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NGUYN TRUNG TP
CHNG I
NHNG KHI NIM C BN
DNG SNG CA TN HIU
Hm m
Hm nc n v
Hm dc
Hm xung lc
Hm sin
Hm tun hon
PHN T MCH IN
Phn t th ng
Phn t tc ng
MCH IN
MCH TNG NG
Cun dy
T in
Ngun c lp
________________________________________________________________
L thuyt mch l mt trong nhng mn hc c s ca chuyn ngnh in t-Vin
thng-T ng ha.
Khng ging nh L thuyt trng - l mn hc nghin cu cc phn t mch in
nh t in, cun dy. . . gii thch s vn chuyn bn trong ca chng - L thuyt mch
ch quan tm n hiu qu khi cc phn t ny ni li vi nhau to thnh mch in (h
thng).
Chng ny nhc li mt s khi nim c bn ca mn hc.
(H 1.1)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(H 1.2)
r(t) = u(x)dx
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
THUYT MCH
(H 1.3)
(b)
t {0,}
t >
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(H 1.4)
Hm f0(t) xc nh bi:
df (t)
f0 (t) = 1
dt
1
khi (0 t ) v = 0 khi t > (H 1.4b).
Vi cc tr khc nhau ca ta c cc tr khc nhau ca f0(t) nhng phn din tch gii
hn gia f0(t) v trc honh lun lun =1 (H 1.4c).
Khi 0, f1(t) u(t) v f0(t) (t).
Vy xung lc n v c xem nh tn hiu c b cao cc ln v b rng cc nh v
din tch bng n v (H 1.4d).
Tng qut, xung lc n v ti t=a, (t-a) xc nh bi:
t
1 , t a
(t)dt = 0 , t < a
Cc hm nc, dc, xung lc c gi chung l hm bt thng.
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
THUYT MCH
1.1.5 Hm sin
Hm sin l hm kh quen thuc nn y ch gii thiu vi hm c quan h vi hm
sin.
Hm sin tt dn:
(a)
(H 1.5)
(b)
(H 1.6)
1.2.1 Phn t th ng
1.2.1.1 in tr
- K hiu (H 1.7)
- H thc: v(t) = R. i(t)
- Hay
i(t) = G.v(t)
- Vi G=1/R (gi l in dn)
n v ca in tr l (Ohm)
V ca in dn l -1 (c l Mho)
t
(H 1 7)
1.2.1.2 Cun dy
(a)
(b)
(H 1.8)
- K hiu (H 1.8a)
- H thc:
v(t) = L
d i (t)
dt
1 t
v(t)dt
L
n v ca cun dy l H (Henry)
Do cun dy l phn t tch tr nng lng nn thi im t0 no c th cun dy
tr mt nng lng t trng ng vi dng in i(t0)
Biu thc vit li:
i (t) =
- Hay
1 t
v(t)dt + i (t 0 )
L t 0
V mch tng ng ca cun dy c v li (H 1.8b)
Nng lng tch tr trong cun dy:
i (t) =
Thay v(t) = L
t
d i (t)
dt
W(t) = L i (t)d i =
1
1
L i (t) 2 ] t = L i (t) 2 0 (v i(-)=0)
2
2
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
THUYT MCH
1.2.1.3 T in
(a)
(H 1.9)
(b)
- K hiu (H 1.9a)
d v(t)
dt
1 t
- Hay
v(t) = i (t)dt
C
n v ca t in l F (Farad)
Do t in l phn t tch tr nng lng nn thi im t0 no c th n tr
mt nng lng in trng ng vi hiu th v(t0)
Biu thc vit li:
1 t
v(t) = i (t)dt + v(t 0 )
C t0
V mch tng ng ca t in c v nh (H 1.9b)
- H thc:
i (t) = C
Thay i (t) = C
d v(t)
dt
1
1
Cv(t) 2 ]t = Cv(t) 2 0 (v v(-)=0)
2
2
Ch : Trong cc h thc v-i ca cc phn t R, L, C nu trn, nu i chiu mt trong hai
lng v hoc i th h thc i du (H 1.10): v(t) = - R.i(t)
t
W(t) = Cv(t)d v =
(H 1.10)
1.2.2 Phn t tc ng
y ch cp n mt s phn t tc ng n gin, l cc loi ngun.
Ngun l mt phn t lng cc nhng khng c mi quan h trc tip gia hiu th v hai
u v dng in i i qua ngun m s lin h ny hon ton ty thuc vo mch ngoi, do
khi bit mt trong hai bin s ta khng th xc nh c bin s kia nu khng r mch
ngoi.
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
THUYT MCH
1.2.2.1 Ngun c lp
L nhng phn t m gi tr ca n c lp i vi mch ngoi
- Ngun hiu th c lp: c gi tr v l hng s hay v(t) thay i theo thi gian. Ngun hiu
th c gi tr bng khng tng ng mt mch ni tt
- Ngun dng in c lp: c gi tr i l hng s hay i(t) thay i theo thi gian. Ngun
dng in c gi tr bng khng tng ng mt mch h
(H 1.11)
(a)VCVS
(b) CCVS
(c)VCCS
(d) CCCS
(H 1.12)
1.3 MCH IN
-
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(H 1.13)
v1
Mch
i2
i2
Mch
v1
(H 1.14)
i1
i2
Phnt
(H 1.15)
Mt mch ch gm cc phn
t tp trung l mch tp trung..
Vi mt mch tp trung ta c mt s im hu hn m trn c th o nhng tn
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
THUYT MCH
1.4.1 Cun dy
(H 1.16)
1.4.2 T in
(a)
(b)
(H 1.17)
(c)
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Nguyn Trung Lp
THUYT MCH
(a)
(b)
(H 1.18)
(c)
(H 1.19)
BI TP
-- --
10
(t nT) vi T=1s
n =1
2t
2t
v u(t-T/2)sin
T
T
c. r(t).u(t-1), r(t)-r(t-1)-u(t-1)
b. u(t)sin
(H P1.1)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
THUYT MCH
(a)
(b)
(H P1.2)
(H P1.3)
(H P1.4)
a. Vit phng trnh dng sng ca cc tn hiu theo tp hp tuyn tnh ca cc hm sin v
cc hm nc n v.
b. Xem chui xung c dng (H P1.4)
Chui xung ny c dng ca cc cng, khi xung c gi tr 1 ta ni cng m v khi tr ny =0
ta ni cng ng.
Ta c th din t mt hm cng m thi im t0 v ko di mt khong thi gian T bng
mt hm cng c k hiu:
t ,T (t) = u(t t 0 ) u(t t 0 T)
0
(a)
(b)
(H P1.6)
(c)
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Nguyn Trung Lp
THUYT MCH
(a)
(d)
Cu
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
Mch hnh
a
a
a
a
b
b
b
b
(b)
(c)
(e)
(H P1.5)
(f)
Dng sng
d
f
c
d
c
d
e
f
p ng
ic
ic
vc
vc
iL
iL
vL
vL
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
THUYT MCH
_________________________________________Chng2nhlutvnhlmch
in
CHNG 2
NH LUT V NH L MCH IN
NH LUT KIRCHHOF
IN TR TNG NG
NH L MILLMAN
NH L CHNG CHT
NH L THEVENIN V NORTON
BIN I Y (NH L KENNELY)
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_____
Chng ny cp n hai nh lut quan trng lm c s cho vic phn gii mch,
l cc nh lut Kirchhoff.
Chng ta cng bn n mt s nh l v mch in. Vic p dng cc nh l ny
gip ta gii quyt nhanh mt s bi ton n gin hoc bin i mt mch in phc tp
thnh mt mch n gin hn, to thun li cho vic p dng cc nh lut Kirchhoff gii
mch.
Trc ht, n gin, chng ta ch xt n mch gm ton in tr v cc loi
ngun, gi chung l mch DC. Cc phng trnh din t cho loi mch nh vy ch l cc
phng trnh i s (i vi mch c cha L & C, ta cn n cc phng trnh vi tch phn)
Tuy nhin, khi kho st v ng dng cc nh l, chng ta ch ch n cu trc ca
mch m khng quan tm n bn cht ca cc thnh phn, do cc kt qu trong chng
ny cng p dng c cho cc trng hp tng qut hn.
Trong cc mch DC, p ng trong mch lun lun c dng ging nh kch thch, nn
n gin, ta dng kch thch l cc ngun c lp c gi tr khng i thay v l cc hm
theo thi gian.
(H 2.1)
K THUT
2_________________________________________Chng2nhlutvnhlmch
in
Hai nh lut c bn lm nn tng cho vic phn gii mch in l:
=0
(2.1)
(H 2.2)
(2.2)
- i 1 - i 2 + i 3 - i 4 =0
Hoc ta c th vit li:
(2.3)
i3= i1 + i2 + i4
(2.4)
(t) = 0
(2.5)
p dng nh lut Kirchhoff v hiu th, ta chn mt chiu cho vng v dng qui
c: Hiu th c du (+) khi i theo vng theo chiu gim ca in th (tc gp cc dng
trc) v ngc li.
nh lut Kirchhoff v hiu th vit cho vng abcd ca (H 2.3).
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Minh Lun
IN T
K THUT
_________________________________________Chng2nhlutvnhlmch
in
- v1 + v 2 - v 3 = 0
(H 2.3)
Ta cng c th vit KVL cho mch trn bng cch chn hiu th gia 2 im v xc
nh hiu th theo mt ng khc ca vng:
v1 = vba = vbc+ vca = v2 - v3
nh lut Kirchhoff v hiu th l h qu ca nguyn l bo ton nng lng: Cng
trong mt ng cong kn bng khng.
V tri ca h thc (2.5) chnh l cng trong dch chuyn in tch n v (+1) dc
theo mt mch kn.
Th d 2.1 .
Tm ix v vx trong (H2.4)
(H 2.4)
Gii:
p dng KCL ln lt cho cc cho nt a, b, c, d
- i1 - 1 + 4 = 0
i1 = 3A
- 2A + i1 + i2 = 0
i2 = -1A
- i3 + 3A - i2 = 0
i3 = 4A
ix + i3 + 1A = 0
ix = - 5A
vx =- 10 - 5 - 8 = -23V
Trong th d trn , ta c th tnh dng ix t cc dng in bn ngoi vng abcd n
cc nt abcd.
Xem vng abcd c bao bi mt mt kn ( v nt gin on).
nh lut Kirchhoff tng qut v dng in c th pht biu cho mt kn nh sau:
Tng i s cc dng in n v ri khi mt kn bng khng.
Vi qui c du nh nh lut KCL cho mt nt.
Nh vy phng trnh tnh ix l:
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Nguyn Minh Lun
IN T
K THUT
4_________________________________________Chng2nhlutvnhlmch
in
- ix - 4 + 2 - 3 = 0
Hay ix = - 5 A
nh lut c th c chng minh d dng t cc phng trnh vit cho cc nt abcd
cha trong mt kn c dng in t cc nhnh bn ngoi n.
Th d 2.2:
L v R trong mch (H 2.5a) din t cun lch ngang trong TiVi nu L = 5H, R = 1
v dng in c dng sng nh (H 2.5b). Tm dng sng ca ngun hiu th v(t).
(a)
(b)
(H 2.5)
Gii:
nh lut KVL cho :
- v(t) + v R(t) + v L(t) = 0
hay
(1)
d i (t )
dt
Thay tr s ca R v L vo:
d i (t )
v L(t) = 5
dt
v R(t) = 1. i(t)
d i (t )
v (t) = i(t) + 5
dt
(2)
(3)
(4)
(a)
(H 2.6)
(b)
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Nguyn Minh Lun
IN T
K THUT
_________________________________________Chng2nhlutvnhlmch
in
2.2 in tr tng ng
Hai mch gi l tng ng vi nhau khi ngi ta khng th phn bit hai mch ny
bng cch o dng in v hiu th nhng u ra ca chng.
Hai mch lng cc A v B (H 2.7) tng ng nu v ch nu:
ia = ib
vi mi ngun v
(H 2.7)
Rt =
(2.6)
(H 2.8)
Th d 2.3:
Mch (H 2.9a) v (H 2.9b) l cu chia in th v cu chia dng in. Xc nh cc
in th v dng in trong mch.
(a)
(H 2.9)
(b)
Gii:
a/ (H 2.9a) cho
v = v1+ v2 = R1 i + R2 i= (R1 + R2) i
v
Rt = = R1 + R2
i
T cc kt qu trn suy ra :
i =
v
R1 + R2
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Nguyn Minh Lun
IN T
K THUT
6_________________________________________Chng2nhlutvnhlmch
in
R1
v
R1 + R2
b/ (H 2.9b) cho
v1 = R1 i =
R2
v
R1 + R2
i = i1+ i2
hay
v
v
v
=
+
Rt R1 R2
1
1
1
=
+
Rt R1 R2
hay
Gt = G1+ G2
v2 = R2 i =
i1 = G1v =
v =
1
i
G1 + G 2
G1
R2
i=
i
G1 + G 2
R1 + R2
i2 = G2v =
G2
R1
i=
i
G1 + G 2
R1 + R2
Th d 2.4:
Tnh Rt ca phn mch (H 2.10a)
(a)
(b)
(H 2.10)
Gii:
Mc ngun hiu th v vo hai u a v b nh (H2.10b) v ch i = i1.
1
2
nh lut KCL cho
i1 = i3 + i 1 i3 = i 1
3
3
Hiu th gia a &b chnh l hiu th 2 u in tr 3
v = 3i3 = 2i1 = 2i
Rt =
v
= 2
i
2.3. nh l Millman
nh l Millman gip ta tnh c hiu th hai u ca mt mch gm nhiu nhnh
mc song song.
Xt mch (H 2.11), trong mt trong cc hiu th Vas = Va - Vs ( s = 1,2,3 ) c th
trit tiu.
(H 2.11)
K THUT
_________________________________________Chng2nhlutvnhlmch
in
v .G
G
as
vab =
(2.7)
1
l in dn nhnh s.
Rs
Chng minh:
Gi vsb l hiu th hai u ca Rs:
vsb = vab - vas
Dng in qua Rs:
v
v vas
is = sb = ab
= (vab vas)Gs
Rs
Rs
Vi
Gs =
Ti nt b :
=0
(v v ) Gs = 0
v G = v G
ab
as
Hay
ab
as
v G
G
as
vab =
Th d 2.5
Dng nh l Millman, xc nh dng in i2 trong mch (H 2.12).
(H 2.12)
ta c
Vy
8 6,4
+
1 0,5 8 + 12,8
=
vab =
1
16
1+ + 2
5
5
vab = 6,5 V
6,5
= 1,3 A
i2 =
5
( superposition theorem)
K THUT
8_________________________________________Chng2nhlutvnhlmch
in
(a)
(b)
(c)
(H 2.13)
v'2 =
Vy
v2 = - 3V
Th d 2.7 Tnh v2 trong mch (H 2.14a).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(H 2.14)
Gii:
- Ct ngun dng in 3A, ta c mch(H 2.14b).
i1 =
2 1
= A
4 2
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Nguyn Minh Lun
IN T
K THUT
_________________________________________Chng2nhlutvnhlmch
in
(H 2.15)
(H 2.16)
(a)
bi:
(H 2.17)
(b)
v
Rth
Thay (2.9) vo (2.8)
i1 =-
i=-
v
+ isc
Rth
(2.9)
(2.10)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Minh Lun
IN T
K THUT
10
_________________________________________Chng2nhlutvnhlmch
in
H thc (2.10) din t mch A trong trng hp tng qut nn n ng trong mi
trng hp.
Trng hp a, b h (Open circuit), dng i = 0 A, phng trnh (2.10) thnh:
0=
voc
+ isc
Rth
(2.11)
v = - Rth . i + voc
(2.12)
(H 2.18)
(H 2.19)
(H 2.20)
Gii:
c mch tng ng Thevenin, ta phi xc nh c Rth v voc.
Xc nh Rth
Rth l in tr nhn t ab ca mch khi trit tiu ngun c lp. (H 2.21a).
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Minh Lun
IN T
K THUT
_________________________________________Chng2nhlutvnhlmch
11
in
T (H 2.21a) :
Rth = 2 +
6x 3
= 4
6+ 3
(a)
(b)
(H 2.21)
Xc nh voc
(H 2.22)
(H 2.23)
c mch tng ng Norton, Rth c, ta phi xc nh isc. Dng isc chnh l dng
qua ab khi nhnh ny ni tt. Ta c th xc nh t mch (H 2.20) trong ni tt ab. Nhng
ta cng c th dng h thc (2.11) xc nh isc theo voc:
voc 6
= = 1,5A
Rth 4
Vy mch tng ng Norton (H 2.23)
Th d 2.9
V mch tng ng Norton ca mch (H 2.24a).
isc =
(a)
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Nguyn Minh Lun
IN T
K THUT
12
_________________________________________Chng2nhlutvnhlmch
in
(b)
(c)
(H 2.24)
(H 2.25)
Ta c voc = 6i2
Vit nh lut KVL cho vng cha ngun ph thuc :
-4(10 - i2) - 2 i1+ 6i2 = 0
i2 = 5 A
voc = 6 x 5 = 30 V
v
30
Vy Rth = oc =
= 6
i sc
5
Mch tng ng Norton:
Hay
v
(H 2.26)
Th d 2.10:
Tnh vo trong mch (H 2.27a) bng cch dng nh l Thevenin
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Nguyn Minh Lun
IN T
K THUT
_________________________________________Chng2nhlutvnhlmch
13
in
(a)
(b)
(c)
(H 2.27)
(d)
1
1 v
1 4 2
i1 = x 1 = x = A
3
3 2 3 2 3
voc = 3
2
+4=6V
3
voc = 6 V
Mch tng ng Thevenin v (H 2.27d).
voc
6
vo =
10 =
10 = 5 V
2 + 10
12
vo = 5 V
2.6. Bin i - Y (
nh l Kennely ).
