Ung Dung DTCS Dieu Chinh DC DC

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LI NOI AU
Trong giai oan cong nghiep hoa, hien ai hoa at nc, ngay cang co
nhieu thiet b ban dan cong suat hien ai c s dung khong ch trong lnh
vc san xuat ma ca trong viec phuc vu i song sinh hoat cua con ngi. S
ra i va phat trien cua cac linh kien ban dan cong suat nh: diode, transistor,
tiristor, triac Cung vi viec hoan thien mach ieu khien chung a tao nen s
thay oi sau sac, vt bac cua ky thuat bien oi ien nang va cua ca nganh
ky thuat ien noi chung.
Hien nay, mang ien nc ta chu yeu la ien xoay chieu vi tan so
ien cong nghiep. e cung cap nguon ien mot chieu co gia tr ien ap va
dong ien ieu chnh c cho nhng thiet b ien dung trong cac he thong
truyen ong ien mot chieu, ngi ta a hoan thien bo chnh lu co ieu khien
dung tiristor.
V nhng ly do tren, e tai Nghien cu ve ien t cong suat va ng
dung cua ien t cong suat e ieu chnh toc o ong c mot chieu kch t
oc lap se i sau vao nghien cu cac he thong truyen ong co dung ien t
cong suat e ieu chnh toc o ong c mot chieu kch t oc lap.
Luan van c trnh bay gom ba chng:
Chng I: Gii thieu ve ien t cong suat.
Chng II: Nghien cu va trnh bay cac phng phap ieu
chnh toc o ong c mot chieu kch t oc lap
Chng III: Cac he thong ieu chnh toc o ong c mot chieu
kch t oc lap co dung ien t cong suat.
Do ieu kien thi gian, kien thc con han hep, nen tap luan van se
khong tranh khoi nhng thieu sot ve mat noi dung lan hnh thc. Sinh vien
thc hien rat mong nhan c s quan tam, ch bao cua quy thay co, ban be
e tap luan van c hoan thien hn.
Sinh vien thc hien
Nguyenvanbientbd47@gmail.com
Chng I
GII THIEU VE IEN T CONG SUAT

I. DIODE CONG SUAT:
I. 1 Cau tao:
P
P
- +
- +
- 0
Anot
N
d
Katot
(a )
(b )
Hnh 1. 1
a). Cau tao cua diode.
b). Ky hieu cua diode.
Diode cong suat la linh kien ban dan co hai cc, c cau tao bi mot lp ban dan N
va mot lp ban dan P ghep lai.
Silic la mot nguyen to hoa hoc thuoc nhom IV trong bang he thong tuan hoan. Silic co
4 ien t thuoc lp ngoai cung trong cau truc nguyen t. Neu ta ket hp them vao mot
nguyen to thuoc nhom V ma lp ngoai cung co 5 ien t th 4 ien t cua nguyen to nay
tham gia lien ket vi 4 ien t t do cua Silic va xuat hien mot ien t t do. Trong cau truc
tinh the, cac ien t t do lam tang tnh dan ien. Do ien t co ien tch am nen chat nay
c goi la chat ban dan loai N (negative), co ngha la am.
Neu them vao Silic mot nguyen to thuoc nhom III ma co 3 nguyen t thuoc nhom
ngoai cung th xuat hien mot lo trong trong cau truc tinh the. Lo trong nay co the nhan 1
ien t, tao nen ien tch dng va lam tang tnh dan ien. Chat nay c goi la chat ban
dan loai P (positive), co ngha la dng.
Trong chat ban dan loai N ien t la hat mang ien a so, lo trong la thieu so. Vi
chat ban dan loai P th ngc lai.
gia hai lp ban dan la mat ghep PN. Tai ay xay ra hien tng khuech tan. Cac lo
trong cua ban dan loai P tran sang N la ni co t lo trong. Cac ien t cua ban dan loai N
chay sang P la ni co t ien t. Ket qua tai mat tiep giap pha P ngheo i ve dien tch dng
va giau len ve ien tch am. Con pha ban dan loai N th ngc lai nen goi la vung ien tch
khong gian dng.
Trong vung chuyen tiep (-) hnh thanh mot ien trng noi tai. Ky hieu la E i va co
chieu t N sang P hay con goi la barie ien the (khoang t 0,6V en 0,7V oi vi vat lieu
la Silic). ien trng nay ngan can s di chuyen cua cac ien tch a so va lam de dang cho
s di chuyen cua cac ien tch thieu so
(ien t cua vung P va lo trong cua vung N). S di chuyen cua cac ien tch thieu so hnh
thanh nen dong ien ngc hay dong ien ro.
I. 2 Nguyen ly hoat ong:

Ei
P
Ei
U
+
N
U
- +
(a)
(b)
Hnh 1. 2
a). S phan cc thuan diode.
b). S phan cc ngc diode.
Khi at diode cong suat di ien ap nguon U co cc tnh nh hnh ve, chieu cua ien
trng ngoai ngc chieu vi ien trng noi Ei. Thong thng
U > Ei th co dong ien
chay trong mach, tao nen ien ap ri tren diode khoang 0,7V khi dong ien la nh mc. Vay
s phan cc thuan ha thap barie ien the. Ta noi mat ghep PN c phan cc thuan.
Khi oi chieu cc tnh ien ap at vao diode, ien trng ngoai se tac ong cung chieu
vi ien trng noi tai Ei. ien trng tong hp can tr s di chuyen cua cac ien tch a so.
Cac ien t cua vung N di chuyen thang ve cc dng nguon U lam cho ien the vung N von
a cao lai cang cao hn so vi vung P. V the vung chuyen tiep lai cang rong ra, khong co
dong ien chay qua mat ghep PN. Ta noi mat ghep PN b phan cc ngc. Neu tiep tuc tang
U, cac ien tch c gia toc, gay nen s va cham day chuyen lam barie ien the b anh
thung.
ac tnh volt-ampe cua diode cong suat c bieu dien gan ung bang bieu thc sau: I
= IS [ exp (eU/kT) 1 ]
( 1. 1 )
Trong o:
- IS : Dong ien ro, khoang vai chuc mA
- e = 1,59.10- 19 Coulomb
- k = 1,38.10- 23 : Hang so Bolzmann
- T = 273 + t0 : Nhiet o tuyet oi (0 K)
- t0 : Nhiet o cua moi trng (0 C)
- U : ien ap at tren diode (V)
I
1
U
UZ
2
Hnh 1. 3 ac tnh volt-ampe cua diode.

ac tnh volt-ampe cua diode gom co hai nhanh:
1. Nhanh thuan
2. Nhanh ngc
Khi diode c phan cc thuan di ien ap U th barie ien the E i giam xuong gan
bang 0. Tang U, luc au dong I tang t t cho en khi U ln hn khoang 0,1V th I tang
mot cach nhanh chong, ng ac tnh co dang ham mu.
Tng t, khi phan cc ngc cho diode, tang U, dong ien ngc cung tang t t. Khi
U ln hn khoang 0,1V dong ien ngc dng lai gia tr vai chuc mA va c ky hieu la
IS. Dong IS la do s di chuyen cua cac ien tch thieu so tao nen. Neu tiep tuc tang U th cac
ien tch thieu so di chuyen cang de dang hn, toc o di chuyen t le thuan vi ien trng
tong hp, ong nang cua chung tang len. Khi U = UZ th s va cham gia cac ien tch
thieu so di chuyen vi toc o cao se be gay c cac lien ket nguyen t Silic trong vung
chuyen tiep va xuat hien nhng ien t t do mi. Roi nhng ien tch t do mi nay chu s
tang toc cua ien trng tong hp lai tiep tuc ban pha cac nguyen t Silic. Ket qua tao mot
phan ng day chuyen lam cho dong ien ngc tang len ao at va se pha hong diode. Do o,
e bao ve diode ngi ta ch cho chung hoat ong vi gia tr ien ap: U = (0,7 0,8)UZ.
Khi diode hoat ong, dong ien chay qua diode lam cho diode phat nong, chu yeu
tai vung chuyen tiep. oi vi diode loai Silic, nhiet o mat ghep cho phep la 2000C. Vt
qua nhiet o nay diode co the b pha hong. Do o, e lam mat diode, ta dung quat gio e
lam mat, canh tan nhiet hay cho nc hoac dau bien the chay qua canh tan nhiet vi toc o
ln hay nho tuy theo dong ien.
Cac thong so ky thuat c ban e chon diode la:
- Dong ien nh mc Im (A)
- ien ap ngc cc ai Ungmax ( V )
- ien ap ri tren diode U ( V )
I. 3 ng dung:
ng dung chu yeu cua diode cong suat la chnh lu dong ien xoay chieu thanh dong
ien mot chieu cung cap cho tai.
Cac bo chnh lu cua diode c chia thanh hai nhom chnh:
- Chnh lu ban ky hay con goi la chnh lu na song.
- Chnh lu toan ky hay con goi la chnh lu toan song.
II. TRANSISTOR CONG SUAT:
II. 1 Cau tao:
Transistor la linh kien ban dan gom 3 lp: PNP hay NPN.
Ve mat vat ly, transistor gom 3 phan: phan phat, phan nen va phan thu. Vung nen
(B) rat mong.
Transistor cong suat co cau truc va ky hieu nh sau:
IC
C
U CE
IB
UB E E
IE
(a )
E
B
(b )
Hnh 1. 6 Transistor cong suat

a). Cau truc
b). Ky hieu
II. 2 Nguyen ly hoat ong:
E
E m it
er
C
p
pP
Colect
or
IE
B ase
IE
RE
+
UE E
IC
+
U CC
Hnh 1. 7 S o phan cc transistor.

ien the UEE phan cc thuan moi noi B - E (PN) la nguyen nhan lam cho vung phat (E)
phong ien t vao vung P (cc B). Hau het cac ien t (electron) sau khi qua vung B roi qua
tiep moi noi th hai pha ben phai hng ti vung N (cc thu), khoang 1% electron c gi
lai vung B. Cac lo trong vung nen di chuyen vao vung phat.
Moi noi B - E che o phan cc thuan nh mot diode, co ien khang nho va ien ap
ri tren no nho th moi noi B - C c phan cc ngc bi ien ap U CC. Ban chat moi noi B - C
nay giong nh mot diode phan cc ngc va ien khang moi noi B - C rat ln.
Dong ien o c trong vung phat goi la dong phat IE. Dong ien o c trong
mach cc C (so lng ien tch qua ng bien CC trong mot n v thi gian la dong cc thu
IC).
Dong IC gom hai thanh phan:
- Thanh phan th nhat (thanh phan chnh) la t le cua hat electron cc phat ti cc
thu. T le nay phu thuoc duy nhat vao cau truc cua transistor va la hang so c tnh trc
oi vi tng transistor rieng biet. Hang so a c nh ngha la . Vay thanh phan chnh
cua dong IC la IE. Thong thng = 0,9 0,999.
- Thanh phan th hai la dong qua moi noi B - C che o phan cc ngc lai khi IE =
0. Dong nay goi la dong ICBO no rat nho.
- Vay dong qua cc thu: IC = IE + ICBO.
* Cac thong so cua transistor cong suat:
- IC: Dong colect ma transistor chu c.
- UCEsat: ien ap UCE khi transistor dan bao hoa.
- UCEO: ien ap UCE khi mach bad e h, IB = 0 .
- UCEX: ien ap UCE khi bad b khoa bi ien ap am, IB < 0.
- ton: Thi gian can thiet e UCE t gia tr ien ap nguon U giam xuong
UCESat 0.
- tf: Thi gian can thiet e iC t gia tr IC giam xuong 0.
- tS: Thi gian can thiet e UCE t gia tr UCESat tang en gia tr ien ap nguon U.
- P: Cong suat tieu tan ben trong transistor. Cong suat tieu tan ben trong transistor
c tnh theo cong thc: P = UBE.IB + UCE.IC.
- Khi transistor trang thai m: IB = 0, IC = 0 nen P = 0.
- Khi transistor trang thai ong: UCE = UCESat.
Trong thc te transistor cong suat thng c cho lam viec che o khoa: I B = 0, IC
= 0, transistor c coi nh h mach. Nhng vi dong ien goc trang thai co gia tr bao
hoa, th transistor tr ve trang thai ong hoan toan. Transistor la mot linh kien phu thuoc
nen can phoi hp dong ien goc va dong ien gop. trang thai bao hoa e duy tr kha nang
ieu khien va e tranh ien tch cc goc qua ln, dong ien goc ban au phai cao e
chuyen sang trang thai dan nhanh chong. che o khoa dong ien goc phai giam cung qui
luat nh dong ien gop e tranh hien tng choc thung th cap.
IC
a
IC
IC
U CE
U CE
(b )
(a )
Hnh 1. 8 Trang thai dan va trang thai b khoa
a). Trang thai ong mach hay ngan mach IB ln, IC do tai gii han.
b). Trang thai h mach IB = 0.
Cac ton hao chuyen mach cua transistor co the ln. Trong luc chuyen mach, ien ap
tren cac cc va dong ien cua transistor cung ln. Tch cua dong ien va ien ap cung vi
thi gian chuyen mach tao nen ton hao nang lng trong mot lan chuyen mach. Cong suat
ton hao chnh xac do chuyen mach la ham so cua cac thong so cua mach phu tai va dang
bien thien cua dong ien goc.
* ac tnh tnh cua transistor: UCE = f (IC).
e cho khi transistor ong, ien ap sut ben trong co gia tr nho, ngi ta phai
cho no lam viec che o bao hoa, tc la I B phai u ln e IC cho ien ap sut UCE nho nhat.
che o bao hoa, ien ap sut trong transistor cong suat bang 0,5 en 1V trong khi o tiristor
la khoang 1,5V.
U CE
Vung
tuyen
tn h
Vung gan bao hoa
Vung bao hoa
IC
Hnh 1. 9 ac tnh tnh cua transistor: UCE = f ( IC ).

