse function)


Cho tn hiu nc n v qua mch vi phn ta c tn hiu ra l mt xung lc n v
du(t)
( t ) =
dt
((t) cn c gi l hm Delta Dirac)
Ta thy (t) khng phi l mt hm s theo ngha cht ch ton hc v o hm ca
hm nc c tr = 0 t 0 v khng xc nh t = 0. Nhng y l mt hm quan trng trong
l thuyt mch v ta c th hnh dung mt xung lc n v hnh thnh nh sau:
Xt hm f1(t) c dng nh (H 1.4a):
1
r (t ) ,
f1 (t ) =
1
,

t {0,}
t >

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(H 1.4)

Hm f0(t) xc nh bi:
df (t)
f0 (t) = 1
dt
1
khi (0 t ) v = 0 khi t > (H 1.4b).

Vi cc tr khc nhau ca ta c cc tr khc nhau ca f0(t) nhng phn din tch gii
hn gia f0(t) v trc honh lun lun =1 (H 1.4c).
Khi 0, f1(t) u(t) v f0(t) (t).
Vy xung lc n v c xem nh tn hiu c b cao cc ln v b rng cc nh v
din tch bng n v (H 1.4d).
Tng qut, xung lc n v ti t=a, (t-a) xc nh bi:
t
1 , t a
(t)dt = 0 , t < a
Cc hm nc, dc, xung lc c gi chung l hm bt thng.

f0(t) chnh l dc ca f1(t) v =

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1.1.5 Hm sin
Hm sin l hm kh quen thuc nn y ch gii thiu vi hm c quan h vi hm
sin.
Hm sin tt dn:

v(t)=Ae-tsint, t>0 v A l s thc dng (H 1.5a)


Tch hai hm sin c tn s khc nhau
v(t)=Asin1t.sin2t (H 1.5b)

(a)

(H 1.5)

(b)

1.1.6 Hm tun hon khng sin


Ngoi cc tn hiu k trn, chng ta cng thng gp mt s tn hiu nh: rng ca,
hnh vung, chui xung. . . . c gi l tn hiu khng sin, c th l tun hon hay khng.
Cc tn hiu ny c th c din t bi mt t hp tuyn tnh ca cc hm sin, hm m v
cc hm bt thng.
(H 1.6) m t mt s hm tun hon quen thuc

(H 1.6)

1.2 PHN T MCH IN


S lin h gia tn hiu ra v tn hiu vo ca mt mch in ty thuc vo bn cht
v ln ca cc phn t cu thnh mch in v cch ni vi nhau ca chng.
Ngi ta phn cc phn t ra lm hai loi:
Phn t th ng: l phn t nhn nng lng ca mch. N c th tiu tn nng
lng (di dng nhit) hay tch tr nng lng (di dng in hoc t trng).
Gi v(t) l hiu th hai u phn t v i(t) l dng in chy qua phn t. Nng lng
ca on mch cha phn t xc nh bi:
t

W(t) = v(t).i (t)dt

- Phn t l th ng khi W(t) 0, ngha l dng in i vo phn t theo chiu gim


ca in th.
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bn - 5
in tr, cun dy v t in l cc phn t th ng.
Phn t tc ng: l phn t cp nng lng cho mch ngoi. Nng lng ca
on mch cha phn t W(t)<0 v dng in qua phn t theo chiu tng ca in th.
Cc ngun cp in nh pin , accu v cc linh kin bn dn nh transistor, OPAMP l
cc th d ca phn t tc ng.

1.2.1 Phn t th ng
1.2.1.1 in tr
- K hiu (H 1.7)
- H thc: v(t) = R. i(t)
- Hay
i(t) = G.v(t)
- Vi G=1/R (gi l in dn)
n v ca in tr l (Ohm)
V ca in dn l -1 (c l Mho)
t

- Nng lng: W(t) = v(t).i (t)dt = R.i (t) 2 dt 0

(H 1 7)

1.2.1.2 Cun dy

(a)

(b)
(H 1.8)

- K hiu (H 1.8a)
- H thc:

v(t) = L

d i (t)
dt

1 t
v(t)dt
L
n v ca cun dy l H (Henry)
Do cun dy l phn t tch tr nng lng nn thi im t0 no c th cun dy
tr mt nng lng t trng ng vi dng in i(t0)
Biu thc vit li:

i (t) =

- Hay

1 t
v(t)dt + i (t 0 )
L t 0
V mch tng ng ca cun dy c v li (H 1.8b)
Nng lng tch tr trong cun dy:

i (t) =

W(t) = v(t).i (t)dt

Thay v(t) = L
t

d i (t)
dt

W(t) = L i (t)d i =

1
1
L i (t) 2 ] t = L i (t) 2 0 (v i(-)=0)
2
2

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1.2.1.3 T in

(a)

(H 1.9)

(b)

- K hiu (H 1.9a)
d v(t)
dt
1 t
- Hay
v(t) = i (t)dt
C
n v ca t in l F (Farad)
Do t in l phn t tch tr nng lng nn thi im t0 no c th n tr
mt nng lng in trng ng vi hiu th v(t0)
Biu thc vit li:
1 t
v(t) = i (t)dt + v(t 0 )
C t0
V mch tng ng ca t in c v nh (H 1.9b)

- H thc:

i (t) = C

Nng lng tch tr trong t in


t

W(t) = v(t).i (t)dt

Thay i (t) = C

d v(t)
dt

1
1
Cv(t) 2 ]t = Cv(t) 2 0 (v v(-)=0)
2
2
Ch : Trong cc h thc v-i ca cc phn t R, L, C nu trn, nu i chiu mt trong hai
lng v hoc i th h thc i du (H 1.10): v(t) = - R.i(t)
t

W(t) = Cv(t)d v =

(H 1.10)

1.2.2 Phn t tc ng
y ch cp n mt s phn t tc ng n gin, l cc loi ngun.
Ngun l mt phn t lng cc nhng khng c mi quan h trc tip gia hiu th v hai
u v dng in i i qua ngun m s lin h ny hon ton ty thuc vo mch ngoi, do
khi bit mt trong hai bin s ta khng th xc nh c bin s kia nu khng r mch
ngoi.

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bn - 7

1.2.2.1 Ngun c lp
L nhng phn t m gi tr ca n c lp i vi mch ngoi
- Ngun hiu th c lp: c gi tr v l hng s hay v(t) thay i theo thi gian. Ngun hiu
th c gi tr bng khng tng ng mt mch ni tt
- Ngun dng in c lp: c gi tr i l hng s hay i(t) thay i theo thi gian. Ngun
dng in c gi tr bng khng tng ng mt mch h

(H 1.11)

1.2.2.2 Ngun ph thuc


Ngun ph thuc c gi tr ph thuc vo hiu th hay dng in mt nhnh khc
trong mch. Nhng ngun ny c bit quan trng trong vic xy dng mch tng ng
cho cc linh kin in t.
-

C 4 loi ngun ph thuc:


Ngun hiu th ph thuc hiu th (Voltage-Controlled Voltage Source, VCVS)
Ngun hiu th ph thuc dng in (Current-Controlled Voltage Source, CCVS)
Ngun dng in ph thuc hiu th(Voltage-Controlled Current Source, VCVS)
Ngun dng in ph thuc dng in (Current-Controlled Current Source, CCCS)

(a)VCVS

(b) CCVS

(c)VCCS

(d) CCCS
(H 1.12)

1.3 MCH IN
-

C hai bi ton v mch in:


Phn gii mch in: cho mch v tn hiu vo, tm tn hiu ra.
Tng hp mch in: Thit k mch khi c tn hiu vo v ra.

Gio trnh ny ch quan tm ti loi bi ton th nht.


Quan h gia tn hiu vo x(t) v tn hiu ra y(t) l mi quan h nhn qu ngha l tn
hiu ra hin ti ch ty thuc tn hiu vo qu kh v hin ti ch khng ty thuc tn hiu
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vo tng lai, ni cch khc, y(t) thi im t0 no khng b nh hng ca x(t) thi
im t>t0 .
Tn hiu vo thng l cc hm thc theo thi gian nn p ng cng l cc hm thc
theo thi gian v ty thuc c tn hiu vo v c tnh ca mch.
Di y l mt s tnh cht ca mch da vo quan h ca y(t) theo x(t).

1.3.1 Mch tuyn tnh


Mt mch gi l tuyn tnh khi tun theo nh lut:
Nu y1(t) v y2(t) ln lt l p ng ca hai ngun kch thch c lp vi nhau x1(t)
v x2(t), mch l tuyn tnh nu v ch nu p ng i vi
x(t)= k1x1(t) + k2x2(t)
l
y(t)= k1y1(t) + k2y2(t) vi mi x(t) v mi k1 v k2.
Trn thc t, cc mch thng khng hon ton tuyn tnh nhng trong nhiu trng
hp s bt tuyn tnh khng quan trng v c th b qua. Th d cc mch khuch i dng
transistor l cc mch tuyn tnh i vi tn hiu vo c bin nh. S bt tuyn tnh ch th
hin ra khi tn hiu vo ln.
Mch ch gm cc phn t tuyn tnh l mch tuyn tnh.
Th d 1.1
Chng minh rng mch vi phn, c trng bi quan h gia tn hiu vo v ra theo h
thc:
dx(t)
l mch tuyn tnh
y(t) =
dt
Gii
dx (t)
Gi
y1(t) l p ng i vi x1(t): y 1(t) = 1
dt
dx 2 (t)
Gi
y2(t) l p ng i vi x2(t): y 2 (t) =
dt
Vi x(t)= k1x1(t) + k2 x2(t) p ng y(t) l:
dx(t)
dx (t)
dx (t)
y(t) =
= k1 1 + k2 2
dt
dt
dt
y(t)=k1y1(t)+k2y2(t)
Vy mch vi phn l mch tuyn tnh

1.3.2 Mch bt bin theo thi gian (time invariant)


Lin h gia tn hiu ra v tn hiu vo khng ty thuc thi gian. Nu tn hiu vo tr
t0 giy th tn hiu ra cng tr t0 giy nhng ln v dng khng i.
Mt hm theo t tr t0 giy tng ng vi ng biu din tnh tin t0 n v theo chiu
dng ca trc t hay t c thay th bi (t-t0). Vy, i vi mch bt bin theo thi gian, p
ng i vi x(t-t0) l y(t-t0)
Th d 1.2
Mch vi phn th d 1.1 l mch bt bin theo thi gian
Ta phi chng minh p ng i vi x(t-t0) l y(t-t0).
Tht vy:
dx(t t 0 ) dx(t t 0 ) d(t t 0 )
x
=
= y(t t 0 )x1
dt
d(t t 0 )
d(t)
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bn - 9
minh ha, cho x(t) c dng nh (H 1.13a) ta c y(t) (H 1.13b). Cho tn hiu
vo tr (1/2)s, x(t-1/2) (H 1.13c), ta c tn hiu ra cng tr (1/2)s, y(t-1/2) c v (H
1.13d).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)
(H 1.13)

1.3.3 Mch thun nghch


Xt mch (H 1.14)
+

v1

Mch

i2

i2

Mch

v1

(H 1.14)

Nu tn hiu vo cp cc 1 l v1 cho p ng cp cc 2 l dng in ni tt i2 . By


gi, cho tn hiu v1 vo cp cc 2 p ng cp cc 1 l i2. Mch c tnh thun nghch khi
i2=i2.

1.3.4 Mch tp trung


Cc phn t c tnh tp trung khi c th coi tn hiu truyn qua n tc thi. Gi i1 l
dng in vo phn t v i2 l dng in ra khi phn t, khi i2= i1 vi mi t ta ni phn t c
tnh tp trung.

i1
i2
Phnt
(H 1.15)

Mt mch ch gm cc phn
t tp trung l mch tp trung..
Vi mt mch tp trung ta c mt s im hu hn m trn c th o nhng tn

hiu khc nhau.


Mch khng tp trung l mt mch phn tn. Dy truyn sng l mt th d ca mch
phn tn, n tng ng vi cc phn t R, L v C phn b u trn dy. Dng in truyn
trn dy truyn sng phi tr mt mt thi gian n ng ra.

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THUYT MCH

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1.4 MCH TNG NG


Cc phn t khi cu thnh mch in phi c biu din bi cc mch tng ng.
Trong mch tng ng c th cha cc thnh phn khc nhau
Di y l mt s mch tng ng trong thc t ca mt s phn t.

1.4.1 Cun dy

(H 1.16)

Cun dy l tng c c trng bi gi tr in cm ca n. Trn thc t, cc vng


dy c in tr nn mch tng ng phi mc ni tip thm mt in tr R v chnh xc
nht cn k thm in dung ca cc vng dy nm song song vi nhau

1.4.2 T in

(a)

(b)
(H 1.17)

(c)

(H 1.17a ) l mt t in l tng, nu k in tr R1 ca lp in mi, ta c mch


tng (H 1.17b ) v nu k c in cm to bi cc lp dn in (hai m ca t in) cun
thnh vng v in tr ca dy ni ta c mch tng (H 1.17c )

1.4.3 Ngun c lp c gi tr khng i


1.4.3.1 Ngun hiu th
Ngun hiu th cp n trn l ngun l tng.
Gi v l hiu th ca ngun, v0 l hiu th gia 2 u ca ngun, ni ni vi mch
ngoi, dng in qua mch l i0 (H 1.18a). Nu l ngun l tng ta lun lun c v0 = v khng
i. Trn thc t, gi tr v0 gim khi i0 tng (H 1.18c); iu ny c ngha l bn trong ngun c
mt in tr m ta gi l ni tr ca ngun, in tr ny to mt st p khi c dng in
chy qua v st p cng ln khi i0 cng ln. Vy mch tng ng ca ngun hiu th c
dng (H 1.18b)

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(a)

(b)
(H 1.18)

(c)

1.4.3.2 Ngun dng in


Tng t, ngun dng in thc t phi k n ni tr ca ngun, mc song song vi
ngun trong mch tng ng v in tr ny chnh l nguyn nhn lm gim dng in
mch ngoi i0 khi hiu th v0 ca mch ngoi gia tng.

(H 1.19)

BI TP
-- --

1. V dng sng ca cc tn hiu m t bi cc phng trnh sau y:


a.

10

(t nT) vi T=1s
n =1

2t
2t
v u(t-T/2)sin
T
T
c. r(t).u(t-1), r(t)-r(t-1)-u(t-1)

b. u(t)sin

2. Cho tn hiu c dng (H P1.1).


Hy din t tn hiu trn theo cc hm:
a. u(t-a) v u(t-b)
b. u(b-t) v u(a-t)
c. u(b-t) v u(t-a)

(H P1.1)

3.Vit phng trnh dng sng ca cc tn hiu khng tun


hon (H P1.2) theo tp hp tuyn tnh ca cc hm bt thng (nc, dc), sin v cc hm
khc (nu cn)

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(a)

(b)
(H P1.2)

4. Cho tn hiu c dng (H P1.3)

(H P1.3)

(H P1.4)

a. Vit phng trnh dng sng ca cc tn hiu theo tp hp tuyn tnh ca cc hm sin v
cc hm nc n v.
b. Xem chui xung c dng (H P1.4)
Chui xung ny c dng ca cc cng, khi xung c gi tr 1 ta ni cng m v khi tr ny =0
ta ni cng ng.
Ta c th din t mt hm cng m thi im t0 v ko di mt khong thi gian T bng
mt hm cng c k hiu:
t ,T (t) = u(t t 0 ) u(t t 0 T)
0

Th din t tn hiu (H P1.3) bng tch ca mt hm sin v cc hm cng.


5. Cho kin v tnh tuyn tnh v bt bin theo t ca cc tn hiu sau:
a. y =x2
dx
b. y =t
dt
dx
c. y =x
dt
6. Cho mch (H P1.6a) v tn hiu vo (H P1.6b)
Tnh p ng v v dng sng ca p ng trong 2 trng hp sau (cho vC(0) = 0):
a. Tn hiu vo x(t) l ngun hiu th vC v p ng l dng in iC.
b. Tn hiu vo x(t) l iC ngun hiu th v p ng l dng in vC.
Bng di y cho ta d kin ca bi ton ng vi cc (H 5a, b, c...) km theo. Tnh p ng
v v dng sng ca p ng

(a)

(b)
(H P1.6)

(c)

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THUYT MCH

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bn - 13

(a)

(d)

Cu
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

Mch hnh
a
a
a
a
b
b
b
b

(b)

(c)

(e)
(H P1.5)

(f)

Kch thch x(t)


vc
vc
ic
ic
vL
vL
iL
iL

Dng sng
d
f
c
d
c
d
e
f

p ng
ic
ic
vc
vc
iL
iL
vL
vL

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_________________________________________Chng2nhlutvnhlmch

in

CHNG 2
NH LUT V NH L MCH IN
NH LUT KIRCHHOF
IN TR TNG NG
NH L MILLMAN
NH L CHNG CHT
NH L THEVENIN V NORTON
BIN I Y (NH L KENNELY)
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_____

Chng ny cp n hai nh lut quan trng lm c s cho vic phn gii mch,
l cc nh lut Kirchhoff.
Chng ta cng bn n mt s nh l v mch in. Vic p dng cc nh l ny
gip ta gii quyt nhanh mt s bi ton n gin hoc bin i mt mch in phc tp
thnh mt mch n gin hn, to thun li cho vic p dng cc nh lut Kirchhoff gii
mch.
Trc ht, n gin, chng ta ch xt n mch gm ton in tr v cc loi
ngun, gi chung l mch DC. Cc phng trnh din t cho loi mch nh vy ch l cc
phng trnh i s (i vi mch c cha L & C, ta cn n cc phng trnh vi tch phn)
Tuy nhin, khi kho st v ng dng cc nh l, chng ta ch ch n cu trc ca
mch m khng quan tm n bn cht ca cc thnh phn, do cc kt qu trong chng
ny cng p dng c cho cc trng hp tng qut hn.
Trong cc mch DC, p ng trong mch lun lun c dng ging nh kch thch, nn
n gin, ta dng kch thch l cc ngun c lp c gi tr khng i thay v l cc hm
theo thi gian.

2.1 nh lut kirchhoff


Mt mch in gm hai hay nhiu phn t ni vi nhau, cc phn t trong mch to
thnh nhng nhnh. Giao im ca hai hay nhiu nhnh c gi l nt. Thng ngi ta coi
nt l giao im ca 3 nhnh tr nn. Xem mch (H 2.1).

(H 2.1)

- Nu xem mi phn t trong mch l mt nhnh mch ny gm 5 nhnh v 4 nt.


- Nu xem ngun hiu th ni tip vi R1 l mt nhnh v 2 phn t L v R2 l mt
nhnh (trn cc phn t ny c cng dng in chy qua) th mch gm 3 nhnh v 2 nt.
Cch sau thng c chn v gip vic phn gii mch n gin hn.
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Hai nh lut c bn lm nn tng cho vic phn gii mch in l:

2.1.1. nh lut Kirchhoff v dng in : ( Kirchhoff's Current Law,


KCL )
Tng i s cc dng in ti mt nt bng khng .

=0

(2.1)

ij l dng in trn cc nhnh gp nt j.


Vi qui c: Dng in ri khi nt c gi tr m v dng in hng vo nt c gi
tr dng (hay ngc li).

(H 2.2)

Theo pht biu trn, ta c phng trnh nt A (H 2.2):


i1 + i 2 - i 3 + i 4=0
Nu ta qui c du ngc li ta cng c cng kt qu:

(2.2)

- i 1 - i 2 + i 3 - i 4 =0
Hoc ta c th vit li:

(2.3)

i3= i1 + i2 + i4

(2.4)

V t phng trnh (2.4) ta c pht biu khc ca nh lut KCL:


Tng cc dng in chy vo mt nt bng tng cc dng in chy ra khi nt
.
nh lut Kirchhoff v dng in l h qu ca nguyn l bo ton in tch:
Ti mt nt in tch khng c sinh ra cng khng b mt i.
Dng in qua mt im trong mch chnh l lng in tch i qua im trong
mt n v thi gian v nguyn l bo ton in tch cho rng lng in tch i vo mt nt
lun lun bng lng in tch i ra khi nt .

2.1.2. nh lut Kirchhoff v in th: ( Kirchhoff's Voltage Law, KVL ).


Tng i s hiu th ca cc nhnh theo mt vng kn bng khng

(t) = 0

(2.5)

p dng nh lut Kirchhoff v hiu th, ta chn mt chiu cho vng v dng qui
c: Hiu th c du (+) khi i theo vng theo chiu gim ca in th (tc gp cc dng
trc) v ngc li.
nh lut Kirchhoff v hiu th vit cho vng abcd ca (H 2.3).
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- v1 + v 2 - v 3 = 0

(H 2.3)

Ta cng c th vit KVL cho mch trn bng cch chn hiu th gia 2 im v xc
nh hiu th theo mt ng khc ca vng:
v1 = vba = vbc+ vca = v2 - v3
nh lut Kirchhoff v hiu th l h qu ca nguyn l bo ton nng lng: Cng
trong mt ng cong kn bng khng.
V tri ca h thc (2.5) chnh l cng trong dch chuyn in tch n v (+1) dc
theo mt mch kn.
Th d 2.1 .
Tm ix v vx trong (H2.4)

(H 2.4)

Gii:
p dng KCL ln lt cho cc cho nt a, b, c, d
- i1 - 1 + 4 = 0

i1 = 3A

- 2A + i1 + i2 = 0

i2 = -1A

- i3 + 3A - i2 = 0

i3 = 4A

ix + i3 + 1A = 0

ix = - 5A

p dng nh lut KVL cho vng abcd:


- vx - 10 + v2 - v3 = 0
Vi v2 = 5 i2 = 5.( - 1) = - 5V
v3 = 2 i3 = 2.( 4) = 8V

vx =- 10 - 5 - 8 = -23V
Trong th d trn , ta c th tnh dng ix t cc dng in bn ngoi vng abcd n
cc nt abcd.
Xem vng abcd c bao bi mt mt kn ( v nt gin on).
nh lut Kirchhoff tng qut v dng in c th pht biu cho mt kn nh sau:
Tng i s cc dng in n v ri khi mt kn bng khng.
Vi qui c du nh nh lut KCL cho mt nt.
Nh vy phng trnh tnh ix l:
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- ix - 4 + 2 - 3 = 0
Hay ix = - 5 A
nh lut c th c chng minh d dng t cc phng trnh vit cho cc nt abcd
cha trong mt kn c dng in t cc nhnh bn ngoi n.
Th d 2.2:
L v R trong mch (H 2.5a) din t cun lch ngang trong TiVi nu L = 5H, R = 1
v dng in c dng sng nh (H 2.5b). Tm dng sng ca ngun hiu th v(t).

(a)

(b)
(H 2.5)

Gii:
nh lut KVL cho :
- v(t) + v R(t) + v L(t) = 0
hay

v (t) = v R + v L(t) = Ri(t) + L

(1)
d i (t )
dt

Thay tr s ca R v L vo:
d i (t )
v L(t) = 5
dt
v R(t) = 1. i(t)
d i (t )
v (t) = i(t) + 5
dt

(2)
(3)
(4)

Da vo dng sng ca dng in i(t), suy ra o hm ca i(t) v ta v c dng sng


ca vL(t) (H 2.6a) v v(t) (H 2.6b) t cc phng trnh (2), (3) v (4).

(a)

(H 2.6)

(b)

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2.2 in tr tng ng
Hai mch gi l tng ng vi nhau khi ngi ta khng th phn bit hai mch ny
bng cch o dng in v hiu th nhng u ra ca chng.
Hai mch lng cc A v B (H 2.7) tng ng nu v ch nu:
ia = ib

vi mi ngun v

(H 2.7)

Di y l pht biu v khi nim in tr tng ng:


Bt c mt lng cc no ch gm in tr v ngun ph thuc u tng ng
vi mt in tr.
in tr tng ng nhn t hai u a & b ca mt lng cc c nh ngha:
v
i
Trong v l ngun bt k ni vo hai u lng cc.

Rt =

(2.6)

(H 2.8)

Th d 2.3:
Mch (H 2.9a) v (H 2.9b) l cu chia in th v cu chia dng in. Xc nh cc
in th v dng in trong mch.

(a)

(H 2.9)

(b)

Gii:

a/ (H 2.9a) cho
v = v1+ v2 = R1 i + R2 i= (R1 + R2) i
v
Rt = = R1 + R2
i

T cc kt qu trn suy ra :

i =

v
R1 + R2

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in

R1
v
R1 + R2
b/ (H 2.9b) cho

v1 = R1 i =

R2
v
R1 + R2

i = i1+ i2

hay

v
v
v
=
+
Rt R1 R2

1
1
1
=
+
Rt R1 R2

hay

Gt = G1+ G2

T cc kt qu trn suy ra:

v2 = R2 i =

i1 = G1v =

v =

1
i
G1 + G 2

G1
R2
i=
i
G1 + G 2
R1 + R2

i2 = G2v =

G2
R1
i=
i
G1 + G 2
R1 + R2

Th d 2.4:
Tnh Rt ca phn mch (H 2.10a)

(a)

(b)
(H 2.10)

Gii:
Mc ngun hiu th v vo hai u a v b nh (H2.10b) v ch i = i1.
1
2
nh lut KCL cho
i1 = i3 + i 1 i3 = i 1
3
3
Hiu th gia a &b chnh l hiu th 2 u in tr 3
v = 3i3 = 2i1 = 2i

Rt =

v
= 2
i

2.3. nh l Millman
nh l Millman gip ta tnh c hiu th hai u ca mt mch gm nhiu nhnh
mc song song.
Xt mch (H 2.11), trong mt trong cc hiu th Vas = Va - Vs ( s = 1,2,3 ) c th
trit tiu.

(H 2.11)

nh l Millman p dng cho mch (H 2.11) c pht biu:


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v .G
G
as

vab =

(2.7)

1
l in dn nhnh s.
Rs
Chng minh:
Gi vsb l hiu th hai u ca Rs:
vsb = vab - vas
Dng in qua Rs:
v
v vas
is = sb = ab
= (vab vas)Gs
Rs
Rs

Vi

Gs =

Ti nt b :

=0

(v v ) Gs = 0
v G = v G
ab

as

Hay

ab

as

v G
G
as

vab =

Th d 2.5
Dng nh l Millman, xc nh dng in i2 trong mch (H 2.12).

(H 2.12)

ta c

Vy

8 6,4
+
1 0,5 8 + 12,8
=
vab =
1
16
1+ + 2
5
5
vab = 6,5 V
6,5
= 1,3 A
i2 =
5

2.4. nh l chng cht

( superposition theorem)

nh l chng cht l kt qu ca tnh cht tuyn tnh ca mch: p ng i vi


nhiu ngun c lp l tng s cc p ng i vi mi ngun ring l. Khi tnh p ng i
vi mt ngun c lp, ta phi trit tiu cc ngun kia (Ni tt ngun hiu th v h ngun
dng in, tc ct b nhnh c ngun dng in), ring ngun ph thuc vn gi nguyn.
Th d 2.6
Tm hiu th v2 trong mch (H 2.13a).
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(a)

(b)

(c)

(H 2.13)

- Cho ngun i3 = 0A ( h nhnh cha ngun 3A), ta c mch (H 2.13b):


6
v1 = 1,8V (dng cu phn th)
4+ 6
- Cho ngun v1 = 0V (ni tt nhnh cha ngun 3V), mch (H 2.13c).
4
Dng in qua in tr 6:
2 = 0,8A (dng cu phn dng)
6+ 4

v'2 =

v''2 = - 0,8 x 6 = - 4,8 V


v2 = v'2 + v''2 = 1,8 - 4,8 = - 3V

Vy

v2 = - 3V
Th d 2.7 Tnh v2 trong mch (H 2.14a).

(a)

(b)

(c)
(H 2.14)

Gii:
- Ct ngun dng in 3A, ta c mch(H 2.14b).
i1 =

2 1
= A
4 2

i3 = 2i1 = 1A v'2 = 2 - 3i3 = -1 V


- Ni tt ngun hiu th 2 V, ta c mch (H 2.14c).
in tr 4 b ni tt nn i1 = 0 A
Vy i3 = 3A v''2 = - 3 x 3 = - 9 V
Vy v2 = v'2 + v''2 = -1 - 9 = -10 V

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2.5. nh l Thevenin v Norton


nh l ny cho php thay mt phn mch phc tp bng mt mch n gin ch
gm mt ngun v mt in tr.
Mt mch in gi s c chia lm hai phn (H 2.15)

(H 2.15)

nh l Thevenin v Norton p dng cho nhng mch tha cc iu kin sau:


* Mch A l mch tuyn tnh, cha in tr v ngun.
* Mch B c th cha thnh phn phi tuyn.

* Ngun ph thuc, nu c, trong phn mch no th ch ph thuc cc i lng nm


trong phn mch .
nh l Thevenin v Norton cho php chng ta s thay mch A bng mt ngun v
mt in tr m khng lm thay i h thc v - i hai cc a & b ca mch .
Trc tin, xc nh mch tng ng ca mch A ta lm nh sau: Thay mch B
bi ngun hiu th v sao cho khng c g thay i lng cc ab (H2.16).

(H 2.16)

p dng nh l chng cht dng in i c th xc nhbi:


i = i1 + isc
(2.8)
Trong i1 l dng in to bi ngun v mch A trit tiu cc ngun c lp
(H2.17a) v isc l dng in to bi mch A vi ngun v b ni tt (short circuit, sc) (H2.17b).

(a)

bi:

(H 2.17)

(b)

- Mch th ng A, tng ng vi in tr Rth, gi l in tr Thevenin, xc nh

v
Rth
Thay (2.9) vo (2.8)

i1 =-

i=-

v
+ isc
Rth

(2.9)

(2.10)

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H thc (2.10) din t mch A trong trng hp tng qut nn n ng trong mi
trng hp.
Trng hp a, b h (Open circuit), dng i = 0 A, phng trnh (2.10) thnh:
0=

voc
+ isc
Rth

Hay voc = Rth . isc


Thay (2.11) vo (2.10):

(2.11)

v = - Rth . i + voc

(2.12)

H thc (2.12) v (2.10) cho php ta v cc mch tng ng ca mch A (H 2.18)


v (H 2.19)

(H 2.18)

(H 2.19)

* (H 2.18) c v t h thc (2.12) c gi l mch tng ng Thevenin ca

mch A (H 2.15). V ni dung ca nh l c pht biu nh sau:


Mt mch lng cc A c th c thay bi mt ngun hiu th voc ni tip vi
mt in tr Rth. Trong voc l hiu th ca lng cc A h v Rth l in tr nhn
t lng cc khi trit tiu cc ngun c lp trong mch A (Gi nguyn cc ngun ph
thuc).
Rth cn c gi l in tr tng ng ca mch A th ng.
* (H 2.19) c v t h thc (2.10) c gi l mch tng ng Norton ca mch

A (H 2.15). V nh l Norton c pht biu nh sau:


Mt mch lng cc A c th c thay th bi mt ngun dng in isc song
song vi in tr Rth. Trong isc l dng in lng cc khi ni tt v Rth l in tr
tng ng mch A th ng.
Th d 2.8
V mch tng ng Thevenin v Norton ca phn nm trong khung ca mch
(H2.20).

(H 2.20)

Gii:
c mch tng ng Thevenin, ta phi xc nh c Rth v voc.
Xc nh Rth
Rth l in tr nhn t ab ca mch khi trit tiu ngun c lp. (H 2.21a).
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in
T (H 2.21a) :
Rth = 2 +

6x 3
= 4
6+ 3

(a)

(b)
(H 2.21)

Xc nh voc

voc l hiu th gia a v b khi mch h (H 2.21b). V a, b h, khng c dng qua in


tr 2 nn voc chnh l hiu th vcb. Xem nt b lm chun ta c
vd = - 6 + vc = - 6 + voc
/L KCL nt b cho :
voc voc 6
+
= 2A
3
6
Suy ra voc = 6 V
Vy mch tng ng Thevenin (H2.22)

(H 2.22)

(H 2.23)

c mch tng ng Norton, Rth c, ta phi xc nh isc. Dng isc chnh l dng
qua ab khi nhnh ny ni tt. Ta c th xc nh t mch (H 2.20) trong ni tt ab. Nhng
ta cng c th dng h thc (2.11) xc nh isc theo voc:
voc 6
= = 1,5A
Rth 4
Vy mch tng ng Norton (H 2.23)
Th d 2.9
V mch tng ng Norton ca mch (H 2.24a).

isc =

(a)

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in

(b)

(c)
(H 2.24)

Ta tm isc t mch (H 2.24c)


KCL nt b cho:
i1 = 10 - i2 - isc
Vit KVL cho 2 vng bn phi:
-4(10 - i2 - isc) - 2i1 + 6i2 = 0
- 6i2 + 3isc = 0
Gii h thng cho isc = 5A
tnh Rth (H 2.24b), do mch c cha ngun ph thuc, ta c th tnh bng cch p
vo a,b mt ngun v ri xc nh dng in i, c Rth = v/i ( in tr tng ng ).
Tuy nhin, y ta s tm voc ab khi a,b h (H 2.25).