Coi mt mch gm 3 in tr Ra, Rb, Rc ni nhau theo hnh (Y), ni vi mch ngoi
ti 3 im a, b, c im chung O (H 2.28a). V mch gm 3 in tr Rab, Rbc, Rca ni nhau theo
hnh tam gic (), ni vi mch ngoi ti 3 im a, b, c (H 2.28b).
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Minh Lun
IN T
K THUT
14
_________________________________________Chng2nhlutvnhlmch
in
(H 2.28)
Ra R b + R b Rc + Rc Ra
Rc
Rbc =
Ra R b + R b Rc + Rc Ra
Ra
Rca =
Ra R b + R b Rc + Rc Ra
Rb
(2.13)
Bin i Y:
Ra =
Rab . Rca
Rab + R bc + Rca
Rb =
Rab . R bc
Rab + R bc + Rca
Rc =
R bc . Rca
Rab + R bc + Rca
(2.14)
Nn thn trng khi p dng bin i Y. Vic p dng ng phi cho mch tng
ng n gin hn.
Th d 2.11:
Tm dng in i trong mch (H 2.29a).
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Nguyn Minh Lun
IN T
K THUT
_________________________________________Chng2nhlutvnhlmch
15
in
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(H 2.29)
- Bin i tam gic abc thnh hnh sao, ta c (H 2.29b) vi cc gi tr in tr:
Raf =
2x2
4
= = 0,8
2+ 2+ 1 5
Rbf =
2x1 2
= = 0,4
5
5
2x1 2
= = 0,4
5
5
- in tr tng ng gia f v d:
1,4x2,4
= 0,884
1,4 + 2,4
- in tr gia a v e:
Rac = 0,8 + 0,884 +1 = 2,684
v dng in i trong mch :
Rcf =
i=
v
v
A
=
Rac 2,684
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Nguyn Minh Lun
IN T
K THUT
16
_________________________________________Chng2nhlutvnhlmch
in
(H 2.30)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(H 2.31)
vbc + v2 - vbo = 0
vbc = vbo - v2 = v1 - v2 (vbo = v1)
p dng KCL nt b:
vbo vbc v1 v1 v2
+
=
+
=0
R1 R2 R1
R2
R2
R1
Ta c mch tng ng (H 2.31b), trong Av l li in th.
Xt trng hp c bit R2 = 0 v R1 = , Av = 1 v v2 = v1 (H 2.31c) mch khng
c tnh khuch i v c gi l mch m ( Buffer ), c tc dng bin i tng tr.
v2 = Av v1 vi Av = 1 +
R
v1 v2
= 0 hay v2 = 2 v1
R1
R1 R2
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Nguyn Minh Lun
IN T
K THUT
_________________________________________Chng2nhlutvnhlmch
17
in
v1
= i1 , ta c mch tng ng (H 2.32c), trong ngun hiu th ph
R1
thuc hiu th c thay bng ngun hiu th ph thuc dng in .
Nu thay
(a)
(b)
(c)
(H 2.32)
BI TP
--o0o--
(H P2.1)
v
v
Chng minh: v3 = R0 1 + 2
R1 R2
Lu l v3 khng ph thuc vo thnh phn mc a, b.
y l mt trong cc mch lm ton v c tn l mch cng.
2.2. Cho mch (H P2.2a)
(H P2.2a)
(H P2.2b)
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Nguyn Minh Lun
IN T
K THUT
18
_________________________________________Chng2nhlutvnhlmch
in
Chng minh rng ta lun c: v1 = v2 v
i1 =
R2
i2
R1
(H P2.3)
(H P2.4)
(H P2.5)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(H P2.6)
v1 (t )
trong mch (H P2.7) v th t tn cho phn mch nm trong khung k nt
i 1 (t )
gin on.
2.7 Tnh
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Minh Lun
IN T
K THUT
_________________________________________Chng2nhlutvnhlmch
19
in
(H P2.7)
(H P2.8)
(H P2.9)
(H P2.10)
(H P2.11)
(H P2.12)
(H P2.13)
(H P2.14)
(H P2.15)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Minh Lun
IN T
K THUT
20
_________________________________________Chng2nhlutvnhlmch
in
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Minh Lun
IN T
K THUT
Chng3
PHNG TRNH MCH IN
KHI NIM V TOPO
Mt s nh ngha
nh l v topo mch
PHNG TRNH NT
Mch cha ngun dng in
Mch cha ngun hiu th
PHNG TRNH VNG
Mch cha ngun hiu th
Mch cha ngun dng in
BIN I V CHUYN V NGUN
Bin i ngun
Chuyn v ngun
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Trong chng ny, chng ta gii thiu mt phng php tng qut gii cc mch
in tng i phc tp. l cc h phng trnh nt v phng trnh vng. Chng ta cng
cp mt cch s lc cc khi nim c bn v Topo mch, phn ny gip cho vic thit lp
cc h phng trnh mt cch c hiu qu.
3.1.1. Mt s nh ngha
Gin thng
(a)
(b)
(H 3.1)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
Gin con khp kn. Mi nt trong mt vng phi ni vi hai nhnh trong vng .
Ta gi tn cc vng bng tp hp cc nhnh to thnh vng hoc tp hp cc nt thuc vng
.
Th d:
(H 3.2a): Vng (4,5,6) hoc (a,b,o,a).
(H 3.2b): Vng (1,6,4,3) hoc ( a,b,o,c,a).
(a)
(b)
(H 3.2)
Cy
(a)
(b)
(H 3.3)
(H 3.4)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
(H 3.5)
(H 3.6)
L THUYT
Nt 1: 5 +
Nt 2:
(1)
(2)
Thu gn:
1
1 1
+ v1 v 2 = 5
2
4 2
(3)
1
1 1 1
v 1 + + + v 2 = 2
2
2 3 6
Gii h thng (3) v (4), ta c :
v1 = 8 (V)
v
v2 = 2 (V)
(4)
(3.3)
G (v
jk
vk ) = i j
Hay
v j G jk G jk vk = i j
k
(jk)
( 3.4)
dn ring ca nt j v k hiu:
G jj = G jk
(3.5)
(j k)
(3.6)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
- G
21 G 22 ............... G 2.N 1 v2 i 2
: :
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
: :
:
:
:
1
1 1 1
+ + v
2
2 3 6 2
2
Ta c kt qu nh trn.
Ngun dng in ph thuc :
G12 =
1
2
Phng php vn nh trn nhng khi vit h phng trnh nt tr s ca ngun dng in ny
phi c vit theo hiu th nt gii hn s n s vn l N-1. Trong trng hp ny ma
trn in dn ca cc nhnh mt tnh i xng.
Th d: 3.2
Tn hiu th ngang qua cc ngun trong mch (H 3.7).
(H 3.7)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
1 1
1
4 + 2 v1 2 v2 = 5
1 v + 1 + 1 + 1 v = 3i
3
2 1 2 3 6 2
(1)
(2)
1
3
1
v1 v 2 = 5 & v 1 v 2 = 0
4
2
2
v1 = - 20 (V) v v2 = - 40 (V)
Th d 3.3
Tnh v2 trong mch (H 3.8).
(H 3.8)
2 + 1v1 v 2 = 4 + i 3
v1 + 1 + 1 v 2 = i 3
Vi i3 = 5v1
Ta c :
7
2 v1 v2 = 4
10
4v1 + v2 = 0
9
(1)
(2)
(3)
Suy ra :
v2 = - 114 (V)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
(H 3.9)
v 2 6 v 2 v 2 v3
1 + 2 + 1 = 0
v3 v 2 + v3 6 + v3 = 0
4
2
1
Thu gn:
5
2 v2 v3 = 6
v + 7 v = 3
2 4 3 2
Gii h thng (2):
32
v2 =
V
9
(1)
(2)
v3 =
26
V
9
2
V
3
Dng i1 l tng cc dng qua in tr 1 v 4.
v4 = v2 - v3 =
6 v2 6 v3 22 7 29
A
+
=
+ =
1
4
9 9 9
in tr tng ng:
i1 =
Rt =
6
54
=
29 29
9
Rt =
54
29
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
(H 3.10)
1 + + 1 v 2 v3 = 6
2
1 1
- v2 + + + 1v3 = 1,5
4 2
Ta cn mt phng trnh ph bng cch vit hiu th ca ngun ph thuc theo hiu
th nt.
Th d 3.5
Tm hiu th v1 trong mch (H 3.11)
(H 3.11)
L THUYT
Nu mch ch cha ngun hiu th c lp, cc hiu th cha bit u c th tnh theo
L dng in c lp.
p dng KVL cho L vng c lp (hay L mt li) ta c L phng trnh gi l h
phng trnh vng. Gii h phng trnh ta c cc dng in vng ri suy ra cc hiu th
nhnh t h thc v - i.
Th d 3.6: Tm cc dng in trong mch (H 3.12a).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(H 3.12)
Mch c
N = 5 v B = 6
Vy
L=B-N+1=2
Chn cy gm cc ng lin nt (H 3.12b). Cc vng c c bng cch thm cc
nhnh ni 1 v 2 vo cy.
Dng in i1 v i2 trong cc nhnh ni to thnh tp hp cc dng in c lp. Cc
dng in khc trong mch c th tnh theo i1 v i2.
Mt khc, thay v ch r dng in trong mi nhnh, ta c th dng khi nim dng
in vng. l dng in trong nhnh ni ta tng tng nh chy trong c vng c lp
to bi cc cnh ca cy v nhnh ni (H 3.12c).
Vit KVL cho mi vng:
6(i 1 - i 2 ) + 3i 1 - 60 = 0
2i 2 + 6(i 2 - i 1 ) + 4i 2 + 24= 0
Thu gn:
= 60
( 6 + 3)i 1 - 6i 2
- 6i 1 + (2 + 4 + 6)i 2 = 24
Gii h thng ta c :
i1 = 8A v i2 = 2A
Dng qua in tr 6:
(1)
(2)
i1 - i2 = 6 (A)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
(3.8)
Rjk = Rkj
vj l tng i s cc ngun trong vng j, cc ngun ny c gi tr (+) khi to ra dng in cng
chiu ij ( chiu ca vng ).
p dng KVL cho vng j:
R (i
jk
i k = vj
(3.10)
i j Rjk Rjk i k = v j
Hay
R jk
(3.11)
c trong vng j.
t
R jk = Rjj v vi qui c Rjk c tr dng khi ij v ik cng chiu v m khi ngc li,
i = vj
jk k
(3.12)
i vi mch c L vng c lp :
Vng 1 :
R11i1 + R12i2 + . . . . R1LiL = v1
Vng 2 :
R21i1 + R22i2 + . . . . R2LiL = v2
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Vng L:
RL1i1 + RL2i2 + . . . . RLLiL = vL
Di dng ma trn
R11
R
21
:
:
:
RL.1
R12
R22
:
:
:
RL.2
...............R1.L i 1 v1
...............R2.L i 2 v2
: :
:
=
:
: :
: :
:
...............RLL i L vL
L THUYT
(H 3.13)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
(a)
(H 3.14)
(b)
= 48
- 6i1 + 18i2 = 66
Suy ra i1 = 7 (A)
Th d trn cho thy ta vn c th vit c h phng trnh vng cho mch cha
ngun dng in c lp. Tuy nhin ta cng c th bin i v chuyn v ngun (nu cn)
c mch cha ngun hiu th v nh vy vic vit phng trnh mt cch trc quan d dng
hn.
Mch (H 3.14a) c th chuyn di v bin i ngun c mch (H 3.15) di
y.
(a)
(H 3.15)
(b)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
(a)
(b)
(c)
(H 3.16)
(H 3.17)
Ngun hiu th song song v ngun dng in ni tip.
Ta phi c: v1 = v 2 v i1 = i2.
(H 3.18)
Ngun hiu th song song vi in tr v ngun dng in ni tip in tr : C th b in
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
th dng bin i Thevenin Norton bin i ngun hiu th thnh ngun dng in hay
ngc li cho ph hp vi h phng trnh sp phi vit.
(H 3.20)
(a)
(b)
(H 3.21)
(H 3.22)
Chuyn v ngun dng in:
(H 3.23)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
(a)
(H 3.24)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(H 3.25)
15 11 55
Suy ra vab =
V
=
8 3
8
55
V
vab =
8
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
BI TP
--o0o-1. Dng phng trnh nt, tm v1 v v2 ca mch (H P3.1)
2. Dng phng trnh nt , tm i trong mch (H P3.2).
(H P3.1)
(H P3.2)
(H P3.3)
(H P3.4)
(H P3.5)
(H P3.6)
7. Tm v trong mch (H P3.7), dng phng trnh vng hay nt sao cho c t phng trnh
nht.
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
(H P3.7)
(H P3.8)
(H P3.9)
vo =
(H P3.10)
i0
ca mch (H P.11) trong 2 trng hp.
ii
a. R2 = 0
b. R2 = 1
12. Tm ix trong mch (H P.12)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
(H P.11)
(H P.12)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
CHNG 4
MCH IN N GIN: RL V RC
MCH KHNG CHA NGUN NGOI - PHNG TRNH VI PHN THUN NHT
Mch RC khng cha ngun ngoi
Mch RL khng cha ngun ngoi
Thi hng
ng i vi hm nc
(a)
(b)
(H 4.1)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
v(t) = Ae RC
A l hng s tch phn, xc nh bi iu kin u ca mch.
Khi t=0, v(0) = V0 = Ae0
A=V0
t
Tm li:
v(t) = V0eRC khi t 0
Dng i(t) xc nh bi
-t
v(t) V 0 RC
i (t) =
=
e khi t 0
R
R
V
i (0+) = 0
R
T cc kt qu trn, ta c th rt ra kt lun:
- Dng qua t C thay i t ngt t tr 0 t=0- n V0/R t=0+. Trong lc
- Hiu th hai u t khng i trong khong thi gian chuyn tip t t=0- n t=0+:
vC(0+)=vC(0-)=V0.
y l mt tnh cht c bit ca t in v c pht biu nh sau:
Hiu th 2 u mt t in khng thay i tc thi
Dng sng ca v(t) (tng t cho i(t)) c v (H 4.2)
(a)
(b)
(H 4.2)
(t - t 0 )
RC
khi t t0
L THUYT
(a)
(H 4.3)
(b)
i (t) = Ae L
A l hng s tch phn, xc nh bi iu kin u ca mch
Khi
t=0, i(0) = I0 =
Tm li:
V0
= Ae0
R
i (t) = I 0 e
A = I0
R
t
L
khi t 0
v L (t) = R i (t) = RI 0 e
R
t
L
khi t 0
T cc kt qu trn, ta c th rt ra kt lun:
- Hiu th hai u cun dy thay t ngt i t vL(0-)=0 n vL(0+)=-RI0.
- Dng qua cun dy khng i trong khong thi gian chuyn tip t t=0- n t=0+:
iL(0+) = iL(0-) = I0 = V0/R.
y l mt tnh cht c bit ca cun dy v c pht biu nh sau:
Dng in qua mt cun dy khng thay i tc thi
Dng sng ca v(t) (tng t cho i(t)) c v (H 4.4)
(a)
(H 4.4)
(b)
L THUYT
(4.1)
(4.2)
(4.3)
= Y 0 e 1 = 0,37Y 0
0
1
1
0,37
2
0,135
3
0,05
4
0,018
5
0,0067
(H 4.5)
4.2 MCH
L THUYT
(H 4.6)
v(t) = Ae RC + RI 0
Xc nh A nh iu kin u.
t=0+:
v(0+) = v(0-) = V0
Hay
A=V0-RI0
t
RC
V0=A+RI0
t
RC
t
RC
(H 4.7)
Dng iC v iR xc nh bi:
t
V - RI 0 RC
dv
= 0
e
dt
R
t
V - RI 0 RC v
=
i R (t) = I 0 - i C = I 0 + 0
e
R
R
i C (t) = C
L THUYT
Mch tng ng
Mch h
Gi tr u
IL(0+)=IL(0-)=0
VC(0+)=VC(0-)=0
Mch ni tt
IL(0+)=IL(0-)=I0
VC(0+)=VC(0-)=V0
Bng 4.1
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
(a)
(b)
(c)
(H 4.8)
(H 4.8b) l mch tng ca (H 4.8a) t=0-, tc mch (H 4.8a) t trng thi thng
trc, t in tng ng vi mch h v in tr tng ng ca phn mch nhn t t v
bn tri:
3(2 + 4)
Rt = 8 +
= 10
3 + (2 + 4)
v hiu th v(0-) xc nh nh cu phn th 10 v 15
10
v(0-)= 100
= 40V
10 + 15
Khi t>0, kha K m, ta c mch tng ng (H 4.8c), y chnh l mch RC
khng cha ngun ngoi.