II. 3 ng dung cua transistor cong suat:
Transistor cong suat dung e ong cat dong ien mot chieu co cng o ln. Tuy
nhien trong thc te transistor cong suat thng cho lam viec che o khoa.
IB = 0, IC = 0: transistor
coi nh h mach.
C
P
N
B
E
E
(b )
(a )
Hnh
1.ng4 sua
T ra
II. 4 Transistor
Mos co
t: n s is to r P N P :
a). Cau tao
Ky hie
Transistor trng FETb).(Field
uEffect Transistor) c che tao theo cong nghe Mos
(Metal Oxid Semiconductor),
C thng s dung nh nhng chuyen mach ien t co cong suat
ln. Khac vi transistor lng cc c ieu khien bang dong ien, transistor Mos c ieu
khien bang ien ap. Transistor Mos gom cac cc chnh: cc mang (drain), nguon (source) va
ca (gate). Dong ie
B n mang -Nnguon c ieu khien bang ien ap ca nguon.
Dong
ien
mang
P
N
ien
tr
hang
s o
= 9V C
= 7 ,5BV
(a )
= 6V
=
=
Hnh 1. 5 Transistor NPN: 3 V
(b )
Mang
Ca
Nguon
Caun tao
ien ap mang a).
nguo
b). Ky hieu
(a )
(b)
Hnh 1. 10 Transistor Mos cong suat:
a). Ho ac tnh ra.
b). Ky hieu thong thng kenh N.
Transistor Mos la loai dung cu chuyen mach nhanh. Vi ien ap 100V ton hao dan
chung ln hn transistor lng cc va tiristor, nhng ton hao chuyen mach nho hn nhieu.
He so nhiet ien tr cua transistor Mos la dng. Dong ien va ien ap cho phep cua
transistor Mos nho hn cua transistor lng cc va tiristor.
III. TIRISTOR:
III. 1 Cau tao:
khien.
Tiristor la linh kien gom 4 lp ban dan PNPN lien tiep tao nen anot, katot va cc ieu
A
A
P1
N1
P2
N2
J1
J2
J3
G
K
Hnh 1. 11
(a )
b )
a). Cau tao cua tiristor.

b). Ky hieu cua tiristor.
Trong o:
- A: anot.
- K: katot.
- G: cc ieu khien.
- J1, J2, J3: cac mat ghep.
Tiristor gom 1 a Silic t n the loai N, tren lp em loai ban dan P co cc ieu khien
bang day nhom, cac lp chuyen tiep c tao nen bang ky thuat bay hi cua Gali. Lp tiep
xuc gia anot va katot la bang a molipen hay tungsen co he so nong chay gan bang vi
Gali. Cau tao dang a kim loai e de dang tan nhiet.
III. 2 Nguyen ly hoat ong:
at tiristor di ien ap mot chieu, anot noi vao cc dng, katot noi vao cc am cua
nguon ien ap, J1, J3 phan cc thuan, J2 phan cc ngc. Gan nh toan bo ien ap nguon at
tren mat ghep J2. ien trng noi tai Ei cua J2 co chieu t N1 hng ve P2. ien trng
ngoai tac ong cung chieu vi Ei vung chuyen tiep cung la vung cach ien cang m rong ra
khong co dong ien chay qua tiristor mac du no b at di ien ap.
I
UZ
IH
0
U ch
Hnh 1. 12 ac tnh volt-ampe cua tiristor.

* M tiristor:
Cho mot xung ien ap dng Ug tac ong vao cc G ( dng so vi K ), cac ien t t
N2 sang P2. en ay, mot so t ien t chay vao cc G va hnh thanh dong ieu khien Ig chay
theo mach G - J3 - K - G con phan ln ien t chu sc hut cua ien trng tong hp cua mat
ghep J2 lao vao vung chuyen tiep nay, tang toc, ong nang ln be gay cac lien ket nguyen t
Silic, tao nen ien t t do mi. So ien t mi c giai phong tham gia ban pha cac nguyen
t Silic trong vung ke tiep. Ket qua cua phan ng day chuyen lam xuat hien nhieu ien t
chay vao N1 qua P1 va en cc dng cua nguon ien ngoai, gay nen hien tng dan ien ao
at, J2 tr thanh mat ghep dan ien, bat au t mot iem xung quanh cc G roi phat trien
ra toan bo mat ghep.
ien tr thuan cua tiristor khoang 100K khi con trang thai khoa, tr thanh
0,01 khi tiristor m cho dong chay qua.
Tiristor khoa + UAK > 1V hoac Ig > Igst th tiristor se m. Trong o Igst la dong ieu
khien c tra so tay tra cu tiristor.
ton: Thi gian m la thi gian can thiet e thiet lap dong ien chay trong tiristor, tnh
t thi iem phong dong Ig vao cc ieu khien. Thi gian m tiristor keo dai khoang 10s.
* Khoa tiristor: Co 2 cach:
- Lam giam dong ien lam viec I xuong di gia tr dong duy tr I H ( Holding
Current ).
- at mot ien ap ngc len tiristor. Khi at ien ap ngc len tiristor: UAK <
0, J1 va J3 b phan cc ngc, J2 phan cc thuan, ien t ao chieu hanh trnh tao nen dong
ien ngc chay t katot ve anot, ve cc am cua nguon ien ngoai.
Tiristor m + UAK < 0 tiristor khoa.
Thi gian khoa toff: Thi gian t khi bat au xuat hien dong ien ngc
( t0 ) en dong ien ngc bang 0 ( t2 ), toff keo dai khoang vai chuc s.
* Xet s bien thien cua dong ien i( t ) trong qua trnh tiristor khoa:
I
i
t0
t1 t2
Hnh 1. 13 S bien thien cua dong ien i( t ) trong qua trnh tiristor khoa.
T t0 en t1 dong ien ngc ln, sau o J1, J3 tr nen cach ien. Do hien tng
khuech tan mot t ien t gia hai mat J1 va J3 t dan i en het. J2 khoi phuc tnh chat cua
mat ghep ieu khien.
III. 3 ng dung:
Tiristor c s dung trong cac bo nguon ac biet: trong mach chnh lu, bo bam va
trong bo bien tan trc tiep hoac cac bo bien tan co khau trung gian mot chieu.
- ng dung tiristor trong mach ieu khien toc o ong c.
- Chuyen mach tnh.
- Khong che pha.
- Nap acqui.
- Khong che nhiet o.
IV. TRIAC:
IV. 1 Cau tao:
Triac la thiet b ban dan ba cc, bon lp co ng ac tnh volt-ampe oi xng, nhan
goc m cho ca hai chieu. Triac c che tao e lam viec trong mach ien xoay chieu, co
tac dung nh 2 SCR au song song ngc.
T2
N
P
N
P
N
T2
N
G
G
T1
T1
Hnh 1. 14
(b )
(a )
a
a). Cau tao cua triac.
b
b). Ky hieu cua triac.
Triac c che tao tren cung mot n tinh the gom hai cc va ch co mot cc ieu
khien.
IV. 2 Nguyen ly lam viec:
T1 la cc gan vi cc ieu khien G.
I
Ut
( I ) : T1 dng
Trang thai dan
Ig2 > Ig1
Ig = 0 : Trang thai khoa
UB 2 UB 1 UB 0
Ut
( III ) : T2
am
It
H n h 1 . 1 5 ac tnh volt-ampe cua triac.
goc phan t th nhat ( I ): UT2 > UT1 con ( III ) th ngc lai.
ien ap UB0 la gia tr ien ap m a triac t trang thai b khoa sang dan khi khong
co dong ieu khien, Ig = 0. Khi co dong ieu khien Ig triac se m vi ien ap at vao nho
hn.
Triac ch b khoa khi Ig = 0 va ien ap at vao nho hn ngng UB va m theo chieu
nay hoac chieu khac tuy theo cc tnh cua dong ien ieu khien.
* Co 4 cach e m triac:
- goc phan t th nhat ( I ):
Cach I+: Dong, ap, cc ieu khien dng.
Cach I-: Dong, ap, cc ieu khien am.
- goc phan t th ba ( III ):
Cach III+: Dong, ap, cc ieu khien dng.
Cach III-: Dong, ap, cc ieu khien am.
- Triac co u iem la mach ieu khien n gian nhng cong suat gii han nho
hn tiristor.
IV. 3 ng dung:
Triac dung e ieu chnh toc o ong c mot chieu, trong mach chnh lu. Ngoai ra,
triac con dung e ieu chnh anh sang ien, nhiet o lo.
Chng II
NGHIEN CU VA TRNH BAY
CAC PHNG PHAP IEU CHNH TOC O ONG C MOT CHIEU KCH T OC LAP
I. KHAI NIEM CHUNG:
I. 1 nh ngha:
ieu chnh toc o ong c la dung cac bien phap nhan tao e thay oi cac thong so
nguon nh ien ap hay cac thong so mach nh ien tr phu, thay oi t thong T o tao
ra cac ac tnh c mi e co nhng toc o lam viec mi phu hp vi yeu cau. Co hai
phng phap e ieu chnh toc o ong c:
- Bien oi cac thong so cua bo phan c kh tc la bien oi ty so truyen chuyen tiep t
truc ong c en c cau may san suat.
- Bien oi toc o goc cua ong c ien. Phng phap nay lam giam tnh phc tap cua
c cau va cai thien c ac tnh ieu chnh. V vay, ta khao sat s ieu chnh toc o theo
phng phap th hai.
Ngoai ra can phan biet ieu chnh toc o vi s t ong thay oi toc o khi phu tai
thay oi cua ong c ien.
Ve phng dien ieu chnh toc o, ong c ien mot chieu co nhieu u viet hn so vi
cac loai ong c khac. Khong nhng no co kha nang ieu chnh toc o de dang ma cau truc
mach ong lc, mach ieu khien n gian hn, ong thi lai at chat lng ieu chnh cao
trong day ieu chnh toc o rong.
I. 2 Cac ch tieu ky thuat e anh gia he thong ieu chnh toc o:
Khi ieu chnh toc o cua he thong truyen ong ien ta can chu y va can c vao cac
ch tieu sau ay e anh gia chat lng cua he thong truyen ong ien:
I. 2. a Hng ieu chnh toc o:
Hng ieu chnh toc o la ta co the ieu chnh e co c toc o ln hn hay be
hn so vi toc o c ban la toc o lam viec cua ong c ien tren ng ac tnh c t nhien.
I. 2. b Pham vi ieu chnh toc o (Day ieu chnh):
Pham vi ieu chnh toc o D la t so gia toc o ln nhat n max va toc o be nhat nmin
ma ngi ta co the ieu chnh c tai gia tr phu tai la nh mc: D = nmax/nmin.
Trong o:
- nmax: c gii han bi o ben c hoc.
- nmin: c gii han bi pham vi cho phep cua ong c, thong thng
ngi ta chon nmin lam n v.
Pham vi ieu chnh cang ln th cang tot va phu thuoc vao yeu cau cua tng
he thong, kha nang tng phng phap ieu chnh.
I. 2. c o cng cua ac tnh c khi ieu chnh toc o:
o cng: = M/n. Khi cang ln tc M cang ln va n nho ngha la
o on nh toc o cang ln khi phu tai thay oi nhieu. Phng phap ieu chnh toc o tot
nhat la phng phap ma gi nguyen hoac nang cao o cng cua ng ac tnh c. Hay noi
cach khac cang ln th cang tot.
I. 2. d o bang phang hay o lien tuc trong ieu chnh toc o:
Trong pham vi ieu chnh toc o, co nhieu cap toc o. o lien tuc khi ieu
chnh toc o c anh gia bang t so gia hai cap toc o ke nhau:
= ni/ni+1
Trong o:
- ni: Toc o ieu chnh cap th i.
- ni + 1: Toc o ieu chnh cap th ( i + 1 ).
Vi ni va ni + 1 eu lay tai mot gia tr moment nao o.
tien cang gan 1 cang tot, phng phap ieu chnh toc o cang lien tuc. Luc
nay hai cap toc o bang nhau, khong co nhay cap hay con goi la ieu chnh toc o vo cap.
1 : He thong ieu chnh co cap.
I. 2. e Ton that nang lng khi ieu chnh toc o:
He thong truyen ong ien co chat lng cao la mot he thong co hieu suat
lam viec cua ong c la cao nhat khi ton hao nang lng Pphu mc thap nhat.
I. 2. f Tnh kinh te cua he thong khi ieu chnh toc o:
He thong ieu chnh toc o truyen ong ien co tnh kinh te cao nhat la mot
he thong ieu chnh phai thoa man toi a cac yeu cau ky thuat cua he thong. ong thi he
thong phai co gia thanh thap nhat, chi ph bao quan van hanh thap nhat, s dung thiet b
pho thong nhat va cac thiet b may moc co the lap rap lan cho nhau.
II. IEU CHNH TOC O BANG CACH THAY OI IEN AP AT VAO PHAN NG ONG
C:
oi vi cac may ien mot chieu, khi gi t thong khong oi va ieu chnh ien ap
tren mach phan ng th dong ien, moment se khong thay oi. e tranh nhng bien ong
ln ve gia toc va lc ong trong he ieu chnh nen phng phap ieu chnh toc o bang
cach thay oi ien ap tren mach phan ng thng c ap dung cho ong c mot chieu
kch t oc lap.
e ieu chnh ien ap at vao phan ng ong c, ta dung cac bo nguon ieu ap
nh: may phat ien mot chieu, cac bo bien oi van hoac khuech ai t Cac bo bien oi
tren dung e bien dong xoay chieu cua li ien thanh dong mot chieu va ieu chnh gia tr
sc ien ong cua no cho phu hp theo yeu cau.
Phng trnh ac tnh c cua ong c ien mot chieu kch t oc lap:
n=
Ru + R f
U
M
K E
KE KM 2
Ta co toc o khong tai ly tng: n0 = Um/KEm.Va o cng cua ng ac tnh c:

Khi thay oi ien ap at len phan ng cua ong c th toc o khong tai ly tng se
=
dM
K K 2
= E M
dn
Ru + R f
thay oi nhng o cng cua ng ac tnh c th khong thay oi.
Nh vay, khi ta thay oi ien ap th o cng cua ng ac tnh c khong thay oi.
Ho ac tnh c la nhng ng thang song song vi ng ac tnh c t nhien:
n
n0
n cb
n1
n2
n3
T N ( U m )
U1
U2
U3
MC
Um > U1 > U2 > U3

ncb > n1 > n2 > n3
M
Hnh 2. 1 Ho ac tnh c khi thay oi ien ap at vao phan ng ong c.

Phng phap ieu chnh toc o bang cach thay oi ien ap phan ng thc chat la giam ap
va cho ra nhng toc o nho hn toc o c ban ncb. ong thi ieu chnh nhay cap hay lien
tuc tuy thuoc vao bo nguon co ien ap thay oi mot cach lien tuc va ngc lai.
Theo ly thuyet th pham vi ieu chnh D = . Nhng trong thc te ong c ien mot
chieu kch t oc lap neu khong co bien phap ac biet ch lam viec pham vi cho phep:
Umincp = Um/10, ngha la pham vi ieu chnh:
D = ncb/nmin = 10/1. Neu ien ap phan ng U < U mincp th do phan ng phan ng se lam
cho toc o ong c khong on nh.
Nhan xet: Phng phap ieu chnh toc o bang cach thay oi ien ap at vao phan
ng ong c se gi nguyen o cng cua ng ac tnh c nen c dung nhieu trong may
cat kim loai va cho nhng toc o nho hn ncb.
* u iem: ay la phng phap ieu chnh triet e, vo cap co ngha la co the ieu
chnh toc o trong bat ky vung tai nao ke ca khi khong tai ly tng.
* Nhc iem: Phai can co bo nguon co ien ap thay oi c nen von au t c ban
va chi ph van hanh cao.
III. IEU CHNH TOC O BANG CACH THAY OI T THONG:

+
U
I
C K
+
UK T
Hnh 2. 2 S o nguyen ly ieu chnh toc o bang cach thay oi t thong.

ieu chnh t thong kch thch cua ong c ien mot chieu la ieu chnh moment ien
t cua ong c M = KMI va sc ien ong quay cua ong c
E = KEn. Thong thng, khi thay oi t thong th ien ap phan ng c gi nguyen gia tr
nh mc.
oi vi cac may ien nho va oi khi ca cac may ien cong suat trung bnh, ngi ta
thng s dung cac bien tr at trong mach kch t e thay oi t thong do ton hao cong
suat nho. oi vi cac may ien cong suat ln th dung cac bo bien oi ac biet nh: may
phat, khuech ai may ien, khuech ai t, bo bien oi van
Thc chat cua phng phap nay la giam t thong. Neu tang t thong th dong ien
kch t IKT se tang dan en khi h cuon day kch t. Do o, e ieu chnh toc o ch co the
giam dong kch t tc la giam nho t thong so vi nh mc. Ta thay luc nay toc o tang len
khi t thong giam: n = U/KE.
Mat khac ta co: Moment ngan mach Mn = KMIn nen khi giam se lam cho Mn giam
theo.
o cng cua ng ac tnh c:
KEKM 2
=
R
Khi giam th o cng cung giam, ac tnh c se doc hn. Nen ta co ho ng
ac tnh c khi thay oi t thong nh sau:
n
n
1
nnc
m > 1 > 2
ncb < n1 < n2
m
0
MC M2
M1
M
Mn
Hnh 2. 3 Ho ac tnh c khi thay oi t thong.

Phng phap ieu chnh toc o bang cach thay oi t thong co the ieu chnh c
toc o vo cap va cho ra nhng toc o ln hn toc o c ban.
Theo ly thuyet th t thong co the giam gan bang 0, ngha la toc o tang en vo
cung. Nhng tren thc te ong c ch lam viec vi toc o ln nhat:
nmax = 3ncb tc pham vi ieu chnh: D = nmax/ncb = 3/1.
Bi v ng vi moi ong c ta co mot toc o ln nhat cho phep. Khi ieu chnh toc o
tuy thuoc vao ieu kien c kh, ieu kien co gop ong c khong the oi chieu dong ien va
chu c ho quang ien. Do o, ong c khong c lam viec qua toc o cho phep.
Nhan xet: Phng phap ieu chnh toc o bang cach thay oi t thong co the ieu
chnh toc o vo cap va cho nhng toc o ln hn n cb. Phng phap nay c dung e ieu
chnh toc o cho cac may mai van nang hoac la may bao ging. Do qua trnh ieu chnh toc
o c thc hien tren mach kch t nen ton that nang lng t, mang tnh kinh te. Thiet b
n gian.
IV. IEU CHNH TOC O BANG CACH THAY OI IEN TR PHU TREN MACH PHAN NG:
Phng phap ieu chnh toc o bang cach thay oi ien tr phu tren mach phan ng
co the c dung cho tat ca ong c ien mot chieu. Trong phng phap nay ien tr phu
c mac noi tiep vi mach phan ng cua ong c theo s o nguyen ly nh sau:
+
Rf
C K
+
UK T
Hnh 2. 4 S o nguyen ly ieu chnh toc o ong c bang cach thay oi ien tr
phu tren mach phan ng.
Ta co phng trnh ac tnh c cua ong c ien mot chieu kch t oc lap:
Khi thay oi gia tr ien tr phu Rf ta nhan thay toc o khong tai ly tng: va o
n=
Ru + R f
U
M
KE
KEKM 2
cng cua ng ac tnh c:

n0 =
U dm
;
= const
K E dm
K E K M 2 dm
Ru + R f
se thay oi khi gia tr Rf thay oi. Khi Rf cang ln, cang nho ngha la ng ac tnh c
cang doc. ng vi gia tr Rf = 0 ta co o cng cua ng ac tnh c t nhien c tnh theo
cong thc sau:
TN =
KE KM
Ru
dm
Ta nhan thay TN co gia tr ln nhat nen ng ac tnh c t nhien co o cng ln

hn tat ca cac ng ac tnh c co ong ien tr phu tren mach phan ng. Vay khi thay oi
gia tr Rf ta c ho ac tnh c nh sau:
n
n0
TN
n cb
n1
R f1
n2
R f2
n3
0 < R f1 < R f2 <

R f3
MC
R f3
M, I
Hnh 2. 5 Ho ac tnh c khi thay oi ien tr phu tren mach phan ng.
Nguyen ly ieu chnh toc o bang cach thay oi ien tr phu tren mach phan ng
c giai thch nh sau: Gia s ong c ang lam viec xac lap vi toc o n 1 ta ong them Rf
vao mach phan ng. Khi o dong ien phan ng I ot ngot giam xuong, con toc o ong c
do quan tnh nen cha kp bien oi. Dong I giam lam cho moment ong c giam theo va toc
o giam xuong, sau o lam viec xac lap tai toc o n2 vi n2 > n1.
Phng phap ieu chnh toc o nay ch co the ieu chnh toc o n < ncb. Tren thc te
khong the dung bien tr e ieu chnh nen phng phap nay se cho nhng toc o nhay cap
tc o bang phang xa 1 tc n1 cach xa n2, n2 cach xa n3
Khi gia tr nmin cang tien gan en 0 th pham vi ieu chnh:
D = ncb/nmin .
Trong thc te, Rf cang ln th ton that nang lng phu tang. Khi ong c lam viec
toc o n = ncb/2 th ton that nay chiem t 40% en 50%. Cho nen, e am bao tnh kinh
te cho he thong ta ch ieu chnh sao cho pham vi ieu chnh: D = ( 2 3 )/1.
Khi gia tr Rf cang ln th toc o ong c cang giam. ong thi dong ien ngan mach
In va moment ngan mach Mn cung giam. Do o, phng phap nay c dung e han che dong
ien va ieu chnh toc o di toc o c ban. Va tuyet oi khong c dung cho cac ong c
cua may cat kim loai.
Nhan xet: Phng phap ieu chnh toc o bang cach thay oi ien tr phu tren mach
phan ng ch cho nhng toc o nhay cap va nho hn ncb.
* u iem: Thiet b thay oi rat n gian, thng dung cho cac ong c cho can truc,
thang may, may nang, may xuc, may can thep.
* Nhc iem: Toc o ieu chnh cang thap khi gia tr ien tr phu ong vao cang
ln, ac tnh c cang mem, o cng giam lam cho s on nh toc o khi phu tai thay oi
cang kem. Ton hao phu khi ieu chnh rat ln, toc o cang thap th ton hao phu cang tang.
V. IEU CHNH TOC O BANG CACH RE MACH PHAN NG:

ong c ien mot chieu kch t oc lap khi ieu chnh toc o bang cach re mach
phan ng co s o nguyen ly nh sau:
+
C K
ng.
IS
In
R K
Hnh 2. 6 S o nguyen ly phng phap ieu chnh toc o bang cach re mach phan
Mot he thong khi ieu chnh can toc o nho hn ncb va ieu chnh nhay cap. He thong
co o cng tng oi ln va thiet b van hanh n gian th ngi ta dung phng phap re
mach phan ng hay con goi la phan mach.
Theo phng phap re mach phan ng th phan ng ong c noi song song vi ien
tr va noi noi tiep vi mot ien tr khac. Phng phap nay giong vi phng phap thay oi
ien tr tren mach phan ng nhng ien ap phan ng lai khong thay oi. Do o, phng
phap nay oi hoi phai:
- ien ap at vao phan ng ong c khong thay oi.
- V dong kch t khong thay oi nen khi ieu chnh toc o, t thong khong
oi lam cho moment phu tai cho phep c gi khong oi va bang tr so nh mc.
Ta co phng trnh ac tnh c:
R S Rn
RS
R S + Rn
U
n=
M
K E R S + Rn
KE KM 2
R S Rn
Ru +
RS
R S + Rn
n = n0
M
R S + Rn
KEK M 2
Ru +
RS
< n0
R S + Rn
T phng trnh tren, ta nhan thay toc o ong c n < ncb. Mat khac ta co:
n' 0 = n0
Ru + R n > Ru +
Rf
Rn
<
RS
> Ru
R S + Rn
PM
< TN
o cng cua ng ac tnh c re mach phan ng PM nho hn o cng cua ac tnh

c t nhien TN nhng lai ln hn o cng cua ac tnh c co ien tr phu Rf vi ien tr
phu chnh la Rn.
e ieu chnh toc o ong c trong trng hp nay ta tien hanh nh sau:
* Gi nguyen Rn, thay oi gia tr RS:
- Khi RS = 0: ay la trang thai ham ong nang vi toc o ham ong nang
nHN = 0.
U dm
Rn
Ta co ho ac tnh c nh sau:
Khi : R S = : I A =
n0
TN
R S2 n
3
R S1
n2
n1
R S1 <
R S2
n1 < n2
IA
MC
I
RS =
0
RS =
Hnh 2. 7 Ho ac tnh c khi Rn = const, RS thay oi.

Nh vay, khi gi nguyen Rn, thay oi gia tr RS th vung ieu chnh toc o b han che
va modun o ln ac tnh c tang dan khi toc o giam.
* Gi nguyen RS, thay oi gia tr Rn:
- Khi Rn = 0: RS khong anh hng en ng ac tnh c. Luc nay ta xem R S
nh la tai noi song song vi ong c. Ta co c ng ac tnh c t nhien.
- Khi Rn = : ong c ien b h mach nen khong co ien ap ri tren phan
ng ong c. ay la trang thai ham ong nang vi RHN = RS. Ta co : IB = Um/RS. Ta co ho
ac tnh c nh sau:
n
n0
nc
IB
TN ( RN =
n1
R n1
n2
R n2
MC
Rn =
0 < R n1 < R n2 < R n

I
=
n 2 < n 1 < n cb
H n h 2 .8 Ho ac tnh c khi RS = const, Rn thay oi.

Vay, khi gi nguyen RS va thay oi Rn th pham vi ieu chnh khong b han che nh
trng hp tren. Nhng khi toc o giam xuong th o cng ng ac tnh c lai b giam
xuong.
* Ngoai ra con co phng phap thay oi ong thi gia tr cua R S va Rn: Phng phap
nay thng c s dung trong thc te.
So vi phng phap ieu chnh bang cach thay oi ien tr phu tren mach phan ng
ta nhan thay: Khi toc o va moment ong c nh nhau ngha la khi cong suat c nh nhau
dong ien nhan t li trong s o re mach phan ng luon luon ln hn trong s o ieu
chnh bang ien tr phu tren mach phan ng mot lng bang dong ien chay qua RS.
Phng phap nay ch dung cho can truc, cau truc, thang may, may can thep. ong
thi tuyet oi khong dung cho may cat kim loai.
Nhan xet: Phng phap ieu chnh toc o bang cach re mach phan ng th ieu chnh
toc o nhay cap va cho nhng toc o nho hn ncb.
* u iem:
- Vi cung mot toc o yeu cau th o cng cua ng ac tnh c phan mach
co o cng ln hn ac tnh c dung ien tr phu tren mach phan ng.
- Thiet b van hanh n gian.
* Nhc iem:
- Phng phap nay dung tiep iem e ong cat ien tr nen o tinh chnh
khong cao, ieu chnh toc o co cap, pham vi ieu chnh: D = ( 2 3 )/1.
- Do ton that cong suat trong s o nay kha ln nen pham vi ng dung b han
che. Phng phap nay ch ap dung cho ong c co cong suat nho, thi gian lam viec ngan vi
toc o thap.
VI. IEU CHNH TOC O BANG HE THONG MAY PHAT - ONG C
( F - ):
VI. 1 S o nguyen ly:
Vi nhng he thong ieu chnh toc o vo cap, pham vi ieu chnh toc o tng oi
rong. Can nhng toc o ln hn hay nho hn so vi toc o c ban va can ieu chnh lien tuc
nh truyen ong chnh cua mot so may bao ging co nang suat thap, truyen ong quay truc
can thep co cong suat trung bnh va nho, truyen ong uc ong trong phng phap uc lien
tuc th ngi ta dung he thong F - co s o nguyen ly nh sau:
U1 ; f 1

CK K
CD
n
F
P m C
R KK
P c
SC
UK
P c
IKF
IK
CCS X
CK
CK F
R KF
CD
2 1
RK
Hnh 2. 9 S o nguyen ly he thong may phat ong c.

Trong o:
- SC: ong c s cap, cung cap ong lc cho toan he thong. Nhan cong suat
ien xoay chieu, bien oi ien nang thanh c nang keo may phat F va may phat kch thch K.
SC co the la ong c no, ong c ien tuy thuoc vao ch tieu ky thuat cua he thong.
- F: May phat mot chieu kch thch oc lap, cung cap trc tiep nguon mot
chieu cho phan ng ong c.
- : ong c ien mot chieu kch t oc lap keo c cau san xuat ( CCSX ), la
oi tng can ieu chnh toc o trong pham vi tng oi nho.
- K: May phat kch thch, thc chat la may phat ien mot chieu ac biet co t
d ln nen co kha nang t kch. Phat ra ien mot chieu U K cung cap cho mach kch thch may
phat CKF va kch thch cua ong c CK.
VI. 2 Nguyen ly hoat ong:
e khi ong he thong F - ta tien hanh cac bc nh sau:
- M tat ca cac cau dao CD1, CD2.
- ieu chnh bien tr mach kch thch cua ong c RK tr so cc tieu sao
cho max va ieu chnh bien tr mach kch thch cua may phat RKF tr so cc ai sao cho
Fmin.
- ong cau dao CD1 ( luc nay CD2 van h ) khi ong ong c SC. ong c
SC se quay va i cho toc o on nh. SC quay lam cho may phat F va may phat kch
thch K quay.
- ong cau dao CD2 e chon chieu quay cho ong c la thuan hay ngc. Luc
nay co F nhng rat be se lam cho EF be nen U = EF IRF be. ong c se khi ong va
quay vi toc o thap.
- e tang dan ien ap at vao ong c, ta ieu chnh bien tr R KF giam dan ve
tr so cc tieu ( tang dong kch t cua may phat ), do o, dong I tang dan, ong c tang toc
o cho en khi at en ncb. Qua trnh khi ong en ay la cham dt.
- e ngng truyen ong ta ieu chnh RKF tang dan e giam dong kch thch
cua may phat lam cho ien ap phat ra cua may phat U F giam. Do o, toc o cua ong c
giam xuong va ngng han vao luc UF = 0. Sau o m cau dao CD2 dng ong c SC.
Muon thay oi chieu quay cua ong c ta gat cau dao CD2 sang v tr 2.
Vi he thong F - ta co the ieu chnh toc o theo hai hng nh sau:
* e cho n < ncb: ieu chnh bien tr RKF cua may phat at gia tr cc ai e
giam dong kch t cua may phat lam cho UF giam, toc o ong c giam xuong at n < ncb.
Goi DU: Pham vi ieu chnh bang cach thay oi ien ap at len phan ng ong c. Ta
co: DU = ncb/nmin = 10/1.
* e cho n > ncb : Ta gi UF tr so nh mc va ieu chnh bien tr RK at
gia tr cc ai e giam t thong kch thch cua ong c. Luc nay toc o cua ong c tang len
at n > ncb.
Goi D: Pham vi ieu chnh toc o bang cach thay oi t thong cua ong c. Ta co:
D = nmax/ncb = 3/1.
Ket hp hai phng phap ieu chnh la giam ien ap at vao phan ng ong c U va
giam t thong ta c pham vi ieu chnh chung:
D = DUD = nmax/nmin = 30/1.
VI. 3 Thanh lap phng trnh ac tnh c cua he thong F - :
Phng trnh ac tnh c tong quat:
U
R
n=
Iu
KE KE
RuD
U
n=
Iu
KE D
KE D
RuD + RuF
EF
n=
M
KE D
KE KM 2D
Phng trnh can bang sc ien ong cua may phat: U = EF IRF
Thay vao phng trnh ac tnh c ta c:
n=
EF
KE
RuD + RuF
Iu
KE D
ay la phng trnh ac tnh toc o cua he thong.
Thay I = M / KM vao phng trnh ac tnh toc o ta c phng trnh ac tnh

c cua ong c trong he thong F - nh sau:
nD =
EF
KE
RuD + RuF
M
KE KM 2D
T phng trnh ac tnh c cua he thong ta nhan thay: ng vi moi hng

ieu chnh toc o ong c khac nhau ( ln hay nho hn so vi toc o c ban ) ta se co nhng
ho ac tnh ieu chnh khac nhau nh a trnh bay tren.
n
n 3
R K
n 2
n 1
nc
R KF
n1
n2
0 MC
Um, m
U1
U2
U
M
Hnh 2. 10 Ho ac tnh c ieu chnh trong he thong F - .

VI. 4 anh gia he thong F - :
VI. 4. a u iem:
- He thong nay co the ieu chnh toc o vo cap, pham vi ieu chnh rong: D =
( 10 30 )/1 bi v qua trnh ieu chnh c thc hien bang mach kch thch cua may
phat va ong c. Co the dung phng phap bien tr.
- He thong co s chuyen oi trang thai lam viec rat linh hoat, kha nang qua
tai ln nen thng c s dung cac may khai thac trong cong nghiep nho.
VI. 4. b Nhc iem:
- Dung 4 may e quay nen khi lam viec se gay tieng on ln, chiem nhieu dien
tch e at may. ong thi tong cong suat at vao he thong F - qua ln: Gap 3 lan so vi
yeu cau nen von au t ln.
- Hieu suat hoat ong cua he thong tng oi thap:
= Pc2/P < 0,75
- ac tnh c doc nen khi co dao ong phu tai th the hien ro hn na.
- Ngoai ra, do cac may phat mot chieu co t d, ac tnh t hoa co tre nen
kho ieu chnh sau toc o.
VI. 4. c Nhan xet:
Vi he thong F - vong h nh tren, ta khong the thc hien viec on nh toc
o ong c la nhiem vu can thiet oi vi cac he thong truyen ong nham nang cao chat
lng san pham c gia cong tren may, nang cao chat lng ky thuat cua mot qui trnh
cong nghe ma may san xuat tham gia hoac nang cao nang suat cua may.
e thc hien nhiem vu o, ta thng dung cac he thong F- co khuech ai
may ien dung phan hoi vong kn. Trong cac he thong nay, cac bo khuech ai may ien se s
dung cac lien he phan hoi, ngha la a mot tn hieu au ra cua he thong quay tr lai au
vao cua no. Tn hieu au ra co the la ien ap, dong ien trong mach chnh hoac toc o quay
cua ong c. Tn hieu au vao la sc t ong cua khuech ai may ien. Cac khuech ai may
ien thng dung hien nay la may kch t nhieu cuon day ieu chnh c, khuech ai may
ien t kch va khuech ai may ien t trng giao truc.
VII. HE THONG KHUECH AI MAY IEN ONG C:
VII. 1 Khuech ai may ien ( KM ):
KM la may phat mot chieu ac biet. Co 2 loai KM:
- KM t kch.
- KM t trng giao truc.
VII. 1. a Khuech ai may ien t kch:
La loai may phat ien mot chieu ac biet. Mach t c lam bang thep ky
thuat can nguoi nen co t tr nho va ac tnh t tre hep.
He thong kch t co t 3 en 4 cuon day:
- Mot cuon lam kch t oc lap ( kch t chnh ) at ien ap mot chieu vao va dung
e ieu khien sc ien ong phat ra cua phan ng may ien.
- Mot cuon lam nhiem vu t kch, lay ien ap phat ra hai au phan ng hoac dong
ien tren mach phan ng quay tr lai t kch.
- Cac cuon con lai dung e thc hien cac phan hoi trong he thong.
S o nguyen ly KM t kch:
* KM t kch theo ien ap ( t kch song song ):
+
U ng
CK
R1
R
2
F1
F2
K
M
TK
CK
CK
UK M
Hnh 2. 11 S o nguyen ly KM t kch song song.
* KM t kch theo dong ien ( t kch noi tiep ):

+
CK
R1
F1
U ng
I K M
F2
KM
CK
TK
UK M
CK
Hnh 2. 12 S o nguye
n ly KM t kch no
2 i tiep.
3
Nh cuon t kch ma ien ap phat ra cua KM c nang cao so vi may
phat thong thng. Da vao ac tnh volt-ampe cua KM ta thay:
UmKM = Um1 + Um2
UK M
CK
U m 2
U m K M
U m 1
CK
2
IK
I m
Hnh 2. 13 ac tnh volt-ampe cua he thong KM.