(H 2.25)

Ta c voc = 6i2
Vit nh lut KVL cho vng cha ngun ph thuc :
-4(10 - i2) - 2 i1+ 6i2 = 0
i2 = 5 A
voc = 6 x 5 = 30 V
v
30
Vy Rth = oc =
= 6
i sc
5
Mch tng ng Norton:
Hay
v

(H 2.26)

Th d 2.10:
Tnh vo trong mch (H 2.27a) bng cch dng nh l Thevenin

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in

(a)

(b)

(c)

(H 2.27)

(d)

c mch th ng, ni tt ngun v1 nhng vn gi ngun ph thuc 1/3 i1, ta c


mch (H 2.27c). Mch ny ging mch (H 2.10) trong th d 2.4; Rth chnh l Rt trong th d
2.4.
Rth = 2
tnh voc, ta c mch (H2.27b)
voc = v5 + v1
v5 = 3i5
i4 = 0 A ( mch h ) nn:
i5=

1
1 v
1 4 2
i1 = x 1 = x = A
3
3 2 3 2 3

voc = 3

2
+4=6V
3

voc = 6 V
Mch tng ng Thevenin v (H 2.27d).
voc
6
vo =
10 =
10 = 5 V
2 + 10
12
vo = 5 V

2.6. Bin i - Y (

nh l Kennely ).

Coi mt mch gm 3 in tr Ra, Rb, Rc ni nhau theo hnh (Y), ni vi mch ngoi
ti 3 im a, b, c im chung O (H 2.28a). V mch gm 3 in tr Rab, Rbc, Rca ni nhau theo
hnh tam gic (), ni vi mch ngoi ti 3 im a, b, c (H 2.28b).

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(H 2.28)

Hai mch v Y tng ng khi mch ny c th thay th mch kia m khng nh


hng n mch ngoi, ngha l cc dng in ia, ib, ic i vo cc nt a, b, c v cc hiu th
vab,vbc, vca gia cc nt khng thay i.
- Bin i Y l thay th cc mch bng cc mch Y v ngc li.
Ngi ta chng minh c :
Bin i Y :
Rab =

Ra R b + R b Rc + Rc Ra
Rc

Rbc =

Ra R b + R b Rc + Rc Ra
Ra

Rca =

Ra R b + R b Rc + Rc Ra
Rb

(2.13)

Bin i Y:
Ra =

Rab . Rca
Rab + R bc + Rca

Rb =

Rab . R bc
Rab + R bc + Rca

Rc =

R bc . Rca
Rab + R bc + Rca

(2.14)

Nn thn trng khi p dng bin i Y. Vic p dng ng phi cho mch tng
ng n gin hn.
Th d 2.11:
Tm dng in i trong mch (H 2.29a).

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in

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(H 2.29)
- Bin i tam gic abc thnh hnh sao, ta c (H 2.29b) vi cc gi tr in tr:

Raf =

2x2
4
= = 0,8
2+ 2+ 1 5

Rbf =

2x1 2
= = 0,4
5
5

2x1 2
= = 0,4
5
5
- in tr tng ng gia f v d:
1,4x2,4
= 0,884
1,4 + 2,4
- in tr gia a v e:
Rac = 0,8 + 0,884 +1 = 2,684
v dng in i trong mch :

Rcf =

i=

v
v
A
=
Rac 2,684

2.7 Mch khuch i thut ton ( Operation amplifier,


OPAMP )
Mt trong nhng linh kin in t quan trng v thng dng hin nay l mch khuch
i thut ton ( OPAMP ).
Cu to bn trong mch s c gii thiu trong mt gio trnh khc. y chng ta
ch gii thiu mch OPAMP c dng trong mt vi trng hp ph bin vi mc ch xy
dng nhng mch tng ng dng ngun ph thuc cho n t cc nh lut Kirchhoff .
OPAMP l mt mch a cc, nhng n gin ta ch n cc ng vo v ng ra
(b qua cc cc ni ngun v Mass...). Mch c hai ng vo (a) l ng vo khng o, nh
du (+) v (b) l ng vo o nh du (-), (c) l ng ra.

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in

(H 2.30)

Mch c nhiu c tnh quan trng , y ta xt mch trong iu kin l tng: i1 v


i2 dng in cc ng vo bng khng (tc tng tr vo ca mch rt ln) v hiu th gia
hai ng vo cng bng khng .
Lu l ta khng th dng nh lut KCL tng qut cho mch (H 2.30) c v ta
b qua mt s cc do mc d i1 = i2 = 0 nhng i3 0.
Mch OPAMP l tng c li dng in nn trong thc t khi s dng
ngi ta lun dng mch hi tip.
Trc tin ta xt mch c dng (H 2.31a), trong R2 l mch hi tip mc t ng ra
(c) tr v ng vo o (b), v mch (H 2.31b) l mch tng ng .

(a)

(b)

(c)

(H 2.31)

v mch tng ng ta tm lin h gia v2 v v1.


p dng cho KVL cho vng obco qua v2
Hay

vbc + v2 - vbo = 0
vbc = vbo - v2 = v1 - v2 (vbo = v1)
p dng KCL nt b:
vbo vbc v1 v1 v2
+
=
+
=0
R1 R2 R1
R2

R2
R1
Ta c mch tng ng (H 2.31b), trong Av l li in th.
Xt trng hp c bit R2 = 0 v R1 = , Av = 1 v v2 = v1 (H 2.31c) mch khng
c tnh khuch i v c gi l mch m ( Buffer ), c tc dng bin i tng tr.

Gii phng trnh cho:

v2 = Av v1 vi Av = 1 +

Mt dng khc ca mch OP-AMP v (H 2.32a)


Ap dng KCL ng vo o.

R
v1 v2

= 0 hay v2 = 2 v1
R1
R1 R2

Ta thy v2 c pha o li so vi v1 nn mch c gi l mch o.


Mch tng ng v (H 2.31b), dng ngun hiu th ph thuc hiu th .

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in
v1
= i1 , ta c mch tng ng (H 2.32c), trong ngun hiu th ph
R1
thuc hiu th c thay bng ngun hiu th ph thuc dng in .

Nu thay

(a)

(b)

(c)

(H 2.32)

BI TP
--o0o--

2.1. Cho mch (H P2.1)

(H P2.1)

v
v
Chng minh: v3 = R0 1 + 2
R1 R2
Lu l v3 khng ph thuc vo thnh phn mc a, b.
y l mt trong cc mch lm ton v c tn l mch cng.
2.2. Cho mch (H P2.2a)

(H P2.2a)

(H P2.2b)

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in
Chng minh rng ta lun c: v1 = v2 v

i1 =

R2
i2
R1

Vi bt k thnh phn ni vo b,d.


p dng kt qu trn vo mch (H P2.2b) xc nh dng in i.
2.3. Tm dng in i trong mch (H P2.3).

(H P2.3)

2.4. Cho mch (H P2.4)


a/ Tnh vo.
b/ p dng bng s v1 = 3 V, v2 = 2 V, R1 = 4K, R2 = 3K, Rf = 6K v R = 1K.
2.5. (H P2.5) l mch tng ng ca mt mch khuch i transistor.
Dng nh l Thevenin hoc Norton xc nh io/ii ( li dng in).

(H P2.4)

(H P2.5)

2.6. Cho mch (H P2.6a). Tm cc gi tr C v R2 nu vi(t) v i(t) c dng nh (H P2.6b) v (H


P2.6c).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(H P2.6)

v1 (t )
trong mch (H P2.7) v th t tn cho phn mch nm trong khung k nt
i 1 (t )
gin on.

2.7 Tnh

2.8. Tnh Rtd ca (H P2.8).

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Minh Lun
IN T

K THUT

_________________________________________Chng2nhlutvnhlmch

19

in

(H P2.7)

(H P2.8)

2.9. Cho mch (H P2.9), tm iu kin vo = 0.


2.10. Thay th mch in trong khung ca (H P2.10) bng mch tng ng Thevenin sau
tnh io.

(H P2.9)

(H P2.10)

2.11. Dng nh l chng cht xc nh dng i trong mch (H P2.11).


2.12 Tm mch tng ng ca mch (H P2.12).

(H P2.11)

(H P2.12)

2.13. Dng nh l Thevenin xc nh dng i trong mch (H P2.14).

(H P2.13)

(H P2.14)

2.14. Dng nh l Norton xc nh dng i ca mch (H P2.1).


2.15. Dng nh l Norton ( hay Thevenin ) xc nh dng i trong mch (H P2.16).

(H P2.15)

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Minh Lun
IN T

K THUT

20
_________________________________________Chng2nhlutvnhlmch

in

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Minh Lun
IN T

K THUT

_______________________________________________Chng 3 Phng trnh mch


in - 1

 Chng3
PHNG TRNH MCH IN
KHI NIM V TOPO
Mt s nh ngha
nh l v topo mch
PHNG TRNH NT
Mch cha ngun dng in
Mch cha ngun hiu th
PHNG TRNH VNG
Mch cha ngun hiu th
Mch cha ngun dng in
BIN I V CHUYN V NGUN
Bin i ngun
Chuyn v ngun
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Trong chng ny, chng ta gii thiu mt phng php tng qut gii cc mch
in tng i phc tp. l cc h phng trnh nt v phng trnh vng. Chng ta cng
cp mt cch s lc cc khi nim c bn v Topo mch, phn ny gip cho vic thit lp
cc h phng trnh mt cch c hiu qu.

3.1 Khi nim v Topo MCH


Trong mt mch, n s chnh l dng in v hiu th ca cc nhnh. Nu mch c B
nhnh ta c 2B n s v do cn 2B phng trnh c lp gii. Lm th no vit v
gii 2B phng trnh ny mt cch c h thng v t c kt qu chnh xc v nhanh nht,
l mc ch ca phn Topo mch.
Topo mch ch n cch ni nhau ca cc phn t trong mch m khng n
bn cht ca chng.

3.1.1. Mt s nh ngha
Gin thng

v gin thng tng ng ca mt mch ta thay cc nhnh ca mch bi cc


on thng (hoc cong) v cc nt bi cc du chm.

(a)

(b)
(H 3.1)

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

_______________________________________________Chng 3 Phng trnh mch


in - 2
Trong gin cc nhnh v nt c t tn hoc nh s th t. Nu cc nhnh c
nh hng (thng ta ly chiu dng in trong nhnh nh hng cho gin ), ta c gin
hu hng.
(H 3.1b) l gin nh hng tng ng ca mch (H 3.1a).
Gin con
Tp hp con ca tp hp cc nhnh v nt ca gin .
Vng

Gin con khp kn. Mi nt trong mt vng phi ni vi hai nhnh trong vng .
Ta gi tn cc vng bng tp hp cc nhnh to thnh vng hoc tp hp cc nt thuc vng
.
Th d:
(H 3.2a): Vng (4,5,6) hoc (a,b,o,a).
(H 3.2b): Vng (1,6,4,3) hoc ( a,b,o,c,a).

(a)

(b)
(H 3.2)

Cy

Gin con cha tt c cc nt ca gin nhng khng cha vng.


Mt gin c th c nhiu cy.
Th d:
(H 3.3a): Cy 3,5,6 ;
(H 3.3b): Cy 3,4,5 . . ..

(a)

(b)
(H 3.3)

* Cch v mt cy: Nhnh th nht c chn ni vi 2 nt, nhnh th hai ni 1


trong hai nt ny vi nt th 3 v nhnh theo sau li ni mt nt na vo cc nt trc. Nh
vy khi ni N nt, cy cha N-1 nhnh.
Th d v cy ca (H 3.3b) ta ln lt lm tng bc theo (H 3.4).

(H 3.4)

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

_______________________________________________Chng 3 Phng trnh mch


in - 3
phn bit nhnh ca cy vi cc nhnh khc trong gin , ngi ta gi nhnh ca
cy l cnh v cc nhnh cn li gi l nhnh ni. Cnh v nhnh ni ch c ngha sau khi
chn cy.
Gi L l s nhnh ni ta c:
B = (N - 1) + L
Hay L = B - N +1
(3.1)
Trong B l s nhnh ca gin , N l s nt.
Trong gin trn hnh 3.1 : B = 6, N = 4 vy L = 6 - 4 + 1 = 3
Nhn thy, mt cy nu thm mt nhnh ni vo s to thnh mt vng c lp ( l
vng cha t nht mt nhnh khng thuc vng khc ).
Vy s vng c lp ca mt gin chnh l s nhnh ni L.

3.1.2. nh l v Topo mch


Nhc li, mt mch gm B nhnh cn 2B phng trnh c lp gii, trong B
phng trnh l h thc v - i ca cc nhnh, vy cn li B phng trnh phi c thit lp t
nh lut Kirchhoff .
nh l 1:
Gin c N nt, c (N -1) phng trnh c lp do nh lut KCL vit cho (N-1) nt
ca gin .
Tht vy, phng trnh vit cho nt th N c th suy t (N-1) phng trnh kia.
nh l 2
Hiu th ca cc nhnh (tc gia 2 nt) ca gin c th vit theo (N-1) hiu th c
lp nh nh lut KVL.
Tht vy, mt cy ni tt c cc nt ca gin , gia hai nt bt k lun c mt
ng ni ch gm cc cnh ca cy, do hiu th gia hai nt c th vit theo hiu th ca
cc cnh ca cy. Mt cy c (N - 1) cnh, vy hiu th ca mt nhnh no ca gin cng
c th vit theo (N-1) hiu th c lp ca cc cnh.
Trong th d ca (H 3.1), cy gm 3 nhnh 3, 4, 5 c bit quan trng v cc cnh ca
n ni vi mt nt chung O, O gi l nt chun. Hiu th ca cc cnh l hiu th gia cc
nt a, b, c (so vi nt chun). Tp hp (N - 1) hiu th ny c gi l hiu th nt.
Nu mch khng c c tnh nh trn th ta c th chn mt nt bt k lm nt chun.
nh l 3
Ta c L = B - N +1 vng hay mt li c lp vi nhau, trong ta c th vit phng
trnh t nh lut KVL.
nh l 4
Mi dng in trong cc nhnh c th c vit theo L = B - N +1 dng in c lp
nh nh lut KCL.
Cc vng c lp c c bng cch chn mt cy ca gin , xong c thm 1 nhnh
ni vo ta c 1 vng. Vng ny cha nhnh ni mi thm vo m nhnh ny khng thuc
mt vng no khc. Vy ta c L = B - N + 1 vng c lp. Cc dng in chy trong cc
nhnh ni hp thnh mt tp hp cc dng in c lp trong mch tng ng .
Th d: Trong gin (H 3.1b), nu ta chn cy gm cc nhnh 3,4,5 th ta c cc
vng c lp sau y:

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

_______________________________________________Chng 3 Phng trnh mch


in - 4

(H 3.5)

Mt phng php khc xc nh vng c lp l ta chn cc mt li trong mt


gin phng (gin m cc nhnh ch ct nhau ti cc nt). Mt li l mt vng khng
cha vng no khc. Trong gin (H 3.1b) mt li l cc vng gm cc nhnh: (4,5,6),
(2,3,4) & (1,2,6).
Mt mt li lun lun cha mt nhnh khng thuc mt li khc nn n l mt
vng c lp v s mt li cng l L.
Cc nh l trn cho ta B phng trnh gii mch :
Gm (N-1) phng trnh nt v (L = B - N + 1) phng trnh vng.
V tng s phng trnh l:
(N-1) + L = N - 1 + B - N + 1 = B

3.2 Phng trnh Nt


3.2.1 Mch ch cha in tr v ngun dng in
Trong trng hp ngoi in tr ra, mch ch cha ngun dng in th vit phng
trnh nt cho mch l bin php d dng nht gii mch. Chng ta lun c th vit phng
trnh mt cch trc quan, tuy nhin nu trong mch c ngun dng in ph thuc th ta cn
c thm cc h thc din t quan h gia cc ngun ny vi cc n s ca phng trnh mi
iu kin gii mch.
Ngun dng in c lp:
Nu mi ngun trong mch u l ngun dng in c lp, tt c dng in cha bit
c th tnh theo (N - 1) in th nt. Ap dng nh lut KCL ti (N - 1) nt, tr nt chun, ta
c (N - 1) phng trnh c lp. Gii h phng trnh ny tm hiu th nt. T suy ra
cc hiu th khc.
Th d 3.1:
Tm hiu th ngang qua mi ngun dng in trong mch (H 3.6)

(H 3.6)

Mch c 3 nt 1, 2, O; N = 3 vy N - 1 = 2, ta c 2 phng trnh c lp.


Chn nt O lm chun, 2 nt cn li l 1 v 2 . v1 v v2 chnh l hiu th cn tm.
Vit KCL cho nt 1 v 2.
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

_______________________________________________Chng 3 Phng trnh mch


in - 5
v1 v1 v 2
+
=0
4
2
v 2 v1 v 2 v 2
+
+
+2=0
2
3
6

Nt 1: 5 +
Nt 2:

(1)
(2)

Thu gn:
1
1 1
+ v1 v 2 = 5
2
4 2

(3)

1
1 1 1
v 1 + + + v 2 = 2
2
2 3 6
Gii h thng (3) v (4), ta c :
v1 = 8 (V)
v
v2 = 2 (V)

(4)

Thit lp phng trnh nt cho trng hp tng qut

Xt mch ch gm in tr R v ngun dng in c lp, c N nt. Nu khng k


ngun dng in ni gia hai nt j v k, tng s dng in ri nt j n nt k lun c dng:
Gjk (vj - vk )
(3.2)
Gjk l tng in dn ni trc tip gia hai nt j , k ( j k ) gi l in dn chung gia hai nt j
, k ; ta c:
Gjk = Gkj

(3.3)

Gi ij l tng i s cc ngun dng in ni vi nt j.


nh lut KCL p dng cho nt j:

G (v
jk

vk ) = i j

(ij > 0 khi i vo nt j )

Hay

v j G jk G jk vk = i j
k

(jk)

( 3.4)

G jk : L tng in dn ca cc nhnh c mt u ti nt j. Ta gi chng l in


k

dn ring ca nt j v k hiu:
G jj = G jk

(3.5)

Phng trnh (3.4) vit li:


G jjv j G jk vk = i j

(j k)

(3.6)

Vit phng trnh (3.6) cho (N - 1) nt ( j = 1, ..., N - 1 ), ta c h thng phng trnh


Nt 1:
G11v1 - G12v2 - G13v3 . . . - G1(.N-1)vN-1 = i1
Nt 2:
- G21 v1 + G22 v 2 - G23 v 3 . . . - G2.(N-1) v N-1 = i2
:
:
:
Nt N -1:
- G(N-1).1 v 1 - G(N-1).2 v 2 . . . +G(N-1)(.N-1) v N-1 = iN-1
Di dng ma trn:

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

_______________________________________________Chng 3 Phng trnh mch


in - 6

G12 ............... G1.N 1 v1 i 1


G11

- G
21 G 22 ............... G 2.N 1 v2 i 2
: :
:
:
:

:
:
:
:
:

: :
:
:
:

- GN 1.1 GN 1.2...............GN 1.N 1 vN 1 i N 1


Hay
[G][V] = [I]
(3.7)
[G]: Gi l ma trn in dn cc nhnh, ma trn ny c cc phn t i xng qua ng cho
chnh v cc phn t c th vit mt cch trc quan t mch in .
[V]: Ma trn hiu th nt, phn t l cc hiu th nt.
[I]: Ma trn ngun dng in c lp, phn t l cc ngun dng in ni vi cc nt, c gi
tr dng khi i vo nt.
Tr li th d 3.1:
1 1
1 1 1
G11 = +
; G22 = + +
4 2
2 3 6
i1 = 5A v i2 = - 2A
H phng trnh thnh:
1
1 1
v1 5
4 + 2
2

1
1 1 1
+ + v

2
2 3 6 2
2
Ta c kt qu nh trn.
Ngun dng in ph thuc :

G12 =

1
2

Phng php vn nh trn nhng khi vit h phng trnh nt tr s ca ngun dng in ny
phi c vit theo hiu th nt gii hn s n s vn l N-1. Trong trng hp ny ma
trn in dn ca cc nhnh mt tnh i xng.
Th d: 3.2
Tn hiu th ngang qua cc ngun trong mch (H 3.7).

(H 3.7)

Ta c th vit phng trnh nt mt cch trc quan:

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

_______________________________________________Chng 3 Phng trnh mch


in - 7

1 1
1
4 + 2 v1 2 v2 = 5

1 v + 1 + 1 + 1 v = 3i
3
2 1 2 3 6 2

(1)

H thng c 3 n s, nh vy phi vit i3 theo v1 v v2.


v1 v 2
2
Thay (2) vo (1) v sp xp li
i3 =

(2)

1
3
1
v1 v 2 = 5 & v 1 v 2 = 0
4
2
2

v1 = - 20 (V) v v2 = - 40 (V)

Th d 3.3
Tnh v2 trong mch (H 3.8).

(H 3.8)

Chn nt chun O, v1 & v2 nh trong (H 3.8)


H phng trnh nt l:
1

2 + 1v1 v 2 = 4 + i 3

v1 + 1 + 1 v 2 = i 3

Vi i3 = 5v1
Ta c :

7
2 v1 v2 = 4

10
4v1 + v2 = 0
9

(1)

(2)

(3)

Suy ra :
v2 = - 114 (V)

3.2.2 Mch ch cha in tr v ngun hiu th


Ngun hiu th c lp

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

_______________________________________________Chng 3 Phng trnh mch


in - 8
Nu mt nhnh ca mch l 1 ngun hiu th c lp, dng in trong nhnh
khng th tnh d dng theo hiu th nt nh trc. V hiu th ca ngun khng cn l n s
nn ch cn (N-2) thay v (N-1) hiu th cha bit, do ta ch cn (N-2) phng trnh nt,
vit nh nh lut KCL gii bi ton. c (N-2) phng trnh ny ta trnh 2 nt ni vi
ngun hiu th th dng in chy qua ngun ny khng xut hin.
Cui cng, tm dng in chy trong ngun hiu th, ta p dng nh lut KCL ti
nt lin h vi dng in cn li ny, sau khi tnh c cc dng in trong cc nhnh ti nt
ny.
Th d 3.4
Tnh v4 v in tr tng ng nhn t 2 u ca ngun hiu th v1 trong (H 3.9).

(H 3.9)

Mch c N = 4 nt v mt ngun hiu th c lp. Chn nt chun O v nt v1 ni vi


ngun v1 = 6 V nn ta ch cn vit hai phng trnh cho nt v2 v v3.
Vit KCL ti nt 2 v 3.

v 2 6 v 2 v 2 v3
1 + 2 + 1 = 0

v3 v 2 + v3 6 + v3 = 0
4
2
1
Thu gn:
5
2 v2 v3 = 6

v + 7 v = 3
2 4 3 2
Gii h thng (2):
32
v2 =
V
9

(1)

(2)

v3 =

26
V
9

2
V
3
Dng i1 l tng cc dng qua in tr 1 v 4.

v4 = v2 - v3 =

6 v2 6 v3 22 7 29
A
+
=
+ =
1
4
9 9 9
in tr tng ng:
i1 =

Rt =

6
54

=
29 29
9

Rt =

54

29

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

_______________________________________________Chng 3 Phng trnh mch


in - 9
Chng ta cha tm c mt phng php tng qut vit thng cc phng trnh
nt trong nhng mch c cha ngun hiu th.
Trong thc t ngun hiu th thng c mc ni tip vi mt in tr (chnh l ni
tr ca ngun) nn ta c th bin i thnh ngun dng in mc song song vi in tr
(bin i Thevenin, Norton).
Nu ngun hiu th khng mc ni tip vi in ta phi dng phng php chuyn v
ngun trc khi bin i ( cp trong mt phn sau ).
Sau cc bin i, mch n gin hn v ch cha ngun dng in v ta c th vit h
phng trnh mt cch trc quan nh trong phn 3.2.1.
Trong th d 3.3 trn, mch (H 3.9) c th v li nh (H 3.10a) m khng c g
thay i v bin cc ngun hiu th ni tip vi in tr thnh cc ngun dng song song vi
in tr ta c (H 3.10b).

(H 3.10)

V phng trnh nt:


1

1 + + 1 v 2 v3 = 6
2

1 1

- v2 + + + 1v3 = 1,5
4 2

Gii h thng ta tm li c kt qu trn.


Ngun hiu th ph thuc :

Ta cn mt phng trnh ph bng cch vit hiu th ca ngun ph thuc theo hiu
th nt.
Th d 3.5
Tm hiu th v1 trong mch (H 3.11)

(H 3.11)

Mch c 4 nt v cha 2 ngun hiu th nn ta ch cn vit 1 phng trnh nt cho nt


b. Chn nt O lm chun, phng trnh cho nt b l:
vb 24 vb 2v1
+
4 = 0 (1)
1
3
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

_______________________________________________Chng 3 Phng trnh mch


in - 10
Vi phng trnh ph l quan h gia ngun ph thuc v cc hiu th nt:
vb = 24 - v1
(2)
Thay (2) vo (1), sau khi n gin:
v1=2 (V)

3.3 Phng trnh Vng


Mch c B nhnh, N nt c th vit L = B - N + 1 phng trnh vng c lp . Mi
dng in c th tnh theo L dng in c lp ny.

3.3.1 Mch ch cha in tr v ngun hiu th


Ngun hiu th c lp :

Nu mch ch cha ngun hiu th c lp, cc hiu th cha bit u c th tnh theo
L dng in c lp.
p dng KVL cho L vng c lp (hay L mt li) ta c L phng trnh gi l h
phng trnh vng. Gii h phng trnh ta c cc dng in vng ri suy ra cc hiu th
nhnh t h thc v - i.
Th d 3.6: Tm cc dng in trong mch (H 3.12a).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(H 3.12)

Mch c
N = 5 v B = 6
Vy
L=B-N+1=2
Chn cy gm cc ng lin nt (H 3.12b). Cc vng c c bng cch thm cc
nhnh ni 1 v 2 vo cy.
Dng in i1 v i2 trong cc nhnh ni to thnh tp hp cc dng in c lp. Cc
dng in khc trong mch c th tnh theo i1 v i2.
Mt khc, thay v ch r dng in trong mi nhnh, ta c th dng khi nim dng
in vng. l dng in trong nhnh ni ta tng tng nh chy trong c vng c lp
to bi cc cnh ca cy v nhnh ni (H 3.12c).
Vit KVL cho mi vng:

6(i 1 - i 2 ) + 3i 1 - 60 = 0

2i 2 + 6(i 2 - i 1 ) + 4i 2 + 24= 0
Thu gn:
= 60
( 6 + 3)i 1 - 6i 2

- 6i 1 + (2 + 4 + 6)i 2 = 24
Gii h thng ta c :
i1 = 8A v i2 = 2A
Dng qua in tr 6:

(1)

(2)

i1 - i2 = 6 (A)

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

_______________________________________________Chng 3 Phng trnh mch


in - 11
Thit lp phng trnh vng cho trng hp tng qut

Coi mch ch cha in tr v ngun hiu th c lp , c L vng.


Gi ij, ik ...l dng in vng ca vng j, vng k ...Tng hiu th ngang qua cc in tr chung
ca vng j v k lun c dng:
Rjk ( ij ik)
Du (+) khi ij v ik cng chiu v ngc li.
Rjk l tng in tr chung ca vng j v vng k. Ta lun lun c:

(3.8)

Rjk = Rkj
vj l tng i s cc ngun trong vng j, cc ngun ny c gi tr (+) khi to ra dng in cng
chiu ij ( chiu ca vng ).
p dng KVL cho vng j:

R (i
jk

i k = vj

(3.10)

i j Rjk Rjk i k = v j

Hay

R jk

(3.11)

chnh l tng in tr chung ca vng j vi tt c cc vng khc tc l tng in tr

c trong vng j.
t
R jk = Rjj v vi qui c Rjk c tr dng khi ij v ik cng chiu v m khi ngc li,

ta vit li (3.11) nh sau:


Rjjij +

i = vj

jk k

(3.12)

i vi mch c L vng c lp :
Vng 1 :
R11i1 + R12i2 + . . . . R1LiL = v1
Vng 2 :
R21i1 + R22i2 + . . . . R2LiL = v2
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Vng L:
RL1i1 + RL2i2 + . . . . RLLiL = vL
Di dng ma trn

R11
R
21
:

:
:

RL.1

R12
R22
:
:
:
RL.2

...............R1.L i 1 v1
...............R2.L i 2 v2
: :
:
=
:
: :
: :
:

...............RLL i L vL

H phng trnh vng vit di dng vn tt:


[R] .[I] = [V]
(3.13)
[R]: Gi l ma trn in tr vng c lp. Cc phn t trn ng cho chnh lun lun
dng, cc phn t khc c tr dng khi 2 dng in vng chy trn n cng chiu, c tr m
khi 2 dng in vng ngc chiu. Cc phn t ny i xng qua ng cho chnh.
[I] : Ma trn dng in vng
[V]: Ma trn hiu th vng
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

_______________________________________________Chng 3 Phng trnh mch


in - 12
Tr li th d 3.6 ta c th vit h phng trnh vng mt cch trc quan vi cc s liu sau:
R11 = 3 + 6 = 9 ,
R22 = 2 + 4 + 6 = 12 ,
R21 = R12 = - 6 ,
v1 = 60 V
v
v2 = - 24 (V)

Ngun hiu th ph thuc

Nu mch c cha ngun hiu th ph thuc, tr s ca ngun ny phi c tnh theo


cc dng in vng. Trong trng hp ny ma trn in th mt tnh i xng.
Th d 3.7 Tnh i trong mch (H 3.13)

(H 3.13)

Vit phng trnh vng cho cc vng trong mch


6i1- 2 i+ 4i2=15
(1)
4i1+ 2 i+ 6i2= 2 i
(2)
(3)
-2i1+ 8 i+ 2i2=0
3
(2) cho i 1 = i 2
(4)
2
i i
(5)
(3) cho i = 1 2
4
Thay (5) vo (1)
11i1+ 9i2=30
(6)
Thay (4) vo (6) ta c
i2=- 4 A
i1= 6 A
V
i = 2,5 (A)

3.3.2. Mch cha ngun dng in


Ngun dng in c lp

Nu mt nhnh ca mch l mt ngun dng in c lp, hiu th ca nhnh ny kh


c th tnh theo dng in vng nh trc. Tuy nhin nu mt dng in vng duy nht c
v qua ngun dng in th n c tr s ca ngun ny v ch cn (L-1) n s thay v L (bng
cch khng chn nhnh c cha ngun dng lm cnh ca cy).
Th d 3.8: Tnh dng in qua in tr 2 trong mch (H3.14a)

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

_______________________________________________Chng 3 Phng trnh mch


in - 13

(a)

(H 3.14)

(b)

Mch c B = 8, N = 5, cy c 4 nhnh v 4 vng c lp .


Chn cy nh (H 3.14b) (nt lin), cnh ca cy khng l nhnh c cha ngun dng c lp.
Ta c:
i3 = 10 A v i4 = 12 A
Vit phng trnh vng cho hai vng cn li.
Vng 1:
( 4 + 6 + 2 )i1 - 6i2 - 4i4 = 0
(1)
Vng 2:
- 6i1 + 18i2 + 3i3 - 8i4 = 0
(2)
Thay
i3 = 10 A v i4 = 12 A vo (1) v (2)
12i1 - 6i2

= 48

- 6i1 + 18i2 = 66
Suy ra i1 = 7 (A)
Th d trn cho thy ta vn c th vit c h phng trnh vng cho mch cha
ngun dng in c lp. Tuy nhin ta cng c th bin i v chuyn v ngun (nu cn)
c mch cha ngun hiu th v nh vy vic vit phng trnh mt cch trc quan d dng
hn.
Mch (H 3.14a) c th chuyn di v bin i ngun c mch (H 3.15) di
y.

(a)

(H 3.15)

(b)

Vi mch (H 3.15b), ta vit h phng trnh vng.


Vng 1:
12i1 - 6i2 = 48
Vng 2:
- 6i1 + 18i2 = 96 - 30
Ta c li kt qu trc.
Ngun dng in ph thuc
Tm v1 trong mch (H 3.16)

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

_______________________________________________Chng 3 Phng trnh mch


in - 14

(a)

(b)

(c)

(H 3.16)

Mch c B = 5, N = 3 cy c hai cnh v 3 vng c lp .


Chn cy l ng lin nt ca (H 3.16b). Cc ngun dng in nhnh ni
Vit phng trnh cho vng 3
26i3 + 20i2 + 24i1 = 0
(1)
v
1
(2)
Vi i1 = 7A v i2= 1 = i 3
8
4
Thay (2) vo (1)
26i3 - 5i3 + 168 = 0 i3 = - 8 (A) v v1= 16 (V)

3.4 Bin i v chuyn v ngun


Cc phng php bin i v chuyn v ngun nhm mc ch sa son mch cho
vic phn gii c d dng. Mch sau khi bin i hoc phi n gin hn hoc thun tin
hn trong vic p dng cc phng trnh mch in .

3.4.1. Bin i ngun


Ngun hiu th ni tip v ngun dng in song song (H 3.17).

(H 3.17)
Ngun hiu th song song v ngun dng in ni tip.

Ta phi c: v1 = v 2 v i1 = i2.

(H 3.18)
Ngun hiu th song song vi in tr v ngun dng in ni tip in tr : C th b in

tr m khng nh hng n mch ngoi.

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

_______________________________________________Chng 3 Phng trnh mch


in - 15
(H 3.19)
Ngun hiu th mc ni tip vi in tr hay ngun dng mc song song vi in tr. Ta c

th dng bin i Thevenin Norton bin i ngun hiu th thnh ngun dng in hay
ngc li cho ph hp vi h phng trnh sp phi vit.