Ap dng kt qu trong phn 4.1, c:
v (t) = V 0 e
v (t) = 40e
t
10
(V)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
dy
+ Py)ept = Qept
dt
(4.5)
d
( ye pt ) v (4.5) tr thnh:
dt
d
( ye pt ) = Qept
dt
Ly tch phn 2 v:
ye pt = Qept dt + A
(4.6)
Hay
(4.7)
(4.8)
(H 4.9)
Vng 2: -4i1+12i2+
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
1
1
=1 A=
2
2
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
(a)
(b)
(H 4.10)
L
1
(s) i2n =Ae-10t
=
R t 10
- p ng p l hng s, n khng ty thuc thi gian, vy ta xt mch trng thi
thng trc, cun dy tng ng mch ni tt (H 4.10b).
4.8
20
in tr tng ng ca mch: Rt=4+
=
4+ 8
3
10
3
=
(A)
20/3 2
1
i2f = (A)
2
1
Vy i2(t)=Ae-10t +
(A) v A c xc nh t iu kin u nh trc y.
2
Th d 4.3
i1f =
(H 4.11)
Ta c
i = in + if
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
10
___________________________________________Chng 4 Mch in n gin- RL
& RC Tht vy, tt c cc p ng t nhin khc nhau trong mt mch th lin h vi nhau
qua cc php ton cng, tr, vi tch phn; cc php ton ny khng lm thay i gi tr trn
m m n ch lm thay i cc h s ca hm m.
Thi hng ca mch l:
=RC=10x0,02=0,2 s
in =Ae-5t
trng thi thng trc, t in tng ng mach h:
if = i = 1A
i(t) =Ae-5t + 1 (A)
Vy
xc nh A, ta phi xc nh i(0+)
Vit phng trnh cho vng bn phi
-4 i(0+) +6[1- i(0+)] +24 = 0 i(0+) = 3 A
3=A+1 A=2
Vy
Th d 4.4
Xc nh i(t) v v(t) trong mch (H 4.12a) khi t>0. Bit rng mch t trng thi
thng trc t=0- vi kha K h.
(H 4.12a)
(H 4.12b)
trng thi thng trc (t=0-), t in tng mch h v cun dy l mch ni tt.
Hiu th 2 u t l hiu th 2 u in tr 20 v dng in qua cun dy chnh l dng qua
in tr 15
Dng cu chia dng in xc nh d dng cc gi tr ny:
i(0-)=2A v v(0-) = 60 V
Khi ng kha K, ta ni tt 2 nt a v b (H 4.12b).
Mch chia thnh 2 phn c lp vi nhau, mi phn c th c gii ring.
* Phn bn tri ab cha cun dy l mch khng cha ngun:
i(t) = Ae-15t (A)
Vi i(0-) = i(0-)=2 A=2
i(t) = 2e-15t (A)
* Phn bn phi ab l mch c cha ngun 6A v t .15F
Hiu th v(t) c th xc nh d dng bng phng php ngn gn:
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
(H 4.13)
t/RC
, t 0
v(t) = 1 e
Hay
v(t)=(1- e-t/RC)u(t) (V)
Th d 4.5
Mch (H 4.14). Xc nh vo(t)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
12
___________________________________________Chng 4 Mch in n gin- RL
& RC -
(H 4.14)
vo(t) =
(H 4.15)
Th d 4.6
4.16b)
Xc nh v(t) trong mch (H 4.16a). Vi ngun kch thch ig(t) c dng sng nh (H
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
(a)
(b)
(H 4.16)
Mch khng tch tr nng lng ban u nn i(0-)=0; t=0 ngun dng in 10A p
vo mch, cho n lc t=1 s th ngun ny b ngt (ging nh m kha K)
Tm li, ta c th hnh dung mch hot ng nh sau:
* 0<t<1, mch c ngun ngoi i=10A v khng tch tr nng lng ban u.
* t 1, mch khng c ngun ngoi v cun dy tch tr nng lng ng vi dng
i(1-)
Li gii ca bi ton gm 2 phn:
* Khi
0<t<1, tm p ng i vi hm nc 10 A
v(t) = vn +vf
vn = Ae-(Rt/L)t =Ae-5t/5 = Ae-t
3
vf = 2(10
)= 12 V (ni tt cun dy, dng l Ohm v cu phn th)
3+ 2
v(t) = Ae-t +12
i(t) l dng in qua in tr 2 cng l dng in qua cun dy, dng in ny khng thay
i tc thi nn hiu th qua in tr 2 cng khng thay i tc thi
i(0+) =i(0-) =0 nn v(0+) =v(0-) =0
suy ra A = -12
Tm li
v(t) = 0 khi t < 0
v(t) = 12(1-e-t ) khi 0 t 1
* Khi t > 1, mch khng cha ngun nhng c tch tr nng lng ban u, ta tm p ng t
nhin ca mch:
v(t) = Be-(t-1)
t=1+ , v(1+) = B
Do tnh lin tc: v(1+) = v(1-) B = 12(1-e-1 )
v li gii cui cng:
v(t) = 12(1-e-1 )e-(t-1) khi t>1
Li gii cho mi t:
v(t) = 12(1-e-t )[u(t)-u(t-1)] + 12(1-e-1 )e-(t-1)u(t-1).
Gin v(t) cho (H 4.17)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
14
___________________________________________Chng 4 Mch in n gin- RL
& RC -
(H 14.7)
(H 4.18)
Gi v1 v v2 ln lt l cc p ng i vi tng ngun i 1 v i2
Trong phn trc ta xc nh c:
v1(t) = 12(1-e-t )u(t)
Dng i2 c dng o ca i 1 v tr 1s.Vy v2(t) c c bng cch nhn v1(t) vi -1 v
thay t bi (t-1):
v2(t) = -12(1-e-(t-1) )u(t-1)
V kt qu cui cng:
v(t) = v1(t) + v2(t) = 12(1-e-t )u(t) -12(1-e-(t-1) )u(t-1)
Kt qu ny c v nh khc vi kt qu trc. Tuy nhin sinh vin c th chng minh
hai kt qu ch l mt.
Th d 4.7
Mch (H 4.19). Xc nh hiu th v(t) 2 u t khi t>0. Bit rng t np in ban
u vi hiu th V0
(H 4.19)
L THUYT
1
K i dt + KV 0 = KV 1 R2 (KI 1 )
C
Biu thc cho thy p ng dng in i tr thnh Ki khi cc ngun c lp (V1& I1) v
hiu th ban u ca t (V0) nhn vi K. Kt qu ny c th m rng cho mch tuyn tnh
cha mt hoc nhiu t in (hay cun dy). Hiu th ban u ca t (hay dng in ban u
ca cun dy) cng c xem nh mt ngun c lp.
Ap dng nh l chng cht, ta xc nh v l tng ca v1, v2 v v3 ln lt l p ng
ring r ca V1, I1 v V0. Cc mch in tng ng l (H 4.20a), (H 4.20b) v (H 4.20c)
(R1 + R2 )K i +
(a)
(b)
(H 4.20)
(c)
BI TP
--o0o--
L THUYT
16
___________________________________________Chng 4 Mch in n gin- RL
& RC -
(H P4.1)
(H P4.2)
4.3 Mch (H P4.3) t trng thi thng trc t=0- vi kha K v tr 1. Chuyn K sang v
tr 2, thi im t=0. Xc nh v khi t>0
(H P4.3)
4.4 Mch (H P4.4) t trng thi thng trc t=0- vi kha K ng. Xc nh i khi t>0
(H P4.4)
4.5 Mch (H P4.5) t trng thi thng trc t=0- vi kha K ng. Xc nh i v v khi t>0
4.6 Mch (H P4.6) t trng thi thng trc t=0- vi kha K ng. Xc nh v khi t>0
(H P4.5)
(H P4.6)
4.7 Mch (H P4.7) t trng thi thng trc t=0- vi kha K v tr 1. Chuyn K sang v tr
2, thi im t=0.
a. Xc nh i khi t>0
b. Lm li cu a, cun dy 2H c thay bng t in C=1/16 F
(H P4.7)
(H P4.8)
L THUYT
(H P4.9)
4.10 Mch (H P4.10). Xc nh vo, cho vi=5e-tu(t) (V) v mch khng tch nng lng ban u
(H P4.10)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
hai -
CHNG 5
MCH IN BC HAI
MCH IN VI HAI PHN T TCH TR NNG LNG (L&C)
LI GII PHNG TRNH VI PHN BC HAI
p ng t nhin
p ng p
p ng y
iu kin u v iu kin cui
P NG P I VI est
5.1 MCH
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
(H 5.2)
L THUYT
5.2.1 p ng t nhin
p ng t nhin l li gii phng trnh (5.3)
yn c dng hm m: yn=Aest
Ly o hm (5.6), thay vo (5.10), ta c
As2est+Aa1sest+Aa0est=0
Aest(s2+a1s+a0)=0
st
V Ae khng th =0 nn
s2+a1s+a0=0
(5.7) c gi l phng trnh c trng, c nghim l:
(5.6)
(5.7)
s1,2 =
a1 a1 4a0
(5.8)
2
ng vi mi tr ca s ta c mt p ng t nhin:
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
hai y n1 = A 1es1t
y n2 = A 2es2 t
y n = y n1 + y n 2 = A 1es1t + A 2es2 t
Tr li th d 5.1, p ng t nhin ca mch:
d 2i 2
di
+ 10 2 + 16i 2 = 0
2
dt
dt
2
s +10s+16=0
s1=-2 ; s2=-8
-2t
-8t
i 2 = A 1e + A 2e
(5.9)
Cc loi tn s t nhin
2
a1 a1 4a0
a1 - 4a0>0
s1,2 =
a12-4a0<0
s1,2=-j
s1,2=k<0
y n = (A 1 + A 2t)e kt
a1=0 v a00
s1,2=j
. kin
cc h s
Nghim ca
p.t c trng
yn(t)
Dng sng ca
yn(t)
Tnh cht ca
yn(t)
a12-4a0>0
Nghim thc,
phn bit, m
Tt dn khng
dao ng
a12-4a0<0
Dao ng
tt dn
a12-4a0=0
Phc lin hp
s1,2=-j
(>0)
Kp, thc
s1,2=k<0
y n ( t ) = (A 1 + A 2t)e kt
Tt dn ti hn
a1=0
a00
Dao ng bin
khng i
Ao, lin hp
s1,2=j
Bng 5.1
(H 5.3)
1 dv
d
R
+ v v g +
dt
4 dt
Phng trnh nt A:
v vg
1 dv
+i +
=0
4
4 dt
Phng trnh vng bn phi
di
Ri +
=v
dt
Thay i t (1) vo (2)
1 dv
4 dt + v v g = v
(1)
(2)
(3)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
dvg
d 2v
dv
(R
1)
(R
4)
R
+
+
+
+
v
=
v
+
g
dt
dt
dt 2
(4)
s1,2 =
(5)
(R + 1) (R + 1)2 4(R + 4)
2
(R + 1) R 2R 15)
2
s1,2 =
Kt qu ng vi vi gi tr c th ca in tr R:
R=6, s1,2= -2, -5
vn=A1e-2t+A2e-5t
R=5, s1,2= -3, -3
vn=(A1+A2t)e-3t
R=1, s1,2= -1 j2
vn=e-t(B1cos2t+B2sin2t)
Th d 5.3
di
1
+ Ri + i dt = v g
dt
C
d 2i
di 1
L 2 +R + i =0
dt C
dt
2
d i
di
+ 3 + 2i = 0
2
dt
dt
(H 5 4)
s2+3s+2=0
s1,2=-1, -2
5.2.2 p ng p
Trng hp tng qut
d 2i 2
dt 2
+ 10
di 2
+ 16i 2 = 32
dt
(1)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
(H 5.5)
i2f=A
(2)
i2f=16/8=2 A
V p ng y ca mch: i 2 = i 2n + i 2f = A 1 e + A 2 e + 2
Bng 5.2 cho kt qu p ng p ng vi cc ngun kch thch khc nhau
-2t
F(t)
Hng s A
B1tn
B2et
B3sint, B4cost
B5tn et cost
B6tn et sint
-8t
yf(t)
Hng s C
B0tn+ B1tn-1+. . . . . +Bn-1t+Bn
C et
A sint+ Bcost
(F0tn+ F1tn-1+. . . . . +Fn-1t+Fn) et cost+
(G0tn+ G1tn-1+. . . . . +Gn-1t+Gn) et sint
Bng 5.2
d 2y
dy
+ aby = eat
2
dt
dt
2
s (a + b)s + ab = 0 s1=a v s2=b v y n = A 1 eat + A 2 e bt
(a + b)
(5.10)
(5.11)
(1)
i 2n = A 1 e -2t + A 2 e -8t
(2)
-2t
Kch thch vg c s hng trng vi i2n (e ) nn i2f xc nh nh sau:
i2f=Ate-2t+B
(3)
Ly o hm (3) v thay vo (1)
6Ae-2t+16B=12e-2t+64
L THUYT
dy
d 2y
2a
+ a 2 y = eat
2
dt
dt
(5.12)
s1=s2=a
yn=(A1+A2t)eat
a l nghim kp ca phng trnh c trng nn yf xc nh bi:
yf=At2eat
Ly o hm yf v thay vo (5.12):
2Aeat=eat
A=1/2 yf=(1/2)t2eat
at
y=yn+yf= (A1+A2t)e +(1/2)t2eat
(5.13)
5.2.3 p ng y
p ng y ca mch in bc 2 l tng ca p ng p v p ng t nhin,
trong c cha 2 hng s tch phn, c xc nh bi cc iu kin ban u, c th l cc
gi tr ca y(t) v dy(t)/dt thi im t=0.
Th d 5.4
Xc nh v khi t>0 ca mch (H 5.6). Cho vg=5cos2000t (V) v mch khng tch tr
nng lng ban u.
v1 vg
R1
v1 v1 v
dv
+
+ C 1 1 = 0 (1)
R2
R3
dt
v1
dv
(2)
+ C2
=0
R2
dt
Thay tr s vo (1) v (2) v sp xp li:
4v1 v + 2103
(H 5.6)
v1 =
d v1
= 2vg = 10cos2000t(3)
dt
1 -3 dv
10
4
dt
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
L THUYT
hai d v(0+ )
1 - 3 d v(0+ )
v
v1(0+)=v1(0-)=0
=0
10
4
dt
dt
v(0+)=v(0-)=0
Thay t=0 vo (9) ri dng iu kin (11)
v (0)=A1+2=0 A1=-2
Ly o hm (9), thay t=0 v dng iu kin (10)
1000A2-1000A1-8000=0 A2=6
Tm li:
v(t)=e-1000t(-2cos1000t+6sin1000t) +2cos2000t- 4sin2000t (V)
v1 (0+ ) =
(10)
(11)
iC = C
d vC
di
v vL = L L
dt
dt
Th d 5.5
Cho mch (H 5.7a), xc nh cc iu kin u v0(0+) v
(a)
(H 5.7)
d v0 (0+ )
dt
(b)
v0(0+)=i0(0+)=0
(H 5.7b) l mch tng ng t=0+
v (0+ )
i 1(0+ ) = 0
=0
R1
i0(0+)=0
iC(0+)=i(0+)=1A
dv
d vC
1
= iC
iC = C C
dt
dt
C
d v0
d vC
1
1
V/s
(0+ ) =
(0+ ) = i C (0+ ) =
dt
dt
C
C
Th d 5.6
Xc nh i1(0+), i2(0+),
di1
di
(0+ ) , 2 (0+ ) (H 5.8 a)
dt
dt
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
hai -
(a)
(H 5.8)
(b)
Xc nh i1(0+), i2(0+)
T mch tng ng t=0+ (H 5.8b)
A
v
i2(0+)=0
i 1(0+ ) =
R1
di
di
Xc nh 1 (0+ ) , 2 (0+ )
dt
dt
Vit phng trnh vng cho mch khi t>0
1
i 1dt + R1(i 1 i 2 ) = A
C
di
R1(i 1 i 2 ) + R2i 2 + L 2 = 0
dt
(1)
(2)
T (2)
di 2 1
= [R1i 1 ( R1 + R2 )i 2 ]
dt
L
A
di 2
1 A
(0+ ) = R1
0 =
dt
L R1
L
di
di1
1 i1
=
+ R1 2
dt
dt
R1 C
A A
A
1 1 A
di 1
(0+ ) =
+ R1 =
L L CR12
R1 C R1
dt
Th d 5.7
Tr li th d 5.3 dng iu kin u xc nh A1 v A2 trong kt qu ca
in(t)=A1e-t+A2e-2t
i(t)=in(t)=A1e-t+A2e-2t
(1)
A1+A2 = 0
(2)
V t in tng ng vi mch ni tt
1 0
(3)
vC (0+ ) = i dt = 0
C -
Ngoi ra
Ri(0+)=0
(4)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
(5)
i(t)=e-t- e-2t
Th d 5.8
Kha K trong mch (H 5.9a) ng kh lu mch t trng thi thng trc. M
kha K ti thi im t=0, Tnh vK, hiu th ngang qua kha K ti t=0+
(a)
i 1 (0 ) = i L (0 ) =
(H 5.9)
(b)
10
= 5A
2
di L
+ 3i L = 0
dt
iL(0+) = iL(0-) = 5
khi
t>0
t=0+
i L = Ae
3
t
2
A=5
3
t
2
i L = 5e
3
t
v K = 10 + R3 i L = 10 + 15e 2
vK=10+15=25V
L THUYT
10
___________________________________________________ Chng5 Mch in bc
hai nghim ca phng trnh c trng, tc ty thuc cc thng s ca mch. Tnh cht ca p
ng t nhin xc nh d dng nh v tr ca nghim ca phng trnh c trng trn mt
phng phc.