Khi co them CK2 th U tang len mot lng Um2.
He so cong suat: KP = Pf/PKT = UKMIKM/UKIK = hang tram/1.
VII. 1 Khuech ai may ien t trng giao truc:
La may phat mot chieu ac biet:
- Mach t lam bang thep ky thuat ien can nguoi, cc t dang an.
- Phan kch co t 3 en 4 cuon day:
. Mot cuon lam kch thch chnh ( kch t oc lap ) tao ra t trng chnh.
. Mot cuon lam nhiem vu bu.
. Cac cuon con lai dung e thc hien phan hoi trong truyen ong.
- Tren co gop at hai cap choi than co truc vuong goc nhau. Trong o, mot cap c
noi tat vi nhau con mot cap e lay ien ap ra.
+
U ng
-
R1
I1
E
F1
MF I
I2
E
F2
M F II
UK M
Hnh 2. 14 S o tng ng KM t trng giao truc.

ng ve mat khuech ai ta co the xem KM t trng giao truc tng ng vi
hai may phat ien lam viec ke tiep nhau va co s o nguyen ly nh tren.
He so khuech ai: KP = KPIKPII = UKMI2/UKIK.
ay la loai may ien co he so khuech ai cao nhat, KP co gia tr hang ngan lan.
VII. 2 Khuech ai may ien t kch ong c dung phan hoi am toc o:
VII. 2. a S o nguyen ly:
SC
R1
CK 3 CK 2
F2
F1
U 1 , f 1
F3
U ng
KM
TK
FT
CCS X
RK
C K
R
3
Hnh 2. 15 S o nguyen ly khuech ai may ien t kch ong c dung phan hoi am toc
o.
Trong o:
- Pm cua ong c 5KW.
- CK1: Cuon kch thch chu ao ( kch t oc lap ), sinh ra sc t ong F1.
- CK2: Cuon t kch thch, sinh ra sc t ong F2 cung chieu vi F1.
- R2: ieu chnh he so t kch. Gia tr R2 cang nho th he so t kch cang ln
va ngc lai.
- CK3: Cuon phan hoi am toc o ( tn hieu a ve e kh F1 ), sinh ra sc t
ong F3 ngc chieu F1.
VII. 2. b Nguyen ly hoat ong:
Ta co: F3 = I3WCK3
I3 =
RuFT
E FT
+ R3 + RCK 3
EFT: Sc ien ong cua may phat o toc o FT. La may phat mot chieu ac
biet c che tao vi mach t bao hoa rat sau e t thong nay phat ra hoan toan bang hang
so nen sc ien ong phat ra cua may phat ty le bac nhat vi toc o. Do o, khi oc sc
ien ong ngi ta biet c toc o theo moi quan he: EFT = KEFTnFT = KEFTn.
V mach t bao hoa sau nen FT xem nh la hang so nen EFT ty le thuan vi
nFT.
T cac bieu thc tren, ta nhan thay khi R3 = const th: F3 I3 EFT n. V
vay F3 n. Sc t ong cua KM: FT = F1 + F2 + F3.
He thong nay co kha nang ieu chnh toc o theo hai hng:
* e cho n > ncb: Ta giam t thong bang cach tang gia tr RK.
* e cho n < ncb: Ta giam ien ap at len phan ng cua ong c U thong
qua ieu chnh giam gia tr R1.
Ngoai ra, khi ieu chnh R2 e thay oi he so t kch ngha la thay oi o
cng cua ng ac tnh c. Thc chat qua trnh nay la nang cao o cng cua ng ac tnh
c e at c toc o cao nhat khi ong c c m rong len. ong thi nh phan hoi am
toc o ma ong c co kha nang lam viec vi toc o thap hn ncb/10, ngha la co the m
rong them toc o thap va cao nen ta c pham vi ieu chnh ln: D = ( 40 hang
tram )/1.
He thong nay co kha nang on nh toc o khi phu tai thay oi nh khau phan
hoi am toc o: Khi ong c ang lam viec vi phu tai Mc va toc o at yeu cau nyc. V ly do
nao o, moment phu tai at len truc ong c thay oi, khac nyc th nh qua trnh phan hoi
am toc o he thong se t ong on nh toc o at nyc. Qua trnh t ong nay c giai thch
nh sau: Gia s khi Mc tang se lam cho n giam < nyc. Ma khi n giam EFT giam I3 giam
F3 giam FT = F1 + F2 + F3 tang EKM tang U tang n tang at en nyc. Va
khi Mc giam th qua trnh se t ong xay ra theo chieu ngc lai e toc o ong c at nyc.
n0
ny
n
TN
M C M C1
Hnh 2. 16 ac tnh c cua he thong khuech ai may ien t kch ong c

dung phan hoi am toc o.
VII. 2. c Nhan xet:
* u iem: Dung sai so toc o quay tr lai ieu khien he thong e t ong on
nh toc o ( khau phan hoi trc tiep ). Viec tnh toan khau phan hoi am toc o tien hanh rat
n gian, tien li.
* Nhc iem: Dung may phat toc o nen gia thanh cua he thong cao.
VII. 3 He thong khuech ai may ien t trng giao truc ong c dung phan hoi
dng dong ien va phan hoi am ien ap:
VII. 3. a S o nguyen ly:
SC
+
R 1 CK 1
CK 3
U ng
-
F1 F3 F2
KMTT
GT
U fhI
U 1 , f 1
I
CCS X
C K
R K
U fh
Hnh 2. 17 S o nguyen ly he thong khuech ai may ien t trng giao

truc ong c dung phan hoi dng dong ien va phan hoi am ien ap.
Trong o:
- CK1: Cuon kch thch chu ao, sinh ra sc t ong F1.
- CK2: Cuon phan hoi dng dong ien, sinh ra sc t ong F2 cung
chieu vi F1.
- CK3: Cuon phan hoi am ien ap, sinh ra sc t ong F 3 ngc chieu
vi F1.
VII. 3. b Nguyen ly hoat ong:
Ta co: . F2 = I2WCK2 Vi:
I2 =
U fhI
RCK 2
; U fhI = I u
R 2 RCK 2
R 2 + RCK 2
Neu cho R2 = const th ta c: F2 I2 UfhI I F2 I.

. F3 = I3WCK3 Vi:
I3 =
U fhU
RCK 3
; U fhU = U D
R3
R3 + R 4
Khi gi cho R3 = const th ta c: F3 I3 UfhU U F3 U.

Tng t nh he thong KM t kch ong c dung phan hoi am toc o, he
thong nay cung co kha nang ieu chnh toc o theo hai hng ln hay nho hn so vi ncb.
He thong nay co kha nang m rong pham vi ieu chnh, t ong on nh toc
o nh phan hoi dng dong ien va phan hoi am toc o. Gia s: Khi he thong lam viec vi
phu tai Mc va toc o at nyc. Khi Mc tang n giam nho so vi nyc, luc o he thong se: Mc
tang M tang ( moment ong c tang e can bang vi phu tai ) I tang F2 tang. Khi
I tang UKM = IRKK tang U = EKM UKM giam FT = F1 + F2 + F3 tang
EKM tang U tang n se tang at nyc. Khi Mc giam th qua trnh xay ra theo chieu
ngc lai.
VII. 3. c Nhan xet:
gia thanh thap.
* u iem: S dung thiet b n gian (ch dung cac ien tr R2, R3, R4) nen
* Nhc iem: Viec tnh toan thiet ke phoi hp gia hai khau phan hoi nay e
on nh toc o la kha phc tap (khau phan hoi gian tiep).
VII. 3 Nhan xet he thong khuech ai may ien ong c:
VII. 3. a u iem:
Ngoai nhng u iem cua cac he thong F - vong h nh:
- Pham vi ieu chnh toc o rong vi o chnh xac va tin cay cao.
- Khi ong may em.
- Co kha nang ham tai sinh, tra nang lng lai cho li ien.
- Ton hao nang lng khi ieu chnh toc o va m may thap.
Cac he thong KM ong c vong kn con co nhng u iem:
- Co kha nang t ong on nh toc o ong c khi phu tai thay oi.
- Co kha nang tang tnh on nh toc o cua he thong nh khau on nh.
- Co he so khuech ai cong suat ln.
VII. 4. b Nhc iem:
He thong KM ong c co nhng nhc iem tng t nh he thong F - :
- Dung nhieu may ien vi tong cong suat lap at ln do o oi hoi gia thanh
cao.
hanh ln.
- Hieu suat hoat ong thap.

- Dien tch lap at may rong va oi hoi nen mong chac chan nen ph ton van
- Gay tieng on ln.
VIII. HE THONG KHUECH AI T - ONG C:

VIII. 1 S o nguyen ly:
Khuech ai t ( KT ) hay con goi la bo bien oi van t, la to hp cua khang bao
hoa vi chnh lu khong ieu khien.
KT c dung e lam bo ieu chnh dong ien va ien ap trong cac he thong ieu
khien, ieu chnh va kiem tra t ong.
Trong cac may nang van chuyen, KT thng c dung lam may kch thch cho cac
may phat trong he thong F - . oi vi may cat got kim loai, KT thng c dung ket hp
vi chnh lu diode ban dan e cung cap cho phan ng ong c mot chieu vi s o nguyen
ly nh sau:
U 1 , f 1
BA
W k
W lv
U k
-
U 1 , f 1
+
C K
R K
V0
( a
)
BA
W lv
V0
U k
W k
(b )
C K
Hnh 2. 18 S o nguyen ly he thong KT ong c.