(H 3.20)

3.4.2. Chuyn v ngun :


Khi gp 1 ngun hiu th khng c in tr ni tip km theo hoc 1 ngun dng in
khng c in tr song song km theo, ta c th chuyn v ngun trc khi bin i chng.
Trong khi chuyn v, cc nh lut KCL v KVL khng c vi phm.
Chuyn v ngun hiu th :
(H 3.21) cho ta thy mt cch chuyn v ngun hiu th . Ta c th chuyn mt ngun
hiu th " xuyn qua mt nt " ti cc nhnh khc ni vi nt v ni tt nhnh c cha
ngun ban u m khng lm thay i phn b dng in ca mch, mc d c s thay i v
phn b in th nhng nh lut KVL vit cho cc vng ca mch khng thay i. Hai mch
hnh 3.21a v 3.21b tng ng vi nhau.

(a)

(b)
(H 3.21)

Th d 3.9: Ba mch in ca hnh 3.22 tng ng nhau:

(H 3.22)
Chuyn v ngun dng in:

Ngun dng in i mc song song vi R1 v R2 ni tip trong mch hnh 3.23a c


chuyn v thnh hai ngun song song vi R1 v R2 hnh 3.23b.

(H 3.23)

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

_______________________________________________Chng 3 Phng trnh mch


in - 16
nh lut KCL cc nt a, b, c ca cc mch (H 3.23) cho kt qu ging nhau.
Hoc mt hnh thc chuyn v khc thc hin nh (H 3.24a) v (H 3.24b). nh lut
KCL cc nt ca hai mch cng ging nhau, mc d s phn b dng in c thay i
nhng hai mch vn tng ng .

(a)

(H 3.24)

(b)

Th d 3.10: Tm hiu th gia a b ca cc mch hnh 3.25a

(a)

(b)

(c)

(H 3.25)

15 11 55
Suy ra vab =
V
=
8 3
8
55
V
vab =
8

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

_______________________________________________Chng 3 Phng trnh mch


in - 17
Tm li, khi gii mch bng cc phng trnh vng hoc nt chng ta nn sa son
cc mch nh sau:
- Nu gii bng phng trnh nt, bin i ch c cc ngun dng in trong mch.
- Nu gii bng phng trnh vng, bin i ch c cc ngun hiu th trong mch.

BI TP
--o0o-1. Dng phng trnh nt, tm v1 v v2 ca mch (H P3.1)
2. Dng phng trnh nt , tm i trong mch (H P3.2).

(H P3.1)

(H P3.2)

3. Dng phng trnh nt tm v v i trong mch (H P3.3).


4. Dng phng trnh nt, tm v trong mch (H P3.4)

(H P3.3)

(H P3.4)

5. Dng phng trnh nt, tm v v v1 trong mch (H P3.5)


6. Cho vg = 8cos3t (V), tm vo trong mch (H P3.6)

(H P3.5)

(H P3.6)

7. Tm v trong mch (H P3.7), dng phng trnh vng hay nt sao cho c t phng trnh
nht.

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

_______________________________________________Chng 3 Phng trnh mch


in - 18

(H P3.7)

8. Tm Rin theo cc R, R2, R3 mch (H P3.8).


Cho R1 = R3 = 2K. Tm R2 sao cho Rin = 6K v Rin = 1K

(H P3.8)

9. Cho mch khuch i vi sai (H P3.9)


- Tm vo theo v1, v2, R1, R2, R3, R4.
R2
(v2 v1 )
R1
10. Tm hiu th v ngang qua ngun dng in trong mch (H P3.10) bng cch dng phng
trnh vng ri phng trnh nt.

- Tm lin h gia cc in tr sao cho:

(H P3.9)

11. Tnh li dng in

vo =

(H P3.10)

i0
ca mch (H P.11) trong 2 trng hp.
ii

a. R2 = 0
b. R2 = 1
12. Tm ix trong mch (H P.12)

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

_______________________________________________Chng 3 Phng trnh mch


in - 19

(H P.11)

(H P.12)

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

___________________________________________Chng 4 Mch in n gin- RL 1


& RC -

CHNG 4
MCH IN N GIN: RL V RC
MCH KHNG CHA NGUN NGOI - PHNG TRNH VI PHN THUN NHT
Mch RC khng cha ngun ngoi
Mch RL khng cha ngun ngoi
Thi hng

MCH CHA NGUN NGOI - PHNG TRNH VI PHN C V 2.

TRNG HP TNG QUT


Phng

trnh mch in n gin trong trng hp tng qut


Mt phng php ngn gn
VI TRNG HP C BIT
p

ng i vi hm nc

Dng nh l chng cht

Chng ny xt n mt lp mch ch cha mt phn t tch tr nng lng (L hoc


C) vi mt hay nhiu in tr.
p dng cc nh lut Kirchhoff cho cc loi mch ny ta c cc phng trnh vi
phn bc 1, do ta thng gi cc mch ny l mch in bc 1.
Do trong mch c cc phn t tch tr nng lng nn p ng ca mch, ni chung,
c nh hng bi iu kin ban u ca mch. V vy, khi gii mch chng ta phi quan tm
ti cc thi im m mch thay i trng thi (th d do tc ng ca mt kha K), gi l thi
im qui chiu t0 (trong nhiu trng hp, n gin ta chn t0=0). phn bit thi im
ngay trc v sau thi im qui chiu ta dng k hiu t0-(trc) v t0+ (sau).

4.1 MCH KHNG CHA NGUN NGOI - PHNG


TRNH VI PHN THUN NHT
4.1.1 Mch RC khng cha ngun ngoi
Xt mch (H 4.1a).
- Kha K v tr 1 ngun V0 np cho t. Lc t np y (hiu th 2 u t l
V0) dng np trit tiu i(0-)=0 (Giai on ny ng vi thi gian t=- n t=0-).
- Bt K sang v tr 2, ta xem thi im ny l t=0. Khi t>0, trong mch pht sinh dng
i(t) do t C phng in qua R (H 4.1b).
Xc nh dng i(t) ny (tng ng vi thi gian t0).

(a)

(b)
(H 4.1)

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

2___________________________________________Chng 4 Mch in n gin- RL


& RC Gi v(t) l hiu th 2 u t lc t>0
p dng KCL cho mch (H 4.1b)
dv v
C
+ =0
dt R
Hay
dv
1
+
v=0
dt RC
y l phng trnh vi phn bc nht khng c v 2. Li gii ca phng trnh l:
t

v(t) = Ae RC
A l hng s tch phn, xc nh bi iu kin u ca mch.
Khi t=0, v(0) = V0 = Ae0

A=V0
t

Tm li:
v(t) = V0eRC khi t 0
Dng i(t) xc nh bi
-t
v(t) V 0 RC
i (t) =
=
e khi t 0
R
R
V
i (0+) = 0
R
T cc kt qu trn, ta c th rt ra kt lun:
- Dng qua t C thay i t ngt t tr 0 t=0- n V0/R t=0+. Trong lc
- Hiu th hai u t khng i trong khong thi gian chuyn tip t t=0- n t=0+:
vC(0+)=vC(0-)=V0.
y l mt tnh cht c bit ca t in v c pht biu nh sau:
Hiu th 2 u mt t in khng thay i tc thi
Dng sng ca v(t) (tng t cho i(t)) c v (H 4.2)

(a)

(b)
(H 4.2)

- (H 4.2a) tng ng vi V0 v R khng i, t in c tr C v 2C ( dc gp i)


- (H 4.2b) tng ng vi V0 v C khng i, in tr c tr R v 2R
Ch : Nu thi im u (lc chuyn kha K) l t0 thay v 0, kt qu v(t) vit li:
v(t) = V0e

(t - t 0 )

RC

khi t t0

4.1.2 Mch RL khng cha ngun ngoi


Xt mch (H 4.3a).
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

___________________________________________Chng 4 Mch in n gin- RL 3


& RC -

(a)

(H 4.3)

(b)

- Kha K v tr 1, dng qua mch tch tr trong cun dy mt nng lng t


trng. Khi mch t trng thi n nh, hiu th 2 u cun dy v(0-)=0 v dng in qua
V
cun dy l i(0-) = I0 = 0
R
- Bt K sang v tr 2, chnh nng lng t trng tch c trong cun dy duy tr
dng chy qua mch. Ta xem thi im ny l t=0. Khi t>0, dng i(t) tip tc chy trong
mch (H 4.3b).
Xc nh dng i(t) ny.
p dng KVL cho mch (H 4.3b)
di
L + Ri = 0
dt
di R
Hay
+ i =0
dt L
Li gii ca phng trnh l:

i (t) = Ae L
A l hng s tch phn, xc nh bi iu kin u ca mch

Khi

t=0, i(0) = I0 =

Tm li:

V0
= Ae0
R

i (t) = I 0 e

A = I0

R
t
L

khi t 0

v L (t) = R i (t) = RI 0 e

R
t
L

khi t 0

T cc kt qu trn, ta c th rt ra kt lun:
- Hiu th hai u cun dy thay t ngt i t vL(0-)=0 n vL(0+)=-RI0.
- Dng qua cun dy khng i trong khong thi gian chuyn tip t t=0- n t=0+:
iL(0+) = iL(0-) = I0 = V0/R.
y l mt tnh cht c bit ca cun dy v c pht biu nh sau:
Dng in qua mt cun dy khng thay i tc thi
Dng sng ca v(t) (tng t cho i(t)) c v (H 4.4)

(a)

(H 4.4)

(b)

- (H 4.4a) tng ng vi V0 v R khng i, cun dy c tr L v 2L


- (H 4.2b) tng ng vi V0 v L khng i, in tr c tr R v 2R
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

4___________________________________________Chng 4 Mch in n gin- RL


& RC -

4.1.3 Thi hng


Trong cc mch c cha cc phn t tch tr nng lng v cc in tr, khi mch
hot ng nng lng ca phn t c th gim dn theo thi gian do s tiu hao qua in tr,
di dng nhit. o mc gim nhanh hay chm ca cc i lng ny, ngi ta dng
khi nim thi hng.
Trong hai th d trn, p ng c chung mt dng:
y (t) = Y 0 e

(4.1)

i lng trong biu thc chnh l thi hng.


Vi mch RL: =L/R
Vi mch RC: =RC
tnh bng giy (s).
Khi t = y (t) = Y 0 e

(4.2)
(4.3)

= Y 0 e 1 = 0,37Y 0

Ngha l, sau thi gian , do phng in, p ng gim cn 37% so vi tr ban u


Bng tr s v gin (H 4.5) di y cho thy s thay i ca i(t)/I0 theo t s t/
t/
y(t)/Y0

0
1

1
0,37

2
0,135

3
0,05

4
0,018

5
0,0067

(H 4.5)

Ta thy p ng gim cn 2% tr ban u khi t = 4 v tr nn khng ng k khi t =


5. Do ngi ta xem sau 4 hoc 5 th p ng trit tiu.
Lu l tip tuyn ca ng biu din ti t=0 ct trc honh ti im 1, tc t = ,
iu ny c ngha l nu dng in gim theo t l nh ban u th trit tiu sau thi gian
ch khng phi 4 hoc 5.
Thi hng ca mt mch cng nh th p ng gim cng nhanh (th d t in phng
in qua in tr nh nhanh hn phng in qua in tr ln). Ngi ta dng tnh cht ny
so snh p ng ca cc mch khc nhau.

4.2 MCH

CHA NGUN NGOI-PHNG TRNH VI


PHN C V 2
4.2.1 Mch cha ngun DC
Chng ta xt n mch RL hoc RC c kch thch bi mt ngun DC t bn ngoi.
Cc ngun ny c gi chung l hm p (forcing function).
Xt mch (H 4.6). Kha K ng ti thi im t=0 v t tch in ban u vi tr V0.
Xc nh cc gi tr v, iC v iR sau khi ng kha K, tc t>0.
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

___________________________________________Chng 4 Mch in n gin- RL 5


& RC -

(H 4.6)

Khi t>0, vit KCL cho mch:


dv v
C
+ = I0
dt R
Hay
dv
1
I
+
v= 0
dt RC
C
Gii phng trnh, ta c:
t

v(t) = Ae RC + RI 0
Xc nh A nh iu kin u.
t=0+:
v(0+) = v(0-) = V0
Hay
A=V0-RI0

t
RC

V0=A+RI0
t
RC

t
RC

v(t) = (V0 - RI 0 )e + RI 0 = V0e + RI 0 (1 e )


Hng s A by gi ty thuc vo iu kin u (V0) v c ngun kch thch (I0)
p ng gm 2 phn:
Phn cha hm m c dng ging nh p ng ca mch RC khng cha ngun
ngoi, phn ny hon ton c xc nh nh thi hng ca mch v c gi l p ng t
nhin:
t

vn= (V0 - RI 0 )eRC


l vn 0 khi t
Phn th hai l mt hng s, ty thuc ngun kch thch, c gi l p ng p
vf=RI0 .
Trong trng hp ngun kch thch DC, vf l mt hng s.
(H 4.7) l gin ca cc p ng v, vnv vf

(H 4.7)

Dng iC v iR xc nh bi:
t

V - RI 0 RC
dv
= 0
e
dt
R
t
V - RI 0 RC v
=
i R (t) = I 0 - i C = I 0 + 0
e
R
R

i C (t) = C

Lu l khi chuyn i kha K, hiu th 2 u in tr thay i t ngt t RI0


t=0- n V0 t=0+ cn hiu th 2 u t th khng i.
V phng din vt l, hai thnh phn ca nghim ca phng trnh c gi l p
ng giao thi (transient response) v p ng thng trc (steady state response).
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

6___________________________________________Chng 4 Mch in n gin- RL


& RC p ng giao thi 0 khi t v p ng thng trc chnh l phn cn li sau
khi p ng giao thi trit tiu.
Trong trng hp ngun kch thch DC, p ng thng trc l hng s v chnh l tr
ca p ng khi mch t trng thi n nh (trng thi thng trc)

4.2.2 iu kin u v iu kin cui (Initial and final condition)


4.2.2.1 iu kin u
Trong khi tm li gii cho mt mch in, ta thy cn phi tm mt hng s tch phn
bng cch da vo trng thi ban u ca mch m trng thi ny ph thuc vo cc i lng
ban u ca cc phn t tch tr nng lng.
Da vo tnh cht:
Hiu th ngang qua t in v dng in chy qua cun dy khng thay i tc thi:
vC(0+)=vC(0-) v iL(0+)=iL(0-)
- Nu mch khng tch tr nng lng ban u th:
vC(0+)=vC(0-) = 0, t in tng ng mch ni tt.
iL(0+)=iL(0-) = 0, cun dy tng ng mch h.
- Nu mch tch tr nng lng ban u:
* Hiu th ngang qua t ti t=0- l V0=q0/C th t=0+ tr cng l V0 , ta thay bng
mt ngun hiu th.
* Dng in chy qua cun dy ti t=0- l I0 th t=0+ tr cng l I0 , ta thay bng
mt ngun dng in.
Cc kt qu trn c tm tt trong bng 4.1
Phn t vi iu kin u

Mch tng ng

Mch h

Gi tr u
IL(0+)=IL(0-)=0
VC(0+)=VC(0-)=0

Mch ni tt
IL(0+)=IL(0-)=I0
VC(0+)=VC(0-)=V0
Bng 4.1

4.2.2.2 iu kin cui


p ng ca mch i vi ngun DC gm p ng t nhin 0 khi t v p ng
p l cc dng in hoc hiu th tr khng i.
Mt khc v o hm ca mt hng s th bng 0 nn:
dv
di
vC =Cte i C = C C = 0 (mch h) v iL =Cte vL = L L = 0 (mch ni tt)
dt
dt
Do , trng thi thng trc DC, t in c thay bng mt mch h v cun
dy c thay bng mt mch ni tt.
Ghi ch: i vi cc mch c s thay i trng thi do tc ng ca mt kha K, trng thi
cui ca mch ny c th l trng thi u ca mch kia.
Th d 4.1

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

___________________________________________Chng 4 Mch in n gin- RL 7


& RC Xc nh hiu th v(t) trong mch (H 4.8a). Bit rng mch t trng thi thng trc
trc khi m kha K.

(a)

(b)

(c)
(H 4.8)

(H 4.8b) l mch tng ca (H 4.8a) t=0-, tc mch (H 4.8a) t trng thi thng
trc, t in tng ng vi mch h v in tr tng ng ca phn mch nhn t t v
bn tri:
3(2 + 4)
Rt = 8 +
= 10
3 + (2 + 4)
v hiu th v(0-) xc nh nh cu phn th 10 v 15
10
v(0-)= 100
= 40V
10 + 15
Khi t>0, kha K m, ta c mch tng ng (H 4.8c), y chnh l mch RC
khng cha ngun ngoi.
Ap dng kt qu trong phn 4.1, c:
v (t) = V 0 e

vi =RC=10x1=10 s v V0= v(0+)= v(0-)=40 (V)

v (t) = 40e

t
10

(V)

4.3 TRNG HP TNG QUT


4.3.1 Phng trnh mch in n gin trong trng hp tng qut
Ta c th thy ngay phng trnh mch in n gin trong trng hp tng qut c
dng:
dy
(4.4)
+ Py = Q
dt
Trong y chnh l bin s, hiu th v hoc dng in i trong mch, P l hng s ty
thuc cc phn t R, L, C v Q ty thuc ngun kch thch, c th l hng s hay mt hm
theo t.

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

8___________________________________________Chng 4 Mch in n gin- RL


& RC Ta c th tm li gii tng qut cho phng trnh (4.4) bng phng php tha s tch
phn: nhn 2 v phng trnh vi mt tha s sao cho v th nht l o hm ca mt hm v
sau ly tch phn 2 v
Nhn 2 v ca (4.4) vi ept
(

dy
+ Py)ept = Qept
dt

V 1 ca phng trnh chnh l

(4.5)
d
( ye pt ) v (4.5) tr thnh:
dt

d
( ye pt ) = Qept
dt
Ly tch phn 2 v:
ye pt = Qept dt + A

(4.6)

Hay

(4.7)

y = e-pt Qept dt + Ae -pt

Biu thc (4.5) ng cho trng hp Q l hng s hay mt hm theo t.


Trng hp Q l hng s ta c kt qu:
Q
y = Ae pt +
P
p ng cng th hin r 2 thnh phn :
- p ng t nhin yn=Ae-pt v
- p ng p yf = Q/P.
So snh vi cc kt qu phn 4.1 ta thy thi hng l 1/P
Th d 4.2

(4.8)

Tm i2 ca mch (H 4.9) khi t>0, cho i2(0)=1 A

(H 4.9)

Vit phng trnh vng cho mch


Vng 1: 8i1-4i2=10
di2
=0
dt
Loi i1 trong cc phng trnh ta c:
di2
+10i2=5
dt
Dng kt qu (4.6)
1
i2(t)=Ae-10t +
2
Xc nh A:

Vng 2: -4i1+12i2+

(1)
(2)

(3)

(4)

Cho t=0 trong (4) v dng iu kin u i2(0)=1 A


i2(0)=A +

1
1
=1 A=
2
2

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

___________________________________________Chng 4 Mch in n gin- RL 9


& RC 1
1
i2(t)= e-10t +
2
2

4.3.2 Mt phng php ngn gn


Di y gii thiu mt phng php ngn gn gii nhanh cc mch bc 1 khng
cha ngun ph thuc.
Ly li th d 4.2.
Li gii i2 c th vit: i2 = i2n + i2f
- xc nh i2n, ta xem mch nh khng cha ngun (H 4.10a)
in tr tng ng nhn t cun dy gm 2 in tr 4 mc song song (=2), ni
tip vi 8, nn Rt = 2+8 = 10

(a)

(b)
(H 4.10)

L
1
(s) i2n =Ae-10t
=
R t 10
- p ng p l hng s, n khng ty thuc thi gian, vy ta xt mch trng thi
thng trc, cun dy tng ng mch ni tt (H 4.10b).
4.8
20
in tr tng ng ca mch: Rt=4+
=

4+ 8
3

10
3
=
(A)
20/3 2
1

i2f = (A)
2
1
Vy i2(t)=Ae-10t +
(A) v A c xc nh t iu kin u nh trc y.
2
Th d 4.3
i1f =

Tm i(t) ca mch (H 4.11) khi t>0, cho v(0)=24 V

(H 4.11)

Ta c
i = in + if

xc nh in ta lu n c cng dng ca hiu th v 2 u t in.

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

10
___________________________________________Chng 4 Mch in n gin- RL
& RC Tht vy, tt c cc p ng t nhin khc nhau trong mt mch th lin h vi nhau
qua cc php ton cng, tr, vi tch phn; cc php ton ny khng lm thay i gi tr trn
m m n ch lm thay i cc h s ca hm m.
Thi hng ca mch l:
=RC=10x0,02=0,2 s
in =Ae-5t
trng thi thng trc, t in tng ng mach h:
if = i = 1A
i(t) =Ae-5t + 1 (A)

Vy

xc nh A, ta phi xc nh i(0+)
Vit phng trnh cho vng bn phi
-4 i(0+) +6[1- i(0+)] +24 = 0 i(0+) = 3 A
3=A+1 A=2

Vy

i(t) =2e-5t + 1 (A)

Th d 4.4
Xc nh i(t) v v(t) trong mch (H 4.12a) khi t>0. Bit rng mch t trng thi
thng trc t=0- vi kha K h.

(H 4.12a)

(H 4.12b)

trng thi thng trc (t=0-), t in tng mch h v cun dy l mch ni tt.
Hiu th 2 u t l hiu th 2 u in tr 20 v dng in qua cun dy chnh l dng qua
in tr 15
Dng cu chia dng in xc nh d dng cc gi tr ny:
i(0-)=2A v v(0-) = 60 V
Khi ng kha K, ta ni tt 2 nt a v b (H 4.12b).
Mch chia thnh 2 phn c lp vi nhau, mi phn c th c gii ring.
* Phn bn tri ab cha cun dy l mch khng cha ngun:
i(t) = Ae-15t (A)
Vi i(0-) = i(0-)=2 A=2
i(t) = 2e-15t (A)
* Phn bn phi ab l mch c cha ngun 6A v t .15F
Hiu th v(t) c th xc nh d dng bng phng php ngn gn:
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

___________________________________________Chng 4 Mch in n gin- RL11


& RC v(t) = 20e-t+40 (V)

4.4 VI TRNG HP C BIT


4.4.1 p ng i vi hm nc
Xt mt mch khng cha nng lng ban u, kch thch bi mt ngun l hm nc
n v. y l mt trng hp c bit quan trng trong thc t.
Mch (H 4.13), trong vg=u(t)

(H 4.13)

Ap dng KCL cho mch


d v v u(t)
C
+
=0
dt
R
Hay
dv
v
1
+
=
u(t)
dt RC RC

* Khi t < 0, u(t)=0, phng trnh tr thnh:


dv
v
+
= 0 v c nghim l: v(t)=Ae-t/RC
dt RC
iu kin u v(0-) = 0 A = 0 v v(t)=0
* Khi t 0 , u(t) = 1, pt thnh:
v
1
dv
+
=
dt RC RC
v(t) = vn+vf
vf c xc nh t mch trng thi thng trc: vf = vg=u(t) = 1 V
v(t)=Ae-t/RC + 1
Vi v(0+) = v(0-) = 0 A = -1
v(t)=1- e-t/RC
t <0
v(t) = 0 ,
Tm li

t/RC
, t 0
v(t) = 1 e
Hay
v(t)=(1- e-t/RC)u(t) (V)
Th d 4.5
Mch (H 4.14). Xc nh vo(t)

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

12
___________________________________________Chng 4 Mch in n gin- RL
& RC -

(H 4.14)

Vit KCL ng vo o ca OPAMP:


dv
vi
+C o =0
dt
R
Hay
v
d vo
= i
dt
RC
Ly tch phn t pt 0+ n t
1 t
v i dt + v o (0+ )
RC 0+
Ta thy vo(t) t l vi tch phn ca vi(t), nu vo(0+)=0.
Mch ny c tn l mch tch phn.
Xt trng hp vi(t) = Vu(t)
V t
vo(t) =
u(t)dt + v o (0+ )
RC 0+
T in khng tch in ban u nn vo(0+) = 0
V
v
vo(t) =
tu(t)
RC
y chnh l hm dc vi dc -V/RC. Gin vo(t) c v (H 4.15)

vo(t) =

(H 4.15)

Th d 4.6
4.16b)

Xc nh v(t) trong mch (H 4.16a). Vi ngun kch thch ig(t) c dng sng nh (H

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

___________________________________________Chng 4 Mch in n gin- RL13


& RC -

(a)

(b)
(H 4.16)

Mch khng tch tr nng lng ban u nn i(0-)=0; t=0 ngun dng in 10A p
vo mch, cho n lc t=1 s th ngun ny b ngt (ging nh m kha K)
Tm li, ta c th hnh dung mch hot ng nh sau:
* 0<t<1, mch c ngun ngoi i=10A v khng tch tr nng lng ban u.
* t 1, mch khng c ngun ngoi v cun dy tch tr nng lng ng vi dng
i(1-)
Li gii ca bi ton gm 2 phn:
* Khi

0<t<1, tm p ng i vi hm nc 10 A
v(t) = vn +vf
vn = Ae-(Rt/L)t =Ae-5t/5 = Ae-t
3
vf = 2(10
)= 12 V (ni tt cun dy, dng l Ohm v cu phn th)
3+ 2
v(t) = Ae-t +12
i(t) l dng in qua in tr 2 cng l dng in qua cun dy, dng in ny khng thay
i tc thi nn hiu th qua in tr 2 cng khng thay i tc thi
i(0+) =i(0-) =0 nn v(0+) =v(0-) =0
suy ra A = -12
Tm li
v(t) = 0 khi t < 0
v(t) = 12(1-e-t ) khi 0 t 1

* Khi t > 1, mch khng cha ngun nhng c tch tr nng lng ban u, ta tm p ng t
nhin ca mch:

v(t) = Be-(t-1)

t=1- , v(1-) = 12(1-e-1 )

t=1+ , v(1+) = B
Do tnh lin tc: v(1+) = v(1-) B = 12(1-e-1 )
v li gii cui cng:
v(t) = 12(1-e-1 )e-(t-1) khi t>1
Li gii cho mi t:
v(t) = 12(1-e-t )[u(t)-u(t-1)] + 12(1-e-1 )e-(t-1)u(t-1).
Gin v(t) cho (H 4.17)

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

14
___________________________________________Chng 4 Mch in n gin- RL
& RC -

(H 14.7)

4.4.2 p dng nh l chng cht


Vi cc mch c cha 2 hay nhiu ngun c lp, chng ta c th dng nh l chng
cht gii
Tr li th d 4.6.
Ngun dng ig trong mch c th vit li:
ig = 10u(t) - 10u(t-1)
Ngun ny c th xem nh gm 2 ngun mc song song i 1 v i2
ig = i 1 + i2 vi i 1 = 10 u(t) v i2 = -10u(t-1) (H 4.18)

(H 4.18)

Gi v1 v v2 ln lt l cc p ng i vi tng ngun i 1 v i2
Trong phn trc ta xc nh c:
v1(t) = 12(1-e-t )u(t)
Dng i2 c dng o ca i 1 v tr 1s.Vy v2(t) c c bng cch nhn v1(t) vi -1 v
thay t bi (t-1):
v2(t) = -12(1-e-(t-1) )u(t-1)
V kt qu cui cng:
v(t) = v1(t) + v2(t) = 12(1-e-t )u(t) -12(1-e-(t-1) )u(t-1)
Kt qu ny c v nh khc vi kt qu trc. Tuy nhin sinh vin c th chng minh
hai kt qu ch l mt.
Th d 4.7
Mch (H 4.19). Xc nh hiu th v(t) 2 u t khi t>0. Bit rng t np in ban
u vi hiu th V0

(H 4.19)

Ap dng KVL cho mt li bn tri:


___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

___________________________________________Chng 4 Mch in n gin- RL15


& RC 1
i dt + V0 = V1 R2I 1
C
Nhn 2 v phng trnh cho hng s K
(R1 + R2 )i +

1
K i dt + KV 0 = KV 1 R2 (KI 1 )
C
Biu thc cho thy p ng dng in i tr thnh Ki khi cc ngun c lp (V1& I1) v
hiu th ban u ca t (V0) nhn vi K. Kt qu ny c th m rng cho mch tuyn tnh
cha mt hoc nhiu t in (hay cun dy). Hiu th ban u ca t (hay dng in ban u
ca cun dy) cng c xem nh mt ngun c lp.
Ap dng nh l chng cht, ta xc nh v l tng ca v1, v2 v v3 ln lt l p ng
ring r ca V1, I1 v V0. Cc mch in tng ng l (H 4.20a), (H 4.20b) v (H 4.20c)
(R1 + R2 )K i +

(a)

(b)
(H 4.20)

(c)

p dng phng php gii ngn gn, ta c cc kt qu:


v1=V1(1-e-t/(R1+R2)C)
v2=-R2I1(1-e-t/(R1+R2)C)
v3=V0e-t/(R1+R2)C
Trong v1 v v2 l p ng ca mch c cha ngun DC v v3 l p ng ca mch khng
cha ngun.
v(t) = v1+ v2+ v3 = V1(1-e-t/R1+R2)C) - R2I1(1-e-t/R1+R2)C)+ V0e-t/R1+R2)C
= V1- R2I1+(R2I1- V1+ V0)e-t/R1+R2)C
C th thy ngay p ng gm 2 phn: p ng p v p ng t nhin
vf = V1- R2I1
v
vn=(R2I1- V1+ V0)e-t/R1+R2)C
Cc kt qu ny cng c th kim chng nh sau:
T (H 4.20a) v (H 4.20b) ta c ngay:
v1f = V1
v2f = - R2I1
V p ng t nhin, xc nh t mch khng cha ngun:
vn =A e-t/R1+R2)C A l hng s tch phn
v(t)= V1- R2I1+Ae-t/R1+R2)C
Vi v(0)=V0 A= R2I1- V1+V0
Ta c li kt qu trn.

BI TP
--o0o--

4.1 Mch (H P4.1). Kha K m t=0 v i(0-)=2 (A). Xc nh v khi t>0


4.2 Mch (H P4.2). Xc nh v khi t>0, cho i(0+)=1 (A)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

16
___________________________________________Chng 4 Mch in n gin- RL
& RC -

(H P4.1)

(H P4.2)

4.3 Mch (H P4.3) t trng thi thng trc t=0- vi kha K v tr 1. Chuyn K sang v
tr 2, thi im t=0. Xc nh v khi t>0

(H P4.3)

4.4 Mch (H P4.4) t trng thi thng trc t=0- vi kha K ng. Xc nh i khi t>0

(H P4.4)

4.5 Mch (H P4.5) t trng thi thng trc t=0- vi kha K ng. Xc nh i v v khi t>0
4.6 Mch (H P4.6) t trng thi thng trc t=0- vi kha K ng. Xc nh v khi t>0

(H P4.5)

(H P4.6)

4.7 Mch (H P4.7) t trng thi thng trc t=0- vi kha K v tr 1. Chuyn K sang v tr
2, thi im t=0.
a. Xc nh i khi t>0
b. Lm li cu a, cun dy 2H c thay bng t in C=1/16 F

(H P4.7)

(H P4.8)

4.8 Mch (H P4.8).


a. Xc nh v khi t>0, cho i(0+)=1 (A)
b. Lm li bi ton, thay ngun 18V bi ngun 6e-4t (V) v mch khng tch tr nng
lng ban u
4.9 Mch (H P4.9) t trng thi thng trc t=0- vi kha K m. Xc nh i v v khi t>0
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

___________________________________________Chng 4 Mch in n gin- RL17


& RC -

(H P4.9)

4.10 Mch (H P4.10). Xc nh vo, cho vi=5e-tu(t) (V) v mch khng tch nng lng ban u

(H P4.10)

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

___________________________________________________ Chng5 Mch in bc 1

hai -

CHNG 5
MCH IN BC HAI
MCH IN VI HAI PHN T TCH TR NNG LNG (L&C)
LI GII PHNG TRNH VI PHN BC HAI
p ng t nhin
p ng p
p ng y
iu kin u v iu kin cui

TNH CHT V NGHA VT L CA CC P NG


p ng t nhin
p ng p

P NG P I VI est

Trong chng trc chng ta xt mch n gin , ch cha mt phn t tch tr


nng lng (L hoc C), v gii cc mch ny phi dng phng trnh vi phn bc nht.
Chng ny s xt n dng mch phc tp hn, l cc mch cha hai phn t tch
tr nng lng v gii mch phi dng phng trnh vi phn bc hai.
Tng qut, mch cha n phn t L v C c din t bi phng trnh vi phn bc n. Tuy
nhin gii cc mch rt phc tp ny, ngi ta thng dng mt phng php khc: Php
bin i Laplace m ta s bn n mt chng sau.