Gi v l 2 s thc, cho bit khong cch t nghim ln lt n trc o v trc
thc.
Ta c cc trng hp sau:
Phng trnh c trng c nghim thc, phn bit s1,2= 1, 2
(H 5.10)
Phng trnh c trng c nghim phc s1,2=- j
(H 5.11)
Phng trnh c trng c nghim kp (H 5.13)
L THUYT
hai +
-
-
(H 5.13)
Th d 5.9
Kho st phng trnh c trng ca mch RLC ni tip.
Khi R thay i v qu tch nghim s trn mt phng phc
di
1
+ Ri + i dt = v(t)
dt
C
Ly o hm 2 v
d 2i R d i
1
1 dv
+
+
i=
2
dt
L dt LC
L dt
Phng trnh c trng
(H 5.14)
s2 +
1
R
=0
s+
LC
L
(1)
(2)
(3)
1
R
v 0 =
, (3) tr thnh
2L
LC
2
s2 + 2s + 0 = 0
(4)
=
* =0 (R=0) s=j0
p ng t nhin l dao ng hnh sin c bin khng i, R=0 c ngha l cng sut khng
tiu tn thnh nhit nn nng lng tch tr ban u khng mt i m c chuyn ha v
trao i qua li gia t in (in trng) v cun dy (t trng).
2
s = j 0 2 = jd
yn(t)=ke-tcos(dt+)
* 0<<0
L THUYT
12
___________________________________________________ Chng5 Mch in bc
1
Mch dao ng hoc tt dn
LC
RC c gi l in tr ti hn
t =
T s gim dao ng
0
s2+20s+02=0
* =0, Dao ng thun ty
* 0<<1, Dao ng tt dn
* >1, Tt dn khng dao ng
* R<0 (hay , <0), phng trnh c trng
c nghim nm 1/2 mt phng phi v p
ng tng khng gii hn, ta ni mch bt
n. in tr m l mt ngun nng lng,
c c do tc dng ca mt ngun ph
thuc ln mt in tr dng. Khi mch th
(H 5.14)
ng c cha ngun nng lng, p ng t
nhin c th c gi tr tng mi theo thi gian v to ra mt s bt n.
5.3.2 p ng p
p ng p ca mt mch chnh l nghim ring ca phng trnh c v 2, n ty
thuc c tn hiu vo v cc thnh phn trong mch in.
Mt trng hp c bit nh hng n p ng p l khi mt s hng ca F(t) c
cng dng ca yn(t). Lc yf(t) c nhn vi t. V phng din vt l, iu ny c ngha l
mch buc phi p ng nh khi khng c tn hiu vo hay ni cch khc mch b kch thch
theo mt trong nhng cch vn chuyn t nhin ca n. Ni nm na l mch p ng nhy
hn bnh thng v iu ny c biu th mt cch ton hc bng cch nhn vi tha s t.
Lu l nng lng tch tr ban u ch nh hng n ln (cc hng s tch phn)
ch khng nh hng n dng ca yn(t). Mt khc, cc hng s tch phn cng ty thuc vo
ngun kch thch v cc thnh phn trong mch. Chnh v nhng l do ny m ngi ta ch
xc nh cc hng s tch phn sau khi c kt qu cui cng (p ng y ). Tm li, khi
tnh ton p ng ca mt mch, cc hng s tch phn c xc nh da trn p ng y
y(t)=yn(t)+yf(t) v cc iu kin ban u.
Ngoi ra, xt n nh hng ca p ng ca mch theo din tin thi gian, ngi ta
chia p ng ca mt mch ra 2 thnh phn: Thnh phn chuyn tip (giao thi, transient
time) v thnh phn thng trc (steady state).
- Thnh phn chuyn tip yt(t): trit tiu sau mt khong thi gian.
- Thnh phn thng trc yss(t): cn li sau khi thnh phn chuyn tip trit tiu.
Nu cc nghim ca phng trnh c trng u 1/2 mt phng tri h v p ng
p khng trit tiu khi t th
yt(t) = yn(t)
yss(t) = yf(t)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
hai -
5.4 P NG P I VI est
Trong phn gii mch in, mt trng hp c bit cn quan tm, l nhng mch
vi tn hiu vo c dng hm m est, s l hng s c lp vi t. Chng ta s xt ngay di y
trng hp ny
Vi x(t) v y(t) ln lt l kch thch v p ng, phng trnh mch in c dng
tng qut
dn y
d n 1y
dy
dmx
d m 1x
dx
a n n + a n 1 n 1 + ............ + a1
+ a 0 y = b m m + b m 1 m 1 + ........... + b1
+ b 0 x (5.14)
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt
Cho x(t) = est yf(t)= H(s)est
Bng cch ly o hm yf(t) thay vo (5.14) ta xc nh c H(s)
b m sm + .....+ b 1s + b 0
H(s) =
(5.15)
an sn + .....+ a1s + a0
H(s) c gi l hm s mch, gi vai tr rt quan trng trong bi ton gii mch.
Quan st (5.15) ta s thy H(s) l t s ca 2 a thc theo s c bc l bc ca o hm
v cc h s chnh l cc h s tng ng ca 2 v ca phng trnh mch in. V vy, khi
c phng trnh mch in ta c th vit ngay ra hm s mch.
Th d 5.9 Tm p ng vo(t) ca mch (H 5.15), cho i(t)=e-t.
(H 5.15)
L THUYT
14
___________________________________________________ Chng5 Mch in bc
hai R
(cost + RCsint)
1 + (RC)2
chnh l p ng p ca mch i vi cost (v cost =Re[ejt ] l phn thc ca ejt )
Re{vof ( t )} =
BI TP
XW
5.1 Cho mch in (H P5.1), kha K ng cho ti khi mch t trng thi thng trc. M
kha K, coi thi im ny l t=0. Xc nh dng iL lc t>0.
5.2 Cho mch in (H P5.2), kha K ng cho ti khi mch t trng thi thng trc. M
kha K, coi thi im ny l t=0.
a. Tm biu thc ca vK, hiu th ngang qua kha K t=0+.
d vK
di
b. Gi s i(0+)=1 A v
(0+ ) = 1 A/s . Xc nh
(0+ )
dt
dt
(H P5.1)
(H P5.2)
(H P5.3)
(H P5.4)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
hai -
(H P5.5)
(H P5.6)
5.7 Mch (H P5.7) t trng thi thng trc t=0- vi kha K v tr 1. Chuyn K sang v
tr 2, thi im t=0. Xc nh i khi t>0
5.8 Mch (H P5.8) t trng thi thng trc t=0. Xc nh v khi t>0
(H P5.7)
(H P5.8)
5.9 Mch (H P5.9) t trng thi thng trc t=0- Vi kha K 1. Ti t=0 bc K sang v tr
2. Xc nh i khi t>0
5.10 Mch (H P5.10) t trng thi thng trc t=0- Xc nh i khi t>0
(H P5.9)
(H P5.10)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
16
___________________________________________________ Chng5 Mch in bc
hai -
Gii
t>0, mch ch cn cun dy v t in mc song song v tch tr nng lng.
Phng trnh vng cho mch
di 1
(1)
L + i dt = 0
dt C
Ly o hm 2 v phng trnh (1)
d 2i 1
L 2 + i =0
dt
C
Thay gi tr ca L v C vo
d 2i
+ 105 i = 0
(2)
dt 2
Phng trnh c trng
s2 + 105 = 0
(3)
Cho nghim
s1,2 = j100 10 = j316
Vy
i(t) = Acos316t + Bsin316t (4)
Xc nh A v B
T mch tng ng t = 0- (H P5.1a)
i(0-) = 10 (A) v v(0-) = 0
T kt qu (4)
i(0+) = i(0-) = A = 10
Ta li c
d i (t)
v(t) = L
dt
di
L THUYT
hai di
di
(5)
(0+ ) =
(0-) = 0
dt
dt
Ly o hm (4), cho t=0 v dng kt qu (5)
di (0)
= 316 B = 0
dt
B=0
Tm li
i(t) = 10cos316t (A)
Hay
5.2 Cho mch in (H P5.2), kha K ng cho ti khi mch t trng thi thng trc. M
kha K, coi thi im ny l t=0.
c. Tm biu thc ca vK, hiu th ngang qua kha K t=0+.
d vK
di
d. Gi s i(0+)=1 A v
(0+ ) = 1 A/s . Xc nh
(0+ )
dt
dt
(H P5.2)
Gii
a. Mch t trng thi thng trc vi kha K ng
V
i(0-) =
R2
Ti t=0+, t in tng ng mch ni tt nn hiu th vK chnh l hiu th 2 u R1
V
vK = R1. i(0+) = R1. i(0-) = R1
.
R2
V
.
vK = R1
R2
d vK
b. Xc nh
(0+ )
dt
Hiu th vK khi t>0 xc nh bi
1
vK = R1. i + i dt
C
Ly o hm 2 v
d vK
di 1
= R1
+ i
dt
dt C
di
Ti t = 0+, thay i(0+)=1 A v
(0+ ) = 1 A/s vo phng trnh
dt
d vK
di
1
1
(0+ ) = R1 (0+ ) + i (0+ ) = R1.( 1) + (1)
dt
dt
C
C
Tm li
dvK
1
(0+ ) = R 1 A/s
dt
C
5.3 Mch (H P5.3). Tm v khi t>0.
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
18
___________________________________________________ Chng5 Mch in bc
hai -
(H P5.3)
Gii
Dng sng ca ngun dng in 100u(-t) c v (H P5.3a) v mch tng ng vi (H
P5.3) c v (H P5.3b)
(H P5.3a)
(H P5.3b)
- Khi t>0, kha K h, mch khng cha ngun ngoi, phng trnh mch in
1
di
(1)
L + Ri + i dt = 0
C
dt
Ly o hm (1) v thay tr s vo
d 2i
di
+ 4.103 + 2.107 i = 0
(2)
2
dt
dt
Phng trnh c trng v nghim
s2 + 4.103 s + 2.107 = 0
(3)
s1,2 = -2000 j4000
Mch khng cha ngun ngoi nn p ng ch l thnh phn t nhin vn
v = vn = e-2000t(Acos4000t + Bsin4000t)
(4)
Xc nh A v B
T mch tng ng t = 0- [(H P5.3) vi t h v cun dy ni tt]
v(0-) = 40.100mA = 4 V v i(0-) = 100 mA = 0,1 A
T kt qu (4)
v(0+) = v(0-) = A = 4
Ta li c
d v(t)
i (t) = i : (t) = C
dt
=- 5.10-6[-2.103e-2000t(Acos4.103t+Bsin4.103t)+ e-2000t(-4.103Asin4.103t+4.103Bcos4.103t)]
Ti
t=0
i(0+) = i(0-) = 0,1 = - 5.10-6(-2.103A + 4.103B)
-A+2B = - 10
Vi A = 4 ta c
B=-3
Tm li
v(t) = e-2000t(4cos4000t - 3sin4000t) (V)
5.4 Cho mch in (H P5.4), kha K ng cho ti khi mch t trng thi thng trc. M
kha K, coi thi im ny l t=0. Tm v khi t>0.
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
hai -
(H P5.4)
Gii
(H P5.4a)
(H P5.4b)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
20
___________________________________________________ Chng5 Mch in bc
hai (H P5.5)
Gii
Ngun u(t) tng ng vi kha K ng lc t=0. Vy y l mch bc 2 khng tch tr
nng lng ban u nhng c ngun ngoi.
p ng v(t) ca mch gm vn v vf.
Xc nh vf
Lc mch t trng thi thng trc, cun dy tng ng mch ni tt v t in tng
ng mch h nn vf=6.4A = 24 V
Xc nh vn
Phng trnh xc nh vn
di
1
L + Ri + i dt = 0
dt
C
Thay L v R vo v ly o hm
d 2i
di 1
+6 + i = 0
2
dt
dt C
(1)
(2)
C=(1/5) F
Phng trnh (2) thnh
d 2i
di
+ 6 + 5i = 0
(3)
2
dt
dt
Phng trnh c trng v nghim
s2 + 6 s + 5 = 0
s1,2 = - 1 & - 5
vn = Ae-t + Be-5t
v(t) = vn + vf = Ae-t + Be-5t + 24
(4)
Ti
t = 0, v(0) = 0 A + B + 24= 0
(5)
Ti
t = 0-, dng qua cun dy l 0, nn lc t = 0+, dng ny cng bng 0, do dng qua
t l 4A (ngun dng)
dv
i C (0+ ) = C (0+ ) = 4
dt
dv
4
(6)
(0+ ) =
dt
C
Ly o hm kt qu (4) ta c
d v( t )
= Ae t 5Be 5t
dt
dv
(0+ ) = A 5B
dt
(6) v (7) cho
4
-A - 5B = = 20
C
Gii h (4) v (8)
A = - 25 v B = 1
Tm li
v(t) = - 25e-t + e-5t + 24 (V)
(7)
(8)
C=(1/10) F
Phng trnh (2) thnh
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
hai d 2i
di
+ 6 + 10i = 0
(3')
2
dt
dt
Phng trnh c trng v nghim
s2 + 6 s + 10 = 0
s1,2 = - 3 j
vn = e-3t(Acost+Bsint)
v(t) = vn + vf = e-3t(Acost+Bsint) + 24 (4')
Dng cc iu kin u nh trn, ta c
Ti
t = 0, v(0) = 0 = A + 24
(5')
A = - 24
T kt qu (4') ta c
d v( t )
= 3e 3t (Acost + Bsint) + e 3t (Asint + Bcost)
dt
dv
(7')
(0+ ) = 3A + B
dt
(6) v (7') cho
-3A +B = 40
(8')
Thay A = - 24 vo (8') ta c
B = - 32
Tm li
v(t) = e-3t(-24cost - 32sint) + 24 (V)
5.6 Cho mch in (H P5.6a). Tm v v i khi t>0
(a)
(H P5.6)
(b)
Gii
Ngun u(t) tng ng vi kha K ng lc t=0. Vy y l mch bc 2 khng tch tr
nng lng ban u nhng c ngun ngoi.
p ng v(t) ca mch gm vn v vf v i(t) ch gm in v if.
Lu l cc p ng t nhin lun c cng dng. Phn khc nhau trong cc p ng l cc
hng s v p ng p.
Xc nh cc p ng p
T mch tng ng khi t trng thi thng trc, ta tnh c
vf = 3.2A = 6 V v if = 2A
Xc nh cc p t nhin
Vit KCL cho mch
1 dv
(1)
+i = 2
20 dt
Vit KVL cho vng bn phi
di
(2)
+ 4i - 2 = v
dt
T (1) suy ra
d 2i
1 dv
1 dv
v 2 =
i=
40 dt
dt
40 dt
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
22
___________________________________________________ Chng5 Mch in bc
(3)
(4)
Xc nh A v B
Ti
t = 0, v(0) = 0 = A + 6
(5')
A=-6
Ti t = 0-, dng qua cun dy l 0, nn lc t = 0+, dng ny cng bng 0, do dng qua t l
2A (ngun)
dv
(6)
i C (0+ ) = C (0+ ) = 2
dt
T kt qu (4) ta c
d v( t )
= 2e 2 t (Acos4t + Bsin4t) + e 2t (4Asin4t + 4Bcos4t)
dt
dv
(7)
(0+ ) = 2A + 4B
dt
(6) v (7) cho
-2A +4B = 40
(8)
Thay A = - 6 vo (8) ta c
B=7
Tm li
v(t) = e-2t(-6cost+7sint) + 6 (V)
Xc nh C v D
i(0) = 0 C+2 = 0 C = -2
Ti t = 0-, dng qua cun dy l 0, nn lc t = 0+, dng ny cng bng 0, do dng qua t l
2A (ngun) to ra in th 2V 2 u in tr 1.y cng chnh l hiu th 2 u cun dy
ti t = 0+
di
(6')
vL (0+ ) = L (0+ ) = 2
dt
T (4') ta c
d i (t )
= 2e 2 t (Ccos4t + Dsin4t) + e 2t (4Csin4t + 4Dcos4t)
dt
di
(7')
(0+ ) = 2C + 4D
dt
(6') v (7') cho
-2C +4D = 2
(8')
Thay C = - 2 vo (8') ta c
1
D=2
Tm li
1
i(t) = e-2t(-2cost - sint) + 2 (A)
2
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
hai 5.7 Mch (H P5.7) t trng thi thng trc t=0- vi kha K v tr 1. Chuyn K sang v tr
2, thi im t=0. Xc nh i khi t>0
(H P5.7)
Gii
Khi t>0, kha K v tr 2, mch khng cha ngun ngoi nhng c tch tr nng lng.