a). Tia ba pha.
b). Cau ba pha.
Trong cac s o nay, may bien ap BA co chc nang bien oi gia tr ien ap cho phu
hp vi yeu cau cua ong c. Tao ra so pha hoac iem trung tnh cho phu hp vi s o
chnh lu neu can va nang cao he so cong suat cua he.
Cac van khong ieu khien Vo dung e bien oi dong ien xoay chieu thanh mot chieu
va tao ra thanh phan dong ien t t hoa cho KT.
Cuon khang bao hoa KBH dung e ieu chnh gia tr sc ien ong cua bo bien oi.
VIII. 2 Nguyen ly hoat ong:
Trong he thong KT ong c, toc o ong c c ieu chnh bang cach thay oi tr
so trung bnh cua sc ien ong chnh lu bang cach bien oi dong ien ieu khien, tc la
bien oi mc o bao hoa cua mach t.
e n gian trong viec khao sat nguyen ly hoat ong cua he thong nay, ta tach ra
mot trong ba pha t cac s o tren va gia thuyet rang ac tnh t tre cua loi thep co dang ly
tng.
+
u2
+B
I k
U k
-
W k
Rt
H
B0
V0
(a )
(b )
-B S
Hnh 2. 19
a). S o nguyen ly mot pha cua bo bien oi.
b). Dang ac tnh t tre ly tng cua loi thep.
Ta co: u2 = U2msint = iRt + XK ( di / dt )
Trong o: XK co gia tr thay oi theo trang thai t hoa cua loi thep. Luc au, loi thep
c t hoa co nh nh cuon ieu khien Wk en mot gia tr B0 nao o trong pham vi ( -BS
B0 +BS ).
* ban ky dng cua nguon u2: dong ien thuan i qua V0 t hoa loi cuon khang,
lam cho bien o t cam bien thien. Luc nay, v loi thep cha bao hoa nen XK rat ln, nguon
chu yeu ri tren cuon khang con gia tr iRt 0. Ta co:
u2 = U2msint = iRt + XK ( di/dt ) = NlvS ( dB / dt )
Vi ieu kien ban au: t = 0, B = B0, giai phng trnh nay ta c:
B = B0 + Bm ( 1 - cost )
Trong o:
- Bien o t cam: Bm = U2m/WNlvS
- Nlv: So vong day cua cuon lam viec.
- S : Dien tch tiet dien loi cua cuon khang.
- : Tan so goc cua dong ien.
Khi loi thep bao hoa, ta co XK = 0. Do o, toan bo nguon ap ch at len tai. Khi o:
u2 = U2msint = iRt = ub
Vi ub la ien ap ra cua bo bien, tc la ien ap at tren tai.
* ban ky am cua nguon u2: V0 ngng dan, dong ien t hoa khong co nen loi thep
b kh t bi cuon ieu khien Wk va o t cam B se giam dan ve gia tr ban au B0, ien ap
tren tai ub u2 = 0.
Gia tr trung bnh cua ien ap chnh lu c xac nh theo cong thc:
U KDT
p
=
2
2m
sin td t =
p
U 2 m (1 + cos )
2
Trong o:
- p: So lan ap mach trong bo chnh lu.
- : Goc bao hoa

= arccos(1
BS B0
)
Bm
- BS: T cam bao hoa.

Neu ta chon Bm = BS th = arccos ( B0/BS ). Luc nay gia tr trung bnh cua ien ap
chnh lu: UKT = Um [ 1 + ( B0/BS )] = f ( B0 ).Vi:
Um = pU2m/2
Ta nhan thay: Khi thay oi gia tr B0 t BS en +BS ta se ieu chnh c ien ap
chnh lu UKT t 0 en gia tr U2m( p/ ). V B0 la do dong ieu khien Ik tao ra nen thc
chat gia tr UKT chnh la ham cua Ik: UKT = f ( Ik ).
VIII. 3 Phng trnh ac tnh c cua he thong KT ong c:
thong:
T cong thc: n = n0 - M/, ta c phng trnh ac tnh c cua ong c trong he

n=
n=
U KDT Rb + Ru
Iu
KE
KE
B0
)
BS
U m (1 +
KE
U m (1 +
Rb + Ru
Iu
KE
B0
)
BS
Rb + Ru
n=
M
KE
KE KM 2
ay chnh la phng trnh ac tnh c cua ong c trong he thong KT ong c vi
Rb la ien tr trong cua he thong.
Neu xem cuon khang la phan t tuyen tnh th ta se c ho nhng ng ac tnh c
cua ong c la nhng ng thang song song nhau va c goi la ho ac tnh c ly tng.
n
n0
n yc
n1
I k1
I k2
I k3
0
M
M
Hnh 2. 20 Ho ac tnh c ly t
C ng cua ong c trong he thong KT ong c.
VIII. 4 Nhan xet:

VIII. 4. a u iem:
- De che tao.
- Ben va gia thanh ha.
- Do KT la bo bien oi tnh nen khac phuc c nhng nhc iem cua he
thong F - nh a trnh bay phan tren.
VIII. 4. b Nhc iem:
- Do ien tr trong cua bo bien oi van t kha ln nen o cng cua ng ac
tnh c thap, sai so toc o ln va day ieu chnh hep.
- Ve hnh thc ieu khien, he thong KT ong c kem linh hoat hn he F - .

ao chieu quay ong c kho khan va gay ton that nang lng ln. Quan tnh cua he KT ong c ln do anh hng cua ien khang KT, he so cong suat thap.
Chng III
CAC HE THONG IEU CHNH TOC O ONG C

MOT CHIEU KCH T OC LAP CO DUNG
IEN T CONG SUAT
I. HE THONG CHNH LU ONG C:
e tao ra bo nguon mot chieu co ien ap thay oi c, ngoai cac may phat ien mot
chieu, KM, ngi ta con dung cac bo chnh lu co ieu khien. Vao nhng nam cuoi cua
thap nien bay mi, khi cong nghe che tao chat ban dan phat trien, ac biet la cac tiristor
chu c dong ien ln va ien ap cao th cac bo chnh lu tiristor ra i. Cac bo chnh lu
nay ngay cang phat trien manh me v co nhng u iem noi bat so vi dung nguon may phat
mot chieu hoac chnh lu dung en kh:

- Co the tao ra nhng bo nguon cong suat ln hang ngan Kw ma cac may phat ien hoac en thuy
ngan c kh khong the tao ra c.
- Ton that ien ap tren en rat be, ch khoang t 0,5V en 1,5V.
- o nhay cua he thong cao v co tnh quan tnh ien t be.
- Lam viec c nhng ni di chuyen, chan ong ma may phat ien, en kh, thuy ngan kho thc
hien c.
- Hieu suat cao.
He thong chnh lu c phan chia thanh nhieu loai: chnh lu mot pha hay ba pha, oi xng hay khong oi
xng, co ieu khien hay khong ieu khien Nhng trong chng nay ngi viet ch xin trnh bay he thong chnh lu
ong c ien ba pha dung linh kien ban dan tiristor e ieu khien. He thong nay dung e thay oi ien ap va dong ien
ngo ra bang cach thay oi thi iem at xung kch len cc ieu khien cua tiristor, t o co the ieu chnh toc o cua
ong c ien. Viec ieu chnh nay thc hien vo cap va khong can tiep iem.
I. 1 He thong chnh lu ba pha hnh tia ong c:
I. 1. a S o nguyen ly:
Chnh lu ba pha hnh tia con c goi la chnh lu ba pha na chu ky hay
chnh lu ba pha co au khong . ien ap chnh lu la mot na song cua ien ap xoay
chieu.
U1, f1
I1
BA
U2
T1
Uk
I2
T2
GT2
GT1
T3
GT3
BKC
C0
GT1
GT2
GT3
CCSX
I
+
CK
RK
Hnh 3. 1 S o nguyen ly he thong chnh lu ba pha hnh tia ong c.

Trong o:
- BA: May bien ap chnh lu co nhiem vu:
. Bien oi ien ap nguon Ung thanh ien ap phu hp Un at len bo
chnh lu.
. Bien oi so pha nguon thanh so pha phu hp vi bo chnh lu.
. am bao cho nguon va bo chnh lu ch quan he vi nhau ve t ma
khong quan he trc tiep ve ien nen bao ve va ieu chnh bo chnh lu c de dang hn.
- T1, T2, T3: Cac tiristor, bien ien ap xoay chieu U2 thanh ien ap mot chieu.
- K: Cuon ien khang can bang.
- : ong c ien mot chieu kch t oc lap. ay la thanh phan chu yeu, oi
tng can ieu chnh toc o.
- Bo loc ( va C0 ): Cho nhng thanh phan xoay chieu con sot lai i qua tu.
Lam cho dong i qua ong c t nhap nho nen moment t thay oi, do o toc o ong c c
on nh.
- BKC: Bo khong che. Co nhiem vu lam bo tao xung, em xung va phan phoi
xung at len cac cc ieu khien cua cac tiristor.
I. 1. b Nguyen ly hoat ong va dang song:
Vi s o nguyen ly nh tren, cac tiristor c noi theo nhom katot chung nen
cac phan t chnh lu co ac iem nh sau:
- Tirisror dan ien la tiristor co anot c noi vi ien ap cao nhat va
phai c kch xung ong pha vi ien ap cua pha o.
- Tiristor nao dan ien th no se ganh tron dong ien tai.
- Khi co mot tiristor dan ien th hai tiristor con lai se khong dan ( neu
ta xet bo qua s chuyen mach ).
Che o lam viec cua chnh lu phu thuoc vao phng thc ieu khien va cac
tnh chat cua phu tai. Trong truyen ong ien, tai cua chnh lu thng la cuon kch t ( L,
R ) va mach phan ng ong c ( R, L va E ). e n gian trong viec tm hieu nguyen ly hoat
ong cua he thong chnh lu ba pha hnh tia ong c tren ta co s o thay the nh sau:
u2a
T1
T2
u2b
u2c
Ud
T3
Id
E
Ld
Rd
Hnh 3. 2 S o thay the he thong chnh lu ba pha hnh tia ong c.

Trong o:
- E: Sc phan ien ong cua ong c ien.
- u2a, u2b, u2c: ien ap th cap cua may bien ap BA.

- Rd: ien tr mach mot chieu ( ke ca ien tr day quan th cap cua
may bien ap ).
- Ld: ien cam mach mot chieu.

e tien hanh ieu chnh toc o ong c, ngi ta thay oi goc kch cua
tiristor se thay oi c ien ap chnh lu, lam cho ien ap at len phan ng ong c thay
oi. Xet hai trng hp:
* Khi = 0: Ta kch tiristor tai thi iem chuyen mach t nhien lam cho ien
ap ra trung bnh la cc ai: Ud0 = Udmax
U d 0 = U d max cos =
2U 2 f Sin
( 3. 1 )
Trong o:
- Ud0: ien ap chnh lu tai thi iem = 0.
- m: So pha cua chnh lu ( m = 3 ).
- U2f: ien ap pha th cap may bien ap.
* Khi 0: Ud = Udmaxcos
m
2U 2 f sin cos
Ud =
sau:
( 3. 2 )
- Khi 0 < < 300: Dong chnh lu se lien tuc va co s o dang song nh
Trong khoang thi gian O1O2 ien ap ra Ua co gia tr ln nhat, ong thi tai
thi iem O1 kch xung cho T1. T1 nhan xung kch nen dan ien, m cho dong ien chay qua
con hai van T2 va T3 b khoa. Sau thi iem O2 tr i Ub co gia tr ln nhat. Tai O2, kch xung
cho T2 nen T2 dan. Luc nay ta co Ua < Ub nen anot cua T1 co ien the thap hn so vi katot
cua no, do o T1 b khoa. Tng t, tai thi iem O3, T3 dan con T1 va T2 b khoa.
Nh vay moi tiristor se cho dong chay qua no trong khoang thi gian 120 0
ien va gia tr trung bnh cua ien ap chnh lu tiristor:
Ud =
3
2
2
+ +
6
3
2U 2 sin d =
+
6
3 6
U 2 cos
2
( 3. 3
)
ien ap ngc at len moi tiristor la hieu so ien the gia anot va katot cua tiristor
o:
. Khi T2 dan:
U ngT 1 = U b U a =
6U 2 cos(
)
3
( 3. 4 )
6U 2 cos(
2
)
3
( 3. 5
. Khi T3 dan:
U ngT 1 = U c U a =
iem cc tr cua ien ap ngc at len T1 la:
4
3
11
U ngT 1 = 6U 2 khi =
Dong ien chnh lu 3c san bang co gia tr:
U ngT 1 =
Id =
6U 2 khi =
Ud
Rd + X d
( 3. 6
Gia tr trung bnh cua dong ien chay qua moi tiristor) la:
I dtb =
1
2
2
3
I d
d
( 3. 7 )
Id
3
- Khi 30 < < 900: ien ap ra tc thi se am trong mot so khoang:

0
Hnh 3. 4 o th ien ap ra cua bo chnh lu khi 300 < < 900.

- Khi = 900: ien ap ra trung bnh Udtb = 0.
- Khi > 900: Dang song ra cua ien ap chnh lu co dang nh sau:
Hnh 3. 5 Dang song ien ap ra cua bo chnh lu khi > 900.