5.1 MCH

IN VI HAI PHN T TCH TR NNG


LNG (L&C)
Th d 5.1: Xc nh i2 trong mch (H 5.1)

Vit phng trnh vng cho mch


di
(1)
2 1 + 12i 1 4i 2 = vg
dt
di
(2)
4i 1 + 2 + 4i 2 = 0
dt
1 di
(3)
T (2): i 1 = ( 2 + 4i 2 )
4 dt
Ly o hm (3)
(H 5.1)
d i 1 1 d 2i 2
di
= ( 2 + 4 2)
(4)
dt
4 dt
dt
Thay (3) v (4) vo (1) ta c phng trnh xc nh i2
d 2i 2
di
+ 10 2 + 16i 2 = 2vg
(5)
2
dt
dt
Phng trnh xc nh i2 l phng trnh vi phn bc 2 v mch (H 5.1), c cha 2 phn
t L v C, c gi l mch bc 2.
Cng c nhng ngoi l cho nhng mch cha
2 phn t tch tr nng lng nhng c din t bi
cc phng trnh vi phn bc 1. Mch (H 5.2)

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
(H 5.2)

L THUYT

2___________________________________________________ Chng5 Mch in bc

hai Chn O lm chun, vit KCL cho nt v1 v v2:


d v1
(6)
+ v1 = vg
dt
d v2
(7)
+ 2v2 = 2vg
dt
(6) v (7) l 2 phng trnh vi phn bc 1, mi phng trnh cha 1 n s v
khng ph thuc ln nhau.
mch (H 5.2) v cng mt ngun vg tc ng ln hai mch RC nn ta c th thay
mch ny bng hai mch, mi mch gm ngun vg v mt nhnh RC, y l 2 mch bc 1 , do
phng trnh cho mch ny khng phi l phng trnh bc 2.

5.2 LI GII PHNG TRNH VI PHN BC HAI


Dng tng qut ca phng trnh vi phn bc 2 vi cc h s l hng s
d 2y
dy
+ a1
+ a0y = F(t)
(5.1)
2
dt
dt
a1, a0 l cc hng s thc, dng, y thay cho dng in hoc hiu th v F(t) l mt hm ty
vo ngun kch thch.
Ap dng cho mch (H 5.1) th
a1 = 10, a0 = 16, y = i2 v F(t) =2vg
Nghim ca phng trnh (5.1) gm 2 thnh phn:
- Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh khng v 2, chnh l p ng t nhin yn
- Nghim ring ca phng trnh c v 2, chnh l p ng p yf:
y=yn+yf
(5.2)
* p ng t nhin yn l nghim ca phng trnh:
d 2y n
dy
+ a1 n + a0 y n = 0
(5.3)
2
dt
dt
* p ng p yf l nghim ca phng trnh:
d 2y f
dy
+ a1 f + a0 y f = F(t)
(5.4)
2
dt
dt
Cng v vi v ca (5.3) v (5.4):
d 2 (y n + y f )
d(y n + y f )
+ a1
+ a0 (y n + y f ) = F(t)
(5.5)
2
dt
dt
(5.5) kt hp vi (5.2) cho thy nghim ca phng trnh (5.1) chnh l y=yn+yf

5.2.1 p ng t nhin
p ng t nhin l li gii phng trnh (5.3)
yn c dng hm m: yn=Aest
Ly o hm (5.6), thay vo (5.10), ta c
As2est+Aa1sest+Aa0est=0
Aest(s2+a1s+a0)=0
st
V Ae khng th =0 nn
s2+a1s+a0=0
(5.7) c gi l phng trnh c trng, c nghim l:

(5.6)

(5.7)

s1,2 =

a1 a1 4a0

(5.8)
2
ng vi mi tr ca s ta c mt p ng t nhin:
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

___________________________________________________ Chng5 Mch in bc 3

hai y n1 = A 1es1t

y n2 = A 2es2 t

y n = y n1 + y n 2 = A 1es1t + A 2es2 t
Tr li th d 5.1, p ng t nhin ca mch:
d 2i 2
di
+ 10 2 + 16i 2 = 0
2
dt
dt
2
s +10s+16=0

s1=-2 ; s2=-8
-2t
-8t
i 2 = A 1e + A 2e

(5.9)

Cc loi tn s t nhin
2

a1 a1 4a0

a1 - 4a0>0

s1,2 =

a12-4a0<0

s1,2=-j

y n (t) = A 1es1t + A 2es2 t

y n (t) = A 1e(- + j )t + A 2e(- j )t

Dng cng thc EULER:


ej=cos+jsin v e-j=cos-jsin
y n (t) = e- t (B1cos t + B2 sin t )
Trong B1 v B2 xc nh theo A1 v A2 :
B1=A1+A2
B2=j(A1-A2)
a12- 4a0=0

s1,2=k<0

y n = (A 1 + A 2t)e kt

a1=0 v a00

s1,2=j

y n (t) = A 1cos t + A 2 sin t

Cc kt qu trn c th tm tt trong bng 5.1


Trng
hp

. kin
cc h s

Nghim ca
p.t c trng

yn(t)

Dng sng ca
yn(t)

Tnh cht ca
yn(t)

a12-4a0>0

Nghim thc,
phn bit, m

y n (t) = A 1es1t + A 2 es2t

Tt dn khng
dao ng

a12-4a0<0

y n (t) = e - t (B 1 cos t + B 2 sin t )

Dao ng
tt dn

a12-4a0=0

Phc lin hp
s1,2=-j
(>0)
Kp, thc
s1,2=k<0

y n ( t ) = (A 1 + A 2t)e kt

Tt dn ti hn

a1=0
a00

y n (t) = A 1cos t + A 2 sin t

Dao ng bin
khng i

Ao, lin hp
s1,2=j

Bng 5.1

Th d 5.2 Xc nh p ng t nhin vn trong mch (H 5.3)

(H 5.3)

1 dv
d
R
+ v v g +
dt
4 dt

Phng trnh nt A:
v vg
1 dv
+i +
=0
4
4 dt
Phng trnh vng bn phi
di
Ri +
=v
dt
Thay i t (1) vo (2)

1 dv

4 dt + v v g = v

(1)
(2)

(3)

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

4___________________________________________________ Chng5 Mch in bc

hai Ly o hm (3) v n gin

dvg
d 2v
dv
(R
1)
(R
4)
R
+
+
+
+
v
=
v
+
g
dt
dt
dt 2

(4)

p ng t nhin l li gii phng trnh:


d 2vn
dv
+ (R + 1) n + (R + 4)v n = 0
2
dt
dt
Phng trnh c trng v cc nghim ca n:
s2 + (R + 1)s + (R + 4) = 0

s1,2 =

(5)

(R + 1) (R + 1)2 4(R + 4)
2

(R + 1) R 2R 15)
2

s1,2 =

Kt qu ng vi vi gi tr c th ca in tr R:
R=6, s1,2= -2, -5
vn=A1e-2t+A2e-5t
R=5, s1,2= -3, -3
vn=(A1+A2t)e-3t
R=1, s1,2= -1 j2
vn=e-t(B1cos2t+B2sin2t)
Th d 5.3

Xc nh dng i(t) trong mch (H 5.4). Cho vg = 1 V l ngun DC


Phng trnh mch:

di
1
+ Ri + i dt = v g
dt
C

Ly vi phn 2 v , thay cc tr s vo:

d 2i
di 1
L 2 +R + i =0
dt C
dt
2
d i
di
+ 3 + 2i = 0
2
dt
dt

(H 5 4)

Phng trnh c trng v cc nghim :


Vy
i(t)=in(t)=A1e-t+A2e-2t

s2+3s+2=0

s1,2=-1, -2

5.2.2 p ng p
Trng hp tng qut

p ng p ca mt mch bc 2 phi tha phng trnh (5.4). C nhiu phng php


xc nh p ng p; y ta dng phng php d on li gii: Trong lc gii phng
trnh cho cc mch bc 1, ta thy p ng p thng c dng ca hm kch thch, iu ny
cng ng cho trng hp mch in c bc cao hn, ngha l, nu hm kch thch l mt
hng s th p ng p cng l hng s, nu hm kch thch l mt hm m th p ng p
cng l hm m. . ..
Xt mch th d 5.1 vi vg=16V

d 2i 2
dt 2

+ 10

di 2
+ 16i 2 = 32
dt

(1)

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

(H 5.5)

___________________________________________________ Chng5 Mch in bc 5

hai p ng p i2f l hng s:

i2f=A

(2)

Ly o hm (2) v thay vo pt (1):


16A=32 A=2 i2f=2
Ta c th xc nh i2f nh mch trng thi thng trc DC: (H 5.5)

i2f=16/8=2 A

V p ng y ca mch: i 2 = i 2n + i 2f = A 1 e + A 2 e + 2
Bng 5.2 cho kt qu p ng p ng vi cc ngun kch thch khc nhau
-2t

F(t)
Hng s A
B1tn
B2et
B3sint, B4cost
B5tn et cost
B6tn et sint

-8t

yf(t)
Hng s C
B0tn+ B1tn-1+. . . . . +Bn-1t+Bn
C et
A sint+ Bcost
(F0tn+ F1tn-1+. . . . . +Fn-1t+Fn) et cost+
(G0tn+ G1tn-1+. . . . . +Gn-1t+Gn) et sint
Bng 5.2

p ng p khi kch thch tn s t nhin

Phng trnh mch in c dng

d 2y

dy
+ aby = eat
2
dt
dt
2
s (a + b)s + ab = 0 s1=a v s2=b v y n = A 1 eat + A 2 e bt
(a + b)

(5.10)

p ng p yf=Aeat phi tha (5.10), thay vo ta c


0=eat (y l biu thc khng th chp nhn c)
Nu chn yf=Ateat , ly o hm , thay vo (5.10):
Ateat(a2t+2a-(a+b)(at+1)+abt)= eat
Sau khi n gin:
A(a-b) eat= eat
H thc ng vi mi t nn:
1
A =
a b
v nghim tng qut ca phng trnh (5.10) l
te at
y = A 1eat + A 2 ebt +
a b
Tr li th d 5.1, cho vg c cha tn s t nhin:
vg =6e-2t+32
d 2i 2
di 2
10
+
+ 16i 2 = 12e 2t + 64
2
dt
dt

(5.11)

(1)

i 2n = A 1 e -2t + A 2 e -8t
(2)
-2t
Kch thch vg c s hng trng vi i2n (e ) nn i2f xc nh nh sau:
i2f=Ate-2t+B
(3)
Ly o hm (3) v thay vo (1)
6Ae-2t+16B=12e-2t+64

A=2 & B=4


-2t
i2f=2te +4
i2= i 2n + i 2f = A 1 e-2t + A 2 e-8t +2te-2t+4
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

6___________________________________________________ Chng5 Mch in bc

hai Trng hp kch thch c tn s trng vi nghim kp ca phng trnh c trng

Phng trnh mch in c dng:

dy
d 2y
2a
+ a 2 y = eat
2
dt
dt

(5.12)

Phng trnh c trng


s2-2as+a2=0

s1=s2=a
yn=(A1+A2t)eat
a l nghim kp ca phng trnh c trng nn yf xc nh bi:
yf=At2eat
Ly o hm yf v thay vo (5.12):
2Aeat=eat

A=1/2 yf=(1/2)t2eat
at
y=yn+yf= (A1+A2t)e +(1/2)t2eat

(5.13)

5.2.3 p ng y
p ng y ca mch in bc 2 l tng ca p ng p v p ng t nhin,
trong c cha 2 hng s tch phn, c xc nh bi cc iu kin ban u, c th l cc
gi tr ca y(t) v dy(t)/dt thi im t=0.
Th d 5.4
Xc nh v khi t>0 ca mch (H 5.6). Cho vg=5cos2000t (V) v mch khng tch tr
nng lng ban u.

v1 vg
R1

v1 v1 v
dv
+
+ C 1 1 = 0 (1)
R2
R3
dt

v1
dv
(2)
+ C2
=0
R2
dt
Thay tr s vo (1) v (2) v sp xp li:
4v1 v + 2103
(H 5.6)

v1 =

d v1
= 2vg = 10cos2000t(3)
dt

1 -3 dv
10
4
dt

Thay (4) vo (3), sau khi n gin:


d2v
dv
+ 2.10 3
+ 2.10 6 v = 2.10 7 cos2000t
2
dt
dt
s2+2.103s+2.106=0 s1,2=1000(-1j)
vn=e-1000t(A1cos1000t+A2sin1000t)
vf=Acos2000t+Bsin2000t
Xc nh A v B:
Ly o hm (8) thay vo (5):
(-2A+4B)cos2000t+(-4A-2B)sin2000t=-20cos2000t
Cn bng cc h s
-2A+4B=20 v -4A-2B=0
A=2 v B=-4
v=e-1000t(A1cos1000t+A2sin1000t) +2cos2000t-4sin2000t

(4)

(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)

(9)

Xc nh A1 v A2: Thay t=0+ vo (4)


___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

___________________________________________________ Chng5 Mch in bc 7

hai d v(0+ )
1 - 3 d v(0+ )
v
v1(0+)=v1(0-)=0
=0
10
4
dt
dt
v(0+)=v(0-)=0
Thay t=0 vo (9) ri dng iu kin (11)
v (0)=A1+2=0 A1=-2
Ly o hm (9), thay t=0 v dng iu kin (10)
1000A2-1000A1-8000=0 A2=6
Tm li:
v(t)=e-1000t(-2cos1000t+6sin1000t) +2cos2000t- 4sin2000t (V)
v1 (0+ ) =

(10)
(11)

5.2.4 iu kin u v iu kin cui


C th ni cc iu kin ban u v iu kin cui ca mch bc 2 khng khc g so
vi mch bc 1. Tuy nhin v phi xc nh 2 hng s tch phn nn chng ta cn phi c 2 gi
tr u; 2 gi tr ny thng c xc nh bi y(0+) v dy(0+)/dt.
* y(0+) c xc nh ging nh chng 4, ngha l da vo tnh cht hiu th 2 u
t hoc dng in qua cun dy khng thay i tc thi.
* dy(0+)/dt thng c xc nh bi dng in qua t v hiu th 2 u cun dy v:

iC = C

d vC
di
v vL = L L
dt
dt

Th d 5.5
Cho mch (H 5.7a), xc nh cc iu kin u v0(0+) v

(a)

(H 5.7)

d v0 (0+ )
dt

(b)

v0(0+)=i0(0+)=0
(H 5.7b) l mch tng ng t=0+
v (0+ )
i 1(0+ ) = 0
=0
R1
i0(0+)=0
iC(0+)=i(0+)=1A
dv
d vC
1

= iC
iC = C C
dt
dt
C
d v0
d vC
1
1
V/s
(0+ ) =
(0+ ) = i C (0+ ) =
dt
dt
C
C
Th d 5.6
Xc nh i1(0+), i2(0+),

di1
di
(0+ ) , 2 (0+ ) (H 5.8 a)
dt
dt

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

8___________________________________________________ Chng5 Mch in bc

hai -

(a)

(H 5.8)

(b)

Xc nh i1(0+), i2(0+)
T mch tng ng t=0+ (H 5.8b)
A
v
i2(0+)=0
i 1(0+ ) =
R1
di
di
Xc nh 1 (0+ ) , 2 (0+ )
dt
dt
Vit phng trnh vng cho mch khi t>0
1
i 1dt + R1(i 1 i 2 ) = A
C
di
R1(i 1 i 2 ) + R2i 2 + L 2 = 0
dt

(1)
(2)

T (2)
di 2 1
= [R1i 1 ( R1 + R2 )i 2 ]
dt
L
A
di 2
1 A
(0+ ) = R1
0 =
dt
L R1
L

o hm theo t phng trnh (1)


i1
di
di
+ R1 1 R1 2 = 0
dt
dt
C

di
di1
1 i1
=
+ R1 2

dt
dt
R1 C
A A
A
1 1 A
di 1
(0+ ) =
+ R1 =

L L CR12
R1 C R1
dt
Th d 5.7
Tr li th d 5.3 dng iu kin u xc nh A1 v A2 trong kt qu ca
in(t)=A1e-t+A2e-2t

i(t)=in(t)=A1e-t+A2e-2t

(1)

t=0 , cun dy tng ng vi mch h,


i(0+)=0

A1+A2 = 0
(2)
V t in tng ng vi mch ni tt
1 0
(3)
vC (0+ ) = i dt = 0
C -
Ngoi ra
Ri(0+)=0
(4)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

___________________________________________________ Chng5 Mch in bc 9

hai Thay (3) v (4) vo phng trnh mch:


vg
di
di
(0+ ) =
=1
L (0+) = vg hay
dt
L
dt
Ly o hm (1) , thay cc tr s vo:
di
(0+ ) = A 1 2A 2 = 1
dt
Gii h thng (2) v (5):
A1=1 v A2=-1
V

(5)

i(t)=e-t- e-2t

Th d 5.8
Kha K trong mch (H 5.9a) ng kh lu mch t trng thi thng trc. M
kha K ti thi im t=0, Tnh vK, hiu th ngang qua kha K ti t=0+

(a)

i 1 (0 ) = i L (0 ) =

(H 5.9)

(b)

10
= 5A
2

Vit phng trnh cho mch khi t>0 (H 5.9b)

di L
+ 3i L = 0
dt

iL(0+) = iL(0-) = 5
khi

t>0
t=0+

i L = Ae

3
t
2

A=5

3
t
2

i L = 5e
3
t

v K = 10 + R3 i L = 10 + 15e 2
vK=10+15=25V

Kt qu cho thy: Do s c mt ca cun dy trong mch nn ngay khi m kha K, mt hiu


th rt ln pht sinh gia 2 u kha K, c th to ra tia la in. gim hiu th ny ta phi
mc song song vi cun dy mt in tr nh, trong thc t, ngi ta thng mc mt
Diod.

5.3 TNH CHT V NGHA VT L CA CC P


NG
5.3.1 p ng t nhin
p ng t nhin l nghim ca phng trnh vi phn bc 2 thun nht, tng ng vi
trng hp khng c tn hiu vo (ngun ngoi). Dng ca p ng t nhin ty thuc vo
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

10
___________________________________________________ Chng5 Mch in bc

hai nghim ca phng trnh c trng, tc ty thuc cc thng s ca mch. Tnh cht ca p
ng t nhin xc nh d dng nh v tr ca nghim ca phng trnh c trng trn mt
phng phc.
Gi v l 2 s thc, cho bit khong cch t nghim ln lt n trc o v trc
thc.
Ta c cc trng hp sau:
Phng trnh c trng c nghim thc, phn bit s1,2= 1, 2

Vi tr thc ca , p ng c dng m (H 5.10)


Ty theo >0, =0 hay <0 m dng sng ca p ng l ng cong tng theo t, ng
thng hay ng cong gim theo t.

(H 5.10)
Phng trnh c trng c nghim phc s1,2=- j

- Nu i nghim phc nm 1/2 tri ca mt phng ( v 0), p ng l dao ng tt


dn (H 5.11)
- Nu l nghim o (=0 v 0), p ng l mt dao ng hnh sin (H 5.11)
- Nu i nghim phc nm 1/2 phi ca mt phng ( v 0), p ng l dao ng bin
tng dn (H 5.11)
j

(H 5.11)
Phng trnh c trng c nghim kp (H 5.13)

- Nghim kp trn trc thc : s1=s2= - y n = (A 1 + A 2t)e - t , p ng c gi tr tt dn ti


hn
- Nghim kp trn trc o s1=s2=+j hoc -j yn=k1cos(t+1) + k2tcos(t+2), p ng l
dao ng bin tng dn
j
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

___________________________________________________ Chng5 Mch in bc 11

hai +

-
-

(H 5.13)

Th d 5.9
Kho st phng trnh c trng ca mch RLC ni tip.
Khi R thay i v qu tch nghim s trn mt phng phc
di
1
+ Ri + i dt = v(t)
dt
C
Ly o hm 2 v

d 2i R d i
1
1 dv
+
+
i=
2
dt
L dt LC
L dt
Phng trnh c trng
(H 5.14)

s2 +

1
R
=0
s+
LC
L

(1)

(2)

(3)

1
R
v 0 =
, (3) tr thnh
2L
LC
2
s2 + 2s + 0 = 0
(4)
=

* =0 (R=0) s=j0
p ng t nhin l dao ng hnh sin c bin khng i, R=0 c ngha l cng sut khng
tiu tn thnh nhit nn nng lng tch tr ban u khng mt i m c chuyn ha v
trao i qua li gia t in (in trng) v cun dy (t trng).
2

s = j 0 2 = jd
yn(t)=ke-tcos(dt+)
* 0<<0

Khong cch t nghim n gc O ca mt phng phc l 0 = 2 + d , khi thay i,


qu tch nghim l vng trn tm O, bn knh 0 (H 5.14). p ng t nhin l dao ng hnh
sin c bin gim dn theo dng hm m (do nng lng mt i di dng nhit trn in
tr R).
R
c gi l tha s tt dn.
=
2L
1
2
d =
2 c gi l tn s gc gi v Td =
c gi l chu k gi ca dao ng
LC
d
tt dn.
* =0 s1=s2=- yn(t)=(k1+k2t)e-t
p ng c gi tr tt dn ti hn hay phi tun hon.
* >0 s1,2=a<0 (2 nghim m phn bit trn trc thc)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

12
___________________________________________________ Chng5 Mch in bc

hai p ng t nhin tt dn khng dao ng, ngha l R c tr kh ln ngn chn s trao


i nng lng gia L v C.
Tm li, khi <0 hay R< RC = 2

1
Mch dao ng hoc tt dn
LC

RC c gi l in tr ti hn

t =
T s gim dao ng
0
s2+20s+02=0
* =0, Dao ng thun ty
* 0<<1, Dao ng tt dn
* >1, Tt dn khng dao ng
* R<0 (hay , <0), phng trnh c trng
c nghim nm 1/2 mt phng phi v p
ng tng khng gii hn, ta ni mch bt
n. in tr m l mt ngun nng lng,
c c do tc dng ca mt ngun ph
thuc ln mt in tr dng. Khi mch th
(H 5.14)
ng c cha ngun nng lng, p ng t
nhin c th c gi tr tng mi theo thi gian v to ra mt s bt n.

5.3.2 p ng p
p ng p ca mt mch chnh l nghim ring ca phng trnh c v 2, n ty
thuc c tn hiu vo v cc thnh phn trong mch in.
Mt trng hp c bit nh hng n p ng p l khi mt s hng ca F(t) c
cng dng ca yn(t). Lc yf(t) c nhn vi t. V phng din vt l, iu ny c ngha l
mch buc phi p ng nh khi khng c tn hiu vo hay ni cch khc mch b kch thch
theo mt trong nhng cch vn chuyn t nhin ca n. Ni nm na l mch p ng nhy
hn bnh thng v iu ny c biu th mt cch ton hc bng cch nhn vi tha s t.
Lu l nng lng tch tr ban u ch nh hng n ln (cc hng s tch phn)
ch khng nh hng n dng ca yn(t). Mt khc, cc hng s tch phn cng ty thuc vo
ngun kch thch v cc thnh phn trong mch. Chnh v nhng l do ny m ngi ta ch
xc nh cc hng s tch phn sau khi c kt qu cui cng (p ng y ). Tm li, khi
tnh ton p ng ca mt mch, cc hng s tch phn c xc nh da trn p ng y
y(t)=yn(t)+yf(t) v cc iu kin ban u.
Ngoi ra, xt n nh hng ca p ng ca mch theo din tin thi gian, ngi ta
chia p ng ca mt mch ra 2 thnh phn: Thnh phn chuyn tip (giao thi, transient
time) v thnh phn thng trc (steady state).
- Thnh phn chuyn tip yt(t): trit tiu sau mt khong thi gian.
- Thnh phn thng trc yss(t): cn li sau khi thnh phn chuyn tip trit tiu.
Nu cc nghim ca phng trnh c trng u 1/2 mt phng tri h v p ng
p khng trit tiu khi t th
yt(t) = yn(t)
yss(t) = yf(t)

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

___________________________________________________ Chng5 Mch in bc 13

hai -

5.4 P NG P I VI est
Trong phn gii mch in, mt trng hp c bit cn quan tm, l nhng mch
vi tn hiu vo c dng hm m est, s l hng s c lp vi t. Chng ta s xt ngay di y
trng hp ny
Vi x(t) v y(t) ln lt l kch thch v p ng, phng trnh mch in c dng
tng qut
dn y
d n 1y
dy
dmx
d m 1x
dx
a n n + a n 1 n 1 + ............ + a1
+ a 0 y = b m m + b m 1 m 1 + ........... + b1
+ b 0 x (5.14)
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt
Cho x(t) = est yf(t)= H(s)est
Bng cch ly o hm yf(t) thay vo (5.14) ta xc nh c H(s)
b m sm + .....+ b 1s + b 0
H(s) =
(5.15)
an sn + .....+ a1s + a0
H(s) c gi l hm s mch, gi vai tr rt quan trng trong bi ton gii mch.
Quan st (5.15) ta s thy H(s) l t s ca 2 a thc theo s c bc l bc ca o hm
v cc h s chnh l cc h s tng ng ca 2 v ca phng trnh mch in. V vy, khi
c phng trnh mch in ta c th vit ngay ra hm s mch.
Th d 5.9 Tm p ng vo(t) ca mch (H 5.15), cho i(t)=e-t.

(H 5.15)

Phng trnh mch in


dv (t) 1
C o + vo ( t ) = i ( t )
dt
R
Hm s mch H(s)
1
R
H(s) =
=
sC + 1/R 1 + sRC
p ng p i vi i(t)=e-t l
R
R
vof (t) =
est =
e t
1 + sRC
1 - RC

Thng s s trong hm s mch c th l s thc hay phc. Trong thc t tn hiu vo


thng l mt hm thc theo t. Tuy nhin tnh p ng i vi mt hm phc cng rt hu
ch v t chng ta c th suy ra p ng i vi tn hiu l hm thc t nh l sau y:
" Nu yf(t) l p ng i vi tn hiu phc x(t), p ng i vi phn thc ca x(t)
chnh l phn thc ca yf(t) v p ng i vi phn o ca x(t) l phn o ca yf(t)"
* Tr li th d 5.9. Xt trng hp kch thch c dng x(t)= cost
T cng thc EULER ejt=cost +jsint, ta thy cost l phn thc ca ejt
Vy trc tin ta tm p ng p i vi ejt
R
vof (t) =
ejt
1 + jRC
Dng cng thc EULER vit li vof:
R
vof =
(1 jRC)(cost + jsin t)
1 + (RC)2
Phn thc ca p ng p vof(t)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

14
___________________________________________________ Chng5 Mch in bc

hai R
(cost + RCsint)
1 + (RC)2
chnh l p ng p ca mch i vi cost (v cost =Re[ejt ] l phn thc ca ejt )
Re{vof ( t )} =

BI TP
XW
5.1 Cho mch in (H P5.1), kha K ng cho ti khi mch t trng thi thng trc. M
kha K, coi thi im ny l t=0. Xc nh dng iL lc t>0.
5.2 Cho mch in (H P5.2), kha K ng cho ti khi mch t trng thi thng trc. M
kha K, coi thi im ny l t=0.
a. Tm biu thc ca vK, hiu th ngang qua kha K t=0+.
d vK
di
b. Gi s i(0+)=1 A v
(0+ ) = 1 A/s . Xc nh
(0+ )
dt
dt

(H P5.1)

(H P5.2)

5.3 Mch (H P5.3). Tm v khi t>0.


5.4 Cho mch in (H P5.4), kha K ng cho ti khi mch t trng thi thng trc. M
kha K, coi thi im ny l t=0. Tm v khi t>0.

(H P5.3)

(H P5.4)

5.5 Cho mch in (H P5.5). Tm v khi t>0 trong 2 trng hp:


a. C=1/5 F
b. C=1/10 F
5.6 Cho mch in (H P5.6). Tm v v i khi t>0

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

___________________________________________________ Chng5 Mch in bc 15

hai -

(H P5.5)

(H P5.6)

5.7 Mch (H P5.7) t trng thi thng trc t=0- vi kha K v tr 1. Chuyn K sang v
tr 2, thi im t=0. Xc nh i khi t>0
5.8 Mch (H P5.8) t trng thi thng trc t=0. Xc nh v khi t>0

(H P5.7)

(H P5.8)

5.9 Mch (H P5.9) t trng thi thng trc t=0- Vi kha K 1. Ti t=0 bc K sang v tr
2. Xc nh i khi t>0
5.10 Mch (H P5.10) t trng thi thng trc t=0- Xc nh i khi t>0

(H P5.9)

(H P5.10)

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

16
___________________________________________________ Chng5 Mch in bc

hai -

Gii
t>0, mch ch cn cun dy v t in mc song song v tch tr nng lng.
Phng trnh vng cho mch
di 1
(1)
L + i dt = 0
dt C
Ly o hm 2 v phng trnh (1)
d 2i 1
L 2 + i =0
dt
C
Thay gi tr ca L v C vo
d 2i
+ 105 i = 0
(2)
dt 2
Phng trnh c trng
s2 + 105 = 0
(3)
Cho nghim
s1,2 = j100 10 = j316
Vy
i(t) = Acos316t + Bsin316t (4)
Xc nh A v B
T mch tng ng t = 0- (H P5.1a)
i(0-) = 10 (A) v v(0-) = 0
T kt qu (4)
i(0+) = i(0-) = A = 10
Ta li c
d i (t)
v(t) = L
dt
di

v(0+) = v(0-) = L (0-) = 0


dt
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

___________________________________________________ Chng5 Mch in bc 17

hai di
di
(5)
(0+ ) =
(0-) = 0
dt
dt
Ly o hm (4), cho t=0 v dng kt qu (5)
di (0)
= 316 B = 0
dt
B=0
Tm li
i(t) = 10cos316t (A)

Hay

5.2 Cho mch in (H P5.2), kha K ng cho ti khi mch t trng thi thng trc. M
kha K, coi thi im ny l t=0.
c. Tm biu thc ca vK, hiu th ngang qua kha K t=0+.
d vK
di
d. Gi s i(0+)=1 A v
(0+ ) = 1 A/s . Xc nh
(0+ )
dt
dt

(H P5.2)

Gii
a. Mch t trng thi thng trc vi kha K ng
V
i(0-) =
R2
Ti t=0+, t in tng ng mch ni tt nn hiu th vK chnh l hiu th 2 u R1
V
vK = R1. i(0+) = R1. i(0-) = R1
.
R2
V
.
vK = R1
R2
d vK
b. Xc nh
(0+ )
dt
Hiu th vK khi t>0 xc nh bi
1
vK = R1. i + i dt
C
Ly o hm 2 v
d vK
di 1
= R1
+ i
dt
dt C
di
Ti t = 0+, thay i(0+)=1 A v
(0+ ) = 1 A/s vo phng trnh
dt
d vK
di
1
1
(0+ ) = R1 (0+ ) + i (0+ ) = R1.( 1) + (1)
dt
dt
C
C
Tm li
dvK
1
(0+ ) = R 1 A/s
dt
C
5.3 Mch (H P5.3). Tm v khi t>0.

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

18
___________________________________________________ Chng5 Mch in bc

hai -

(H P5.3)

Gii
Dng sng ca ngun dng in 100u(-t) c v (H P5.3a) v mch tng ng vi (H
P5.3) c v (H P5.3b)

(H P5.3a)

(H P5.3b)

- Khi t>0, kha K h, mch khng cha ngun ngoi, phng trnh mch in
1
di
(1)
L + Ri + i dt = 0
C
dt
Ly o hm (1) v thay tr s vo
d 2i
di
+ 4.103 + 2.107 i = 0
(2)
2
dt
dt
Phng trnh c trng v nghim
s2 + 4.103 s + 2.107 = 0
(3)
s1,2 = -2000 j4000
Mch khng cha ngun ngoi nn p ng ch l thnh phn t nhin vn
v = vn = e-2000t(Acos4000t + Bsin4000t)
(4)
Xc nh A v B
T mch tng ng t = 0- [(H P5.3) vi t h v cun dy ni tt]
v(0-) = 40.100mA = 4 V v i(0-) = 100 mA = 0,1 A
T kt qu (4)
v(0+) = v(0-) = A = 4
Ta li c
d v(t)
i (t) = i : (t) = C
dt
=- 5.10-6[-2.103e-2000t(Acos4.103t+Bsin4.103t)+ e-2000t(-4.103Asin4.103t+4.103Bcos4.103t)]
Ti
t=0
i(0+) = i(0-) = 0,1 = - 5.10-6(-2.103A + 4.103B)

-A+2B = - 10
Vi A = 4 ta c
B=-3
Tm li
v(t) = e-2000t(4cos4000t - 3sin4000t) (V)
5.4 Cho mch in (H P5.4), kha K ng cho ti khi mch t trng thi thng trc. M
kha K, coi thi im ny l t=0. Tm v khi t>0.