Mch tng ng c v li (H P5.7a)
(H P5.7a)
(H P5.7b)
A+B = 5
(5)
T (2) suy ra
di
(0+ ) = 5i (0+ ) + 2(i 1(0+ ) = - 25 + 25 = 0
dt
Ly o hm kt qu (4) v thay iu kin ny vo
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
24
___________________________________________________ Chng5 Mch in bc
hai -A - 6B = 0
Gii h (5) v (6)
A = 6 v B = - 1
Tm li
i(t)= 6e-t - e-6t (A)
(6)
5.8 Mch (H P5.8) t trng thi thng trc t=0. Xc nh v khi t>0
(H P5.8)
Gii
Khi t>0, kha K m, ta c mch khng cha ngun ngoi
Vit KCL cho mch
v1 v 1 d v1
(1)
+
=0
3
6 dt
v v1 v 1 d v
(2)
+ +
=0
3
2 6 dt
T (2) suy ra
d v1 1 d v d 2v
1
dv
)
= (5
+
v1 = (5v + ) v
dt
2 dt dt 2
2
dt
Thay cc tr ny vo (1), sau khi rt gn
d 2v
dv
+7
+ 6v = 0
(3)
2
dt
dt
Phng trnh c trng v nghim
s2 + 7s + 6 = 0
s1,2 = - 1 & - 6
-t
-6t
(4)
v = Ae + Be
Xc nh A v B
T mch tng ng t = 0- ((H P5.8), trong cc t l mch h) ta c
in tr tng ng ca mch
Rt= 3(3+2)/(3+2+3) = (15/8)
v1(0-) = 20A(15/8) = 75/2 V
2
= 15 V
v
v0-) = (75/2V)
2 + 3
v(0+) = v(0-) = 15
A+B = 15
(5)
T (2) suy ra
dv
(0+ ) = 5v(0+ ) + 2v1(0+ ) = - 75 + 75 = 0
dt
Ly o hm kt qu (4) v thay iu kin ny vo
-A - 6B = 0
(6)
Gii h (5) v (6)
A = 18 v B = - 3
Tm li
v(t)= 18e-t - 3e-6t
(V)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
hai 5.9 Mch (H P5.9) t trng thi thng trc t=0- Vi kha K 1. Ti t=0 bc K sang v tr
2. Xc nh i khi t>0
(H P5.9)
Gii
Khi t>0, kha K v tr 2, ta c mch khng cha ngun ngoi v tch tr nng lng ban
u. p ng chnh l p ng t nhin.
Mch tng ng t>0 tr thnh mch (H P5.9a) v c v li (H P5.9b)
(H P5.9a)
(H P5.9b)
(1)
(3)
(4)
Xc nh A v B
T mch tng ng t = 0- (H P5.9c)
(H P5.9c)
L THUYT
26
___________________________________________________ Chng5 Mch in bc
(H P5.10)
Gii
Khi t>0, kha K h, ta c mch khng cha ngun ngoi v tch tr nng lng ban u.
p ng chnh l p ng t nhin.
Mch tng ng t>0 tr thnh mch (H P5.10a) v c v li (H P5.10b), trong
nhm in tr ca mch tng ng mt in tr duy nht = 10
(H P5.10a)
(H P5.10b)
(H P5.10c)
L THUYT
hai 6
1 5
= 5. = A
6 + 24 + 6
6 6
vC(0-) = 50V - 3.5A - 6 (5/6A) =30 V (4)
Ti t = 0+
di
(5)
vC (0+ ) =
(0+ ) + 10i (0+ )
dt
T kt qu (3) cho
di
= 5e 5t (Acos5t + Bsin5t) + e 5t (-5Asin5t + 5Bcos5t)
dt
di
(6)
(0+ ) =-5A + 5B
dt
(5) v (6) cho
-5A +5B + 10x5 = 30
(7)
Thay A = 5 vo (7) ta c
B=1
Tm li
i(t) = e-5t(5cost +sint) (A)
i 1(0 ) = i( 0 )
5.11 Mch (H P5.11) t trng thi thng trc t=0- Xc nh i khi t>0
5.12 Mch (H P5.12) t trng thi thng trc t=0- Xc nh v1 v v2 khi t>0
(H P5.11)
(H P5.12)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
trc AC -
CHNG 6
TRNG THI THNG TRC AC
PHNG PHP C IN - DNG PHNG TRNH VI PHN
PHNG PHP DNG S PHC
S lc v s phc
Dng s phc gii mch
VECT PHA
H THC V-I CA CC PHN T R, L, C.
TNG TR V TNG DN PHC
PHNG PHP TNG QUT GII MCH C KCH THCH HNH SIN
MCH KCH THCH BI NHIU NGUN C TN S KHC NHAU
(H 6.1)
(1)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
trc AC p ng p c dng:
i(t)=Acost+Bsint
Ly o hm (2), thay vo (1), suy ra c A v B
RV
A = 2
R + 2L2
LV
B= 2
R + 2L2
LV
RV
Vy i(t)= 2
cost+ 2
sint
2 2
R + L
R + 2L2
Thng ta hay vit i(t) di dng
i(t)=Icos(t+)
Vy, dng bin i lng gic cho h thc (5)
V
L
i (t) =
cos(t tan 1
)
2
2 2
R
R + L
V
L
Trong
v = tan 1
I=
R
R2 + 2L2
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(6.1)
M
Z
)
Thc
(a)
Thc
(b)
(H 6.2)
L THUYT
trc AC -
Z = x 2 + y2
Z= x +y e
2
= tan 1
tan 1
y
x
y
x
(6.5)
(6.5) l cch vit s phc di dng cc nh cc thnh phn trong dng ch nht.
(6.6)
(6.7)
(6.8)
(6.9)
(6.10)
(6.11)
(6.12)
L THUYT
trc AC Hay
j( t tan 1
i 1(t) =
R2 + 2L2
L
)
R
Re[i 1 (t) ] =
Phn thc:
R + L
So snh vi kt qu trc y:
Re[i1(t)]=i(t)
Tht vy, ly phn thc ca phng trnh (2)
d i (t)
dRe[i 1(t) ]
L
+ R.Re[i 1(t) ] = Re[v1 (t) ]
dt
Thay Re[i1(t)]=i(t) v Re[v1(t)]= Vcost
2 2
cos(t tan 1
L
)
R
d i (t)
+ Ri (t) = Vcost
dt
Nh vy:
Re[i1(t)] chnh l p ng ca mch vi kch thch l Re[v1(t)]=Re[Vejt]=Vcost
Th d 6.2
Xc nh v(t) ca mch (H 6.3), cho ngun kch thch i(t)=Isin(t+)
(H 6.3)
LRIe j jt
e
R + jL
v1(t) =
LRI
j( t + tan 1
R2 + 2L2
v(t)=Re[v1(t)]=
LRI
R + L
2
2 2
L
)
R
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
trc AC -
V =Vej = V
dV
= j V = V + 90 o
dt
1
V
o
V dt = j V = 90
Gii li Th d 6.1 bng cch dng vect pha
Phng trnh mch in
d i (t)
L
+ Ri (t) = Vcost
dt
Vit li phng trnh (1) di dng vect pha:
dI
+ RI = V
L
dt
Vi V= V0o
v
I= I
(6.13)
(6.14)
(1)
(2)
dI
= jI vo (2)
dt
jL I +R I = V
Phng trnh (3) cho:
V
V 0o
I=
=
R + jL
R2 + 2L2 tan 1(L/R)
Hay
V
I=
tan 1 (L/R)
2
2 2
R + L
Hm i(t) tng ng ca vect pha I l:
V
i (t) =
cos[t - tan 1(L/R)]
2
2 2
R + L
Thay
(3)
(4)
(5)
(1)
i(t)=Isin(t+)=Icos(t+-90o) I = I-90o
Thay v v i bng cc vect pha tng ng:
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
trc AC V
V
+
=I
R j L
R + j L
Hay
V =I
jRL
jRL I
V=
R + jL
S phc tng ng:
LRI
V=
90o tan 1 (L/R) + 90o
2
2 2
R + L
V p ng ca bi ton:
LRI
v( t ) =
cos[t + tan 1 (L/R)]
2
2 2
R + L
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Th d 6.3
Cho mch (H 6.4) vi v(t)=Vcos(t+), xc nh dng i(t)
(H 6.4)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
I= H(j).V=
(5)
(6)
V
R + (L - 1/ C)2
L - 1/ C
V
= tan 1
R
Kt qu p ng ca mch l:
2
(7)
(8)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
trc AC i (t) =
V
R + (L - 1/ C)
2
cos[t + tan 1
L - 1/ C
]
R
(9)
H thc
v(t)=Ri(t)
V =R I
=
(H 6.5)
Cun dy
H thc v(t) = L
d i (t)
V =jL I
dt
V=LI
&
=+90o
&
=-90o
(H 6.6)
T in
H thc i (t) = C
d v(t)
I =jC V
dt
I=CV
(H 6.7)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
trc AC -
Y
X
)Z
)Y
=0
=0
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
(H 6.9)
(H 6.10)
Z = R2 + (L - 1/ C)2
L - 1/ C
R
Vect pha biu din dng in:
V
I = =I=I-Z
Z
Trong
Z = tan 1
(4)
(5)
(6)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
trc AC I =
(7)
R2 + (L - 1/ C)2
L - 1/ C
=-Z= tan 1
R
Kt qu p ng ca mch l:
i(t)=
V
R2 + (L - 1/ C)2
(8)
cos(t+ tan 1
L - 1/ C
)
R
(9)
(H 6.11)
Th d 6.5
Tm tng tr vo ca mch (H 6.12a)
(a)
(H 6.12)
(b)
(1)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
trc AC Z = 2+
4 + j(-83 + 6)
2 + 4(2 1) 2
84 142 + 12
(-82 + 6)
+
j
= R+jX
(2)
2 + 4(2 1) 2
2 + 4(2 1) 2
T kt qu ta nhn thy:
R lun lun dng
X thay i theo
3
*<
, X >0 Mch c tnh in cm
2
3
, X<0, Mch c tnh in dung
* >
2
3
* =
, X=0, Mch l in tr thun Z = R = 6
2
Z=
(H 6.13)
Phng php 1: Tnh tng tr tng ng
(H 6.14)
Z1=1/2+j2+1/2=1+j2
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
Z2 =
Va 10 20 Va
Va
+
+
=0
j
1 j 1/2 + j2 + 1/2
Va = 8,75 17,7
0,5
Vo = (
)Va = 1,96 81,3
1 + j2
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
trc AC -
(a)
(H 6.17)
(b)
vo1(t)=
vi1 =
3=
4 + 1/2
4 + 1/2
3
i vi cc thnh phn hnh sin, v li mch lnh vc tn s (H 6.17b)
Vit phng trnh nt ti a
Va V1 Va
V
1
1
+
+ a = 0 Va =
V1 =
V1
2
4 + j 1/2 1/j
1 + (4 + j)( 2 + j)
9 - + j6
* Vi vi2(t)=10cost Vi2=100
100
Va2 =
= 1 36,9
8 + j6
vo2(t)=cos(t-36,9o) V
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
trc AC -
BI TP
-oo6.1 Cho mch (H P6.1), tm p ng v1 vi ngun 2ej8t
Dng kt qu ny xc nh p ng v1 i vi:
a. Ngun 2cos8t (A)
b. Ngun 2sin8t (A)
(H P6.1)
6.2 Tm dng in i(t) trng thi thng trc AC ca mch (H P6.2) trong 2 trng hp
a. =4 rad/s
b. = 2 rad/s
(H P6.2)
(H P 6.3)
6.3 Mch (H P6.3). Xc nh C sao cho tng tr nhn t ngun c gi tr thc. Xc nh cng
sut tiu th bi in tr 6 trong trng hp ny.
6.4 Mch (H P6.4). Xc nh dng in i v i1 trng thi thng trc
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
trc AC -
(H P6.4)
(H P 6.5)
6.5 Mch (H P6.5). Xc nh v trng thi thng trc. Cho vg=10cos10.000t (V)
6.6 Mch (H P6.6). Xc nh p ng y ca i nu i(0)=2A v v(0)=6V.
(H P6.6)
(H P6.7)
6.7 Mch (H P6.7). Xc nh v trng thi thng trc. Cho vg=20cos2t (V)
6.8 Mch (H P6.8). Xc nh i trng thi thng trc.
(H P6.8)
(H P6.9)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
trc AC -
(H P6.10)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
________________________________________________________Chng 7 Tn s
phc -
CHNG 7
TN S PHC
TN HIU HNH SIN C BIN THAY I THEO HM M
TN S PHC
TNG TR V TNG DN
HM S MCH
Cc v Zero ca hm s mch
Xc nh p ng t nhin nh hm s mch
Hm s ng vo v hm s truyn
___________________________________________________________________________
Chng ny xt n p ng p ca mch vi kch thch l tn hiu hnh sin c bin
thay i theo hm m. Cc tn hiu cp n trc y (DC, sin, m . . .) tht ra l cc
trng hp c bit ca tn hiu ny, v vy, y l bi ton tng qut nht v kt qu c th
c p dng gii cc bi ton vi cc tn hiu vo khc nhau.
Chng ta cng s nghin cu k hn v hm s mch, nh khi nim cc v zero,
thy vai tr quan trng ca n trong vic xc nh p ng ca mch.
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
________________________________________________________Chng 7 Tn s
phc -
(H 7.1)
3A+4B=25
(3)
-4A+3B=0
(4)
Gii (3) v (4) c A=3 v B=4
Vy
i(t)= e-t(3cos2t+4sin2t)
Hay
i(t)= 5e-t(cos2t-53,1o)
Nh vy p ng p i vi tn hiu hnh sin c bin gim dn cng l tn hiu hnh
sin c bin gim dn.
frequency)
L THUYT
________________________________________________________Chng 7 Tn s
phc -
v(t)= Vetcos(t+)
(7.5)
Do tnh cht v cc php tnh trn hm sin c bin thay i theo hm m khng
khc g vi hm sin nn ta c th m rng khi nim vect pha cho trng hp ny.
Vit li (7.5)
v(t) = Vetcos(t+)
= Re[Vetej(t+)]
= Re[Veje(+j)t]
Nu chng ta nh ngha
s= +j
(7.6)
Ta c
v(t)= Re[Vejest]=Re[V est]
(7.7)
So snh (7.7) v (7.4) ta thy h thc (7.7) chnh l (7.4) trong j c thay th
bi s= +j. iu ny c th dn n kt lun: Nhng g thc hin c vi hm sin cng
thc hin c vi hm sin c bin thay i theo hm m.
phn bit hai trng hp ta c th dng k hiu V(s) v V(j)
Th d, vect pha c trng cho
v(t)=25e-tcos2t l V (s)=250o vi s= +j=-1+j2
Do s l mt s phc c th nguyn l tn s nn c gi l tn s phc.