Ta nhan thay: Trong khoang 0 < < 900, bo bien oi lam viec che o
chnh lu vi ien ap Ud > 0. Va trong khoang 900 < < 1800, bo bien oi lam viec che
o nghch lu vi Ud < 0. Moi quan he gia Ud = f ( ) cua bo chnh lu tiristor c bieu
dien nh sau:
Ud0
Ud
CL
0
- Ud0
/2
NL
Hnh 3. 6 ac tnh ieu chnh Ud = f ( ).
I. 1. c Hien tng chuyen mach:

Trong s o chnh lu ba pha hnh tia - ong c, khi phat xung nham e m
mot van tiristor th ien ap cua pha o phai dng hn ien ap cua pha co van ang dan
dong. Do o, dong ien cua pha ang dan se giam ve 0, con dong ien cua van ke tiep se
tang dan len. Do co ien cam trong mach ma qua trnh nay xay ra t t, cung mot thi iem
ca hai van eu dan dong va chuyen dong cho nhau. Qua trnh nay c goi la qua trnh
chuyen mach gia cac van.
Trong qua trnh chuyen mach v ca hai van eu dan ien nen ien ap chnh lu
bang trung bnh cong cua hai ien ap pha: Ud = ( Ua + Ub )/2.
Phng trnh can bang ien ap cho cac pha trong luc chuyen mach la:
d i1
= Ud
dt
d
U b X td i 2 = U d
V i1 + i2 = Id va
dt neu ta coi nh:
d i1
d
= i2
dt
dt
U a X td
( 3. 8
)
Th ta co:
di 2 U b U a
=
=
dt
2 X td
U 2 m sin
X td
sin
Trong o: p la so xung ap ap mach trong mot chu ky ien ap xoay chieu.

Thi iem bat au xay ra hien tng chuyen mach la tai thi iem = . Ta
c bieu thc tnh dong ien chay qua cac van:
i1 = I d ik = I d
i2 = ik =
Ud =
( 3. 9
)
( 3. 10
6
U 2 [cos cos( )]
2 X td
= arccos(cos
U =
6
U 2 [cos cos( + )]
2 X td
Id
)
I mk
2 X td I d
2
3 6
3 X td
U 2 cos
Id
2
2
( 3. 11
)
( 3. 12
)
( 3. 13
)
Qua trnh chuyen mach ket thuc khi i1 = 0, i2 = Id. Do o, ta co the rut ra
uan he gia goc chuyen mach vi cac thong so trong he thong:
Trong o:
I mk =
U 2 m sin
X td
Trong thc te van hanh t khi dong ien chnh lu vt qua gia tr Id/Imk =
0,1. Do o, co the noi rang trong chnh lu ba pha hnh tia ong c goc chuyen mach cc
ai la 300. Do co s chuyen mach nen sc ien ong chnh lu b suy giam va gia tr trung
bnh cua sut ap do chuyen mach c tnh theo bieu thc sau:
Gia tr trung bnh cua ien ap chnh lu ba pha hnh tia ong c:
I. 1. d Song hai va viec san bang ien ap ra cua song hai:
Do tnh chat cua chnh lu ien t cong suat la bien oi ien ap xoay chieu
thanh mot chieu nen dang song ra cua bo bien oi khong phai la hnh sin ma co cha cac
thanh phan song ieu hoa bac cao. Dang song ien ap ra cua chnh lu co tnh chat xung, co
dang nhap nho. Do o, ien ap ra cua chnh lu gom hai thanh phan: xoay chieu va mot
chieu: Ud = ud + ud.
Trong o: ud la tong cac song hai cua ien ap chnh lu. Bien o cua chung
phu thuoc vao ien cam, ien tr cua may bien ap, tnh chat cua phu tai, cac van, bac cua
song hai va s o ket noi mach cua chnh lu.
Trong he thong chnh lu ba pha hnh tia ong c, mac du tai mang tnh chat
cam khang ( L, R, E ) se lam cho dang song ien ap ra tng oi bang phang nhng do co
goc kch va s chuyen mach ien t nen co nhieu song hai hn so vi he thong chnh lu
khong co ieu khien. Khi goc kch cang ln th bien o cua song hai cang ln. e kh song
hai cho dang song ien ap ra c bang phang, on nh ngi ta thng dung en bo loc.
Bo loc la khau trung gian, no noi nguon chnh lu vi phu tai. Bo loc co chc
nang ch cho dong ien co tan so co nh nao o i qua ma khong b suy giam nhng lai lam
suy giam manh dong ien cac tan so khac.
e san bang dang song ien ap chnh lu ta dung bo loc LC. Bo loc nay c
dung cho cac thiet b chnh lu cong suat ln nh sau:
U ( 1 )m.r
-
Hnh 3. 7 S o mach loc LC.
Tai
U ( 1 )m.r
Mach loc LC la s ket hp gia cuon day va tu ien. Cuon day L dung e san
bang dong ien, loc nhieu tan so cao. Tu ien C dung e duy tr ien ap tren tai co nh,
khong oi.
Ch tieu cua bo loc Kab la he so san bang c xac nh theo bieu thc nh
K
sau:
K ab = v
( 3. 14
Kr
U (1) m.v
U
2
Kv =
= 2
; K r = (1) m.r
U d .v
m x1
Ud
Trong o:
- Kv, Kr: He so xung au vao va ra cua bo loc. Gia tr cua Kv phu

thuoc vao tng s o chnh lu con gia tr cua Kr ln hay nho la do yeu cau cua phu tai.
- U(1)m.v: Bien o song c ban ( song hai bac 1 ) cua ien ap chnh lu.
- Ud.v: ien ap ra mot chieu cua ien ap chnh lu.
- Ud: ien ap ra mot chieu tren tai.
- U(1)m.r: Bien o ln nhat cua xung ap song c ban au ra cua bo loc.
- mx: So xung ap cua ien ap chnh lu trong mot chu ky cua ien ap
nguon xoay chieu.
Trong bo loc LC, khi thiet ke, cac gia tr L va C c tnh toan theo cong thc
nh sau:
2U d
[(m x ) 2 1]m x I d
10 K ab
C=
L(m x ) 2
( 3. 15
Lmin =
)
( 3. 16
Trong o:
- mx: So pha ( mx = 3 ).
- Kv = 0,25.
ien ap ra cc ai at len tu ien cua bo loc se la:
U c max = 2U 2
( 3. 17
I. 1. e Phng trnh ac tnh c cua ong c:
)
nhng phan tren, e n gian cho viec tm hieu nguyen ly hoat ong va
dang song cua he thong chnh lu nen ta bo qua cac anh hng cua mach ong lc oi vi
ien ap ra cua bo chnh lu. Khi tien hanh thanh lap phng trnh ac tnh c cua ong c ta
phai xet en s anh hng cua ien khang, ien tr cua may bien ap, sc phan ien ong
cua ong c va cac ton that khac tren mach ien.
u2a
T1
u2b
u2c
Rt
Rt
Rt
xt
xt
xt
T2
T3
R
XK
Hnh 3. 8 S o ang tr cua he thong chnh lu ba pha hnh tia ong c.

Muon xet toan bo anh hng cua mach ong lc len ien ap ra cua chnh lu
co tai la ong c, ta s dung sc ien ong cua cuon day th cap may bien ap c trnh
bay nh hnh 3. 8.
Tng t nh ien ap chnh lu, gia tr trung bnh cua sc ien ong chnh lu
c xac nh theo cong thc nh sau:
Ed =
3 6
E2 cos = Ed 0 cos
2
( 3. 18
Khi chnh lu co tai, ien ap at vao ong c: U = Ed - UCL).
Sc phan ien ong cua ong c: E = Ed - U vi U: ien ap ri tren toan
mach phan ng, U = UT + UR + UX + U
( 3. 19 )
Va co dang song cua ien ap ra chnh lu khi co tai:
la ong c.
Hnh 3. 9 Dang song ien ap ra va dong ien khi bo chnh lu co tai

T U = UT + UR + UX + U : Trong o:
- UT: ien ap ri tren tiristor, khoang t 0,5V en 1,5V.
- UR: ien ap ri tren ien tr may bien ap UR = IRt.
- Rt: ien tr tng ng cua may bien ap:
Rtd = R2 + R1 (
ap.
W2 2
)
W1
( 3. 20
- R1, W1: ien tr va so vong day tren mot pha cuon s cap )cua may bien ap.
- R2, W2: ien tr va so vong day tren mot pha cuon th cap cua may bien
- UX: ien ap ri tren ien khang cua may bien ap:
UX = 0,47IXt.
- Xt: ien khang tng ng cua may bien ap:
X td = X 2 + X 1 (
( 3. 21 )
W2 2
)
W1
( 3. 22
- X1, X2: ien khang tren cuon s cap va th cap cua may bie) n ap.
- U: ien ap ri tren hai au phan ng cua ong c:
U = IR.
Thay cac gia tr cua U vao: U = Ed - UCL va E = Ed - U ta c: E =
Ud0cos - UT - ( Rt + 0,47Xt + R )I
( 3. 23 )
Chia hai ve cua bieu thc cho KE ta c:
n=
U d 0 cos U T Rtd + 0,47 X td + Ru
Iu
K E D
KE D
n=
U d 0 cos U T Rtd + 0,47 X td + Ru
M
KE D
KE KM 2D
( 3. 24
ay la phng trnh ac tnh c cua ong c mot chieu kch) t oc lap trong
he thong chnh lu ba pha hnh tia ong c.
T ( 3. 24 ), khi thay oi goc kch ngha la thay oi thi iem kch cua cac
tiristor th ta thay oi c ien ap ra cua chnh lu. ien ap ngo ra cua chnh lu thay oi
tc la ien ap at len phan ng cua ong c se thay oi lam cho toc o cua ong c thay
oi.
Neu goc kch cang ln, ngha la ta kch vao cac tiristor cang cham so vi
thi iem chuyen mach t nhien th cos cang nho se lam cho ien ap chnh lu ra cang be
nen ng ac tnh c cua ong c cang doc, toc o cua ong c giam. Thong thng c
chon: 0 < < /2. Ta co ho ac tnh c cua ong c khi goc kch thay oi:
n0
n
TN
n01
n02
n0 > n01 > n02
=
1
0
0 < 1 < 2
M
0
MC
Hnh 3. 10 Ho ng ac tnh c cua ong c trong he thong chnh lu ba
pha hnh tia ong c khi thay oi goc kch .
Trong he thong nay, co hai hng e ieu chnh toc o cua ong c:
- e ieu chnh toc o at n < ncb th ta tang goc kch lam cho ien ap
at len phan ng cua ong c se giam nen toc o se giam.
- e ieu chnh toc o at n > ncb th ta giam t thong kch thch bang
cach giam RK.
I. 1. f Nhan xet:
He thong chnh lu ba pha hnh tia ong c, khi kch lan lt tng tiristor
lech nhau 1200 ien th tiristor c kch se dan trong 1200 ien. cac thi iem bnh
thng chnh lu ch co mot tiristor dan, rieng trong thi gian chuyen mach co hai tiristor
dan.
Khi mac ong c vao he thong th ong c khong the lam viec vi ng ac
tnh t nhien va toc o cua ong c khong at ti toc o c ban.
Khi cho goc kch = 0 th ong c at toc o la nmax v ien ap UCL la cc
ai. Nhng nmax luon luon nho hn ncb.
He thong nay co kha nang ieu chnh toc o theo hai hng. Muon giam toc
o th ta ieu chnh goc . Muon tang toc o ln hn ncb th ta giam t thong bang cach
giam RK.
U ,f
He thong nay co kha nang1th1c hien cac phan hoi am toc o, phan hoi dng
dong ien ket hp am ien ap e t ong ieu chnh toc o khi phu tai thay oi. Cac ai
lng phan hoi se c a tr ve so sanh vi Uk lam cho bo tao xung sm hn hay muon
hn so vi thi iem xuat hien xung a chnh nh.
BA
I. 2 He thong chnh lu ba phauhnh cau onug c:

u2b
2a
2c
4
1
I. 2. a S o
nguye
n ly:
S o nguyen T
ly cua he thong chnh lu Tba pha hnh cau ong c co ieu
6
3
khien, s o ang tr ma
ch th cap may bie
n ap va phan ng o
ng c c bieu dien nh
sau:
T2
T
C0
Uk
BKC
CCSX
CK
RK
Hnh 3. 11 S o nguyen ly cua he thong chnh lu ba pha hnh cau ong c.
u2a
I1
u2b
Rt
Rt
Rt
xt
xt
xt
T1
T4
u2c
I4
I3
T3
T6
I5
T5
I6
T2
I2
XK
+
RK
CK
Hnh 3. 12 S o ang tr mach th cap may bien ap va phan ng ong c.