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

___________________________________________________ Chng5 Mch in bc 19

hai -

(H P5.4)

Gii

(H P5.4a)

(H P5.4b)

Phng trnh cho mch tng ng khi t>0 (H P5.4a)


di
(1)
+ 4i + 4 i dt = 12
dt
Ly o hm (1)
d 2i
di
+ 4 + 4i = 0
(2)
2
dt
dt
Phng trnh c trng v nghim
s2 + 4 s + 4 = 0
(3)
s1,2 = -2 (Nghim kp)
v(t) c dng
v(t) = (At+B)e-2t + 12 (vf=12 V)
(4)
Xc nh A v B
T mch tng ng t = 0- (H P5.4b)
i(0-) = 12V/4 = 3 A v
v(0-) = 0
T kt qu (4)
v(0+) = v(0-) = B+12 = 0 B=-12
Mt khc
d v(t) 1
i (t) = C
= [Ae 2t + (At + B)(2)e 2t ]
dt
4
1
i(0+) = i(0-) = 3 = (A 2B)
4
Vi B = -12 ta c A = -12
Tm li
v(t)= 12- 12(1+t)e-2t (V)
5.5 Cho mch in (H P5.5). Tm v khi t>0 trong 2 trng hp:
c. C=1/5 F
d. C=1/10 F

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

20
___________________________________________________ Chng5 Mch in bc

hai (H P5.5)

Gii
Ngun u(t) tng ng vi kha K ng lc t=0. Vy y l mch bc 2 khng tch tr
nng lng ban u nhng c ngun ngoi.
p ng v(t) ca mch gm vn v vf.
Xc nh vf
Lc mch t trng thi thng trc, cun dy tng ng mch ni tt v t in tng
ng mch h nn vf=6.4A = 24 V
Xc nh vn
Phng trnh xc nh vn
di
1
L + Ri + i dt = 0
dt
C
Thay L v R vo v ly o hm
d 2i
di 1
+6 + i = 0
2
dt
dt C

(1)

(2)

C=(1/5) F
Phng trnh (2) thnh
d 2i
di
+ 6 + 5i = 0
(3)
2
dt
dt
Phng trnh c trng v nghim
s2 + 6 s + 5 = 0
s1,2 = - 1 & - 5
vn = Ae-t + Be-5t
v(t) = vn + vf = Ae-t + Be-5t + 24
(4)
Ti
t = 0, v(0) = 0 A + B + 24= 0
(5)
Ti
t = 0-, dng qua cun dy l 0, nn lc t = 0+, dng ny cng bng 0, do dng qua
t l 4A (ngun dng)
dv
i C (0+ ) = C (0+ ) = 4
dt
dv
4
(6)

(0+ ) =
dt
C
Ly o hm kt qu (4) ta c
d v( t )
= Ae t 5Be 5t
dt
dv
(0+ ) = A 5B
dt
(6) v (7) cho
4
-A - 5B = = 20
C
Gii h (4) v (8)
A = - 25 v B = 1
Tm li
v(t) = - 25e-t + e-5t + 24 (V)

(7)

(8)

C=(1/10) F
Phng trnh (2) thnh
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

___________________________________________________ Chng5 Mch in bc 21

hai d 2i
di
+ 6 + 10i = 0
(3')
2
dt
dt
Phng trnh c trng v nghim
s2 + 6 s + 10 = 0
s1,2 = - 3 j
vn = e-3t(Acost+Bsint)
v(t) = vn + vf = e-3t(Acost+Bsint) + 24 (4')
Dng cc iu kin u nh trn, ta c
Ti
t = 0, v(0) = 0 = A + 24
(5')

A = - 24
T kt qu (4') ta c
d v( t )
= 3e 3t (Acost + Bsint) + e 3t (Asint + Bcost)
dt
dv
(7')
(0+ ) = 3A + B
dt
(6) v (7') cho
-3A +B = 40
(8')
Thay A = - 24 vo (8') ta c
B = - 32
Tm li
v(t) = e-3t(-24cost - 32sint) + 24 (V)
5.6 Cho mch in (H P5.6a). Tm v v i khi t>0

(a)

(H P5.6)

(b)

Gii
Ngun u(t) tng ng vi kha K ng lc t=0. Vy y l mch bc 2 khng tch tr
nng lng ban u nhng c ngun ngoi.
p ng v(t) ca mch gm vn v vf v i(t) ch gm in v if.
Lu l cc p ng t nhin lun c cng dng. Phn khc nhau trong cc p ng l cc
hng s v p ng p.
Xc nh cc p ng p
T mch tng ng khi t trng thi thng trc, ta tnh c
vf = 3.2A = 6 V v if = 2A
Xc nh cc p t nhin
Vit KCL cho mch
1 dv
(1)
+i = 2
20 dt
Vit KVL cho vng bn phi
di
(2)
+ 4i - 2 = v
dt
T (1) suy ra
d 2i
1 dv
1 dv
v 2 =
i=
40 dt
dt
40 dt
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

22
___________________________________________________ Chng5 Mch in bc

hai Thay vo (2) v rt gn


d 2v
dv
+ 4 + 20v = 120
2
dt
dt
Phng trnh c trng v nghim
s2 + 4 s + 20 = 0
s1,2 = - 2 j4
vn = e-2t(Acos4t+Bsin4t)
v(t) = vn + vf = e-2t(Acos4t+Bsin4t) + 6
i(t) = in + if = e-2t(Ccos4t+Dsin4t) + 2 (4')

(3)

(4)

Xc nh A v B
Ti
t = 0, v(0) = 0 = A + 6
(5')

A=-6
Ti t = 0-, dng qua cun dy l 0, nn lc t = 0+, dng ny cng bng 0, do dng qua t l
2A (ngun)
dv
(6)
i C (0+ ) = C (0+ ) = 2
dt
T kt qu (4) ta c
d v( t )
= 2e 2 t (Acos4t + Bsin4t) + e 2t (4Asin4t + 4Bcos4t)
dt
dv
(7)
(0+ ) = 2A + 4B
dt
(6) v (7) cho
-2A +4B = 40
(8)
Thay A = - 6 vo (8) ta c
B=7
Tm li
v(t) = e-2t(-6cost+7sint) + 6 (V)
Xc nh C v D
i(0) = 0 C+2 = 0 C = -2
Ti t = 0-, dng qua cun dy l 0, nn lc t = 0+, dng ny cng bng 0, do dng qua t l
2A (ngun) to ra in th 2V 2 u in tr 1.y cng chnh l hiu th 2 u cun dy
ti t = 0+
di
(6')
vL (0+ ) = L (0+ ) = 2
dt
T (4') ta c
d i (t )
= 2e 2 t (Ccos4t + Dsin4t) + e 2t (4Csin4t + 4Dcos4t)
dt
di
(7')
(0+ ) = 2C + 4D
dt
(6') v (7') cho
-2C +4D = 2
(8')
Thay C = - 2 vo (8') ta c
1
D=2
Tm li
1
i(t) = e-2t(-2cost - sint) + 2 (A)
2

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

___________________________________________________ Chng5 Mch in bc 23

hai 5.7 Mch (H P5.7) t trng thi thng trc t=0- vi kha K v tr 1. Chuyn K sang v tr
2, thi im t=0. Xc nh i khi t>0

(H P5.7)

Gii
Khi t>0, kha K v tr 2, mch khng cha ngun ngoi nhng c tch tr nng lng.
Mch tng ng c v li (H P5.7a)

(H P5.7a)

(H P5.7b)

Vit phng trnh vng cho mch


di1
(1)
+ 2i 1 2i = 0
dt
di
(2)
2i 1 = 0
5i +
dt
T (2) suy ra
di
1 d i d 2i
di
1
i 1 = (5i + ) v 1 = (5 + 2 )
dt
dt
2 dt dt
2
Thay cc tr ny vo (1), sau khi rt gn
d 2i
di
+ 7 + 6i = 0
(3)
2
dt
dt
Phng trnh c trng v nghim
s2 + 7s + 6 = 0
s1,2 = - 1 & - 6
(4)
i = Ae-t + Be-6t
Xc nh A v B
T mch tng ng t = 0- (H P5.7b), ta c
in tr tng ng ca mch
Rt= 2+(2.3/2+3) = 3,2
i1(0-) = 40V/3,2 = 12,5 A
2
=5A
v
i(0-) = 12,5A
2 + 3
i(0+) = i(0-) =5

A+B = 5
(5)
T (2) suy ra
di
(0+ ) = 5i (0+ ) + 2(i 1(0+ ) = - 25 + 25 = 0
dt
Ly o hm kt qu (4) v thay iu kin ny vo
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

24
___________________________________________________ Chng5 Mch in bc

hai -A - 6B = 0
Gii h (5) v (6)
A = 6 v B = - 1
Tm li
i(t)= 6e-t - e-6t (A)

(6)

5.8 Mch (H P5.8) t trng thi thng trc t=0. Xc nh v khi t>0

(H P5.8)

Gii
Khi t>0, kha K m, ta c mch khng cha ngun ngoi
Vit KCL cho mch
v1 v 1 d v1
(1)
+
=0
3
6 dt
v v1 v 1 d v
(2)
+ +
=0
3
2 6 dt
T (2) suy ra
d v1 1 d v d 2v
1
dv
)
= (5
+
v1 = (5v + ) v
dt
2 dt dt 2
2
dt
Thay cc tr ny vo (1), sau khi rt gn
d 2v
dv
+7
+ 6v = 0
(3)
2
dt
dt
Phng trnh c trng v nghim
s2 + 7s + 6 = 0
s1,2 = - 1 & - 6
-t
-6t
(4)
v = Ae + Be
Xc nh A v B
T mch tng ng t = 0- ((H P5.8), trong cc t l mch h) ta c
in tr tng ng ca mch
Rt= 3(3+2)/(3+2+3) = (15/8)
v1(0-) = 20A(15/8) = 75/2 V
2
= 15 V
v
v0-) = (75/2V)
2 + 3
v(0+) = v(0-) = 15

A+B = 15
(5)
T (2) suy ra
dv
(0+ ) = 5v(0+ ) + 2v1(0+ ) = - 75 + 75 = 0
dt
Ly o hm kt qu (4) v thay iu kin ny vo
-A - 6B = 0
(6)
Gii h (5) v (6)
A = 18 v B = - 3
Tm li
v(t)= 18e-t - 3e-6t
(V)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

___________________________________________________ Chng5 Mch in bc 25

hai 5.9 Mch (H P5.9) t trng thi thng trc t=0- Vi kha K 1. Ti t=0 bc K sang v tr
2. Xc nh i khi t>0

(H P5.9)

Gii
Khi t>0, kha K v tr 2, ta c mch khng cha ngun ngoi v tch tr nng lng ban
u. p ng chnh l p ng t nhin.
Mch tng ng t>0 tr thnh mch (H P5.9a) v c v li (H P5.9b)

(H P5.9a)

Phng trnh mch in


1 dv v
i+
+ =0
20 dt 5
dv
d 2i
di
Vi v = 5
v
=5 2
dt
dt
dt
Thay vo (1)
d 2i
di
+ 4 + 4i = 0
2
dt
dt
Phng trnh c trng v nghim
s2 + 4 s + 4 = 0
s1,2 = -2 (Nghim kp)
i(t) c dng
i(t) = (At+B)e-2t

(H P5.9b)

(1)

(3)
(4)

Xc nh A v B
T mch tng ng t = 0- (H P5.9c)

(H P5.9c)

i(0-) = 6A.6 /6+3 = 4 A v


T kt qu (4)
i(0+) = i(0-) = B = 4 B = 4
Mt khc
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

26
___________________________________________________ Chng5 Mch in bc

hai v(0-) = vba=- 6A.[3 + (6.3/6+3) = -30 V


d i (t)
v(t) = L
= 5[Ae 2t + (At + B)(2)e 2t ]
dt
di
v(0) = L (0+ ) = [A - 2B)]
dt
v(0+) = v(0-) = -30 =5(A-2B) = 5A-10B
Vi B = 4 ta c
A=2
Tm li
i(t)= (2t+4)e-2t (A)
5.10 Mch (H P5.10) t trng thi thng trc t=0- Xc nh i khi t>0

(H P5.10)

Gii
Khi t>0, kha K h, ta c mch khng cha ngun ngoi v tch tr nng lng ban u.
p ng chnh l p ng t nhin.
Mch tng ng t>0 tr thnh mch (H P5.10a) v c v li (H P5.10b), trong
nhm in tr ca mch tng ng mt in tr duy nht = 10

(H P5.10a)

(H P5.10b)

(H P5.10c)

Phng trnh mch in


d 2i
di
+ 10 + 50i = 0
(1)
2
dt
dt
Phng trnh c trng v nghim
s2 + 10 s + 50 = 0
(2)
s1,2 = - 5 j5
(3)
i(t) = e-5t(Acos5t+Bsin5t)
Xc nh A v B
Mch tng ng ti t = 0- c v (H P5.10c)
Rt= 3 + (6.30 /6+30) + 2 = 10
50V
i(0-) =
= 5 (A)
Rt
T kt qu (3)
i(0+) = i(0-) = 5 A = 5
Ta li c
vC(0-) = 50 - 3i(0-) - 6i1(0-)
Trong
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

___________________________________________________ Chng5 Mch in bc 27

hai 6
1 5
= 5. = A
6 + 24 + 6
6 6
vC(0-) = 50V - 3.5A - 6 (5/6A) =30 V (4)
Ti t = 0+
di

(5)
vC (0+ ) =
(0+ ) + 10i (0+ )
dt
T kt qu (3) cho
di
= 5e 5t (Acos5t + Bsin5t) + e 5t (-5Asin5t + 5Bcos5t)
dt
di

(6)
(0+ ) =-5A + 5B
dt
(5) v (6) cho
-5A +5B + 10x5 = 30
(7)
Thay A = 5 vo (7) ta c
B=1
Tm li
i(t) = e-5t(5cost +sint) (A)
i 1(0 ) = i( 0 )

5.11 Mch (H P5.11) t trng thi thng trc t=0- Xc nh i khi t>0
5.12 Mch (H P5.12) t trng thi thng trc t=0- Xc nh v1 v v2 khi t>0

(H P5.11)

(H P5.12)

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

_______________________________________________ Chng6 Trng thi thng

trc AC -

CHNG 6
TRNG THI THNG TRC AC
PHNG PHP C IN - DNG PHNG TRNH VI PHN
PHNG PHP DNG S PHC
S lc v s phc
Dng s phc gii mch

VECT PHA
H THC V-I CA CC PHN T R, L, C.
TNG TR V TNG DN PHC
PHNG PHP TNG QUT GII MCH C KCH THCH HNH SIN
MCH KCH THCH BI NHIU NGUN C TN S KHC NHAU

Chng trc xt mch RC v RL vi ngun kch thch trong a s trng hp l


tn hiu DC.
Chng ny c bit quan tm ti trng hp tn hiu vo c dng hnh sin, bin
khng i. y l trng hp c bit quan trng, gp nhiu trong thc t: in k ngh,
dng in c trng cho m thanh, hnh nh. . . u l nhng dng in hnh sin. Hn na,
mt tn hiu tun hon khng sin cng c th c phn tch thnh tng ca nhng hm sin.
Mc d nhng phng php nu chng trc vn c th dng gii mch vi
kch thch hnh sin, nhng cng c nhng k thut gip ta gii bi ton mt cch n gin
hn.
Chng ta gi s p ng t nhin yn(t) 0 khi t p ng p yf(t) chnh l p
ng trng thi thng trc yss(t). c c iu ny, nghim ca phng trnh c trng
phi c phn thc m, tc v tr ca n phi 1/2 tri h ca mt phng s.
c th so snh cc phng php gii, chng ta s bt u bng phng php c
in, sau dng s phc v vect pha gii li bi ton.
Cui cng chng ta s thy rng vic p dng cc nh lut Kirchhoff, cc nh l, cc
phng trnh mch in chng 2 v 3 vo cc mch vi kch thch hnh sin cng hon ton
ging nh p dng cho mch vi ngun DC

6.1 PHNG PHP C IN - DNG PHNG


TRNH VI PHN
Th d 6.1
Xc nh p ng p i(t) ca mch (H 6.1) vi ngun kch thch v(t)=Vcost

(H 6.1)

Phng trnh mch in


d i (t)
L
+ Ri (t) = Vcost
dt

(1)

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

_______________________________________________ Chng6 Trng thi thng

trc AC p ng p c dng:
i(t)=Acost+Bsint
Ly o hm (2), thay vo (1), suy ra c A v B
RV
A = 2
R + 2L2
LV
B= 2
R + 2L2
LV
RV
Vy i(t)= 2
cost+ 2
sint
2 2
R + L
R + 2L2
Thng ta hay vit i(t) di dng
i(t)=Icos(t+)
Vy, dng bin i lng gic cho h thc (5)
V
L
i (t) =
cos(t tan 1
)
2
2 2
R
R + L
V
L
Trong
v = tan 1
I=
R
R2 + 2L2

(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)

6.2 PHNG PHP S PHC


6.2.1 S lc v s phc
Mt s phc c vit di dng ch nht
Z=x+jy

(6.1)

x l phn thc ca Z, k hiu x=Re[Z],


y l phn o ca Z, k hiu y=Im[Z],
j: s o n v, xc nh bi j2=-1
Biu din s phc trn mt phng phc (biu din hnh hc)
(H 6.2 ) l cc cch biu din khc nhau ca mt s phc trn mt phng phc:
- im M vi ta x v y trn trc thc v trc o.
- Vect OM , vi sut |Z| v gc
o

M
Z
)

Thc

(a)

Thc

(b)
(H 6.2)

Vi cch xc nh s phc bng vect (H 6.2b), s phc c vit di dng cc:


Z= Z ej =Z
(6.2)
Di y l cc biu thc quan h gia cc thnh phn ca s phc trong hai cch
biu din, cc biu thc ny cho php bin i qua li gia hai cch vit:
x =Zcos,
y=Zsin
(6.3)
Z = x+jy =Zcos + jZsin = Zej
(6.4)
(6.4) l cch vit s phc di dng ch nht nh cc thnh phn trong dng cc.
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_______________________________________________ Chng6 Trng thi thng

trc AC -

Z = x 2 + y2
Z= x +y e
2

= tan 1
tan 1

y
x

y
x

(6.5)

(6.5) l cch vit s phc di dng cc nh cc thnh phn trong dng ch nht.

6.2.2 Cc php ton vi s phc


- Cng thc Euler
ej=cosj sin
Vi =/2 ej=ej/2=j
T cng thc Euler, ta cng suy ra c:
ej + e j
Cos=Re[ej]=
2
j
e e j
j
v
Sin=Im[e ]=
2j
- S phc lin hp Z* l s phc lin hp ca Z:
Z=x+jy Z*=x-jy
- Php cng v tr: Dng dng ch nht:
Cho Z1=x1+jy1 v Z2=x2+jy2
Z= Z1 Z2= (x1x2) + j(y1y2)
- Php nhn v chia: Dng dng cc:
Cho Z1=Z1 ej 1 v Z2=Z2 ej 2
Z= Z1.. Z2=Z1.Z2 ej( 1 + 2 )
Z 1 j( 1 2 )
e
Z=
Z2

(6.6)

(6.7)
(6.8)
(6.9)
(6.10)

(6.11)
(6.12)

Khi nhn s phc vi j =190o ta c mt s phc c sut khng i nhng i


s tng 90o tng ng vi vect biu din quay mt gc +90o
Khi chia s phc vi j=190o ta c mt s phc c sut khng i nhng i s
gim 90o tng ng vi vect biu din quay mt gc -90o

6.2.3 Dng s phc gii mch


Ap dng s phc vo th d 6.1, gi s ngun kch thch l:
v1(t)=Vejt
(1)
p ng p i1(t) xc nh bi phng trnh:
d i (t)
(2)
L 1 + Ri 1 (t) = v1 = Ve jt
dt
Hm s mch tng ng:
V
(3)
H(j ) =
R + jL
p ng p:
V
(4)
i 1 (t) =
ejt
j L + R
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_______________________________________________ Chng6 Trng thi thng

trc AC Hay

j( t tan 1

i 1(t) =

R2 + 2L2

L
)
R

Re[i 1 (t) ] =

Phn thc:

R + L
So snh vi kt qu trc y:
Re[i1(t)]=i(t)
Tht vy, ly phn thc ca phng trnh (2)
d i (t)

ReL 1 + Ri 1(t) = Re[v1 ]


dt

dRe[i 1(t) ]
L
+ R.Re[i 1(t) ] = Re[v1 (t) ]
dt
Thay Re[i1(t)]=i(t) v Re[v1(t)]= Vcost

2 2

cos(t tan 1

L
)
R

d i (t)
+ Ri (t) = Vcost
dt

Nh vy:
Re[i1(t)] chnh l p ng ca mch vi kch thch l Re[v1(t)]=Re[Vejt]=Vcost
Th d 6.2
Xc nh v(t) ca mch (H 6.3), cho ngun kch thch i(t)=Isin(t+)

(H 6.3)

Vit KCL cho mch


v 1
+
vdt = Isin( t + )
R L
Ly o hm 2 v:
1 dv 1
+ v = Ico s(t + )
R dt L
Tm p ng v1 i vi kch thch Iej(t+)=Iejejt
Hm s mch
Ie j
LRIe j
H(j ) =
=
j/R + 1/L
R + jL
v1 (t) =

LRIe j jt
e
R + jL

v1(t) =

LRI

j( t + tan 1

R2 + 2L2

v(t)=Re[v1(t)]=

LRI
R + L
2

2 2

L
)
R

cos(t + tan 1L/R)

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_______________________________________________ Chng6 Trng thi thng

trc AC -

6.3 VECT PHA


Mt hm sin v(t)=Vcos(t+) c th c xc nh hon ton khi bit V, v . Nu
xem l thng s th ch cn V v . Nh vy ta ch cn thay v(t)=Vcos(t+) bng mt s
phc c sut l V v i s l
v(t)=Vcos(t+) V=Vej = V
S phc V dng thay cho hm v(t) trong cc phng trnh mch in, gi l vect
pha tng ng ca v(t)
Th d hm v(t)=10cos(4t+30o) c biu din bi vect pha V = 1030o
Cc php tnh o hm v tch phn trn vect pha:

V =Vej = V
dV
= j V = V + 90 o

dt
1
V
o
V dt = j V = 90
Gii li Th d 6.1 bng cch dng vect pha
Phng trnh mch in
d i (t)
L
+ Ri (t) = Vcost
dt
Vit li phng trnh (1) di dng vect pha:
dI
+ RI = V
L
dt
Vi V= V0o
v
I= I

(6.13)
(6.14)

(1)

(2)

dI
= jI vo (2)
dt

jL I +R I = V
Phng trnh (3) cho:
V
V 0o
I=
=
R + jL
R2 + 2L2 tan 1(L/R)
Hay
V
I=
tan 1 (L/R)
2
2 2
R + L
Hm i(t) tng ng ca vect pha I l:
V
i (t) =
cos[t - tan 1(L/R)]
2
2 2
R + L
Thay

Gii li Th d 6.2 bng vect pha:


Vit li phng trnh mch in (H 6.3)
v 1
+
vdt = i (t) = Isin( t + )
R L

(3)

(4)

(5)

(1)

i(t)=Isin(t+)=Icos(t+-90o) I = I-90o
Thay v v i bng cc vect pha tng ng:

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_______________________________________________ Chng6 Trng thi thng

trc AC V
V
+
=I
R j L
R + j L
Hay
V =I
jRL
jRL I

V=
R + jL
S phc tng ng:
LRI
V=
90o tan 1 (L/R) + 90o
2
2 2
R + L
V p ng ca bi ton:
LRI
v( t ) =
cos[t + tan 1 (L/R)]
2
2 2
R + L

(2)
(3)

(4)

(5)

Th d 6.3
Cho mch (H 6.4) vi v(t)=Vcos(t+), xc nh dng i(t)

(H 6.4)

Ta c th dng hm s mch kt hp vi vect pha gii bi ton


Phng trnh mch in:
d 2i
di 1
dv
L 2 +R + i =
dt
dt C
dt
Hm s mch:
s
1
H(s) = 2
=
Ls + Rs + 1/C
Ls + R + 1/sC
Thay s=j ta c hm s mch trng thi thng trc
1
H(j ) =
R + j(L 1/ C)
i sang dng cc
L - 1/ C
1
tan 1
H ( j) =
R
R2 + (L - 1/ C)2

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

Vect pha dng in I xc nh bi


I =H(j). V
v c dng
I = I
Vi

I= H(j).V=

(5)
(6)
V

R + (L - 1/ C)2
L - 1/ C
V
= tan 1
R
Kt qu p ng ca mch l:
2

(7)
(8)

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_______________________________________________ Chng6 Trng thi thng

trc AC i (t) =

V
R + (L - 1/ C)
2

cos[t + tan 1

L - 1/ C
]
R

(9)

6.4 H THC V-I CA CC PHN T R, L, C


Xt phn t lng cc, c hiu th hai u l v(t) v dng in qua n l i(t)
(jt+)
* v(t)=Vcos(t+) l phn thc ca Ve
, vect pha tng ng V =V
(jt+)
* i(t)=Icos(t+) l phn thc ca Ie
, vect pha tng ng I =I
Dng vect pha cc h thc V-I ca cc phn t xc nh nh sau:
in tr

H thc
v(t)=Ri(t)

R l s thc nn V v I cng pha

V =R I
=

(H 6.5)
Cun dy

H thc v(t) = L

d i (t)
V =jL I
dt

V=LI

&

=+90o

&

=-90o

(H 6.6)
T in

H thc i (t) = C

d v(t)
I =jC V
dt

I=CV

(H 6.7)

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_______________________________________________ Chng6 Trng thi thng

trc AC -

6.5 TNG TR V TNG DN PHC


6.5.1 Tng tr v tng dn phc
i vi mi phn t th ng trong mch vi ngun kch thch hnh sin, t s V / I l
mt hng s. Vy ta c th nh ngha tng tr phc ca mt phn t l
V
trong V =V v I =I
Z=
I
V
Z=ZZ=
-
I
in tr
Z R=R
Cun dy
Z L= jL=L90o,
Z C= -j/C=1/C-90o
T in
Tng dn phc:
1
I
Y= =
Z V
Di dng ch nht
Z=R+jX v Y=G+jB
R: in tr (Resistance)
X: in khng (Reactance)
G: in dn (Conductance) B: in np (Susceptance)
Mc d Y=1/Z nhng R1/G v X1/B
Lin h gia R, X, G, B xc nh bi:
R
X
1
R jX
G= 2
B= 2
= 2
Y=
2
2
R + X2
R + jX R + X
R +X
G
B
X= 2
2
G +B
G + B2
Vit di dng cc
R=

Z=R+jX= R2 + X 2 tan 1 (X/R) = Z Z


Y=G+jB= G 2 + B2 tan 1(B/G) = YY
Z

Y
X

)Z

)Y

Tam gic tng tr

Tam gic tng dn


(H 6.8)

6.5.2 nh lut Kirchhoff


Vi khi nim tng tr v tng dn phc, hai nh lut Kirchhoff KCL v KVL p
dng c cho mch vi kch thch hnh sin bt c thi im no.

=0

=0

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_______________________________________________ Chng6 Trng thi thng

trc AC T cc kt qu c c ta c th thay mt mch vi ngun kch thch hnh sin bng


mt mch vi ngun c vit di dng vect pha cng cc thnh phn l cc tng tr
phc tng ng ca chng. Ta c mch tng ng trong lnh vc tn s.

6.5.3 Tng tr ni tip v tng tr song song

(H 6.9)

(H 6.10)

Xt mt mch vi cc phn t th ng mc ni tip (H 6.9), trong


V
V
V
Z3 = 3
Z1 = 1 ,
Z2 = 2 ,
I
I
I
Ta c V 1= Z 1 I, V 2= Z 2 I, V 3= Z 3 I
V = V 1+ V 2+ V 3= (Z 1+ Z 2+ Z 3) I
Suy ra tng tr tng ng
V
Z = = Z 1+ Z 2+ Z 3
I
Trng hp nhiu phn t mc song song (H 6.10)
I 1 = Y 1 V, I 2= Y 2 V, I 3= Y 3 V
I = I 1+ I 2+ I 3 = (Y 1+ Y 2+ Y 3) V
I=YV
Suy ra tng dn tng ng
I
Y = = Y 1+ Y 2+ Y 3
V
1
1
1 1
Hay
=
+
+
Z Z1 Z 2 Z 3
Th d 6.4
Gii li mch th d 6.3 bng cch dng khi nim tng tr phc
Vect pha biu din ngun hiu th:
V=V
(1)
Tng tr mch RLC mc ni tip:
Z= R +jL+1/jC= R +j(L-1/C)
(2)
Z=ZZ
(3)

Z = R2 + (L - 1/ C)2
L - 1/ C
R
Vect pha biu din dng in:
V
I = =I=I-Z
Z
Trong

Z = tan 1

(4)
(5)

(6)

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_______________________________________________ Chng6 Trng thi thng 10

trc AC I =

(7)

R2 + (L - 1/ C)2
L - 1/ C
=-Z= tan 1
R
Kt qu p ng ca mch l:
i(t)=

V
R2 + (L - 1/ C)2

(8)

cos(t+ tan 1

L - 1/ C
)
R

(9)

6.5.4 Tng tr v tng dn vo


chng 2 ta thy mt lng cc ch gm in tr v ngun ph thuc c th
c thay th bi mt in tr tng ng duy nht.
Tng t, i vi mch trng thi thng trc AC, mt lng cc trong lnh vc tn
s ch gm tng tr v ngun ph thuc c th thay th bi mt tng tr tng ng duy
nht, gi l tng tr vo.
Tng tr vo l t s ca vect pha hiu th t vo lng cc v vect pha dng in
chy vo mch.
V
Zi =
I

(H 6.11)

Th d 6.5
Tm tng tr vo ca mch (H 6.12a)

(a)

(H 6.12)

Mch tng ng trong lnh vc tn s (H 6.12b)


Dng qui tc xc nh tng tr ni tip v song song
(1 + j2)( j2/ )
Z = 2+
1 + j2 j2/
4 j2
= 2+
+ j2(2 1)
Nhn s hng th 2 ca (1) vi lng lin hip ca mu s

(b)

(1)

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_______________________________________________ Chng6 Trng thi thng 11

trc AC Z = 2+

4 + j(-83 + 6)
2 + 4(2 1) 2

84 142 + 12
(-82 + 6)
+
j
= R+jX
(2)
2 + 4(2 1) 2
2 + 4(2 1) 2
T kt qu ta nhn thy:
R lun lun dng
X thay i theo
3
*<
, X >0 Mch c tnh in cm
2
3
, X<0, Mch c tnh in dung
* >
2
3
* =
, X=0, Mch l in tr thun Z = R = 6
2
Z=

6.6 PHNG PHP GII MCH VI TN HIU VO


HNH SIN
Bng cch dng s phc hoc vect pha thay cho cc lng hnh sin, chng ta thay
cc phng trnh vi tch phn bi cc phng trnh i s. iu ny cho php ta gii cc mch
hnh sin ging nh cc mch ch gm in tr vi ngun DC.
Ni cch khc , cc kt qu m ta t c chng 2 v 3 c th p dng vo
mch hnh sin sau khi thay cc mch ny bi mch tng ng ca chng trong lnh vc tn
s.
Nh vy, phng php tng qut gii mch hnh sin c th tm tt nh sau:
* Chuyn mch lnh vc thi gian sang mch lnh vc tn s.
* Dng cc nh lut Ohm, Kirchoff, cc nh l mch in ( Thevenin, Norton,...) v cc
phng trnh nt, vng vit phng trnh lnh vc tn s.
* Gii cc phng trnh, ta c p ng lnh vc tn s.
* Chuyn kt qu sang lnh vc thi gian.
Th d 6.6
Xc nh tn hiu ra vo(t) trng thi thng trc ca mch (H 6.13).
Cho vi(t)=10cos(10t+20o)

(H 6.13)
Phng php 1: Tnh tng tr tng ng

(H 6.14)
Z1=1/2+j2+1/2=1+j2

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_______________________________________________ Chng6 Trng thi thng 12

trc AC (1 j)(1 + j2)


= 1,414 8 = 1,40 j0,20Z=j+(1,40-j0,20)=1,40+j0,80= 1,6129,7
(1 j) + (1 + j2)
1020
V
= 6,21 9,7
I1 = i =
Z 1,6129,7
Va = Z 2 .I 1 = (1,14 8)(6,21 9,7)
= 8,75 17,7
0,5
Vo xc nh bi cu phn th:
Vo =
(8,75 17,7) = 1,96 81,3
1 + j2
Chuyn kt qu sang lnh vc thi gian:
vo(t)=1,96cos(10t-81,3o) (V)

Z2 =

Phng php 2: Dng phng trnh nt

Phng trnh cho nt a (H 6.14):


Suy ra
V

Va 10 20 Va
Va
+
+
=0
j
1 j 1/2 + j2 + 1/2

Va = 8,75 17,7
0,5
Vo = (
)Va = 1,96 81,3
1 + j2

Phng php 3: Dng phng trnh vng (H 6.15)

Phng trnh vng cho hai mt li:


I 1 (1 j)I 0 = 1020
- (1 - j)I 1 + (2 + j)I 0 = 0
Gii h thng phng trnh, ta c
I a = 3,92 81,3
I
Va = a = 1,96 81,3
2
( 61 )
Phng php 4: Dng nh l Thevenin
Thay phn mch bn tri ab bng mch tng ng Thevenin
1 j
Voc c tnh t cu phn th: Voc = 10 20
= 14,14 25
1 j + j
(1 j)j
Tng tr tng ng ca mch nhn t ab khi ni tt ngun Vi: Z th =
= 1+ j
1 j + j
Mch tng ng Thevenin (H 6.16)
Vo xc nh t cu phn th
0,5
Vo = 14,14 25
1 + j + 1 + j2
0,5
= 14,14 25
2 + j3
Vo = 1,96 81,3
(H 6.16)

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_______________________________________________ Chng6 Trng thi thng 13

trc AC -

6.7 MCH KCH THCH BI NHIU NGUN C TN


S KHC NHAU
Tm tn hiu ra vo(t) ca mch (H 6.17a). Cho vi(t)=3+10cost+3cos(3t+30o)

(a)

(H 6.17)

(b)

Xem ngun kch thch gm 3 thnh phn, p dng nh l chng cht xc nh p


ng thng trc i vi mi thnh phn ca kch thch.
Kt qu cui cng s l tng hp tt c cc p ng.
i vi thnh phn DC: vi1(t)=3 V.