Cc thnh phn ca s l
= Re[s]
Np/s
=Im[s]
rad/s
Th d 7.2
Tm p ng p vO(t) ca mch (H 7.3). Cho i(t)=e-tcost
Vit KCL cho mch
d vO
+ 3vO = i (t)
dt
Thay cc vect pha tng ng
sVO(s)+3VO(s) = I (s)
I (s)
VO (s) =
s+ 3
Vi s=-1+j, I(s)=10o
(H 7.3)
10
10
VO (s) =
=
2+ j
526,5
1
1 t
VO (s) =
26,5
v
vO (t) =
e cos(t 26,5)
5
5
V (s)
I (s)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
________________________________________________________Chng 7 Tn s
phc -
(H 7.4)
Th d 7.4
Tm p ng p vO(t) ca mch (H 7.5). Cho vg(t)=e-2tcos4t (V)
(H 7.5)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
________________________________________________________Chng 7 Tn s
phc -
(H 7.6)
Xc nh H (s) =
(a)
(H 7.7)
(b)
L THUYT
________________________________________________________Chng 7 Tn s
phc -
V (s) =
H (j10) =
25(j10+ 10)
= 0,196 101,3
(j10) + 20(j10)2 + 200(j10)+ 500
3
VO(s)=H(s).Vi(s)=0,196-101,3O. 1020O=1,96-81,3O
vO(t)= 1,96(cos10t-81,3o) (V)
c. vi(t)= 10e-t (V)
Vi(s)=10 v s=-1+j0=-1
Hm s mch H(s) tr thnh
H (-1) =
25(-1+ 10)
= 0,705
(-1)3 + 20(-1)2 + 200(-1)+ 500
VO(s)=H(s).Vi(s)=0,705. 10=7,05
vO(t)= 7,05e-t (V)
d. vi(t)= 10 (V)
Vi(s)=10 v s=0
Hm s mch H(s) tr thnh
25(0+ 10)
= 0,5
(0) + 20(0)2 + 200(0)+ 500
VO(s)=H(s).Vi(s)=0,5. 10=5
vO(t)= 5 (V)
H (0) =
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
________________________________________________________Chng 7 Tn s
phc -
7.4 HM S MCH
7.4.1 Cc v Zero ca hm s mch
Khi nim hm s mch c m rng cho lnh vc tn s v n vn c xc nh nh
trc y (chng 5)
H (s) =
H (s) = K
(s - z 1 )(s - z 2 ).....(s- z m )
(s - p 1 )(s - p 2 ).....(s- p n )
H (s) =
6(s+ 1)(s2 + 2s + 2)
s(s+ 2)(s2 + 4s + 13)
Vit li H(s)
H (s) =
L THUYT
________________________________________________________Chng 7 Tn s
phc -
H (s) =
7s(s+ 3)2
(s + 1 - j)2 (s + 1 + j)2
Hm s mch ny c:
* Zero bc 1 ti s=0 v Zero bc 2 ti s=-3
* Cc bc 2 ti s=-1+j v -1-j
* Ngoi ra khi s , H(s) =7/s 0 nn H(s)
c mt Zero v cc
Gin Cc v Zero ca H(s) (H 7.9)
7.4.2 Xc nh p ng t nhin t
hm s mch
(H 7.9)
d y
d n 1y
dy
dmx
d m 1x
dx
+ b0 x
a n n + a n 1 n 1 + .............. + a1 + a 0 y = b m m + b m 1 m 1 + ............. + b1
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt
n
y n ( t ) = k 1e s1t + k 2 e s 2 t ..... + k n e s n t
(H 7.10)
Xt mt lng cc (H 7.10)
Nu kch thch l ngun dng in th p ng l hiu th v Hm ng vo l tng tr
Z(s)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
________________________________________________________Chng 7 Tn s
phc -
V (s)
I (s)
Z(s) =
Y(s) =
I (s)
1
=
Z(s) V (s)
(a)
(H 7.11)
(b)
V 2 (s)
5 + 2/s
I 2 (s) = g m V 1 (s)
V 2 (s) V 1 (s) = - I 1 (s)
(1)
(2)
(3)
V
Thay (2) v (3) vo (1)
V (s)
6s + 2
Z(s) = 1 =
I 1 (s) (1 + 5gm )s + 2gm
p ng t nhin xc nh bi Cc ca Z(s)
- 2gm
p1 =
1 + 5gm
p1 l s thc nn iu kin mch n nh l p1< 0
-2gm(1+5gm)<0 hay gm <-1/5 v gm>0.
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
________________________________________________________Chng 7 Tn s
phc -
10
7.4.3.2 Hm truyn
(H 7.12)
(H 7.13)
(H 7.14)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
________________________________________________________Chng 7 Tn s
phc -
V2
V
V
V A V2
+ 2 + 2 + 2
= I1
s/2 1/s 1/2
1
Hm truyn
V (s)
s
H (s) = 2 = 2
I 1 (s) s + (3 A)s + 2
Cc ca H(s) ty gi tr ca A
Nghim ca D(s)=0
s2+(3-A)s+2=0
=(3-A)2-8=A2-6A+1
0 khi A 3 2 2 hay A 3 + 2 2
Khi A bin thin t 0 ta c cc trng hp sau:
11
(1)
(2)
(3)
(H 7.15)
L THUYT
________________________________________________________Chng 7 Tn s
phc -
12
* A<3: Mch n nh
* A=3: Mch dao ng vi tn s = 2 rad/s
* A>3 : Mch dao ng vi bin tng dn (bt n)
(H 7.15) cho v tr cc Cc theo tr ca A, gi l hnh qu tch nghim.
BI TP
--o0o-7.1 Xc nh p ng p v(t) ca mch (H P7.1). Cho vg1=4e-2tcos(t-45o) V v ig2=2e-tA
7.2 Mch (H P7.2). Xc nh H(s)=Vo(s)/Vi(s). Suy ra p ng p vo(t) nu vi=5cost V
(H P7.1)
(H P7.2)
(H P7.3)
(H P7.4)
1
Z2 +
1
Y3 +
1
Y5
(H P7.5)
7.6 Dng kt qu bi 7.5 xc nh tng tr vo ca
mch (H P7.6), sau xc nh p ng p v(t). Cho ig=5e-2tcost (A)
Z4 +
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
________________________________________________________Chng 7 Tn s
phc -
13
(H P7.6)
(H P7.7)
(H P7.8)
(H P7.9)
(H P7.10)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
________________________________________________________Chng 7 Tn s
phc -
14
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
_____________________________________________________Chng 8 p ng tn s 1
CHNG 8
P NG TN S
P TUYN TN S
DNG GIN CC-ZERO V P TUYN TN S
MCH LC
CNG HNG
H S PHM
T L HA HM S MCH
Qui t l tng tr
Qui t l tn s
DECIBEL
Chng ta quay li vi mch kch thch bi ngun hnh sin v dng hm s mch
kho st tnh cht ca mch khi tn s tn hiu vo thay i.
i tng ca s kho st s l cc mch lc, loi mch ch cho qua mt khong tn
s xc nh. Tnh cht ca mch lc s th hin r nt khi ta v c p tuyn tn s ca
chng.
Cc i lng lin quan n tnh cht ca mch nh h s phm, rng bng tn
cng c gii thiu y.
Cui cng chng ta s gii thiu phng php qui t l hm s mch (network
scaling) t c cc mch in vi cc phn t c gi tr thc t.
8.1 P TUYN TN S
Hm s mch ca mch c kch thch hnh sin l H(j), thng l mt s phc nn ta
c th vit:
H(j)= Re[H(j)]+jIm[H(j)]
(8.1)
Hay di dng cc
(8.2)
H(j)= |H(j)|ej()
|H(j)| l bin v () l pha ca H(j)
|H(j)| = Re[H (j)] 2 + Im[ H (j)] 2
(8.3)
Im[ H (j)]
(8.4)
Re[H (j)]
Ta gi p tuyn tn s ch cc ng biu din ca bin H(j) v gc pha
() theo tn s .
Cc ng biu din ny c gi l p tuyn bin v p tuyn pha
() = tan 1
Th d 8.1
V p tuyn tn s ca hm s mch H (j) =
V 2 (j)
ca mch (H 8.1)
I 1(j)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
_____________________________________________________Chng 8 p ng tn s 2
(H 8.1)
Ta c
H (j) =
H (j) =
V 2 (j)
1
=
I 1(j) 1/R + j(C 1/ L)
1
(1/R) 2 + (C 1/ L) 2
() = tan 1R(C 1/ L)
(a)
(H 8.2)
(b)
(8.5)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
_____________________________________________________Chng 8 p ng tn s 3
Nu cc Cc v Zero c din t trn mt phng phc bi cc vect th cc tha s
(s-z) cng c din t bi cc vect. (H 8.3) l mt th d
(H 8.3)
z1.
Trn th, tr s c ghi bng mt chm m, vect v t z1 n s din t tha s sSut v gc pha ca tha s ny l |s-z1| v gc hp bi vect s z 1 vi trc thc.
Nh vy sut v gc pha ca H(s) xc nh bi
s - z 1 s - z 2 .....s - z m
(8.6)
H (s) = K
s - p 1 s - p 2 .....s - p n
H (s) =
25(s+ 10)
khi s=j10
s + 20s2 + 200s+ 500
25(s+ 10)
H (s) =
(s + 3,52)(s+ 8,24- j8,61)(s+ 8,24+ j8,61)
3
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
_____________________________________________________Chng 8 p ng tn s 4
(H 8.4)
T cc gi tr trn th ta tnh c
25.14,1
H (j10) =
= 0,196
10,6.20,2.8,36
(10)=45o-(70,6 o +66,1 o +9,6 o)=-101,3 o
H(j10)=0,196-101,3 o
Th d 8.3
V p tuyn tn s mch (H 8.5)
(H 8.5)
(H 8.6)
Hm s truyn ca mch
1
1
V (s)
H (s) = o =
Vi (s) RC s p 1
Vi p1=-1/RC
Gin Cc-Zero v (H 8.6)
v p tuyn, thay s=j vo hm s mch. Trn th s nm trn trc o cch gc
O on bng . Khi thay i t 0, im s di chuyn trn trc o t gc O ra v cng.
s-p1=1/RC0 o
|H(j)|=1 v ()=0 o
o
o
* =1/RC=C s-p1= 2 /RC45 |H(j)|=1/ 2 v ()=-45
o
*
s-p190
|H(j)|0 v ()-90 o
p tuyn tn s v (H 8.7)
Ti
* =0,
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
_____________________________________________________Chng 8 p ng tn s 5
(H 8.7)
Th d 8.4
Xc nh hm s truyn Vo(s)/Vi(s) ca mch (H 8.8). V p tuyn tn s trong 2 trng hp
* =o
* <<o
Trong =R/2L & o2=1/LC
(H 8.8)
Ta c
Vi (s)
1
R + sL + 1/sC sC
V i (s)
= 2
s LC + sRC + 1
V (s)
1/LC
H (s) = o = 2
V i (s) s + sR/L + 1/LC
Vo (s) =
0
H (s) = 2
2
s + 2s + 0
=o
2
H (s) =
(s + ) 2
H(s) c mt cc kp ti s=-. Gin Cc-Zero gm 2 vect trng nhau (H8.9a). Cc
p tuyn tn s v (H 8.9b) v (H 8.9c)
|H(j)| = 1 v ()=0 o
* =0, |s-p1|=|s-p2| =
* = |s-p1|=|s-p2| = 2
|H(j)| = 1/2 v ()=-90 o
* |s-p1|=|s-p2|
|H(j)| 0 v ()-180 o
2
(a)
(b)
(c)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
_____________________________________________________Chng 8 p ng tn s 6
(H 8.9)
<< o
H (j) max =
=
= o
s p 1 s p 2 .2 o 2
v
()=-90 o
(H 8 10)
180 o
* rt ln ()
|s-p1|=|s-p2| ( s-p1) = ( s-p2) +90 o
|H(j)| 0 v () -
p tuyn tn s v (H 8.11)
(H 8.11)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
_____________________________________________________Chng 8 p ng tn s 7
8.3 MCH LC
p tuyn ca mch lc di thng
Xt mch th d 8.1, |H(j)| c tr cc i ti =o.
Di tn s qua mch lc xc nh bi c1 c2
Trong c1 v c2 l cc tn s ct, xc nh ti im m bin tn hiu ra bng 1/ 2 ln
bin ra cc i (hay |H(j)|=( 1/ 2 )|H(j)|max).
Bng thng hay rng bng tn c nh ngha:
BW=c2-c1
Mch trong th d 8.4 cng l mch lc di thng, c
Tn s gia o =
1
,
LC
Tn s ct l o ,
rng bng tn BW=2 (H 8.12).
(H 8.12)
(H 8.13)
(H 8.14)
(H 8.15)
L THUYT
_____________________________________________________Chng 8 p ng tn s 8
Mch th d 8.1, |H(j)| c tr cc i ti =o.
1
o =
l tn s cng hng ca mch.
LC
Ti tn s ny tng tr ca mch Z(s)=R, cng t tr cc i.
* i vi mch RLC mc song song (xem th d 8.1), cc Cc ca hm s mch xc nh bi
P1,2= - jd
Trong =
o =
1
v d = o 2 2
2RC
1
l tn s cng hng
LC
(H 8.16)
1
tng ng vi tr cc i ca |Y(j)| l 1/R
LC
Khi c cng hng xy ra , tc dng ca cc phn t L v C trit tiu vi nhau v mch tng
ng vi mt in tr thun.
8.5 H S PHM
Tng qut, hm s mch ca mt mch lc di thng bc 2 c dng:
H (s) =
Ks
s + as + b
2
(8.10)
ti tn s cng hng o= b
a
Tn s ct xc nh bi:
K
H
K
K
hay
H (j c ) = max =
=
2
2
2
2
a 2
a 2
a + [(b - c ) / c ]
H (j) max =
(8.11)
iu ny t c khi
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
_____________________________________________________Chng 8 p ng tn s 9
b c
2
= a hay c ac b = 0
c
Phng trnh c 4 nghim, ta ly 2 nghim dng
2
a + a2 + 4b
a + a2 + 4b
v c2 =
2
2
rng bng tn
BW=c2-c1=a
Thay cc gi tr va xc nh c vo (8.10)
c1 =
H (s) =
(8.12)
Ks
2
s + BWs + o
2
o
BW
(8.13)
H (s) =
Ks
2
s2 + o s + o
Q
(8.14)
v
o
1
2
+ o + ( o )2 = o + o 1 + ( ) 2
2Q
2Q
2Q
2Q
Nu Q ln (Q>>5) 1/2Q<<1, h thc (8.15) tr thnh
c1 , c2 =
c1 , c 2 =
BW
o
+ o = o m
2Q
2
(8.15)
(8.16)
Hay
BW
BW
v c2 = o +
2
2
c2 v c1 cch u o. p tuyn bin gn i xng.
c1 = o
a + a2 + 4b 0,2 + 0,04+ 4
c1 =
=
= 0,905 rad/s
2
2
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
_____________________________________________________Chng 8 p ng tn s 10
a + a2 + 4b 0,2 + 0,04+ 4
c2 =
=
= 1,105 rad/s
2
2
Bng thng
BW=c2- c1=0,2 rad/s
h s phm
1
Q= o =
=5
BW 0,2
Nu xem Q=5 l ln, ta dng (8.16) xc nh c2 v c1
BW
0,2
c1 = o
= 1
= 0,9 rad/s
2
2
BW
0,2
c2 = o +
= 1+
= 1,1 rad/s
2
2
So vi cc kt qu trn, sai bit khong 0,5%.
network function)
Tng tr ca mch
Qui t l vi h s Ki
1
sC'
Z(s)=KiZ(s)
Z(s) = K i ( R'+sL'+
1
)
sC'
1
sC'/K i
Cc phn t R, L, C ca mch sau khi qui t l tha h thc
1
Z(s) = R + sL +
sC
Ta thy ngay
R=KiR L=KiL
C=C/Ki
Nh vy, qui t l tng tr ca mch vi h s Ki ta nhn R v L vi Ki v chia C
cho Ki
i vi ngun ph thuc, s qui t l ty vo n v ca h s ca ngun, nu h s
ca ngun c n v tng tr, ta nhn cho Ki , nu l tng dn, ta chia cho Ki.
Z(s) = K i R'+ sK i L' +
8.6.2 Qui t l tn s
Khi qui t l tn s cho mt mch, gi tr ca hm s mch phi khng i
Gi s hm s mch l H(S) vi S=j
Sau khi qui t l, mch lm vic vi tn s =Kf.
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
_____________________________________________________Chng 8 p ng tn s 11
Kf l h s qui t l tn s.
H(S)= H(s) vi S=s/ Kf
Gi R, L, C l cc gi tr trc khi qui t l
Gi R, L, C l cc gi tr sau khi qui t l.
hm s mch khng i, cc tng tr ZR, ZL, ZC phi khng i sau khi qui t l,
ngha l ta phi c:
S
L'
sL=SL hay L= L ' =
s
Kf
R=R
1
1
S
C'
V
hay C= C' =
=
s
Kf
sC SC'
Tm li, qui t l tn s cho mch, ta chia L v C cho Kf v gi nguyn R.
Th d 8.6
Xc nh hm s mch H (s) =
Vo (s)
ca mch (H 8.17)
Vi (s)
(H 8.17)
Vo (s)
2
= 2
Vi (s) s + 2s + 2
Thay s=j
2
H (j) =
(2 - ) + 42
2 2
H (j) =
1 + 4 / 4
|H(j)| gim khi tng, y l mch lc h thng
Tn s ct xc nh bi
H (jc ) =
c4=4
H (j) max
2
1
2
hay
1
1 + c / 4
4
1
2
c = 2 rad/s
2
2 2
() = tan 1
=0
|H(j)| =1 v ()=0 o
=C =
|H(j)| =1/ 2 v ()=-90 o
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
_____________________________________________________Chng 8 p ng tn s 12
p tuyn
|H(j)|0 v ()-180 o
(H 8.18)
(H 8.19)
R=1 1x500=500
2K i 2x500
=
= 10 3 H=1mH
6
Kf
10
Mch qui t l (H 8.19) v p tuyn (H 8.20)
L=2H
(H 8.20)
8.7 DECIBEL
Thnh gic ca con ngi nhy cm theo m thanh c tnh phi tuyn: nhy t l vi
logarit ca bin .
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
_____________________________________________________Chng 8 p ng tn s 13
so snh m thanh ngi ta dng logarit ca hm s mch (tc li ca mch)
thay v dng hm s mch v n v c tnh bng Decibel (dB)
dB=20log10|H(j)|
n v c bit n u tin l Bel, nh ngha bi Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922).
Bel c nh ngha nh l mt n v cng sut
P
Bel = log 10 2
P1
V Bel l n v qu ln nn ngi ta dng dB (1dB=1/10Bel)
P
dB = 10log 10 2
P1
Nu P2 v P1 l cng sut trung bnh trn cng tng tr th:
dB = 10log10
P2
V
V
= 10log10 ( 2 ) 2 = 20log10 ( 2 )
P1
V1
V1
() = 20log 10
1
= 20log(1 + 4 )1/2
H ( j)
(H 8.21)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
_____________________________________________________Chng 8 p ng tn s 14
BI TP
--o0o-8.1 Chng t mch in c hm s mch di y l mch lc thng thng.
2s2
H (s) = 2
s + s + 0,5
Tm |H(j)|MAX v c
8.2 Chng t mch in c hm s mch di y l mch lc di loi. Tm |H(j)|MIN v o,
c1, c2
3(s2 + 25)
H (s) = 2
s + s + 25
V o (s)
V i (s)
8.4 Mch RLC ni tip vi R=1, L=1/2 H v C=0,02 F (H P8.4).
Xc nh H(s)=Vo(s)/Vi(s). V p tuyn tn s ca mch. Xc nh o, bin H(j)
cc i v gc pha bng 0. Xc nh c1, c2
8.3 Mch (H 8.P3). Xc nh H (s) =
(H P8.3)
(H P8.4)
(H P8.5)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
_____________________________________________________Chng 8 p ng tn s 15
8.6 Mch (H P8.6). Xc nh H(s)=Vo(s)/Vi(s).
Chng t y l mch lc di thng. Tm li, bng thng v tn s gia ?
(H P8.6)
(a)
(H P8.7)
(b)
(H P8.8)
L THUYT
_____________________________________________________Chng 8 p ng tn s 16
(H P8.9)
(H P8.10)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
___________________________________________________________Chng 9 T cc1
-
CHNG 9
T CC
QUAN H GIA CC BIN S CA T CC
THNG S TNG DN MCH NI TT Y
THNG S TNG TR MCH H Z
Quan h gi thng Y v thng s Z
Thay mt mch tht bng mt t cc
THNG S TRUYN A, B, C, D & A', B', C', D'
Thng s truyn
Thng s truyn ngc
Quan h gi thng s truyn v thng s Z
THNG S HN TP h & g
Thng s h
Thng s g
GHP T CC
Ghp chui
Ghp song song
Ghp ni tip
(H 9.1)
Bin s c lp
Hm s
Phng trnh
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
2___________________________________________________________Chng 9 T cc
Tng tr mch h
I1, I2
V1, V2
V1, V2
I1, I2
V 1 = z 11I 1 + z 12 I 2
V 2 = z 21I 1 + z 22 I 2
Tng dn mch ni tt
I 1 = y 11 V 1 + y 12 V 2
I 2 = y 21 V1 + y 22 V 2
Truyn
V2, I2
V1, I1
Truyn ngc
V1, I1
V2, I2
V1 = AV 2 BI 2
I 1 = CV2 DI 2
V 2 = A' V 1 B' I 1
I 2 = C' V 1 D' I 1
Hn tp
V2, I1
V 1 = h 11I 1 + h 12 V 2
V1, I2
I 2 = h 21I 1 + h 22 V 2
Hn tp ngc
V1, I2
I 1 = g 11 V 1 + g 12 I 2
V2, I1
V 2 = g 21 V 1 + g 22 I 2
Bng 9.1 Cc loi thng s v phng trnh tng ng
admittance parameter)
y l loi thng s c th nguyn ca tng dn v khi xc nh cn ni tt mt trong
cc ng vo hoc ra.
Phng trnh din t t cc bng thng s tng dn mch ni tt
I 1 = y 11 V 1 + y 12 V 2
hay
I 2 = y 21 V 1 + y 22 V 2
(a)
I 1 y 11
I = y
2 21
(H 9.2)
y 12 V1
y 22 V 2
(9.1)
(b)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
___________________________________________________________Chng 9 T cc3
-
(H 9.3)
V1 z 11
hay =
V 2 = z 21I 1 + z 22I 2
V 2 z 21
(a)
(H 9.4)
z 12 I 1
z 22 I 2
(9.2)
(b)
(H 9.5)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
4___________________________________________________________Chng 9 T cc
Cc thng s z cng xc nh c mt cch trc quan bng cch h cc ng vo
v ra
z 11 = Z a + Z c
z 12 = z 21 = Z c
z 22 = Z b + Z c
Th d 9.3
Xc nh cc thng s z ca mch (H 9.6). y l mch tng ng ca transistor
rp cc nn chung
(H 9.6)
- y 21
y
I 1 + 11 I 2
y
y
Vi y = y 11 .y 22 y 12 .y 21 = det [Y ]
Suy ra
y 22
y
y
y
z 12 = 12
z 21 = 21
z 22 = 11
y
y
y
y
Gii h phng trnh (9.2) tnh I1 v I2 theo V1 v V2
z
- z 12
I 1 = 22 V 1 +
V2
z
z
- z 21
z
I2 =
V 1 + 11 V 2
z
z
z 11 =
(9.3)
Suy ra
y 11 =
z 22
z
y 12 =
z 12
z
y 21 =
z 21
z
y 22 =
z 11
z
(9.4)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
___________________________________________________________Chng 9 T cc5
-
(H 9.7)
(H 9.8)
(a)
(H 9.9)
(b)
parameter)
L THUYT
6___________________________________________________________Chng 9 T cc
1 V2
=
A V1
I 2 =0
1 I2
=
B V1
1 V2
=
C I1
( li hiu th mch h)
(Tng dn truyn mch ni tt)
V2 = 0
1 I2
=
D I1
Th d 9.4
Xc nh thng s truyn ca t cc (H 9.10a)
(a)
(H 9.10)
(b)
L THUYT
___________________________________________________________Chng 9 T cc7
-
V 1 = h 11I 1 + h 12 V 2
I 2 = h 21I 1 + h 22 V 2
h 11 =
h 12 =
h 21 =
h 22 =
V1
I1
V2 = 0
V1
V2
I 1 =0
I2
I1
V2 = 0
I2
V2
V1 h 11
hay =
I 2 h 21
h 12 I 1
h 22 V 2
(9.10)
9.5.2 Thng s g
Nghch o ca thng s h l thng s g
I 1 = g 11 V1 + g 12I 2
I 1 g 11 g 12 V1
hay =
V 2 = g 21 V 1 + g 22I 2
V 2 g 21 g 22 I 2
g 11 =
g 12 =
I1
V1
I 2 =0
I1
I2
V1 = 0
(9.11)
(Tng dn vo mch h)
(Nghch o li dng in mch ni tt)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
8___________________________________________________________Chng 9 T cc
g 21 =
g 22 =
V2
V1
V2
I2
( li in th mch h)
I 2 =0
(H 9.11)
Th d 9.5
Xc nh thng s h ca mu transistor rp cc pht chung (H 9.12)
(H 9.12)
Vit KVL cho phn mch bn tri v KCL cho phn mch bn phi
V 1 = (r b + r e )I 1 + V 2
I 2 = I 1 +
Suy ra
1
V2
r c + rd
h11=rb+r
h12=
h21=
h 22 =
1
rd + re
9.6 GHP T CC
Mt mch in phc tp c th xem nh gm nhiu t cc n gin ghp li theo cch no
.
Sau y l vi cch ghp ph bin
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
___________________________________________________________Chng 9 T cc9
-
(H 9.13)
Trong cch ghp ny thng s ABCD c dng tin li nht. Ap dng cho 2 t cc
Na v Nb
V1a A a B a V 2a
V1b A b B b V 2b
=
v
I C D - I
I = C
a
2a
1a a
1b b D b - I 2b
Xem mch in tng ng vi mt t cc duy nht th:
V 1 A B V 2
I = C D - I
2
1
l:
V1 V1a
V 2a V1b
V 2b V 2
=
;
v
I = I
- I = - I
1 1a
- I 2a I 1b
2b 2
Ta c kt qu
A B A a B a A b B b
(9.12)
C D = C D C
D b
a b
a
C kt qu vi thng s ABCD ta c th i ra thng s khc t bng bin i (bng
9.2).
Gi s ta cn tnh thng s z ca t cc tng ng theo thng s z ca cc t cc
thnh vin ta lm nh sau: (th d tnh z11)
T bng (9.2)
A
z 11 =
C
Thay A v C t php nhn ma trn
A .A + B a .C b
z 11 = a b
C a .A b + D a .C b
T bng (9.2), thay cc tr Aa, Ab . . . . bng cc thng s za, zb,. . . tng ng
z 11a z 11b za 1
+
z 21a z 21b z 21a z 21b
z 11 =
1 z 11b z 22a 1
+
z 21a z 21b z 21a z 21b
Sau khi n gin
z .z
z 11 = z 11a 21a 12a
z 22a + z 11b
L THUYT
10
___________________________________________________________Chng 9 T cc
Cc ng vo v ra ca t cc ghp song song vi nhau
(H 9.14)
I 1 I 1a I 1b
I = I + I
2 2a 2b
I 1 y 11a y 12a V1a y 11b y 12b V1b
I = y
2 21a y 22a V 2a y 21b y 22b V 2b
I 1 y 11a + y 11b y 12a + y 12b V1
I = y + y
y 22a + y 22b V 2
21b
2 21a
Hai t cc ghp song song tng ng vi mt t cc c ma trn tng dn mch ni
tt bng tng cc ma trn tng dn mch ni tt ca cc t cc thnh vin
[Y}=[Ya]+[Yb]
(9.13)
(H 9.15)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
11
___________________________________________________________Chng 9 T cc
Trong cch ghp ni tip cc dng in ng vo v ra ca cc t cc bng nhau v
bng cc dng in ng vo v ra ca cc t cc thnh vin . Hiu th cc ng ca t cc
tng ng bng tng hiu th cc ng ca t cc thnh vin.
Dng thng s tng tr mch h
V1 V1a V1b
V = V + V
2 2a 2b
V1 z 11a z 12a I 1a z 11b z 12b I 1b
V = z
I + z
z
21a
22a
2a 21b z 22b I 2b
2
V1 z 11a + z 11b z 12a + z 12b I 1
V = z + z
z 22a + z 22b I 2
21b
2 21a
Hai t cc ghp ni tip tng ng vi mt t cc c ma trn tng tr mch h
bng tng cc ma trn tng tr mch h ca cc t cc thnh vin
[Z}=[Za]+[Zb]
(9.14)
[z]
[z]
z11
z21
[y]
z12
z22
[T]
y 22
- y 12
- y 21
y 11
[y]
[T]
z 22
- z12
- z 21
z 11
z 11
z 21
z 21
[T']
[h ]
[g]
z 22
y11
y12
y21
y22
y 22
y 21
y
y 21
z 21
z 22
z 12
z 12
y
11
y 12
z 11
1
y 21
y
11
y 21
z 22
z 22
y 11
y 11
z 22
1
z 11
- z 12
z 11
- T
B
A'
C'
C'
B'
- T'
A
B
D'
T'
C'
T
B
D
y 21
y 11
y 11
y 12
y 22
z 21
- y 21
z 11
z 11
y 22
y 22
T
D
- g 12
h 22
h 22
g 11
g 11
A'
C'
- h 21
g 21
h 22
h 22
g 11
g 11
-1
B'
- h 12
g 12
h 11
h 11
g 22
g 22
h 21
- g 21
h 11
h 11
g 22
g 22
h 11
g 22
h 21
g 21
g 21
g 11
h 21
g 21
g 21
B'
T'
A'
T'
B'
1
A'
A'
C
D
- T'
- T
A
C'
B
A
h 12
A
B
B
T
A'
D'
T'
D'
[g]
D'
B'
B'
A
T
[h ]
1
C'
T'
-1
y 22
T'
z 12
D
C
y 12
D'
y 12
z 12
T
C
z 12
z 22
-1
y
22
y 12
- y 12
B
B
z 21
- z 21
[T']
C'
A'
h
h 21
h 22
h 21
h 11
- g 22
h 12
h 12
g 12
g 12
h 22
- g 11
-1
h 12
h 12
g 12
g 12
g 22
- g 12
- g 21
g 11
h11
h12
h21
h22
-1
D'
h 22
- h 12
B'
D'
- h 21
h 11
g11
g12
g21
g22
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
12
___________________________________________________________Chng 9 T cc
-
BI TP
--OO-9.1 Xc nh thng s y v z ca t cc (H P9.1)
9.2 Xc nh thng s y v z ca mch cu T (H P9.2)
(H P9.1)
(H P9.2)
(H P9.3)
(H P9.4)
(H P9.5a)
(H P9.5b).
9.6
a. Xc nh thng s y ca t cc (H P9.6)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
13
___________________________________________________________Chng 9 T cc
b. Mc vo ng ra ca t cc in tr 1. Xc nh H(s) =
V 2 (s)
V 1 (s)
(H P9.6)
(H P9.8)
9.9
a. Xc nh thng s y v z ca t cc (H P9.9)
b. Mc vo ng vo t cc mt ngun dng i1(t) = 15e-5tcos10t (A) v ng ra vi ti
RL = 1. Xc nh v2(t).
V (s)
khi mc vo ng vo
9.10 Xc nh thng s z ca t cc (H P9.10). Suy ra H(s) = 2
V 1 (s)
mt ngun v1(t) v h ng ra
(H P9.9)
(H P9.10)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
CHNG 10
PHP BIN I LAPLACE
DN NHP
PHP BIN I LAPLACE
Php bin i Laplace
Php bin i Laplace ngc
CC NH L C BN CA PHP BIN I LAPLACE
P DNG VO GII MCH
CC PHNG PHP TRIN KHAI HM P(S)/Q(S)
Trin khai tng phn
Cng thc Heaviside
NH L GI TR U V GI TR CUI
nh l gi tr u
nh l gi tr cui
MCH IN BIN I
in tr
Cun dy
T in
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_____
10.1 DN NHP
Php bin i Laplace, mt cng c ton hc gip gii cc phng trnh vi phn, c
s dng u tin bi Oliver Heaviside (1850-1925), mt k s ngi Anh, gii cc mch
in.
So vi phng php c in, php bin i Laplace c nhng thun li sau:
* Li gii y , gm p ng t nhin v p ng p, trong mt php ton.
* Khng phi bn tm xc nh cc hng s tch phn. Do cc iu kin u c a vo
phng trnh bin i, l phng trnh i s, nn trong li gii y cha cc hng s.
V phng php, php bin i Laplace tng t vi mt php bin i rt quen
thuc: php tnh logarit
(H 10.1) cho ta so snh s ca php tnh logarit v php bin i Laplace
Cc con s
Ly logarit
logarit ca cc
s
Cng cc s
Ly logarit ngc
Tng logarit
Kt qu cc
ca cc s
php tnh
Pt sau
Pt vi tch
___________________________________________________________________________
Bin
i
phn
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
k u
Php tnh i s
k u
Bin i Laplace ngc
lnh vc thi gian
Lnh vc tn s
(H 10.1)
lm cc php tnh nhn, chia, ly tha . . . ca cc con s bng php tnh logarit ta
thc hin cc bc:
1. Ly logarit cc con s
2. Lm cc php ton cng, tr trn logarit ca cc con s
3. Ly logarit ngc c kt qu cui cng.
Thot nhn, vic lm c v nh phc tp hn nhng thc t, vi nhng bi ton c
nhiu s m, ta s tit kim c rt nhiu thi gian v c th s dng cc bng lp sn (bng
logarit) khi bin i. Hy th tnh 1,43560,123789 m khng dng logarit.
Trong bi ton gii phng trnh vi tch phn dng php bin i Laplace ta cng thc
hin cc bc tng t:
1. Tnh cc bin i Laplace ca cc s hng trong phng trnh. Cc iu kin u c a
vo
2. Thc hin cc php ton i s.
3. Ly bin i Laplace ngc c kt qu cui cng.
Ging nh php tnh logarit, cc bc 1 v 3 nh s dng cc bng lp sn chng ta
c th gii quyt cc bi ton kh phc tp mt cch d dng v nhanh chng.
L[f(t)] = F(s) =
f(t).e st dt
(10.1)
f(t) .e t dt <
(10.2)
l s thc, dng.
iu kin ny hu nh c tha i vi nhng hm f(t) gp trong mch in. V e-t
l hm m gim khi t tng nn khi nhn vi |f(t)| ta cng c kt qu tng t.
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
Vi n=1, ta c
1
t
0 t.e dt = 2 , > 0
Vi gi tr khc ca n, tch phn trn cng xc nh vi 0
n
C nhng hm dng eat khng tha iu kin (10.2) nhng trong thc t vi nhng
kch thch c dng nh trn th thng t tr bo ha sau mt khong thi gian no .