Xem mch t trng thi thng trc (t h v cun dy ni tt),


1/2
1/2
1

vo1(t)=
vi1 =
3=
4 + 1/2
4 + 1/2
3
i vi cc thnh phn hnh sin, v li mch lnh vc tn s (H 6.17b)
Vit phng trnh nt ti a
Va V1 Va
V
1
1
+
+ a = 0 Va =
V1 =
V1
2
4 + j 1/2 1/j
1 + (4 + j)( 2 + j)
9 - + j6
* Vi vi2(t)=10cost Vi2=100
100
Va2 =
= 1 36,9
8 + j6

vo2(t)=cos(t-36,9o) V

* vi3(t)= 3cos(3t+30o) Vi3=330


330 1
Va3 =
= 60
j18
6
vo3(t)=(1/6)cos(3t- 60o) V
Kt qu p ng vo(t) chnh l tng ca cc p ng i vi cc ngun kch thch ring
vo(t)= vo1(t)+vo2(t)+vo3(t)=1/3+ cos(t-36,9o)+(1/6)cos(3t - 60o) V

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_______________________________________________ Chng6 Trng thi thng 14

trc AC -

BI TP
-oo6.1 Cho mch (H P6.1), tm p ng v1 vi ngun 2ej8t
Dng kt qu ny xc nh p ng v1 i vi:
a. Ngun 2cos8t (A)
b. Ngun 2sin8t (A)

(H P6.1)

6.2 Tm dng in i(t) trng thi thng trc AC ca mch (H P6.2) trong 2 trng hp
a. =4 rad/s
b. = 2 rad/s

(H P6.2)

(H P 6.3)

6.3 Mch (H P6.3). Xc nh C sao cho tng tr nhn t ngun c gi tr thc. Xc nh cng
sut tiu th bi in tr 6 trong trng hp ny.
6.4 Mch (H P6.4). Xc nh dng in i v i1 trng thi thng trc

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_______________________________________________ Chng6 Trng thi thng 15

trc AC -

(H P6.4)

(H P 6.5)

6.5 Mch (H P6.5). Xc nh v trng thi thng trc. Cho vg=10cos10.000t (V)
6.6 Mch (H P6.6). Xc nh p ng y ca i nu i(0)=2A v v(0)=6V.

(H P6.6)

(H P6.7)

6.7 Mch (H P6.7). Xc nh v trng thi thng trc. Cho vg=20cos2t (V)
6.8 Mch (H P6.8). Xc nh i trng thi thng trc.

(H P6.8)

(H P6.9)

6.9 Mch (H P6.9). Xc nh i trng thi thng trc.


Cho ig=9-20cost -39cos2t+18cos3t (A)
6.10 Mch (H P6.10). Xc nh v trng thi thng trc.
Cho vg = 5cos3t

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_______________________________________________ Chng6 Trng thi thng 16

trc AC -

(H P6.10)

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L THUYT

________________________________________________________Chng 7 Tn s
phc -

CHNG 7
TN S PHC
TN HIU HNH SIN C BIN THAY I THEO HM M
TN S PHC
TNG TR V TNG DN
HM S MCH
Cc v Zero ca hm s mch
Xc nh p ng t nhin nh hm s mch
Hm s ng vo v hm s truyn

___________________________________________________________________________
Chng ny xt n p ng p ca mch vi kch thch l tn hiu hnh sin c bin
thay i theo hm m. Cc tn hiu cp n trc y (DC, sin, m . . .) tht ra l cc
trng hp c bit ca tn hiu ny, v vy, y l bi ton tng qut nht v kt qu c th
c p dng gii cc bi ton vi cc tn hiu vo khc nhau.
Chng ta cng s nghin cu k hn v hm s mch, nh khi nim cc v zero,
thy vai tr quan trng ca n trong vic xc nh p ng ca mch.

7.1 TN HIU HNH SIN C BIN THAY I


THEO HM M
Tn hiu xc nh bi
v(t)= Vetcos(t+)
(7.1)
y l tch ca hm sin Vcos(t+) v hm m et. l s thc, c th dng hoc
m. Ty theo gi tr ca v , ta c cc trng hp sau:
* =0, =0
v(t) = Vcos =VO l tn hiu DC
* =0, 0
v(t) = Vcos(t+) l tn hiu hnh sin c bin khng i
* <0, 0
v(t) = Vet cos(t+) l tn hiu hnh sin c bin gim dn
* >0, 0
v(t) = Vet cos(t+) l tn hiu hnh sin c bin tng dn
* <0, =0
v(t) = VO et l tn hiu m c bin gim dn
* >0, =0
v(t) = VO et l tn hiu m c bin tng dn

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

________________________________________________________Chng 7 Tn s
phc -

(H 7.1)

Nhc li n v ca l rad/s, l radian hay . c n v l 1/s(s-1).


c quan h vi tn s t nhin , t c n v l Neper (Np) v ta gi l tn s Neper vi
n v Np/s.
Th d 7.1
Tm p ng p i(t) ca mch (H 7.2). Cho v(t)=25e-tcos2t
Phng trnh mch in
di
(1)
2 + 5i = 25e t cos2t
dt
p ng p i(t) c dng
i(t)= e-t(Acos2t+Bsin2t)
(2)
Ly o hm (2) thay vo (1)
(3A+4B)e-tcos2t+(-4A+3B) e-tsin2t=25e-tcos2t

3A+4B=25
(3)
-4A+3B=0
(4)
Gii (3) v (4) c A=3 v B=4
Vy
i(t)= e-t(3cos2t+4sin2t)
Hay
i(t)= 5e-t(cos2t-53,1o)
Nh vy p ng p i vi tn hiu hnh sin c bin gim dn cng l tn hiu hnh
sin c bin gim dn.

7.2 TN S PHC (Complex

frequency)

Nhc li, trong chng 6, mt ngun hnh sin


v(t)= Vcos(t+)
(7.2)
C th c trng bi vect pha
V=Vej=V
(7.3)
jt
Thc cht v(t) chnh l phn thc ca Ve
v(t) = Vcos(t+)
(7.4)
= Re[Vejejt]
By gi xt n ngun kch thch
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

________________________________________________________Chng 7 Tn s
phc -

v(t)= Vetcos(t+)
(7.5)
Do tnh cht v cc php tnh trn hm sin c bin thay i theo hm m khng
khc g vi hm sin nn ta c th m rng khi nim vect pha cho trng hp ny.
Vit li (7.5)
v(t) = Vetcos(t+)
= Re[Vetej(t+)]
= Re[Veje(+j)t]
Nu chng ta nh ngha
s= +j
(7.6)
Ta c
v(t)= Re[Vejest]=Re[V est]
(7.7)
So snh (7.7) v (7.4) ta thy h thc (7.7) chnh l (7.4) trong j c thay th
bi s= +j. iu ny c th dn n kt lun: Nhng g thc hin c vi hm sin cng
thc hin c vi hm sin c bin thay i theo hm m.
phn bit hai trng hp ta c th dng k hiu V(s) v V(j)
Th d, vect pha c trng cho
v(t)=25e-tcos2t l V (s)=250o vi s= +j=-1+j2
Do s l mt s phc c th nguyn l tn s nn c gi l tn s phc.
Cc thnh phn ca s l
= Re[s]
Np/s
=Im[s]
rad/s
Th d 7.2
Tm p ng p vO(t) ca mch (H 7.3). Cho i(t)=e-tcost
Vit KCL cho mch
d vO
+ 3vO = i (t)
dt
Thay cc vect pha tng ng
sVO(s)+3VO(s) = I (s)
I (s)
VO (s) =
s+ 3
Vi s=-1+j, I(s)=10o
(H 7.3)
10
10
VO (s) =
=
2+ j
526,5
1
1 t
VO (s) =
26,5
v
vO (t) =
e cos(t 26,5)
5
5

7.3 TNG TR V TNG DN PHC


Vi cc kt qu c c khi m rng khi nim vect pha trong j c thay
th bi s= +j, ta c th m rng khi nim tng tr v tng dn phc.
Trong lnh vc tn s phc (gi tt l lnh vc s) Cc i lng c k hiu vi
ch s phn bit vi trng hp khc
Z(s) =

V (s)
I (s)

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

________________________________________________________Chng 7 Tn s
phc -

c gi l tng tr phc. (hay vn tt l tng tr nu mch c chuyn sang lnh


vc tn s).
Mt cch tng qut, tng tr phc ca mt phn t c c t Z(j) ca phn t ny
v thay j bi s.
] in tr
ZR=R ZR(s)=R
] Cun dy
ZL= jL=L90o, ZL(s)= sL
] T in
ZC= -j/C=1/C-90o ZC(s)= 1/sC
1
I (s)
Tng dn phc:
Y(s) =
=
Z(s) V (s)
] in tr
YR(s)=1/R
] Cun dy
YL(s)= 1/sL
] T in
YC(s)= sC
n y chc chng ta thy ngay mt iu hin nhin l tt c cc nh lut v nh l
mch in cng nh cc phng trnh vng, nt . . . u p dng c trong lnh vc tn s.
Th d 7.3
Gii li Th d 7. 1 bng cch dng tng tr phc.

(H 7.4)

Mch c v li trong lnh vc s (H 7.4)


Ta c
Z(s)= 5+ 2s
V(s)= 250o
V (s) 250
I (s) =
=
Z(s) 5 + 2s
Vi s=-1+j2
250
250
250
I (s) =
=
=
= 5 53,1
5 + 2(-1 + j2) 3 + j4 553,1
suy ra i(t)= 5e-t(cos2t-53,1o)

Th d 7.4
Tm p ng p vO(t) ca mch (H 7.5). Cho vg(t)=e-2tcos4t (V)

(H 7.5)

V li mch trong lnh vc s

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

________________________________________________________Chng 7 Tn s
phc -

(H 7.6)

Vit phng trnh nt V1 v V2


1
s
1
s
(1)
( + 1 + )V 1 V g V 2 V O = 0
2
4
2
4
s
(2)
(1 + )V 2 - V1 = 0
4
Gii h phng trnh
V
(3)
V 2 = O
2
16
(4)
V O (s) = 2
Vg (s)
s + 2s + 8
Vi vg(t)=e-2tcos4t
Vg(s)=10o ; s=-2+j4
Thay cc gi tr ny vo (4), sau khi rt gn:
vO(t)= 2 e-2t(cos4t-135o)
V O (s) = 2 135
Th d 7.5
V O (s)
ca mch (H 7.7a)
Vi (s)
Tm p ng p vO(t)ng vi
-3t
o
* vi(t)= 5e (cost-10 ) (V)
o
* vi(t)= 10(cos10t-20 ) (V)
-t
* vi(t)= 10e (V)
* vi(t)= 10 (V)
V li mch trong lnh vc s (H 7.7b)

Xc nh H (s) =

(a)

(H 7.7)

(b)

V li mch trong lnh vc s (H 7.7b)


Phng trnh nt V
V Vi
V
V
+
+
=0
s/10
1 + 10/s 1 + s/5
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

________________________________________________________Chng 7 Tn s
phc -

10(s+ 5)(s+ 10)


Vi (s)
s + 20s2 + 200s+ 500
Dng cu phn th
25(s+ 10)
1/2
V O (s) =
V (s) = 3
V i (s)
1 + s/5
s + 20s2 + 200s+ 500
V (s)
25(s+ 10)
H (s) = O
= 3
V i (s) s + 20s2 + 200s+ 500
Xt cc trng hp c th:

V (s) =

a. vi(t)= 5e-3t(cost-10o) (V)


Vi(s)=5-10O v s=-3+j
Hm s mch H(s) tr thnh
25(-3 + j + 10)
= 1,55 60,3
(-3 + j) + 20(-3 + j) 2 + 200(-3 + j) + 500
VO(s)=H(s).Vi(s)=1,55-60,3O. 5-10O=7,75-70,3O
H (-3 + j) =

vO(t)= 7,75e-3t(cost-70,3o) (V)


b. vi(t)= 10(cos10t+20o) (V)
Vi(s)=1020O v s=0+j10
Hm s mch H(s) tr thnh

H (j10) =

25(j10+ 10)
= 0,196 101,3
(j10) + 20(j10)2 + 200(j10)+ 500
3

VO(s)=H(s).Vi(s)=0,196-101,3O. 1020O=1,96-81,3O
vO(t)= 1,96(cos10t-81,3o) (V)
c. vi(t)= 10e-t (V)
Vi(s)=10 v s=-1+j0=-1
Hm s mch H(s) tr thnh

H (-1) =

25(-1+ 10)
= 0,705
(-1)3 + 20(-1)2 + 200(-1)+ 500

VO(s)=H(s).Vi(s)=0,705. 10=7,05
vO(t)= 7,05e-t (V)
d. vi(t)= 10 (V)
Vi(s)=10 v s=0
Hm s mch H(s) tr thnh

25(0+ 10)
= 0,5
(0) + 20(0)2 + 200(0)+ 500
VO(s)=H(s).Vi(s)=0,5. 10=5
vO(t)= 5 (V)
H (0) =

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

________________________________________________________Chng 7 Tn s
phc -

7.4 HM S MCH
7.4.1 Cc v Zero ca hm s mch
Khi nim hm s mch c m rng cho lnh vc tn s v n vn c xc nh nh
trc y (chng 5)

H (s) =

N (s) b m sm + .....+ b1s + b0


=
D (s) an sn + .....+ a1s + a0

(Xem li chng 5 cch xc nh N(s) v D(s))


Gi s phng trnh N(s)=0 c m nghim z1, z2,. . . zm.
v
phng trnh D(s)=0 c n nghim p1, p2, . . . .pn, H(s) c vit li

H (s) = K

(s - z 1 )(s - z 2 ).....(s- z m )
(s - p 1 )(s - p 2 ).....(s- p n )

z1, z2,. . . zm c gi l cc Zero ca H(s)


p1, p2, . . . .pn c gi l cc Cc ca H(s)
Biu din trn mt phng s, vi trc thc v trc o j
Zero c k hiu bi vng trn nh (o) v Cc bi du (x)
Th d 7.6
V gin Cc v Zero ca hm s mch

H (s) =

6(s+ 1)(s2 + 2s + 2)
s(s+ 2)(s2 + 4s + 13)

Vit li H(s)

H (s) =

6(s + 1)(s + 1 + j)(s + 1 j)


s(s+ 2)(s + 2 + j3)(s + 2 j3)

Cc Zero: -1, -1-j, -1+j


v cc Cc: 0, -2, -2-j3 v -2+j3
Gin Cc v Zero ca H(s) (H 7.8)
Vi im cn lu v Cc v Zero
* Nu N(s) hoc D(s) c nghim lp li
(H 7.8)
bc r, ta ni H(s) c Zero hay Cc a
trng bc r
* Nu N(s) (hoc D(s)) 0 khi s ta ni H(s) c Zero hay (Cc) v cc.
* Cc Zero v Cc v cc khng v c trn mp s
* Nu n>m, H(s) c Zero bc n-m v cc
* Nu n<m, H(s) c Cc bc m-n v cc
* K c cc Zero v Cc th s Zero v Cc ca H(s) bng nhau.
Nh vy, trong th d 7.6 ta phi k thm mt Zero v cc
Th d 7.7
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

________________________________________________________Chng 7 Tn s
phc -

V gin Cc v Zero ca hm s mch

H (s) =

7s(s+ 3)2
(s + 1 - j)2 (s + 1 + j)2

Hm s mch ny c:
* Zero bc 1 ti s=0 v Zero bc 2 ti s=-3
* Cc bc 2 ti s=-1+j v -1-j
* Ngoi ra khi s , H(s) =7/s 0 nn H(s)
c mt Zero v cc
Gin Cc v Zero ca H(s) (H 7.9)

7.4.2 Xc nh p ng t nhin t
hm s mch

(H 7.9)

Nhc li, phng trnh vi phn tng qut ca mch in l:

d y
d n 1y
dy
dmx
d m 1x
dx
+ b0 x
a n n + a n 1 n 1 + .............. + a1 + a 0 y = b m m + b m 1 m 1 + ............. + b1
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt
n

Phng trnh c trng tng ng


ansn+an-1sn-1+. . . . . + a1s+a0=0 c nghim s1, s2,. . . .sn
p ng t nhin

y n ( t ) = k 1e s1t + k 2 e s 2 t ..... + k n e s n t

* Nghim ca phng trnh c trng chnh l nghim ca D(s)=0, chnh l cc Cc


ca H(s) (K c cc cc n gin vi Zero, nu c)
* Vy khi bit Cc ca H(s) ta c ngay dng ca p ng t nhin.
V tnh cht ca p ng t nhin c th c pht biu da trn v tr ca cc Cc
ca H(s) trn mt phng phc.

7.4.3 Hm ng vo v hm truyn (Driving point & Transfer function)


7.4.3.1 Hm ng vo

(H 7.10)

Xt mt lng cc (H 7.10)
Nu kch thch l ngun dng in th p ng l hiu th v Hm ng vo l tng tr
Z(s)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

________________________________________________________Chng 7 Tn s
phc -

V (s)
I (s)

Z(s) =

Nu kch thch l ngun hiu th th p ng l dng in v Hm ng vo l tng dn


Y(s).

Y(s) =

I (s)
1
=
Z(s) V (s)

* i vi mt lng cc, Z(s)=1/Y(s) nn Cc ca hm ny l Zero ca hm kia nn


p ng t nhin c th xc nh bi Cc hay Zero.
* Mt mch khng cha ngun ph thuc th lun lun n inh nn Cc (hoc Zero)
ca Z(s) nm 1/2 mp tri h v ch nhng Cc bc nht mi nm trn trc o.
* Mt mch c cha ngun ph thuc th iu kin n inh ty thuc gi tr ca ngun
ny.
Th d 7.8
Tm tng tr vo ca mch v iu kin ca gm mch n nh khi mch c kch
thch bi mt ngun dng in (H 7.11a)

(a)

(H 7.11)

(b)

V li mch lnh vc s, vi ngun kch thch I1(s) (H 7.11b).


Vit KCL cho mch
I 1(s) = I 2 (s) +
Vi

V 2 (s)
5 + 2/s

I 2 (s) = g m V 1 (s)
V 2 (s) V 1 (s) = - I 1 (s)

(1)
(2)

(3)
V
Thay (2) v (3) vo (1)
V (s)
6s + 2
Z(s) = 1 =
I 1 (s) (1 + 5gm )s + 2gm
p ng t nhin xc nh bi Cc ca Z(s)
- 2gm
p1 =
1 + 5gm
p1 l s thc nn iu kin mch n nh l p1< 0
-2gm(1+5gm)<0 hay gm <-1/5 v gm>0.

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

________________________________________________________Chng 7 Tn s
phc -

10

7.4.3.2 Hm truyn

(H 7.12)

Xt mt t cc (H 7.12). Ty theo tn hiu vo v tn hiu ra, hm s mch c th l


mt trong bn lng sau:
V 2 (s)
I 2 (s)
V 2 (s)
I 2 (s)
,
,
,
I 1(s)
I 1(s)
V1 (s)
V1(s)
* Trong mi trng hp, hm s mch din t quan h gia dng in v hiu th 2
cp cc khc nhau v c gi l hm truyn.
* Cc ca hm truyn cng xc nh tnh cht ca p ng t nhin
Vi mch n nh H(s) khng th c Cc nm trn 1/2 mt phng phi hay c Cc a trng
trn trc o.
* Tng qut 1/H(s) khng l hm truyn khc ca cng mt mch nn tnh cht ca
p ng t nhin khng th xc nh bi Zero ca H(s).
Th d 7.9
V (s)
Tm hm truyn H (s) = 2
ca mch (H 7.13 )
I 1(s)
Xc nh v tr Cc ca H(s) khi A bin thin t 0.
Gi tr A mch n nh

(H 7.13)

V li mch lnh vc tn s (H 7.14)

(H 7.14)

Vit KCL cho mch

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

________________________________________________________Chng 7 Tn s
phc -

V2
V
V
V A V2
+ 2 + 2 + 2
= I1
s/2 1/s 1/2
1
Hm truyn
V (s)
s
H (s) = 2 = 2
I 1 (s) s + (3 A)s + 2
Cc ca H(s) ty gi tr ca A
Nghim ca D(s)=0
s2+(3-A)s+2=0
=(3-A)2-8=A2-6A+1
0 khi A 3 2 2 hay A 3 + 2 2
Khi A bin thin t 0 ta c cc trng hp sau:

11

(1)

(2)

(3)

* A=0 phng trnh (3) tr thnh s2-3s+2=0 c nghim s1,2=-1 & -2


H(s) c 2 Cc phn bit nm trn phn m ca trc thc
p1=-1 v p2=-2
* 0<A<3-2 2
- Khi A tng t 0 n 3-2 2 phng trnh (3) vn c 2 nghim m phn bit, cc Cc
p1v p2 nm trn phn m ca trc thc v tin li gn nhau.

(H 7.15)

* Khi A=3-2 2 =0,172 phng trnh (3) c nghim kp,


H(s) c mt Cc bc 2 ti p1= p2=- 2
* 3-2 2 <A<3+2 2 phng trnh (3) c 2 nghim phc lin hip
p1= 1+j1 v p2= 1- j1 Vi p1. p2= 12+12= ( 2 )2=2
- Khi A thay i, qu tch nghim l vng trn tm O bn knh 2 , ni cch khc Cc
ca H(s) di chuyn trn vng trn ny
* A=3 , phng trnh (3) c 2 nghim o lin hip, j 2 p1v p2 nm trn trc o
* A=3+2 2 =5,828, phng trnh (3) c nghim kp,
H(s) c mt Cc bc 2 ti p1= p2= 2
* A>3+2 2 , phng trnh (3) c 2 nghim thc dng, H(s) c cc Cc nm trn
phn dng ca trc thc
* A mt Cc v mt Cc 0
Tm li, qua bin lun trn ta rt ra c kt qu sau:
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

________________________________________________________Chng 7 Tn s
phc -

12

* A<3: Mch n nh
* A=3: Mch dao ng vi tn s = 2 rad/s
* A>3 : Mch dao ng vi bin tng dn (bt n)
(H 7.15) cho v tr cc Cc theo tr ca A, gi l hnh qu tch nghim.

BI TP
--o0o-7.1 Xc nh p ng p v(t) ca mch (H P7.1). Cho vg1=4e-2tcos(t-45o) V v ig2=2e-tA
7.2 Mch (H P7.2). Xc nh H(s)=Vo(s)/Vi(s). Suy ra p ng p vo(t) nu vi=5cost V

(H P7.1)

(H P7.2)

7.3 Mch (H P7.3). Xc nh Z(s), tng tr vo ca mch, v v(t). Cho vg=16e-4tcos2t V


7.4 Mch (H P7.4). Xc nh H(s)=Vo(s)/Vi(s). Suy ra p ng p vo(t) nu vi=e-tcost V

(H P7.3)

(H P7.4)

7.5 Mch (H P7.5).


Chng minh
Y(s) = Y1 +

1
Z2 +

1
Y3 +

1
Y5
(H P7.5)
7.6 Dng kt qu bi 7.5 xc nh tng tr vo ca
mch (H P7.6), sau xc nh p ng p v(t). Cho ig=5e-2tcost (A)
Z4 +

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Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

________________________________________________________Chng 7 Tn s
phc -

13

(H P7.6)

7.7 Dng nh l Thevenin xc nh dng in i(t) trong mch (H P7.7).


Cho ig(t)=8e-2tcos4t A
7.8 Mch (H P7.8). Xc nh H(s)=Vo(s)/Vi(s). Suy ra p ng p vo(t) nu vi=e-tcost V

(H P7.7)

(H P7.8)

7.9 Mch (H P7.9). Xc nh H(s)=Vo(s)/Vi(s) v p ng p vo(t) nu vi=2e-2tcost V

(H P7.9)

7.10 Mch (H P7.10). Xc nh H(s)=Vo(s)/Vi(s) v p ng p vo(t) nu vi=6e-2tcost V

(H P7.10)

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

________________________________________________________Chng 7 Tn s
phc -

14

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

_____________________________________________________Chng 8 p ng tn s 1

CHNG 8
P NG TN S
P TUYN TN S
DNG GIN CC-ZERO V P TUYN TN S
MCH LC
CNG HNG
H S PHM
T L HA HM S MCH
 Qui t l tng tr
 Qui t l tn s
DECIBEL

Chng ta quay li vi mch kch thch bi ngun hnh sin v dng hm s mch
kho st tnh cht ca mch khi tn s tn hiu vo thay i.
i tng ca s kho st s l cc mch lc, loi mch ch cho qua mt khong tn
s xc nh. Tnh cht ca mch lc s th hin r nt khi ta v c p tuyn tn s ca
chng.
Cc i lng lin quan n tnh cht ca mch nh h s phm, rng bng tn
cng c gii thiu y.
Cui cng chng ta s gii thiu phng php qui t l hm s mch (network
scaling) t c cc mch in vi cc phn t c gi tr thc t.

8.1 P TUYN TN S
Hm s mch ca mch c kch thch hnh sin l H(j), thng l mt s phc nn ta
c th vit:
H(j)= Re[H(j)]+jIm[H(j)]
(8.1)
Hay di dng cc
(8.2)
H(j)= |H(j)|ej()
|H(j)| l bin v () l pha ca H(j)
|H(j)| = Re[H (j)] 2 + Im[ H (j)] 2

(8.3)

Im[ H (j)]
(8.4)
Re[H (j)]
Ta gi p tuyn tn s ch cc ng biu din ca bin H(j) v gc pha
() theo tn s .
Cc ng biu din ny c gi l p tuyn bin v p tuyn pha
() = tan 1

Th d 8.1
V p tuyn tn s ca hm s mch H (j) =

V 2 (j)
ca mch (H 8.1)
I 1(j)

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Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

_____________________________________________________Chng 8 p ng tn s 2

(H 8.1)

Ta c
H (j) =

H (j) =

V 2 (j)
1
=
I 1(j) 1/R + j(C 1/ L)
1

(1/R) 2 + (C 1/ L) 2

() = tan 1R(C 1/ L)

V R, L, C l cc hng s nn H(j) t tr cc i khi =o xc nh bi


1
o C 1/ o L = 0 hay o =
LC
v
|H(j)|max=|H(jo) |=R
v p tuyn tn s ta xc nhH(j) v () ng vi vi tr c bit ca
* =0 |H(j)| = 0 v () =/2
* =o |H(j)| =R v () = 0
* |H(j)| 0 v () =-/2
p tuyn v (H 8.2)

(a)

(H 8.2)

(b)

Trong th d trn, gi s i1(t)=Icost th I1(j)=I10o


p ng V2(j)=I1.H(j). Ta thy V2 c xc nh mt cch n gin l tch ca
hm mch vi mt hng s. V vy nhng thng tin m ta c c khi kho st hm s mch
cng chnh l nhng thng tin ca p ng. V l do ny v cng v hm s mch ch ty
thuc vo mch m khng ty thuc vo kch thch nn ngi ta thng dng p tuyn tn
s ca hm s mch kho st mch in.

8.2 DNG GIN CC - ZERO V P TUYN


TN S
Coi hm s mch
(s - z 1 )(s - z 2 ).....(s- z m )
H (s) = K
(s - p 1 )(s - p 2 ).....(s- p n )
K l hng s

(8.5)

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Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

_____________________________________________________Chng 8 p ng tn s 3
Nu cc Cc v Zero c din t trn mt phng phc bi cc vect th cc tha s
(s-z) cng c din t bi cc vect. (H 8.3) l mt th d

(H 8.3)

z1.

Trn th, tr s c ghi bng mt chm m, vect v t z1 n s din t tha s sSut v gc pha ca tha s ny l |s-z1| v gc hp bi vect s z 1 vi trc thc.
Nh vy sut v gc pha ca H(s) xc nh bi
s - z 1 s - z 2 .....s - z m
(8.6)
H (s) = K
s - p 1 s - p 2 .....s - p n

(s ) = (K) + [ (s z 1 ) + (s z 2 ) + ......] [ (s p 1 ) + (s p 2 ) + ......]


K l s thc nn
(K) = 0 khi K>0 v
= 180o khi K<0
(8.7)
Cc tha s trong (8.6) v (8.7) c xc nh bng cch o trn th cc di ca
cc vect tng ng v cc gc hp bi cc vect ny vi trc thc.
Th d 8.2
Tnh

H (s) =

25(s+ 10)

khi s=j10
s + 20s2 + 200s+ 500
25(s+ 10)
H (s) =
(s + 3,52)(s+ 8,24- j8,61)(s+ 8,24+ j8,61)
3

Gin Cc-Zero v cc vect xc nh H(j10) cho trn (H 8.4). Cc tr ghi km trn


th c c bng cch dng thc o.

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Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

_____________________________________________________Chng 8 p ng tn s 4

(H 8.4)

T cc gi tr trn th ta tnh c
25.14,1
H (j10) =
= 0,196
10,6.20,2.8,36
(10)=45o-(70,6 o +66,1 o +9,6 o)=-101,3 o
H(j10)=0,196-101,3 o
Th d 8.3
V p tuyn tn s mch (H 8.5)

(H 8.5)

(H 8.6)

Hm s truyn ca mch
1
1
V (s)
H (s) = o =
Vi (s) RC s p 1
Vi p1=-1/RC
Gin Cc-Zero v (H 8.6)
v p tuyn, thay s=j vo hm s mch. Trn th s nm trn trc o cch gc
O on bng . Khi thay i t 0, im s di chuyn trn trc o t gc O ra v cng.
s-p1=1/RC0 o
|H(j)|=1 v ()=0 o
o
o
* =1/RC=C s-p1= 2 /RC45 |H(j)|=1/ 2 v ()=-45
o
*
s-p190
|H(j)|0 v ()-90 o
p tuyn tn s v (H 8.7)
Ti

* =0,

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Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

_____________________________________________________Chng 8 p ng tn s 5

(H 8.7)

Th d 8.4
Xc nh hm s truyn Vo(s)/Vi(s) ca mch (H 8.8). V p tuyn tn s trong 2 trng hp
* =o
* <<o
Trong =R/2L & o2=1/LC

(H 8.8)

Ta c
Vi (s)
1
R + sL + 1/sC sC
V i (s)
= 2
s LC + sRC + 1
V (s)
1/LC
H (s) = o = 2
V i (s) s + sR/L + 1/LC
Vo (s) =

0
H (s) = 2
2
s + 2s + 0
=o
2
H (s) =
(s + ) 2
H(s) c mt cc kp ti s=-. Gin Cc-Zero gm 2 vect trng nhau (H8.9a). Cc
p tuyn tn s v (H 8.9b) v (H 8.9c)
|H(j)| = 1 v ()=0 o
* =0, |s-p1|=|s-p2| =
* = |s-p1|=|s-p2| = 2
|H(j)| = 1/2 v ()=-90 o
* |s-p1|=|s-p2|
|H(j)| 0 v ()-180 o
2

(a)

(b)

(c)

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L THUYT

_____________________________________________________Chng 8 p ng tn s 6
(H 8.9)
<< o

Khi <o , H(s) c Cc ti s=-jd vi d = o 2 . Do , nu <<o, cc


Cc rt gn trc o. Gin cc - zero v li (H 8.10)
Cho thay i t 0 , ta xt cc gi tr c bit ca :
2

* =0 hai vect c cng di nhng gc hp vi trc thc i nhau nn


|H(j)|=1 v ()=0 o
* tng t 0 s=j di chuyn trn trc o t gc O ra xa
+ ( s-p1) v ( s-p2) u tng theo chiu dng nn () c gi tr m.
+ |H(j)| tng, lc u chm sau nhanh hn (v |s-p1| lun lun gim, nhng lc u chm lc
sau nhanh hn, cn |s-p2| lun lun tng, nhng mc tng lun nh hn mc gim ca
|s-p1|)
* =o, im s i din vi p1, |s-p1| ngn nht, |H(j)| t tr cc i
s-p1=0 o v s-p2=2o90 o nn
2
2
o
o

H (j) max =
=
= o
s p 1 s p 2 .2 o 2
v

()=-90 o

* o (=o ) im s vn cn gn p1, |s-p1| thay


i nhanh trong khi |s-p2| gn nh khng i
s-p1= 2 45 o v s-p2= 2o90 o
2
H (j) max
o
o
=
=
H (j) =
2.2 o 2 2
2
o
o
o
o
()=45 -90 =-45 & -135

(H 8 10)

180 o

* rt ln ()
|s-p1|=|s-p2| ( s-p1) = ( s-p2) +90 o
|H(j)| 0 v () -

p tuyn tn s v (H 8.11)

(H 8.11)

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Nguyn Trung Lp
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L THUYT

_____________________________________________________Chng 8 p ng tn s 7

8.3 MCH LC
p tuyn ca mch lc di thng
Xt mch th d 8.1, |H(j)| c tr cc i ti =o.
Di tn s qua mch lc xc nh bi c1 c2
Trong c1 v c2 l cc tn s ct, xc nh ti im m bin tn hiu ra bng 1/ 2 ln
bin ra cc i (hay |H(j)|=( 1/ 2 )|H(j)|max).
Bng thng hay rng bng tn c nh ngha:
BW=c2-c1
Mch trong th d 8.4 cng l mch lc di thng, c
Tn s gia o =

1
,
LC

Tn s ct l o ,
rng bng tn BW=2 (H 8.12).