2
eat , 0 t t 0
Th d
v(t)=
K , t > t 0
v(t) trong iu kin ny tha (10.2)
bin i hm f(t) trong lnh vc thi gian sang hm F(s) trong lnh
Ta ni ton t
vc tn s phc. Hai hm f(t) v F(s) lm thnh mt cp bin i
Th d 10.1
Tm bin i Laplace ca hm nc n v
1 , t 0
u(t) =
0 , t < 0
L[u(t)] =
Nu
1
1
est dt = est =
0
0 s
s
V
f(t)=Vu(t) [Vu(t)] =
s
Th d 10.2
Tm bin i Laplace ca f(t) = e-at, a l hng s
L[e
- at
1 ( a + s)t
1
e
=
0 s+ a
s+ a
f(t)
u(t)
e-at
F(s)
1
s
1
s+ a
L THUYT
1 1 + j
(10.3)
F(s)est ds
2j 1
y l tch phn ng, ly dc theo ng thng ng s=1, t -j n +j
1
f(t) =
F(s) =
+j
1
-j
(H 10.2)
(10.4)
st
dt
= a f 1 (t)e - st dt + b f 2 (t)e - st dt
L[cost] = L[ e +2e
L[cost] = s +s
jt
jt
]=
1 1
1
s
[
+
]= 2
2 s j s + j s + 2
Tng t:
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
L[sin t] = L[ e 2je
L[sin t] = s +
jt
jt
]=
1 1
1
]= 2
2j s j s + j s + 2
L[e
L[e
- at
-at
f(t)] = F(s + a)
(10.5)
Khi hm f(t) nhn vi e-at, bin i Laplace tng ng e-at f(t) c c bng cch thay
F(s) bi F(s+a)
Th d 10.4
Tm bin i Laplace ca e-atcost v e-atsint
Ch cn thay s bi s+a trong cc cc kt qu bin i ca hm sint v cost trn.
s+ a
[e - at cost] =
(s + a)2 + 2
[e - at sint] =
(s + a)2 + 2
L
L
Th d 10.5
6s
s + 2s + 5
Vit li F(s) , sao cho xut hin dng F(s+a)
6(s + 1) - 6
6s
=
F(s) =
2
2
(s + 1) + 2
(s + 1)2 + 22
Dng kt qu ca th d 10.4 vi a = 1 v = 2
F(s) =
Tm f(t) ng vi
F(s) = 6
f(t) =
(s + 1)
2
-3
2
2
(s + 1) + 2
(s + 1)2 + 2 2
-1
[F(s)]=6e-tcos2t - 3e-tsin2t
L[f(t ).u(t )] =
i bin s: x= t-
L[f(t ).u(t )] =
L[f(t ).u(t )] = e
f(x).e - s( + x ) dx = e- s f(x)e - sx dx
-s
F(s)
(10.6)
L THUYT
L
L
L
-1
[G(s).F(s)]= g( )f(t )d
0
(10.7)
t
0
g( )f(t )d
(10.8)
Th d 10.7
Tm kt hp 2 hm e-t v e-2t
Dng (10.8)
e-t * e-2t =
t
0
e- .e 2(t ) d
t
= e 2t e d
0
-1
1
]
(s + 1)2
2
Dng nh l kt hp vi F(s)=G(s)=
1
s +1
2
Ta c f(t)=g(t)=sint
1
-1
[ 2
]= -1[F(s).G(s)]
2
(s + 1)
= g(t)*f(t) =sint*sint
L
t
= sin .sin(t )d
0
L THUYT
-1
1
1
]= [sint-tcost]
2
2
(s + 1)
10.3.5 Bin i ca o hm
o hm bc 1
d
df(t)
=
f(t)e st dt
0 dt
dt
Ly tch phn tng phn
t
u = e-st
du = -s e-st
dv=df(t) v = f(t)
df(t)
L
L
L df(t)
= sF(s) - f(0 )
dt
(10.9)
Ldtd df(t)
dt
df(t) df(0 + )
=s
dt
dt
L
Trong
df 2 (t)
df(0 + )
= s2 F(s)- sf(0+ ) 2
dt
dt
(10.10)
df(0 + )
df(t)
l gi tr ca
khi t 0+
dt
dt
o hm bc n
T kt qu trn, ta suy ra trng hp o hm bc n
d n f(t)
df n - 1 (0 + )
n
n-1
n-2 df(0 + )
=
s
F(s)
s
f(0
)
s
-...+
dt
dt n
dt n - 1
(10.11)
L f(t)dt =
t
[ f(t)dt ]e st dt
0
u= f(t)dt du = f(t)
0
1
dv=e-stdt v= est
s
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
st
t f(t)dt = e
0
s
Khi
t e-st 0
t
0
f(t)dt
t =0
t
0
1
+
0 s
f(t)dt
f(t)e st dt
L f(t)dt = 1s F(s)
t
(10.12)
t
-
f(t)dt c th
chia lm 2 phn
t
-
s
s
(10.13)
dF(s)
=
f(t)e st dt = - tf(t)e st dt
0 ds
0
ds
L [-tf(t)]
L [tf(t)]= dF(s)
ds
(10.14)
Th d 10.9
Tm bin i ca hm tu(t) v tcost
f(t)=u(t) F(s)=
1
s
L [tu(t)=] = dsd ( 1s ) = s1
L [tcost] = dsd s
s
s + 2
2
s
s2 2
=
+ 2 (s2 + 2 ) 2
Da vo cc nh l c bn ta c c mt s cp bin i. Kt hp cc nh l ny
vi nh ngha ca php bin i ta c thm mt s cp bin i thng dng.
Bng 1 di y cho bin i ca mt s hm
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
f(t)
(t)
u(t)
F(s)
1
1
s2
t n 1
, n nguyn
(n 1)!
1
sn
eat
teat
t n 1 at
e , n nguyn
(n 1)!
1
s- a
1
(s - a)2
1
(s - a)n
1- eat
1
(eat ebt )
a b
10
Sint
11
Cost
12
Sin(t+)
13
Cos(t+)
14
e-at Sint
15
e-at Cost
1
s
-a
s(s- a)
1
(s a)(s b)
2
s + 2
s
2
s + 2
ssin + cos
s2 + 2
scos sin
s2 + 2
(s + a)2 + 2
s+ a
(s + a)2 + 2
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
s 2
s
2
s 2
Sinht
16
17
Cosht
18
df(t)
dt
d 2 f(t)
dt 2
d n f(t)
dt n
19
20
21
sF(s)-f(0+)
s2F(s) - sf(0+) - df(0 + )
dt
snF(s) - sn-1f(0+) - sn-2 df(0 + ) -...dt
f(t ).u(t )
23
24
af1(t) + bf2(t)
25
tf(t)
dt n - 1
F(s) f (0+ )
+
s
s
f(t)dt
22
df n - 1 (0+ )
e-s F(s)
a F1(s) + b F2(s)
F(s+ a)
e-at f(t)
dF(s)
ds
* Khi s dng bng 1, phi nhn f(t) vi u(t), ni cch khc, f(t) tha iu kin l f(t)=0 khi t<0
(2)
1 I(s) f 1(0+ )
V
+
[
] + RI(s) =
C s
s
s
(3)
(H 10.3)
(1)
Vi f-1(0+)= idt = q 0
dng
Pt (3) c vit li
I(s) q 0
V
(4)
+
+ RI(s) =
Cs Cs
s
V q 0 /C
1
(5)
I(s)=
R
s + 1/RC
Dng bng 1 ly bin i Laplace ngc c i(t)
t
V q 0 /C RC
i(t)=
e
R
Dng sng ca i(t)
(H 10.4)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
I(s)=
=
R
s (sL + R)
L
s(s+ )
L
RI(s) + L[sI(s) - i(0 + )] =
(H 10.5)
(3)
Dng ca I(s) khng c trong bng 1.
Vit li I(s) sao cho gm tng ca cc hm n gin
A
B
=
+
R
R
s
s+
s(s+ )
L
L
A, B l 2 hng s cn xc nh
Qui ng mu s v 2, cn bng 2 v, ta c:
R
R
A(s + ) + Bs A + (A + B)s
L
= L
R
R
s(s+ )
s(s+ )
L
L
R V
V
A=
A =
L L
R
V
A+B=0 B = - A=
R
Thay A v B vo (4)
V 1
1
I(s)= (
)
R
R s
s+
L
R
t
V
i(t) = (1 e L ) , t 0
R
I(s)=
V
L
(4)
L THUYT
(H 10.6)
Cun dy
di L (t)
1 t
Hay iL(t) = v L (t)dt
dt
L
Bin i Laplace tng ng
VL(s)=L[sIL(s)-iL(0+)]
V (s) Li (0+ )
IL(s) = L + L
sL
sL
hay
sLIL(s) = VL(s)+L iL(0+)
Biu thc (10.16a) cho mch bin i (H 10.7b)
Biu thc (10.16b) cho mch bin i (H 10.7c)
vL(t)=L
(a)
(10.16a)
(10.16b)
(b)
(H 10.7)
(c)
T in
d v C (t)
1 t
hay vC(t)= i C (t)dt
dt
C
Bin i ca vC(t)
1 I (s) q(0+ )
VC(s)= [ c +
]
C s
s
q(0+ )
Vi vC (0+ ) =
l in th do t tch in ban u
C
v (0+ )
1
(10.17a)
VC(s)=
Ic (s) + C
sC
s
Hay Ic (s) = sCVC (s) - CvC (0+ )
(10.17b)
v (0+ )
t
V1 (s) = VC ( s ) C
s
V (s) 1
Bin i tng tr ca t l: ZC(s)= 1 =
I C (s) sC
Biu thc (10.17a) cho mch bin i ca t (H 10.8b)
Biu thc (10.17b) cho mch bin i ca t (H 10.8c)
iC(t)=C
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
(a)
(b)
(H 10.8)
(c)
Th d 10.12
Xc nh i(t) khi t>0 ca mch (H 10.9a). Cho i(0)=4A v v(0)=8V
(a)
(H 10.9)
(b)
s+ 1 s+ 2 s+ 3
Suy ra, khi t>0
i(t)=-13e-t+20e-2t- 3e-3t A
Th d 10.13
Xc nh v(t) ca mch (H 10.10a). Cho i(0)=1A v v(0)=4V
(a)
(b)
(H 10.10)
=0
4 3s s 24 24
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
V(s)=
v(t)=-16e-2t+20e-4t V
P(s)
P (s)
= A 0 + A 1s + .....+ A m n sm n + 1
Q(s)
Q 1 (s)
P1(s) v Q1(s) c bc bng nhau v ta c th trin khai P1(s)/Q1(s)
(10.18)
(10.19)
(10.20)
Th d 10.14
s 1
, xc nh i(t)= -1[I(s)]
s + 3s + 2
Phng trnh s2+3s+2=0 c 2 nghim s1=-2 v s2=-1
K
K
s 1
I(s)= 2
= 1 + 2
s + 3s + 2 s + 2 s + 1
P(s)
K 1 = (s + 2)
=3
Q(s) s=-2
K 2 = (s + 1)
P(s)
= -2
Q(s) s=-1
3
2
s+ 2 s+ 1
___________________________________________________________________________
I(s)=
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
i(t)= 3e-2t-2e-t
Trng hp 2
Q(s)=0 c nghim a trng bc r
P(s)
P(s)
K
K2
Kr
=
= 1 +
+ . .... +
r
2
Q(s) (s - si ) s - si (s - si )
(s - si ) r
xc nh K1, K2, . . . Kr, ta xt th d sau:
(10.21)
Th d 10.15
P(s)
s+ 2
=
Q(s) (s + 1)2
P(s) K 1
K2
=
+
(1)
Q(s) s + 1 (s + 1)2
Nhn 2 v phng trnh (1) vi (s+1)2
s+2=(s+1)K1+K2
(2)
Cho s=-1, ta c K2=1
Nu ta cng lm nh vy xc nh K1 th s xut hin cc lng v nh
xc nh K1, ly o hm theo s phng trnh (2)
1+0=K1+0 K1=1
Tm li
P(s)
1
1
=
+
Q(s) s + 1 (s + 1)2
V i(t) = e-t + te-t
Vi Q(s)=0 c nghim kp, mt hng s c xc nh nh o hm bc 1.
Suy rng ra, nu Q(s)=0 c nghim a trng bc r, ta cn cc o hm t bc 1 n
bc r-1.
Trin khai
Trng hp 3
Q(s)=0 c nghim phc lin hp s= j
P(s)
P(s)
=
Q(s) (s - - j)(s - + j)
P(s)
K
K*
=
+
Q(s) (s - - j) (s - + j)
Cc hng s K xc nh bi
P(s)
K = (s + j)
= Ae j ,
Q(s) s= j
V
K* = (s j)
P(s)
= Ae + j
Q(s) s=+ j
(10.22)
(10.23)
(10.24)
Th d 10.16
P(s)
1
= 2
Q(s) s + 4s + 5
Q(s)=0 c 2 nghim -2 j
Trin khai
I(s)=
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
P(s)
K
K*
=
+
Q(s) (s + 2 + j) (s - 2 - j)
K = (s + 2 + j)
1 1
P(s)
= j = ej90
2 2
Q(s) s= 2 j
K* = (s + 2 j)
I(s)=
P(s)
1 1
= j = e j90
Q(s) s= 2+ j
2 2
j1/2
j1/2
s+ 2 + j s+ 2 - j
ejt e jt
1
i(t)= j [e ( 2 j )t e( 2+ j )t ] = e 2t [
]
2
2j
Hay
i(t)=e-2tsint A
i(t)=
-1
[I(s)] =
-1
n
P(s)
P(s)e st
] = (s s j )
Q(s)
Q(s) s =s
j =1
j
(10.25)
Hoc
P(sj ) sj t
e
j = 1 Q' (sj )
n
i(t) =
(10.26)
i(t)= 3e-2t-2e-t A
i(t)=
-1
[I(s)] =
-1
r -n
r
P(s)
1
t n 1 d R(sj )
s jt
[
]=e
Q(s)
dsr - n s = sj
n = 1 (r - n)! (n 1)!
(10.27)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
(10.28)
Th d 10.18
Gii li th d 10.15 bng cng thc Heaviside
P(s)
s+ 2
=
I(s)=
Q(s) (s + 1)2
Q(s)=0 c nghim kp, r=2, sj=-1
Ap dng cng thc (10.27)
s+ 2
Vi
R(sj ) =
(s + 1)2 = s + 2
2
(s + 1)
1 t 0 d(s + 2) 1 t 1
i (t) = e [
+
(s + 2)]
1! 0! ds
0! 1!
i(t) = e-t + te-t A
t
; s = 1
Th d 10.19
Cho mch in (H 10.11), t C tch in n V0=1V v kha K ng t=0. Xc nh
dng i(t)
t
di
Ri + L + i dt = 0
dt
Ly bin i Laplace
1
L[sI(s)-i(0+)]+RI(s)+
[I(s)+q(0+)]=0
Cs
Dng in qua cun dy lin tc nn
i(0+)= i(0-)=0
q(0+): in tch ban u ca t:
q(0+ ) Vo
1
=
=
Cs
s
s
( du ca in tch u trn t ngc chiu
in tch np bi dng i(t) khi chy qua mch)
Thay gi tr u vo, sp xp li
1
1
I(s) = 2
=
s + 2s + 2 (s + 1)2 + 1
i(t)=
-1
[I(s)]=e-tsint.u(t)
Th d 10.20
Cho mch (H 10.12), kha K ng t=0 v mch khng tch tr nng lng ban u.
Xc nh i2(t)
Vit pt vng cho mch
di 1
+ 20i 1 10i 2 = 100u(t) (1)
dt
di 2
+ 20i 2 10i 1 = 0
(2)
dt
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
(s+20)I1(s)-10I2(s)=
100
s
(3)
(4)
100
s
10
0
1000
I2(s)=
=
2
s + 20 10
s(s + 40s+ 300)
10 s + 20
Trin khai I2(s)
3,33
5
1,67
I 2 (s) =
+
+
s
s + 10 s + 30
s + 20
i2(t)= 3,33-5e-10t+1,67e-30t
10.6 NH L GI TR U V GI TR CUI
10.6.1 nh l gi tr u
T php bin i ca o hm:
= sF(s)-f(0+)
L df(t)
dt
Ly gii hn khi s
lim
] = lim
L df(t)
dt
lim
s
Vy
lim
[sF(s)-f(0+)]
]= lim
L df(t)
dt
df(t) st
e dt =0
dt
[sF(s)-f(0+)]=0
f(0+) l hng s nn
f(0+)= lim
sF(s)
(10.29)
10.6.2 nh l gi tr cui
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
Ly gii hn khi s 0
lim
s0
m
Vy
] = lim
L df(t)
dt
s0
df(t) st
e dt = lim [sF(s)-f(0+)]
dt
s0
df(t) st
e
dt
lim
=
=
0 dt
0 df(t) = f() - f(0+)
s0
s0
f()-f(0+)= lim [sF(s)-f(0+)]
lim
s0
Hay
f()= lim
sF(s)
(10.30)
s0
BI TP
10.1 Mch (H P10.1). Kha K ng t=0 v mch khng tch tr nng lng ban u. Xc
nh i(t) khi t> 0
10.2 Mch (H P10.2). Xc nh v(t) khi t> 0. Cho v(0)=10V
(H P10.1)
(H P10.2)
L THUYT
(H P10.3)
(H P10.4)
(H P10.5)
(H P10.6)
10.7 Mch (H P10.7) t trng thi thng trc t=0- vi kha K v tr 1. Chuyn K sang v
tr 2, thi im t=0. Xc nh i khi t>0
(H P10.7)
10.8 Mch (H P10.8) t trng thi thng trc t=0. Xc nh v khi t>0
(H P10.8)
10.9 Mch (H P10.9) t trng thi thng trc t=0- Xc nh i khi t>0
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT
(H P10.9)
(H P10.10)
___________________________________________________________________________
Nguyn Trung Lp
MCH
L THUYT