(H 8.12)

(H 8.13)

Mch ca th d 8.3, l mch lc h thng (low pass filter),


Tn s ct
c=1/RC
v bng thng BW=1/RC - 0 = 1/RC.
(H 8.14) v (H 8.15) l p tuyn ca mch lc thng thng v mch lc di loi

(H 8.14)

(H 8.15)

8.4 CNG HNG


Mt mch in kch thch bi tn hiu hnh sin trng thi cng hng khi bin ca
hm s mch t gi tr cc i hoc cc tiu.
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Nguyn Trung Lp
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L THUYT

_____________________________________________________Chng 8 p ng tn s 8
Mch th d 8.1, |H(j)| c tr cc i ti =o.
1
o =
l tn s cng hng ca mch.
LC
Ti tn s ny tng tr ca mch Z(s)=R, cng t tr cc i.
* i vi mch RLC mc song song (xem th d 8.1), cc Cc ca hm s mch xc nh bi

P1,2= - jd
Trong =
o =

1
v d = o 2 2
2RC

1
l tn s cng hng
LC

Ta thy o chnh l bn knh vng trn


qu tch ca Cc khi thay i
* Khi R kh ln (hay rt nh) , tn s
cng hng rt gn vi tn s t nhin.
p tuyn bin c nh nhn
(|H(j)|max=R)
* Khi R , tn s cng hng trng vi
tn s t nhin. nh ca p tuyn c
bin
* i vi mch RLC mc ni tip, kch

(H 8.16)

thch bi ngun hiu th V(s), p ng l


dng in I(s), Hm s mch chnh l tng dn
I (j)
1
H (j) = Y(j) =
=
V (j) R + j( L + 1/ C)
Cng hng xy ra khi = o =

1
tng ng vi tr cc i ca |Y(j)| l 1/R
LC

Khi c cng hng xy ra , tc dng ca cc phn t L v C trit tiu vi nhau v mch tng
ng vi mt in tr thun.

8.5 H S PHM
Tng qut, hm s mch ca mt mch lc di thng bc 2 c dng:

H (s) =

Ks
s + as + b
2

(8.10)

K, a> 0 & b> 0 l cc hng s thc.


kho st bin ca H(s), thay s =j
K
K
H (j) =
=
(b - 2 ) 2 + a22
a2 + [(b - 2 ) / ]2
K

ti tn s cng hng o= b
a
Tn s ct xc nh bi:
K
H
K
K
hay
H (j c ) = max =
=
2
2
2
2
a 2
a 2
a + [(b - c ) / c ]
H (j) max =

(8.11)

iu ny t c khi
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Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

_____________________________________________________Chng 8 p ng tn s 9
b c
2
= a hay c ac b = 0
c
Phng trnh c 4 nghim, ta ly 2 nghim dng
2

a + a2 + 4b
a + a2 + 4b
v c2 =
2
2
rng bng tn
BW=c2-c1=a
Thay cc gi tr va xc nh c vo (8.10)
c1 =

H (s) =

(8.12)

Ks
2
s + BWs + o
2

y l dng tng qut ca hm s mch ca mch lc di thng bc 2 c tn s gia


o v bng thng BW
Ngoi ra t (8.11), (8.12) ta c:
o2=c2.c1
Mt mch lc di thng thng cng l mch cng hng m tnh cht ca n c
xc nh bi mt i lng gi l h s phm Q, c nh ngha nh sau:
Q=

o
BW

(8.13)

Mt mch c h s Q nh th rng bng tn ln v ngc li. Bng thng nh


ng ngha vi chn lc tt, vy h s phm Q xc nh chn lc ca mch.
Q cng ln chn lc cng tt, s cng hng cng nhn.
Dng h s phm Q ta vit li biu thc hm s mch

H (s) =

Ks

2
s2 + o s + o
Q

(8.14)

v
o

1
2
+ o + ( o )2 = o + o 1 + ( ) 2
2Q
2Q
2Q
2Q
Nu Q ln (Q>>5) 1/2Q<<1, h thc (8.15) tr thnh
c1 , c2 =

c1 , c 2 =

BW
o
+ o = o m
2Q
2

(8.15)

(8.16)

Hay
BW
BW
v c2 = o +
2
2
c2 v c1 cch u o. p tuyn bin gn i xng.
c1 = o

Th d 8.5 Cho mch lc di thng c:


2s
H (s) = 2
. Xc nh o , c1, c2 v BW
s + 0,2s+ 1
o2=1 o=1 rad/s

a + a2 + 4b 0,2 + 0,04+ 4
c1 =
=
= 0,905 rad/s
2
2
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Nguyn Trung Lp
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L THUYT

_____________________________________________________Chng 8 p ng tn s 10

a + a2 + 4b 0,2 + 0,04+ 4
c2 =
=
= 1,105 rad/s
2
2
Bng thng
BW=c2- c1=0,2 rad/s
h s phm

1
Q= o =
=5
BW 0,2
Nu xem Q=5 l ln, ta dng (8.16) xc nh c2 v c1
BW
0,2
c1 = o
= 1
= 0,9 rad/s
2
2
BW
0,2
c2 = o +
= 1+
= 1,1 rad/s
2
2
So vi cc kt qu trn, sai bit khong 0,5%.

8.6 T L HA HM S MCH (Scaling

network function)

Trong cc bi ton trc y ta lun lun gp cc R, L v C vi nhng gi tr tht l l


tng nh R = 1, 2, 3 . . .,L = 1H, 2H, 3H . . .,C =1F, 2F, 3F . . .v cc tn s th khong
1vi rad/s. Mch in vi cc tr nh th qu l khng thc t cht no, vy c nhng
mch vi cc phn t gn vi tht, chng ta phi chuyn i cc gi tr ny bng cch qui t l
cho mch.
C 2 cch qui t l: qui t l tng tr v qui t l tn s

8.6.1 Qui t l tng tr


Z' (s) = R'+ sL'+

Tng tr ca mch
Qui t l vi h s Ki

1
sC'

Z(s)=KiZ(s)

Z(s) = K i ( R'+sL'+

1
)
sC'

1
sC'/K i
Cc phn t R, L, C ca mch sau khi qui t l tha h thc
1
Z(s) = R + sL +
sC
Ta thy ngay
R=KiR L=KiL
C=C/Ki
Nh vy, qui t l tng tr ca mch vi h s Ki ta nhn R v L vi Ki v chia C
cho Ki
i vi ngun ph thuc, s qui t l ty vo n v ca h s ca ngun, nu h s
ca ngun c n v tng tr, ta nhn cho Ki , nu l tng dn, ta chia cho Ki.
Z(s) = K i R'+ sK i L' +

8.6.2 Qui t l tn s
Khi qui t l tn s cho mt mch, gi tr ca hm s mch phi khng i
Gi s hm s mch l H(S) vi S=j
Sau khi qui t l, mch lm vic vi tn s =Kf.
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Nguyn Trung Lp
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L THUYT

_____________________________________________________Chng 8 p ng tn s 11
Kf l h s qui t l tn s.
H(S)= H(s) vi S=s/ Kf
Gi R, L, C l cc gi tr trc khi qui t l
Gi R, L, C l cc gi tr sau khi qui t l.
hm s mch khng i, cc tng tr ZR, ZL, ZC phi khng i sau khi qui t l,
ngha l ta phi c:
S
L'
sL=SL hay L= L ' =
s
Kf
R=R
1
1
S
C'
V
hay C= C' =
=
s
Kf
sC SC'
Tm li, qui t l tn s cho mch, ta chia L v C cho Kf v gi nguyn R.
Th d 8.6
Xc nh hm s mch H (s) =

Vo (s)
ca mch (H 8.17)
Vi (s)

(H 8.17)

a. Qui t l tng tr ca mch vi h s Ki=500, cc phn t trong mch c tr nh th no ?


b. t c tn s ct l 20.000 rad/s, phi qui t l tn s vi h s l bao nhiu ?
H (s) =

Vo (s)
2
= 2
Vi (s) s + 2s + 2

Thay s=j
2

H (j) =

(2 - ) + 42
2 2

H (j) =

1 + 4 / 4
|H(j)| gim khi tng, y l mch lc h thng
Tn s ct xc nh bi
H (jc ) =

c4=4

H (j) max
2

1
2

hay

1
1 + c / 4
4

1
2

c = 2 rad/s

2
2 2

() = tan 1

=0
|H(j)| =1 v ()=0 o
=C =
|H(j)| =1/ 2 v ()=-90 o
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Nguyn Trung Lp
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L THUYT

_____________________________________________________Chng 8 p ng tn s 12

p tuyn

|H(j)|0 v ()-180 o

(H 8.18)

a. Vi Ki=500 cc phn t thay i nh sau:


R=2 tr thnh 2x500 = 1000
C=1/2 F 1/2x1/500 = 1/1000 F
C=1/4 F 1/4x1/500 = 1/2000 F
Mch OP-AMP c li khng i , t s Vo/Vi cng khng i
b. c C =20.000 rad/s
Kf=20.000/ 2 =10.000 2
Cc t trong mch
C=1/2 F 1/2x1/10.000 2 = 35 F
C=1/4 F 1/4x1/10.000 2 = 17,5 F
Th d 8.7
Tr li th d 8.1
Cho R=1, L=2H v C=1/2 F
p tuyn (H 8.2) c cc tr c th o =1 rad/s
|H(j)|max =R=1
Gi s ta phi qui t l tng tr v tn s sao
cho o =106 rad/s vi t c tr 1nF. Xc nh R
v L.
Ta c Kf=106
1/2
1
C = 10 9 =
=
K i K f 2.106 K i
Suy ra Ki=500
Cc tr R v L

(H 8.19)

R=1 1x500=500
2K i 2x500
=
= 10 3 H=1mH
6
Kf
10
Mch qui t l (H 8.19) v p tuyn (H 8.20)

L=2H

(H 8.20)

8.7 DECIBEL
Thnh gic ca con ngi nhy cm theo m thanh c tnh phi tuyn: nhy t l vi
logarit ca bin .
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L THUYT

_____________________________________________________Chng 8 p ng tn s 13
so snh m thanh ngi ta dng logarit ca hm s mch (tc li ca mch)
thay v dng hm s mch v n v c tnh bng Decibel (dB)
dB=20log10|H(j)|
n v c bit n u tin l Bel, nh ngha bi Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922).
Bel c nh ngha nh l mt n v cng sut
P
Bel = log 10 2
P1
V Bel l n v qu ln nn ngi ta dng dB (1dB=1/10Bel)
P
dB = 10log 10 2
P1
Nu P2 v P1 l cng sut trung bnh trn cng tng tr th:

dB = 10log10

P2
V
V
= 10log10 ( 2 ) 2 = 20log10 ( 2 )
P1
V1
V1

Ngoi ra , trong k thut ngi cn dng mt i lng l suy gim (attenuator)


hay hao ht (loss) xc nh bi
V
V
() = 20log 10 2 = 20log 10 1
V2
V1
Mt tn hiu c tn s 1 vi (1) cng nh th qua mch t b suy gim.
Th d 8.8
Mch lc h thng c hm s mch cho bi
V (s)
1
H (s) = o = 2
Vi (s) s + 2s + 1
Xc nh bin , tn s ct, suy gim v v ()
Ta c
1
|H(j)|max= 1
H (j) =
1 + 4
c = 1 rad/s

() = 20log 10

1
= 20log(1 + 4 )1/2
H ( j)

(H 8.21)

(H 8.21) l gin ().

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Nguyn Trung Lp
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L THUYT

_____________________________________________________Chng 8 p ng tn s 14

BI TP
--o0o-8.1 Chng t mch in c hm s mch di y l mch lc thng thng.
2s2
H (s) = 2
s + s + 0,5
Tm |H(j)|MAX v c
8.2 Chng t mch in c hm s mch di y l mch lc di loi. Tm |H(j)|MIN v o,
c1, c2
3(s2 + 25)
H (s) = 2
s + s + 25

V o (s)
V i (s)
8.4 Mch RLC ni tip vi R=1, L=1/2 H v C=0,02 F (H P8.4).
Xc nh H(s)=Vo(s)/Vi(s). V p tuyn tn s ca mch. Xc nh o, bin H(j)
cc i v gc pha bng 0. Xc nh c1, c2
8.3 Mch (H 8.P3). Xc nh H (s) =

(H P8.3)

(H P8.4)

8.5 Mch (H P8.5). Xc nh H(s)=Vo(s)/Vi(s) theo R1, R2 v R3.


Chng t y l mch lc di thng. Tn s gia ?
Vi gi tr no ca R1, R2 v R3 ta c kt qu ging BT 8.4 ?

(H P8.5)

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_____________________________________________________Chng 8 p ng tn s 15
8.6 Mch (H P8.6). Xc nh H(s)=Vo(s)/Vi(s).
Chng t y l mch lc di thng. Tm li, bng thng v tn s gia ?

(H P8.6)

8.7 Mch (H P8.7a). Chng t Z(s) c dng:


K(s z 1 )
Z(s) =
(s p 1 )(s p 2 )
Xc nh z1, p1 v p2 theo R, L v C
Nu Cc v Zero ca Z(s) c v tr nh (H P8.7b). Tm R, L v C. Cho Z(j0)=1

(a)

(H P8.7)

(b)

8.8 Mch (H P8.8). Xc nh H(s)=Vo(s)/Vi(s).


Chng t y l mch lc di thng. Tm li, bng thng v tn s gia ?
T l ha mch sao cho tn s gia l 20.000 rad/s dng t .01F.

(H P8.8)

8.9 Mch (H P8.9). Xc nh H(s)=Vo(s)/Vi(s).


Chng t y l mch lc di loi. Tm li, tn s gia v h s phm?
T l ha mch sao cho tn s gia l fo=60 Hz dng t 1nF v 2nF.
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_____________________________________________________Chng 8 p ng tn s 16

(H P8.9)

8.10 Chng t hm s mch ca mch (H P8.10) cho bi:


V 2 (s)
K(s 2 + 1)
H (s) =
=
V 1 (s) s2 + 1/Qs + 1
V y l mch di loi, c tn s gia 0 = 1 rad/s. Xc nh rng di loi.
T l ha mch sao cho tn s gia l 105 rad/s dng t .001F. Cho Q=5 v K=0,5.

(H P8.10)

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Nguyn Trung Lp
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L THUYT

___________________________________________________________Chng 9 T cc1
-

CHNG 9
T CC
QUAN H GIA CC BIN S CA T CC
THNG S TNG DN MCH NI TT Y
THNG S TNG TR MCH H Z
Quan h gi thng Y v thng s Z
Thay mt mch tht bng mt t cc
THNG S TRUYN A, B, C, D & A', B', C', D'
Thng s truyn
Thng s truyn ngc
Quan h gi thng s truyn v thng s Z

THNG S HN TP h & g
Thng s h
Thng s g

GHP T CC
Ghp chui
Ghp song song
Ghp ni tip

Hu ht cc mch in v in t u c th c din t di dng t cc, l cc


mch c 4 cc chia lm 2 cp cc, mt cp cc gi l ng vo (ni nhn tn hiu vo) v cp
cc kia l ng ra, ni ni vi ti. Nu trong 2 cp cc c chung mt cc, mch tr thnh 3
cc. Tuy nhin, d l mch 3 cc nhng vn tn ti 2 ng vo v ra nn vic kho st khng
c g thay i so vi mch t cc.
Chng ny cp n mt lp cc hm s mch c trng cho t cc. Cc hm s
mch ny c khc vi cc hm s mch trc y ch l c xc nh trong iu kin ni
tt hoc h mt trong 2 cp cc (ng vo hoc ng ra)

9.1 QUAN H GIA CC BIN S CA T CC

(H 9.1)

kho st t cc, ta dng cc i lng trong lnh vc tn s.


C 4 bin s lin quan n t cc, l hiu th v dng in cc ng vo v ra.
Gi V1(s), I1(s) l hiu th v dng in ng vo
Gi V2(s), I2(s) l hiu th v dng in ng ra
Trong 4 bin s trn c 2 l bin c lp, cc bin khc c xc nh theo 2 bin ny.
Ty theo cch chn bin c lp m ta c cc thng s khc nhau din t mch
Tn gi thng s

Bin s c lp

Hm s

Phng trnh

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

2___________________________________________________________Chng 9 T cc
Tng tr mch h

I1, I2

V1, V2

V1, V2

I1, I2

V 1 = z 11I 1 + z 12 I 2
V 2 = z 21I 1 + z 22 I 2

Tng dn mch ni tt

I 1 = y 11 V 1 + y 12 V 2
I 2 = y 21 V1 + y 22 V 2

Truyn

V2, I2

V1, I1

Truyn ngc

V1, I1

V2, I2

V1 = AV 2 BI 2
I 1 = CV2 DI 2
V 2 = A' V 1 B' I 1
I 2 = C' V 1 D' I 1

Hn tp

V2, I1

V 1 = h 11I 1 + h 12 V 2

V1, I2

I 2 = h 21I 1 + h 22 V 2
Hn tp ngc

V1, I2

I 1 = g 11 V 1 + g 12 I 2

V2, I1

V 2 = g 21 V 1 + g 22 I 2
Bng 9.1 Cc loi thng s v phng trnh tng ng

9.2 THNG S TNG DN MCH NI TT (Short-circuit

admittance parameter)
y l loi thng s c th nguyn ca tng dn v khi xc nh cn ni tt mt trong
cc ng vo hoc ra.
Phng trnh din t t cc bng thng s tng dn mch ni tt
I 1 = y 11 V 1 + y 12 V 2

hay

I 2 = y 21 V 1 + y 22 V 2

(a)

I 1 y 11
I = y
2 21

(H 9.2)

y 12 V1
y 22 V 2

(9.1)

(b)

xc nh cc thng s y, cho V1=0 (ni tt ng vo) (H 9.2a) hoc V2=0 (ni tt


ng ra) (H 9.2b)
I
I
I
I
y 11 = 1
y 12 = 1
y 21 = 2
y 22 = 2
V1 v =0
V 2 v =0
V1 v =0
V 2 v =0
2

Nu mch thun nghch y12 = y21


Th d 9.1
Xc nh cc thng s y ca mch (H 9.3)

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

___________________________________________________________Chng 9 T cc3
-

(H 9.3)

Ln lt ni tt cc ng vo v ra, ta c th xc nh thng s y mt cch trc quan


y 11 = Ya + Yc
y 12 = y 21 = Yc
y 22 = Yb + Yc

9.3 THNG S TNG TR MCH H (Open-circuit


impedance parameter)
y l loi thng s c th nguyn ca tng tr v khi xc nh cn h mt trong
cc ng vo hoc ra.
Phng trnh din t t cc bng thng s tng tr mch h.
V 1 = z 11I 1 + z 12I 2

V1 z 11
hay =
V 2 = z 21I 1 + z 22I 2
V 2 z 21

(a)

(H 9.4)

z 12 I 1
z 22 I 2

(9.2)

(b)

xc nh cc thng s z, cho I1=0 ( h ng vo) hoc I2=0, ngha l (H 9.4a) (


h ng ra) (H 9.4b)
V
V
V
V
z 11 = 1
z 12 = 1
z 21 = 2
z 22 = 2
I 1 I =0
I 2 I =0
I 1 I =0
I 2 I =0
2

Nu mch thun nghch z12 = z21


Th d 9.2
Xc nh cc thng s z ca mch (H 9.5)

(H 9.5)

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Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

4___________________________________________________________Chng 9 T cc
Cc thng s z cng xc nh c mt cch trc quan bng cch h cc ng vo
v ra

z 11 = Z a + Z c
z 12 = z 21 = Z c
z 22 = Z b + Z c
Th d 9.3
Xc nh cc thng s z ca mch (H 9.6). y l mch tng ng ca transistor
rp cc nn chung

(H 9.6)

Vit phng trnh vng cho mch


V1=(R1+R3)I1+R3I2
(1)
V2=(R2+R3)I1+(R2+R3)I2
(2)
Suya ra
z11= R1+R3
z12= R3
z21= R2+R3
z22= R2+R3
Do mch c cha ngun ph thuc nn khng c tnh thun nghch, kt qu z12z21

9.3.1 Quan h gia thng s y v z


Gii h phng trnh (9.1) tnh V1 v V2 theo I1 v I2
y
- y 12
V 1 = 22 I 1 +
I2
y
y
V2 =

- y 21
y
I 1 + 11 I 2
y
y

Vi y = y 11 .y 22 y 12 .y 21 = det [Y ]
Suy ra

y 22
y
y
y
z 12 = 12
z 21 = 21
z 22 = 11
y
y
y
y
Gii h phng trnh (9.2) tnh I1 v I2 theo V1 v V2
z
- z 12
I 1 = 22 V 1 +
V2
z
z
- z 21
z
I2 =
V 1 + 11 V 2
z
z
z 11 =

(9.3)

Suy ra

y 11 =

z 22
z

y 12 =

z 12
z

y 21 =

z 21
z

y 22 =

z 11
z

(9.4)

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

___________________________________________________________Chng 9 T cc5
-

9.3.2 Thay mt mch tht bng mt t cc


T cc phng trnh din t mch bng cc thng s ca t cc ta c thay mt mch
bng t cc ch cha ngun v cc thng s tng ng
Vi thng s z, ta c mch (H 9.7) suy t phng trnh (9.2)

(H 9.7)

c mch ch cha mt ngun ph thuc, ta c th vit li (9.2)


V 1 = z 11I 1 + z 12I 2
V 2 = z 12I 1 + z 22I 2 + (z 21 z 12 )I 1
V mch tng ng (H 9.8)

(H 9.8)

Tng t, cho trng hp thng s y, ta c cc mch tng ng sau (H 9.9a) v (H


9.9b)

(a)

(H 9.9)

9.4 THNG S TRUYN (Transmission

(b)

parameter)

9.4.1 Thng s truyn


Thng s truyn c dng din t mi quan h gia hiu th v dng in mt
cp cc v hiu th v dng in cp cc kia.
V 1 = AV 2 BI 2
V 1 A B V 2
hay =
(9.5)

I 1 = CV2 DI 2
I 1 C D - I 2
A, B, C, D gi l thng s truyn, i khi cn c gi l thng s chui (chain
parameter) hoc n gin hn, c th gi l thng s ABCD
Du - trong 2 thng s B v D c t qui c du ca I2. (ln u tin thng s ny
c dng gii bi ton dy truyn sng, dng in trn dy truyn c chiu ngc li I2).
Cc thng s ABCD c xc nh trong iu kin mch h hoc ni tt.
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

6___________________________________________________________Chng 9 T cc
1 V2
=
A V1

I 2 =0

1 I2
=
B V1

1 V2
=
C I1

( li hiu th mch h)
(Tng dn truyn mch ni tt)
V2 = 0

(Tng tr truyn mch h)


I 2 =0

1 I2
=
D I1

( li dng in mch ni tt)


V2 = 0

Th d 9.4
Xc nh thng s truyn ca t cc (H 9.10a)

(a)

(H 9.10)

(b)

Hai thng s A v C c xc nh t mch vi ng ra h (I2 = 0) (H 9.10a)


1
R2
sC2
1
+ R1 +
1
sC1
+ R2
V1
sC2
=
A=
1
V2
R2
sC2
1
+ R2
sC2
(1 + sC1 R 1 )(1 + sC2 R 2 ) + sC1 R 2
=
sC1 R 2
I
1 sC2 R 2 + 1
C = 1 = sC2+
=
V2
R2
R2
Thng s B v D c xc nh t mch vi ng ra ni tt (V2 = 0) (H 9.10b)
V
sC R + 1
1
+ R1 ) = 1 1
B = 1 = (
I2
sC
sC1
I
D=- 1 =1
I2

9.4.2 Thng s truyn ngc (Inverse transmission parameter)


Nu xc nh V2 v I2 theo V1 v I1 ta c thng s truyn ngc, hay ABCD
V 2 = A' V 1 B' I 1
V 2 A' B' V1
hay =
(9.6)

I 2 = C' V 1 D' I 1
I 2 C' D' - I 1
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

___________________________________________________________Chng 9 T cc7
-

9.4.3 Quan h gia cc thng s truyn v thng s z


Bng cch gii cc h phng trnh lin quan ta c mi quan h gia cc thng s vi
nhau. Di y l quan h gia thng s ABCD v z
z
z
z
1
A = 11
D = 22
(9.7)
B=
C=
z 21
z 21
z 21
z 21
z
T cc phng trnh (9.7) suy ra AD - BC = 12
(9.8)
z 21
Nu mch thun nghch
z12=z21 AD-BC=1
(9.9)

9.5 THNG S HN TP (Hybrid parameter)


9.5.1 Thng s h
y l loi thng s thng c dng trong cc mch tng ng ca cc mch
in t, do cc thng s ny c th o c d dng trong phng th nghim.
Phng trnh din t mch bng thng s h

V 1 = h 11I 1 + h 12 V 2
I 2 = h 21I 1 + h 22 V 2
h 11 =
h 12 =
h 21 =
h 22 =

V1
I1

V2 = 0

V1
V2

I 1 =0

I2
I1

V2 = 0

I2
V2

V1 h 11
hay =
I 2 h 21

h 12 I 1
h 22 V 2

(9.10)

(Tng tr vo mch ni tt)


(Nghch o li hiu th mch h)
( li dng in mch ni tt)
(Tng dn ra mch h)
I 1 =0

9.5.2 Thng s g
Nghch o ca thng s h l thng s g
I 1 = g 11 V1 + g 12I 2
I 1 g 11 g 12 V1
hay =

V 2 = g 21 V 1 + g 22I 2
V 2 g 21 g 22 I 2

g 11 =
g 12 =

I1
V1

I 2 =0

I1
I2

V1 = 0

(9.11)

(Tng dn vo mch h)
(Nghch o li dng in mch ni tt)

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

8___________________________________________________________Chng 9 T cc
g 21 =

g 22 =

V2
V1
V2
I2

( li in th mch h)
I 2 =0

(Tng tr ra mch ni tt)


V1 = 0

Mch in biu din bi thng s h v g (H 9.11)

(H 9.11)

Th d 9.5
Xc nh thng s h ca mu transistor rp cc pht chung (H 9.12)

(H 9.12)

Vit KVL cho phn mch bn tri v KCL cho phn mch bn phi
V 1 = (r b + r e )I 1 + V 2
I 2 = I 1 +

Suy ra

1
V2
r c + rd

h11=rb+r
h12=
h21=
h 22 =

1
rd + re

9.6 GHP T CC
Mt mch in phc tp c th xem nh gm nhiu t cc n gin ghp li theo cch no
.
Sau y l vi cch ghp ph bin

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

___________________________________________________________Chng 9 T cc9
-

9.6.1 Ghp chui (H 9.13)

(H 9.13)

Trong cch ghp ny thng s ABCD c dng tin li nht. Ap dng cho 2 t cc
Na v Nb
V1a A a B a V 2a
V1b A b B b V 2b
=
v

I C D - I
I = C

a
2a
1a a
1b b D b - I 2b
Xem mch in tng ng vi mt t cc duy nht th:
V 1 A B V 2
I = C D - I
2
1
l:
V1 V1a
V 2a V1b
V 2b V 2
=
;
v

I = I
- I = - I
1 1a
- I 2a I 1b
2b 2
Ta c kt qu

A B A a B a A b B b
(9.12)
C D = C D C
D b

a b
a
C kt qu vi thng s ABCD ta c th i ra thng s khc t bng bin i (bng
9.2).
Gi s ta cn tnh thng s z ca t cc tng ng theo thng s z ca cc t cc
thnh vin ta lm nh sau: (th d tnh z11)
T bng (9.2)
A
z 11 =
C
Thay A v C t php nhn ma trn
A .A + B a .C b
z 11 = a b
C a .A b + D a .C b
T bng (9.2), thay cc tr Aa, Ab . . . . bng cc thng s za, zb,. . . tng ng
z 11a z 11b za 1
+
z 21a z 21b z 21a z 21b
z 11 =
1 z 11b z 22a 1
+
z 21a z 21b z 21a z 21b
Sau khi n gin
z .z
z 11 = z 11a 21a 12a
z 22a + z 11b

9.6.2 Ghp song song (H 9.14)


___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

10
___________________________________________________________Chng 9 T cc
Cc ng vo v ra ca t cc ghp song song vi nhau

(H 9.14)

Trong cch ghp song song cc hiu th ng vo v ra ca cc t cc bng nhau v


bng hiu th ng vo v ra ca cc t cc thnh vin. Dng in cc ng ca t cc tng
ng bng tng cc dng in cc ng ca t cc thnh vin
Dng thng s tng dn mch ni tt

I 1 I 1a I 1b
I = I + I
2 2a 2b
I 1 y 11a y 12a V1a y 11b y 12b V1b

I = y
2 21a y 22a V 2a y 21b y 22b V 2b
I 1 y 11a + y 11b y 12a + y 12b V1
I = y + y
y 22a + y 22b V 2
21b
2 21a
Hai t cc ghp song song tng ng vi mt t cc c ma trn tng dn mch ni
tt bng tng cc ma trn tng dn mch ni tt ca cc t cc thnh vin
[Y}=[Ya]+[Yb]

(9.13)

9.6.3 Ghp ni tip , cn gi l ghp chng (H 9.15)

(H 9.15)

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

11
___________________________________________________________Chng 9 T cc
Trong cch ghp ni tip cc dng in ng vo v ra ca cc t cc bng nhau v
bng cc dng in ng vo v ra ca cc t cc thnh vin . Hiu th cc ng ca t cc
tng ng bng tng hiu th cc ng ca t cc thnh vin.
Dng thng s tng tr mch h

V1 V1a V1b
V = V + V
2 2a 2b
V1 z 11a z 12a I 1a z 11b z 12b I 1b
V = z

I + z
z
21a
22a
2a 21b z 22b I 2b
2
V1 z 11a + z 11b z 12a + z 12b I 1
V = z + z
z 22a + z 22b I 2
21b
2 21a
Hai t cc ghp ni tip tng ng vi mt t cc c ma trn tng tr mch h
bng tng cc ma trn tng tr mch h ca cc t cc thnh vin
[Z}=[Za]+[Zb]
(9.14)

[z]
[z]

z11
z21

[y]
z12
z22

[T]

y 22

- y 12

- y 21

y 11

[y]
[T]

z 22

- z12

- z 21

z 11

z 11

z 21

z 21

[T']

[h ]

[g]

z 22

y11

y12

y21

y22

y 22
y 21
y
y 21

z 21

z 22

z 12

z 12

y
11
y 12

z 11

1
y 21

y
11
y 21

z 22

z 22

y 11

y 11

z 22

1
z 11

- z 12
z 11

- T
B

A'

C'
C'

B'
- T'

A
B

D'
T'
C'

T
B
D

y 21

y 11

y 11

y 12

y 22

z 21

- y 21

z 11

z 11

y 22

y 22

T
D

- g 12

h 22

h 22

g 11

g 11

A'
C'

- h 21

g 21

h 22

h 22

g 11

g 11

-1
B'

- h 12

g 12

h 11

h 11

g 22

g 22

h 21

- g 21

h 11

h 11

g 22

g 22

h 11

g 22

h 21

g 21

g 21

g 11

h 21

g 21

g 21

B'
T'

A'
T'

B'

1
A'

A'

C
D

- T'

- T
A

C'

B
A

h 12

A
B

B
T

A'

D'
T'
D'

[g]

D'
B'

B'

A
T

[h ]
1
C'

T'

-1

y 22

T'

z 12

D
C

y 12

D'

y 12

z 12

T
C

z 12

z 22

-1

y
22
y 12
- y 12

B
B

z 21

- z 21

[T']

C'
A'

h
h 21
h 22
h 21

h 11

- g 22

h 12

h 12

g 12

g 12

h 22

- g 11

-1

h 12

h 12

g 12

g 12

g 22

- g 12

- g 21

g 11

h11

h12

h21

h22

-1
D'

h 22

- h 12

B'
D'

- h 21

h 11

g11

g12

g21

g22

Bng 9.2 Bin i gia cc thng s ca t cc

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

12
___________________________________________________________Chng 9 T cc
-

BI TP
--OO-9.1 Xc nh thng s y v z ca t cc (H P9.1)
9.2 Xc nh thng s y v z ca mch cu T (H P9.2)

(H P9.1)

(H P9.2)

9.3 Xc nh thng s h ca mch tng ng ca Transistor (H P9.3)


9.4 Xc nh thng s y ca mch (H P9.4) bng cch xem mch gm 2 t cc mc song song

(H P9.3)

(H P9.4)

9.5 Cho 2 t cc hnh v hnh T (H P9.5a) v (H P9.5b).


a. Chng minh rng iu kin 2 t cc ny tng ng l:
Z
Z
Z
Ya = 2 ;
Yb = 3 ;
Yc = 1
Z
Z
Z
Trong
Z=Z1Z2+ Z2Z3+ Z3Z1
b. Tnh
Z1 , Z2 v Z3 theo Ya , Yb v Yc

(H P9.5a)

(H P9.5b).

9.6
a. Xc nh thng s y ca t cc (H P9.6)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

13
___________________________________________________________Chng 9 T cc
b. Mc vo ng ra ca t cc in tr 1. Xc nh H(s) =

V 2 (s)
V 1 (s)

(H P9.6)

9.7 Gii li bi tp 9.6 bng cch dng thng s truyn


9.8 Cho t cc, ghp in tr ti RL vo ng ra (H P9.8). Chng minh rng:
V (s)
z R
a. Z21(s) = 2 = 21 L
I 1 (s) z 22 + R L
I (s)
y 21G L
=
b. Y21(s) = 2
V 1 (s) y 22 + G L

(H P9.8)

9.9

a. Xc nh thng s y v z ca t cc (H P9.9)
b. Mc vo ng vo t cc mt ngun dng i1(t) = 15e-5tcos10t (A) v ng ra vi ti
RL = 1. Xc nh v2(t).
V (s)
khi mc vo ng vo
9.10 Xc nh thng s z ca t cc (H P9.10). Suy ra H(s) = 2
V 1 (s)
mt ngun v1(t) v h ng ra

(H P9.9)

(H P9.10)

___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

_________________________________________Chng 10 Php bin i


Laplace - 1

CHNG 10
PHP BIN I LAPLACE
DN NHP
PHP BIN I LAPLACE
Php bin i Laplace
Php bin i Laplace ngc
CC NH L C BN CA PHP BIN I LAPLACE
P DNG VO GII MCH
CC PHNG PHP TRIN KHAI HM P(S)/Q(S)
Trin khai tng phn
Cng thc Heaviside
NH L GI TR U V GI TR CUI
nh l gi tr u
nh l gi tr cui
MCH IN BIN I
in tr
Cun dy
T in
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_____

10.1 DN NHP
Php bin i Laplace, mt cng c ton hc gip gii cc phng trnh vi phn, c
s dng u tin bi Oliver Heaviside (1850-1925), mt k s ngi Anh, gii cc mch
in.
So vi phng php c in, php bin i Laplace c nhng thun li sau:
* Li gii y , gm p ng t nhin v p ng p, trong mt php ton.
* Khng phi bn tm xc nh cc hng s tch phn. Do cc iu kin u c a vo
phng trnh bin i, l phng trnh i s, nn trong li gii y cha cc hng s.
V phng php, php bin i Laplace tng t vi mt php bin i rt quen
thuc: php tnh logarit
(H 10.1) cho ta so snh s ca php tnh logarit v php bin i Laplace

Cc con s

Ly logarit

Nhn chia trc tip

logarit ca cc
s
Cng cc s

Ly logarit ngc
Tng logarit
Kt qu cc
ca cc s
php tnh
Pt sau
Pt vi tch
___________________________________________________________________________
Bin
i
phn

Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH

L THUYT

_________________________________________Chng 10 Php bin i


Laplace - 2
Bin i Laplace
Php gii c in

k u

Php tnh i s

k u
Bin i Laplace ngc
lnh vc thi gian

Lnh vc tn s
(H 10.1)

lm cc php tnh nhn, chia, ly tha . . . ca cc con s bng php tnh logarit ta
thc hin cc bc:
1. Ly logarit cc con s
2. Lm cc php ton cng, tr trn logarit ca cc con s
3. Ly logarit ngc c kt qu cui cng.
Thot nhn, vic lm c v nh phc tp hn nhng thc t, vi nhng bi ton c
nhiu s m, ta s tit kim c rt nhiu thi gian v c th s dng cc bng lp sn (bng
logarit) khi bin i. Hy th tnh 1,43560,123789 m khng dng logarit.
Trong bi ton gii phng trnh vi tch phn dng php bin i Laplace ta cng thc
hin cc bc tng t:
1. Tnh cc bin i Laplace ca cc s hng trong phng trnh. Cc iu kin u c a
vo
2. Thc hin cc php ton i s.
3. Ly bin i Laplace ngc c kt qu cui cng.
Ging nh php tnh logarit, cc bc 1 v 3 nh s dng cc bng lp sn chng ta
c th gii quyt cc bi ton kh phc tp mt cch d dng v nhanh chng.

10.2 PHP BIN I LAPLACE


10.2.1 Php bin i Laplace
Hm f(t) xc nh vi mi t>0. Bin i Laplace ca f(t), c nh ngha

L[f(t)] = F(s) =

f(t).e st dt

(10.1)

s c th l s thc hay s phc. Trong mch in s=+j

thay cho cm t 'bin i Laplace ca"


Ton t
iu kin f(t) c th bin i c l

f(t) .e t dt <

(10.2)

l s thc, dng.
iu kin ny hu nh c tha i vi nhng hm f(t) gp trong mch in. V e-t
l hm m gim khi t tng nn khi nhn vi |f(t)| ta cng c kt qu tng t.
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Laplace - 3
Th d, vi hm f(t)=tn, dng qui tc Hospital, ngi ta chng minh c
n t
lim t e = 0, > 0
t

Vi n=1, ta c

1
t
0 t.e dt = 2 , > 0
Vi gi tr khc ca n, tch phn trn cng xc nh vi 0
n
C nhng hm dng eat khng tha iu kin (10.2) nhng trong thc t vi nhng
kch thch c dng nh trn th thng t tr bo ha sau mt khong thi gian no .
2
eat , 0 t t 0
Th d
v(t)=
K , t > t 0
v(t) trong iu kin ny tha (10.2)

bin i hm f(t) trong lnh vc thi gian sang hm F(s) trong lnh
Ta ni ton t
vc tn s phc. Hai hm f(t) v F(s) lm thnh mt cp bin i
Th d 10.1
Tm bin i Laplace ca hm nc n v
1 , t 0
u(t) =
0 , t < 0

L[u(t)] =

Nu

1
1
est dt = est =
0
0 s
s
V
f(t)=Vu(t) [Vu(t)] =
s

Th d 10.2
Tm bin i Laplace ca f(t) = e-at, a l hng s

L[e

- at

] = eat est dt = e( a + s)t dt

1 ( a + s)t
1
e
=
0 s+ a
s+ a

Kt qu ca 2 th d trn cho mt bng nh gm 2 cp bin i

f(t)
u(t)
e-at

F(s)
1
s
1
s+ a

Bng cch tnh bin i ca mt s hm quen thuc, ta s xy dng c mt bng


dng tra sau ny.

10.2.2 Php bin i Laplace ngc


Php bin i Laplace ngc c nh ngha
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Laplace - 4

1 1 + j
(10.3)
F(s)est ds

2j 1
y l tch phn ng, ly dc theo ng thng ng s=1, t -j n +j
1

f(t) =

F(s) =

+j
1

-j

(H 10.2)

Do tnh c nht ca php bin i Laplace, ta khng s dng nh ngha (10.3)


xc nh f(t) m ta thng dng kt qu ca nhng cp bin i xc nh f(t) khi c F(s)

10.3 CC NH L C BN CA PHP BIN I


LAPLACE
10.3.1 Bin i ca mt t hp tuyn tnh
Cho 2 hm f1(t) v f2(t), vi cc hng s a, b. F1(s) v F2(s) ln lt l bin i Laplace
ca f1(t) v f2(t). Ta c:

L [af (t) + bf (t)] = a F (s) + b F (s)


Tht vy
L[af (t) + bf (t)] = [af (t) + bf (t)]e
1

(10.4)

st

dt

= a f 1 (t)e - st dt + b f 2 (t)e - st dt

[af1(t) + bf2(t)] = a F1(s) + b F2(s)


Th d 10.3
Tm bin i Laplace ca cost v sint
T cng thc Euler
e jt + e jt
e jt e jt
cost =
v sint =
2
2j
Ap dng (10.4) v dng kt qu th d 10.2

L[cost] = L[ e +2e
L[cost] = s +s
jt

jt

]=

1 1
1
s
[
+
]= 2
2 s j s + j s + 2

Tng t:
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Laplace - 5

L[sin t] = L[ e 2je
L[sin t] = s +
jt

jt

]=

1 1
1

]= 2
2j s j s + j s + 2

10.3.2 Bin i ca e-atf(t)

L[e
L[e

- at

-at

f(t)] = eat f(t)e st dt = f(t)e ( a + s)t dt = F(s + a)

f(t)] = F(s + a)

(10.5)

Khi hm f(t) nhn vi e-at, bin i Laplace tng ng e-at f(t) c c bng cch thay
F(s) bi F(s+a)
Th d 10.4
Tm bin i Laplace ca e-atcost v e-atsint
Ch cn thay s bi s+a trong cc cc kt qu bin i ca hm sint v cost trn.
s+ a
[e - at cost] =
(s + a)2 + 2

[e - at sint] =
(s + a)2 + 2

L
L

Th d 10.5
6s
s + 2s + 5
Vit li F(s) , sao cho xut hin dng F(s+a)
6(s + 1) - 6
6s
=
F(s) =
2
2
(s + 1) + 2
(s + 1)2 + 22
Dng kt qu ca th d 10.4 vi a = 1 v = 2
F(s) =

Tm f(t) ng vi

F(s) = 6

f(t) =

(s + 1)
2
-3
2
2
(s + 1) + 2
(s + 1)2 + 2 2

-1

[F(s)]=6e-tcos2t - 3e-tsin2t

10.3.3 Bin i ca f(t-)u(t-)


f(t-) l hm f(t) tr n v thi gian. (Lu l f(t)=0 khi t<0 nn f(t-)=0 khi t<)

L[f(t ).u(t )] =

f(t ).u(t )e- st dt = f(t ).e- st dt

i bin s: x= t-

L[f(t ).u(t )] =
L[f(t ).u(t )] = e

f(x).e - s( + x ) dx = e- s f(x)e - sx dx

-s

F(s)

(10.6)

Hy so snh (10.5) v (10.6)


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Laplace - 6
* (10.5), F(s+a) biu th s chuyn dch ca F(s) t s n s+a trong lnh vc tn s tng
ng vi nhn hm f(t) vi e-at trong lnh vc thi gian.
* (10.6), f(t-) biu th s chuyn dch ca hm f(t) t t n t- trong lnh vc thi gian
tng ng vi nhn F(s) vi e-s trong lnh vc tn s.
Th d 10.6
Tm bin i ca f(t)=e-3tu(t-2)
Vit li f(t):
f(t)= e-3(t-2)-6u(t-2) = e-6e-3(t-2) u(t-2)
1
V
[e-3tu(t)]=
s+ 3
e-2s
Nn
[e-3(t-2)u(t-2)]=
s+ 3
e-2s
[e-3tu(t-2)]= e-6(
)
s+ 3

L
L
L

10.3.4 nh l kt hp (Convolution theorem)


y l nh l dng tm bin i ngc y(t) ca tch 2 hm F(s)v G(s)
y(t)=

-1

[G(s).F(s)]= g( )f(t )d
0

(10.7)

Tch phn trong biu thc c gi l kt hp hai hm g(t) v f(t), k hiu:


g(t)*f(t) =

t
0

g( )f(t )d

(10.8)

Th d 10.7
Tm kt hp 2 hm e-t v e-2t
Dng (10.8)
e-t * e-2t =

t
0

e- .e 2(t ) d
t

= e 2t e d
0

e-t * e-2t = e-t - e-2t


Th d 10.8
Xc nh

-1

1
]
(s + 1)2
2

Dng nh l kt hp vi F(s)=G(s)=

1
s +1
2

Ta c f(t)=g(t)=sint
1
-1
[ 2
]= -1[F(s).G(s)]
2
(s + 1)
= g(t)*f(t) =sint*sint

L
t

= sin .sin(t )d
0

Ap dng cng thc bin i lng gic ri ly tch phn, ta c


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Laplace - 7

-1

1
1
]= [sint-tcost]
2
2
(s + 1)

10.3.5 Bin i ca o hm
o hm bc 1
d
df(t)
=
f(t)e st dt
0 dt
dt
Ly tch phn tng phn
t
u = e-st
du = -s e-st
dv=df(t) v = f(t)

df(t)

= est f(t) + s f(t)e st dt


0
0
dt
st
V
lim e f(t) =0, s hng th nht v phi = - f(0+)

L
L

L df(t)
= sF(s) - f(0 )
dt

(10.9)

f(0+) l gi tr ca f(t) khi t 0+


o hm bc 2
df 2 (t)
=
dt 2

Ldtd df(t)

dt

df(t) df(0 + )
=s
dt
dt

L
Trong

df 2 (t)
df(0 + )
= s2 F(s)- sf(0+ ) 2
dt
dt

(10.10)

df(0 + )
df(t)
l gi tr ca
khi t 0+
dt
dt

o hm bc n
T kt qu trn, ta suy ra trng hp o hm bc n
d n f(t)
df n - 1 (0 + )
n
n-1
n-2 df(0 + )
=
s
F(s)
s
f(0
)
s
-...+
dt
dt n
dt n - 1

(10.11)

10.3.6 Bin i ca tch phn

L f(t)dt =
t

[ f(t)dt ]e st dt
0

u= f(t)dt du = f(t)
0

1
dv=e-stdt v= est
s
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Laplace - 8

st

t f(t)dt = e

0
s

Khi

t e-st 0

t
0

f(t)dt

t =0

t
0

1
+
0 s

f(t)dt

f(t)e st dt

= 0 nn s hng th nht ca v phi trit tiu

L f(t)dt = 1s F(s)
t

(10.12)

Khi p dng vo mch in, thi gian thng xc nh t - n t, nh vy

t
-

f(t)dt c th

chia lm 2 phn

t
-

f(t)dt = f(t)dt + f(t)dt


0

S hng th nht ca v phi l hng s v ta t f -1(0+)= f(t)dt


-

H thc (10.12) c th vit li cho trng hp tng qut nht:


1
t f(t)dt = F(s) + f (0+ )
-

s
s

(10.13)

10.3.7 Bin i ca tf(t)


Ly o hm h thc (10.1), ng thi hon chuyn cc ton t ly o hm v tch
phn, ta c:
d

dF(s)
=
f(t)e st dt = - tf(t)e st dt
0 ds
0
ds

V phi ca h thc chnh l


Vy

L [-tf(t)]

L [tf(t)]= dF(s)
ds

(10.14)

Th d 10.9
Tm bin i ca hm tu(t) v tcost
f(t)=u(t) F(s)=

1
s

L [tu(t)=] = dsd ( 1s ) = s1

f(t) = cost F(s)=

L [tcost] = dsd s

s
s + 2
2

s
s2 2
=
+ 2 (s2 + 2 ) 2

Da vo cc nh l c bn ta c c mt s cp bin i. Kt hp cc nh l ny
vi nh ngha ca php bin i ta c thm mt s cp bin i thng dng.
Bng 1 di y cho bin i ca mt s hm

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Laplace - 9

10.4 P DNG VO GII MCH


p dng bin i Laplace vo bi ton gii mch, ta c th thc hin theo mt
trong hai cch:
- Vit phng trnh vi tch phn ca mch in, dng bin i Laplace ta c cc
phng trnh i s.
- Bin i mch sang lnh vc tn s nh bin i Laplace, vit cc phng trnh i
s cho mch.

10.4.1 Gii phng trnh vi tch phn


Di y l mt s th d cho thy cch p dng bin i Laplace vo gii mch.
Th d 10.10
Mch RC ni tip (H 10.3), kha K ng t=0. Xc nh i(t), cho t tch in ban u
vi in tch q0
Bng 1
STT
1
2

f(t)
(t)
u(t)

F(s)
1

1
s2

t n 1
, n nguyn
(n 1)!

1
sn

eat

teat

t n 1 at
e , n nguyn
(n 1)!

1
s- a
1
(s - a)2
1
(s - a)n

1- eat

1
(eat ebt )
a b

10

Sint

11

Cost

12

Sin(t+)

13

Cos(t+)

14

e-at Sint

15

e-at Cost

1
s

-a
s(s- a)
1
(s a)(s b)

2
s + 2
s
2
s + 2
ssin + cos
s2 + 2
scos sin
s2 + 2

(s + a)2 + 2
s+ a
(s + a)2 + 2

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Laplace - 10

s 2
s
2
s 2

Sinht

16

17

Cosht

18

df(t)
dt
d 2 f(t)
dt 2
d n f(t)
dt n

19
20
21

sF(s)-f(0+)
s2F(s) - sf(0+) - df(0 + )
dt
snF(s) - sn-1f(0+) - sn-2 df(0 + ) -...dt

f(t ).u(t )

23
24

af1(t) + bf2(t)

25

tf(t)

dt n - 1

F(s) f (0+ )
+
s
s

f(t)dt

22

df n - 1 (0+ )

e-s F(s)
a F1(s) + b F2(s)
F(s+ a)

e-at f(t)

dF(s)
ds

* Khi s dng bng 1, phi nhn f(t) vi u(t), ni cch khc, f(t) tha iu kin l f(t)=0 khi t<0

Phng trnh mch in


1 t
idt + Ri = Vu(t)
C
Ly bin i Laplace cc s hng pt (1)

L[ C1 idt ] + L[Ri] = L[Vu(t)]

(2)

1 I(s) f 1(0+ )
V
+
[
] + RI(s) =
C s
s
s

(3)

(H 10.3)

(1)

Vi f-1(0+)= idt = q 0

dng

q0 c du (+) bn trn ca t, cng du vi in tch tch bi ngun V nn c tr

Pt (3) c vit li
I(s) q 0
V
(4)
+
+ RI(s) =
Cs Cs
s
V q 0 /C
1
(5)

I(s)=
R
s + 1/RC
Dng bng 1 ly bin i Laplace ngc c i(t)
t
V q 0 /C RC

i(t)=
e
R
Dng sng ca i(t)

(H 10.4)

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Laplace - 11
Th d 10.11
Mch RL ni tip (H 10.5), kha K ng t=0. Xc nh i(t), cho mch khng tch tr nng
lng ban u
Phng trnh mch in
di
(1)
Ri + L
= Vu(t)
dt
Ly bin i Laplace cc s hng pt (1)
V
(2)
s
Mch khng tch tr nng lng ban u nn i(0+)=0
V
1
V
1

I(s)=
=
R
s (sL + R)
L
s(s+ )
L
RI(s) + L[sI(s) - i(0 + )] =

(H 10.5)

(3)
Dng ca I(s) khng c trong bng 1.
Vit li I(s) sao cho gm tng ca cc hm n gin
A
B
=
+
R
R
s
s+
s(s+ )
L
L
A, B l 2 hng s cn xc nh
Qui ng mu s v 2, cn bng 2 v, ta c:
R
R
A(s + ) + Bs A + (A + B)s
L
= L
R
R
s(s+ )
s(s+ )
L
L
R V
V
A=
A =
L L
R
V
A+B=0 B = - A=
R
Thay A v B vo (4)
V 1
1
I(s)= (
)
R
R s
s+
L
R

t
V

i(t) = (1 e L ) , t 0
R

I(s)=

V
L

(4)

10.4.2 Mch in bin i


Trong chng 6, vi khi nim vect pha, ta bin i mch in t lnh vc thi
gian sang lnh vc tn s v vit cc phng trnh i s cho mch.
Tng t , vi php bin i Laplace, ta cng bin i mch in t lnh vc thi
gian sang lnh vc tn s phc (s), k c cc loi ngun kch thch khc nhau v ta c li gii
y tha cc iu kin u.
in tr
VR=Ri(t) VR(s)=RI(s) ZR(s)=R v YR(s)=1/R
(10.15)
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Laplace - 12

(H 10.6)

Cun dy

di L (t)
1 t
Hay iL(t) = v L (t)dt
dt
L
Bin i Laplace tng ng
VL(s)=L[sIL(s)-iL(0+)]
V (s) Li (0+ )

IL(s) = L + L
sL
sL
hay
sLIL(s) = VL(s)+L iL(0+)
Biu thc (10.16a) cho mch bin i (H 10.7b)
Biu thc (10.16b) cho mch bin i (H 10.7c)
vL(t)=L

(a)

(10.16a)
(10.16b)

(b)
(H 10.7)

(c)

T in

d v C (t)
1 t
hay vC(t)= i C (t)dt
dt
C
Bin i ca vC(t)
1 I (s) q(0+ )
VC(s)= [ c +
]
C s
s
q(0+ )
Vi vC (0+ ) =
l in th do t tch in ban u
C
v (0+ )
1
(10.17a)
VC(s)=
Ic (s) + C
sC
s
Hay Ic (s) = sCVC (s) - CvC (0+ )
(10.17b)
v (0+ )
t
V1 (s) = VC ( s ) C
s
V (s) 1
Bin i tng tr ca t l: ZC(s)= 1 =
I C (s) sC
Biu thc (10.17a) cho mch bin i ca t (H 10.8b)
Biu thc (10.17b) cho mch bin i ca t (H 10.8c)
iC(t)=C

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Laplace - 13

(a)

(b)
(H 10.8)

(c)

Th d 10.12
Xc nh i(t) khi t>0 ca mch (H 10.9a). Cho i(0)=4A v v(0)=8V

(a)

(H 10.9)

(b)

Mch bin i cho bi (H 10.11b)


(2/s + 3) + 4 8/s
I(s)=
3 + s + 2/s
2s + (4s - 8)(s - 3)
= 2
(s + 3s + 2)(s + 3)
4s2 + 6s - 24
(s + 1)(s + 2)(s + 3)
Trin khai I(s)
13
20
3
I(s)=
+

s+ 1 s+ 2 s+ 3
Suy ra, khi t>0
i(t)=-13e-t+20e-2t- 3e-3t A

Th d 10.13
Xc nh v(t) ca mch (H 10.10a). Cho i(0)=1A v v(0)=4V

(a)

(b)
(H 10.10)

Vit phng trnh nt cho mch bin i (H 10.10b)


V V 1 sV 4
+ + +

=0
4 3s s 24 24

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Laplace - 14
4s 24
16
20
=
+
(s + 2)(s + 4)
s+ 2 s+ 4

V(s)=

v(t)=-16e-2t+20e-4t V

10.5 CC PHNG PHP TRIN KHAI HM P(s)/Q(s)


Trong phn gii mch in bng php bin i Laplace, kt qu t c l mt hm
theo s c dng P(s)/Q(s) , trong P(s) v Q(s) l cc a thc.
Nu P(s)/Q(s) c dng trong bng 1 th ta c ngay kt qu bin i Laplace ngc.
Trong nhiu trng hp ta phi trin khai P(s)/Q(s) thnh tng cc hm n gin hn v c
trong bng.
Gi m v n l bc ca P(s) v Q(s)
C 2 trng hp
* mn, c th trin khai ngay P(s)/Q(s)
* m>n, ta phi thc hin php chia c

P(s)
P (s)
= A 0 + A 1s + .....+ A m n sm n + 1
Q(s)
Q 1 (s)
P1(s) v Q1(s) c bc bng nhau v ta c th trin khai P1(s)/Q1(s)

(10.18)

10.5.1. Trin khai tng phn


Trng hp 1
Q(s)=0 c nghim thc phn bit s1 , s2, . . . sn.
P(s) K 1
K2
Kn
=
+
+ .. ... +
Q(s) s - s1 s - s2
s - sn
Ki (i= 1, 2,. . . ., n) l cc hng s xc nh bi:
P(s)
K i = (s si )
Q(s) s=s

(10.19)

(10.20)

Th d 10.14

s 1
, xc nh i(t)= -1[I(s)]
s + 3s + 2
Phng trnh s2+3s+2=0 c 2 nghim s1=-2 v s2=-1
K
K
s 1
I(s)= 2
= 1 + 2
s + 3s + 2 s + 2 s + 1
P(s)
K 1 = (s + 2)
=3
Q(s) s=-2

Trin khai hm I(s)=

K 2 = (s + 1)

P(s)
= -2
Q(s) s=-1

3
2

s+ 2 s+ 1
___________________________________________________________________________

I(s)=

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Laplace - 15

i(t)= 3e-2t-2e-t

Trng hp 2
Q(s)=0 c nghim a trng bc r
P(s)
P(s)
K
K2
Kr
=
= 1 +
+ . .... +
r
2
Q(s) (s - si ) s - si (s - si )
(s - si ) r
xc nh K1, K2, . . . Kr, ta xt th d sau:

(10.21)

Th d 10.15

P(s)
s+ 2
=
Q(s) (s + 1)2
P(s) K 1
K2
=
+
(1)
Q(s) s + 1 (s + 1)2
Nhn 2 v phng trnh (1) vi (s+1)2
s+2=(s+1)K1+K2
(2)
Cho s=-1, ta c K2=1
Nu ta cng lm nh vy xc nh K1 th s xut hin cc lng v nh
xc nh K1, ly o hm theo s phng trnh (2)
1+0=K1+0 K1=1
Tm li
P(s)
1
1
=
+
Q(s) s + 1 (s + 1)2
V i(t) = e-t + te-t
Vi Q(s)=0 c nghim kp, mt hng s c xc nh nh o hm bc 1.
Suy rng ra, nu Q(s)=0 c nghim a trng bc r, ta cn cc o hm t bc 1 n
bc r-1.

Trin khai

Trng hp 3
Q(s)=0 c nghim phc lin hp s= j

P(s)
P(s)
=
Q(s) (s - - j)(s - + j)
P(s)
K
K*
=
+
Q(s) (s - - j) (s - + j)
Cc hng s K xc nh bi
P(s)
K = (s + j)
= Ae j ,
Q(s) s= j
V

K* = (s j)

P(s)
= Ae + j
Q(s) s=+ j

(10.22)

(10.23)

(10.24)

Th d 10.16

P(s)
1
= 2
Q(s) s + 4s + 5
Q(s)=0 c 2 nghim -2 j

Trin khai

I(s)=

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Laplace - 16
I(s)=

P(s)
K
K*
=
+
Q(s) (s + 2 + j) (s - 2 - j)

K = (s + 2 + j)

1 1
P(s)
= j = ej90
2 2
Q(s) s= 2 j

K* = (s + 2 j)
I(s)=

P(s)
1 1
= j = e j90
Q(s) s= 2+ j
2 2

j1/2
j1/2

s+ 2 + j s+ 2 - j

ejt e jt
1
i(t)= j [e ( 2 j )t e( 2+ j )t ] = e 2t [
]
2
2j

Hay

i(t)=e-2tsint A

10.5.2 Cng thc Heaviside


Tng qut ha cc bi ton trin khai hm I(s)=P(s)/Q(s), Heaviside a ra cng thc
cho ta xc nh ngay hm i(t), bin i ngc ca I(s)

10.5.2.1 Q(s)=0 c n nghim phn bit

i(t)=

-1

[I(s)] =

-1

n
P(s)
P(s)e st
] = (s s j )
Q(s)
Q(s) s =s
j =1
j

(10.25)

Hoc

P(sj ) sj t
e
j = 1 Q' (sj )
n

i(t) =

(10.26)

Trong sj l nghim th j ca Q(s)=0


Th d 10.17
Gii li th d 10.14 bng cng thc Heaviside
s 1
I(s)= 2
, xc nh i(t)= -1[I(s)]
s + 3s + 2
Phng trnh s2+3s+2=0 c 2 nghim s1=-2 v s2=-1
Q(s)= s2+3s+2 Q(s) = 2s+3
Ap dng cng thc (10.26)
n P(s )
P(2) 2t P(1) t
st
j
+
e
e
ej =
i(t) =
Q' (1)
Q' (2)
j = 1 Q' (sj )

i(t)= 3e-2t-2e-t A

10.5.2.2 Q(s)=0 c nghim a trng bc r

i(t)=

-1

[I(s)] =

-1

r -n
r
P(s)
1
t n 1 d R(sj )
s jt
[
]=e
Q(s)
dsr - n s = sj
n = 1 (r - n)! (n 1)!

(10.27)

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Laplace - 17
sj l nghim a trng bc r
P(s)
R(sj ) =
(s sj ) r
Q(s)

(10.28)

Th d 10.18
Gii li th d 10.15 bng cng thc Heaviside
P(s)
s+ 2
=
I(s)=
Q(s) (s + 1)2
Q(s)=0 c nghim kp, r=2, sj=-1
Ap dng cng thc (10.27)
s+ 2
Vi
R(sj ) =
(s + 1)2 = s + 2
2
(s + 1)
1 t 0 d(s + 2) 1 t 1
i (t) = e [
+
(s + 2)]
1! 0! ds
0! 1!
i(t) = e-t + te-t A
t

; s = 1

Th d 10.19
Cho mch in (H 10.11), t C tch in n V0=1V v kha K ng t=0. Xc nh
dng i(t)
t
di
Ri + L + i dt = 0

dt
Ly bin i Laplace
1
L[sI(s)-i(0+)]+RI(s)+
[I(s)+q(0+)]=0
Cs
Dng in qua cun dy lin tc nn
i(0+)= i(0-)=0
q(0+): in tch ban u ca t:
q(0+ ) Vo
1
=
=
Cs
s
s
( du ca in tch u trn t ngc chiu
in tch np bi dng i(t) khi chy qua mch)
Thay gi tr u vo, sp xp li
1
1
I(s) = 2
=
s + 2s + 2 (s + 1)2 + 1

i(t)=

-1

[I(s)]=e-tsint.u(t)

Th d 10.20
Cho mch (H 10.12), kha K ng t=0 v mch khng tch tr nng lng ban u.
Xc nh i2(t)
Vit pt vng cho mch
di 1
+ 20i 1 10i 2 = 100u(t) (1)
dt
di 2
+ 20i 2 10i 1 = 0
(2)
dt
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Laplace - 18
Ly bin i Laplace, mch khng tch tr nng lng ban u:

(s+20)I1(s)-10I2(s)=

100
s

(3)

-10 I1(s)+ (s+20)I2(s)=0

(4)

Gii h (3) v (4)

100
s
10
0
1000
I2(s)=
=
2
s + 20 10
s(s + 40s+ 300)
10 s + 20
Trin khai I2(s)
3,33
5
1,67
I 2 (s) =
+
+
s
s + 10 s + 30
s + 20

i2(t)= 3,33-5e-10t+1,67e-30t

10.6 NH L GI TR U V GI TR CUI
10.6.1 nh l gi tr u
T php bin i ca o hm:

= sF(s)-f(0+)
L df(t)
dt

Ly gii hn khi s

lim

] = lim
L df(t)
dt

lim
s

Vy

lim

[sF(s)-f(0+)]

]= lim
L df(t)
dt

df(t) st
e dt =0
dt

[sF(s)-f(0+)]=0

f(0+) l hng s nn
f(0+)= lim

sF(s)

(10.29)

(10.29) chnh l ni dung ca nh l gi tr u


Ly trng hp th d 10.10, ta c:
V q 0 /C
1
I(s)=
R
s + 1/RC
V q 0 /C
i(0+)= lim sI(s)=
R
s

10.6.2 nh l gi tr cui

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Laplace - 19
= sF(s)-f(0+)
L df(t)
dt

T php bin i o hm:

Ly gii hn khi s 0

lim
s0

m
Vy

] = lim
L df(t)
dt

s0

df(t) st
e dt = lim [sF(s)-f(0+)]
dt
s0

df(t) st
e
dt
lim
=
=
0 dt
0 df(t) = f() - f(0+)
s0
s0
f()-f(0+)= lim [sF(s)-f(0+)]

lim

s0

Hay

f()= lim

sF(s)

(10.30)

s0

(10.30) chnh l ni dung ca nh l gi tr cui, cho php xc nh gi tr hm f(t)


trng thi thng trc.
Tuy nhin, (10.30) ch xc nh c khi nghim ca mu s ca sF(s) c phn thc
m, nu khng f()= lim f(t) khng hin hu.
t

Th d, vi f(t)=sint th sin khng c gi tr xc nh (tng t cho e ). V vy (10.30)


khng p dng c cho trng hp kch kch l hm sin.
Ly li th d 10.13, xc nh dng in trong mch trng thi thng trc
V 1
1
I(s)= (
)
R s s + R/L
V
s
V
i()= lim sI(s)= (1
)=
R
s + R/L
R
s0
V
i()=
R

BI TP

10.1 Mch (H P10.1). Kha K ng t=0 v mch khng tch tr nng lng ban u. Xc
nh i(t) khi t> 0
10.2 Mch (H P10.2). Xc nh v(t) khi t> 0. Cho v(0)=10V

(H P10.1)

(H P10.2)

10.3 Mch (H P10.3). Xc nh vo(t)


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Laplace - 20
4V, t < 0
vi(t) = t
4e , t > 0
10.4 Mch (H P10.4). Xc nh vo(t). Cho vo(0)=4V v i(0)=3A
Cho

(H P10.3)

(H P10.4)

10.5 Mch (H P10.5). Xc nh io(t).


10.6 Mch (H P10.6). Dng nh l kt hp xc nh vo(t).

(H P10.5)

(H P10.6)

10.7 Mch (H P10.7) t trng thi thng trc t=0- vi kha K v tr 1. Chuyn K sang v
tr 2, thi im t=0. Xc nh i khi t>0

(H P10.7)

10.8 Mch (H P10.8) t trng thi thng trc t=0. Xc nh v khi t>0

(H P10.8)

10.9 Mch (H P10.9) t trng thi thng trc t=0- Xc nh i khi t>0

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Laplace - 21

(H P10.9)

10.10 Mch (H P10.10). Xc nh i(t) khi t>0. Cho v(0) = 4 V v i(0) = 2 A

(H P10.10)

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