Cau chnh lu co ieu ba pha gom 6 tiristor c chia lam hai nhom:
- Nhom anot chung ( nhom chan ): T2, T4 va T6.
- Nhom katot chung ( nhom le): T1, T3 va T5.
Goc kch c tnh t giao iem cua cac na hnh sin song ien ap.
I. 2. b Nguyen ly hoat ong va dang song:
Chnh lu ba pha hnh cau ong c muon khi ong he thong ta phai kch
ong thi 2 tiristor: 1 tiristor nhom le T1, T3, T5 va 1 tiristor nhom chan T2, T4, T6. au
tien ta kch T1 cho T1 dan, sau 600 ien ta kch tiep T3 ngha la cac tiristor c kch cach
nhau 1/6 chu ky. Ngoai tr 1 trong 2 tiristor lan au tien ch dan trong 600 ien con tat
ca cac tiristor khac khi a c kch no phai dan trong 120 0 ien. cac thi iem bnh
thng co 2 tiristor dan: 1 nhom chan va 1 nhom le, rieng trong thi gian chuyen mach
ien t ng vi goc chuyen mach co 3 tiristor cung dan:
- 1 tiristor c kch ang dan dan len.
- 1 tiristor dan ang dan va tat dan.
- 1 tiristor se dan tiep.
Gia s T5 va T6 ang dan ien.
Khi ta cho = 1 = /6 + , kch xung ieu khien cho T1. T1 m v Ua > 0.
T1 m se lam cho T1 b khoa mot cach t nhien v Ua > Uc. Luc nay T1 va T6 cho dong chay
qua. ien ap tren tai Ud = Uab = Ua Ub.
Khi cho = 2 = 3/6 + , kch xung ieu khien cho T2, T2 m v khi T6
dan dong, no at len anot cua T2 ien ap Ub, khi = 2 th Ub > Uc, T2 m lam cho T6 b
khoa lai.
Cac xung ieu khien lech nhau /3 c lan lt a en cc ieu khien cua
cac tiristor theo th t 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1 Trong moi nhom co mot tiristor m no se khoa
ngay tiristor dan dong trc no theo bang tom tat sau:
Thi iem
1 = /6 +
2 = 3/6 +
3 = 5/6 +
4 = 7/6 +
5 = 9/6 +
6 =11/6 +
M
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
Khoa
T5
T6
T1
T2
T3
T4
o th ien ap ngo ra, dong ien cc ieu khien va dong ien chay qua cac
tiristor c trnh bay nh sau:
Hnh 3. 13 o th dang song ien ap ngo ra, dong ien cc ieu khien va
dong ien chay qua cac tiristor.
Tng t nh trong he thong chnh lu ba pha hnh tia ong c, e tm hieu

nguyen ly hoat ong cua he thong chnh lu ba pha hnh cau ong c ta xet goc kch
trong cac trng hp sau:
* Khi = 0: Ta kch tai thi iem chuyen mach t nhien.
U d 0 c = U d 0 c max =
3E2 d sin
( 3. 25 )
m: So pha cua he thong chnh lu, trong trng hp nay th m = 6.

* Khi 0:
U d 0 c = U d 0 c max cos =
3E2 d sin cos
( 3. 26 )
Ta xet trong cac khoang thi gian:

Trong khoang thi gian O1O2, cap T1, T6 dan cho dong ien chay qua. Khi o
gia tr cua ien ap chnh lu:
U d (O1O2 ) = U a U b = U ab =
6U 2 sin( +
)
6
Trong khoang thi gian O2O3, cap T1, T2 dan cho dong ien chay qua nen:
Tng t, ta c:
U d (O2O3 ) = U ac =
U d (O3O4 ) = U bc =
U d (O4O5 ) = U ba =
U d (O5O6 ) = U ca =
U d (O6O7 ) = U cb =
)
6
6U 2 sin( )
2
5
6U 2 sin(
)
6
7
6U 2 sin(
)
6
3
6U 2 sin(
)
2
6U 2 sin(
Gia tr trung bnh cua ien ap chnh lu:
Ud = 6
2
+ +
6U 2 sin( +
3 6U
)d =
2 cos
( 3. 27 )
Do o, ta thay khi thay oi goc kch th ta co the thay oi c gia tr

trung bnh cua ien ap at vao phan ng ong c. Khi bien oi t 0 en th gia tr ien
ap trung bnh Ud bien thien t +Udmax en Udmax.
ien ap ngc at len T1 khi T1 ngng dan c bieu dien nh sau:
Hnh 3. 14 ien ap ngo ra cua chnh lu va ien ap ngc at len tiristor T1.
Trong khoang thi gian OO1, T5 dan ien nen UngT1 = Uc Ua.
Trong khoang thi gian O3O5, T3 dan ien nen: UngT1 = Ub Ua.
Gia tr cua ien ap ngc cc ai at len moi tiristor la:
U ng max =
6U 2
e s o chnh lu ba pha hnh cau co the lam viec c, cac xung ieu khien
can co o rong ln hn 600 ien mi co the am bao cho viec m ong thi 2 tiristor hai
nhom.
I. 2. c Hien tng chuyen mach:
oi vi s o chnh lu ba pha hnh cau ong c co ieu khien, oi xng,
qua trnh chuyen mach ch xay ra gia cac tiristor trong cung mot nhom. o th bieu dien
dang song ien ap ra cua chnh lu, dong ien chay qua tiristor va ien ap ngc at len moi
tiristor nh sau:
Hnh 3. 15 o th ien ap chnh lu, dong ien qua cac tiristor va

ien ap ngc at len T1 khi xay ra hien tng chuyen mach.
Khi he thong hoat ong, gia s van T1, T2 ang m. Tai thi iem O1, ta kch
xung e T3 m. Luc nay se bat au xay ra s chuyen mach cua dong ien t T 1 sang T3. T1
va T3 m ong thi se lam ngan mach hai au cuon th cap cua may bien ap. Trong thi gian
nay dong ien chay qua T3 tang dan t 0 en Id, ong thi dong qua T1 giam dan t Id
xuong 0, T1 bat au ngng dan. Sau mot khoang thi gian chuyen mach nao o th dong i T1
mi thc s giam ve 0 va dong iT3 at en gia tr Id.
iT 1 = I d
iT 3 =
6
U 2 [cos cos( + )]
2 X td
6
U 2 [cos cos( + )]
2 X td
( 3.
( 3.
Moi tng quan gia goc chuyen mach vi cac ai lng cua he thong:
cos cos( + ) =
2 X td
d
Neu chon O1 lam goc thi gian,6Uta2
c:
( 3.
2U 2 sin( + + )
6
U a = 2U 2 sin( + + )
6
Ua =
Gia tr trung bnh cua sut ap do hien tng trung dan gay nen:
U =
3 6
U 2 [cos cos( + )]
2
( 3.
Thay gia tr bieu thc ( 3. 30 ) vao ( 3. 31 ) ta c:

U =
3 X td I d
Xet trong khoang thi gian O2O3: UT1 = ub ua

Trong khoang thi gian O3O4: T2 va T4 trung dan nen ta co:
UT1 = ub ua va UT1 = ub uc nen UT1 = ub ( ua + uc )/2.
Xet trong khoang thi gian O4O5: UT1 = ub uc
Trong khoang thi gian O5O6: T3 va T5 trung dan nen ta co:
( 3.
UT1 = ub ua va UT1 = uc ua nen UT1 = ( ub + uc )/2 ua.

Tng t cho cac khoang con lai.
Khi ke en s chuyen mach ien t, gia tr trung bnh cua ien ap chnh lu
ba pha hnh cau:
3 6
3 X td I d
U 2 cos
Ud =
( 3.
I. 2. d Song hai va viec san bang ien ap ra cua bo chnh lu:

Do tnh chat tng t nh he thong chnh lu ba pha hnh tia ong c, trong
he thong chnh lu ba pha hnh cau ong c ta van s dung bo loc LC e loc song hai, san
bang ien ap ra cua bo chnh lu.
+
U ( 1 )m.v
-
Tai
U ( 1 )m.r
Hnh 3. 16 S o nguyen ly cua bo loc LC.

He so san bang cua bo loc:
K sb =
U (1) m.v
1 1
= 1 + Z1 ( +
)
U (1) m.r
r Z2
( 3.
34 )
Trong o:
- U(1)m.v: Bien o song c ban ( song bac 1 ) cua ien ap chnh lu.
- U(1)m.r: Bien o ln nhat cua xung ap song c ban au ra cua bo loc.
U (1) m.r = U (1) m.v
U (1) m.v Z 1 ( Z 2 + r )
( 3.
- Z1 = jmxL.Z 1 ( Z 2 + r ) + Z 2 r
35 )
- Z2 = 1/( jmxC).
- mx: Xung ap cua ien ap chnh lu trong mot chu ky ien ap nguon
xoay chieu. oi vi s o chnh lu ba pha hnh cau th mx = 6.
- : Tan so goc cua nguon xoay chieu.
Thay cac gia tr cua Z1, Z2 vao ( 3. 35 ) va xem nh 1/r 0 ta c bieu
thc tnh he so san bang nh sau: Ksb = 1 m2x2LC
LC =
10 K sb
m2 x
vi gia tr cua L c tnh bang Henry ( H ) va C tnh bang F.

e xac nh L ta da vao cac ieu kien sau: Id0 > I(1)m.v ( 3. 36 )
Ta co bieu thc tnh bien o song c ban cua dong ien chay qua ien khang
khi coi Z1 >> Z2:
I (1) m.v
U (1) m.v
mx L
Thanh phan dong mot chieu chay qua ien khang khi khong tnh en ton that
nang lng la: Id0 = Udv/r.
Thay cac gia tr cua Id0 va I(1)m.v vao bieu thc ( 3. 36 ), ta c:

U (1) m.v U d
U
r
<
L > (1) m.v
mL
r
U dv mx
U (1) m.vx
2
2r
V
= Kv = 2
L>
U dv
m x1
(m 2 x 1) m x
( 3.
37
) loc.
Bieu thc ( 3. 37 ) chnh la ieu kien e xac nh gia tr L cu
a bo
I. 2. e Phng trnh ac tnh c cua ong c:
Tng t nh he thong chnh lu ba pha hnh tia ong c, trong he thong
chnh lu ba pha hnh cau ong c th sc ien ong at len ong c se la: E = Ud0ccos U
( 3. 38 )
U: Ton hao tren toan mach phan ng.
E = Ud0ccos - UUC - UR - UXC - U
( 3. 39 )
Trong o:
- UUC: Ton hao tren cac van chnh lu:
Uucau = 2Uutia = ( 2 3 )V
- URC: Ton hao tren ien tr tac dung mot pha cua may bien ap: UXC
= 0,955XtI
- U: Ton hao tren hai au phan ng cua ong c:
U = RI.
Bieu thc ( 3. 38 ) c viet lai nh sau:
E = Ud0ccos - UUC - ( 2Rt + 0,955Xt + R )I
( 3. 40 )
Chia hai ve cua ( 3. 40 ) cho KE ta c:
n=
U d 0 c cos UUC 2 Rtd + 0,955 X td + Ru
Iu
KE D
KE D
( 3.
U d 0 c cos U UC 2 Rtd + 0,955 X td + Ru
M
KE D
KE KM 2D
( 3.
ay la phng trnh ac tnh c ien cua ong c.

n=
41 )
) t oc lap
( 3. 42 ) la phng trnh ac tnh c cua ong c mot chie42
u kch
trong he thong chnh lu ba pha hnh cau - ong c.
He thong nay cung co hai hng ieu chnh toc o va phan hoi e on nh
toc o ong c tng t nh he thong chnh lu ba pha hnh tia ong c.
I. 2. f Nhan xet:
So vi he thong chnh lu ba pha hnh tia ong c th he thong chnh lu ba
pha hnh cau co nhieu u iem hn:
Gia tr ien ap ngo ra cua chnh lu hnh cau ln hn ien ap chnh lu hnh
tia. o nhap nho cua song ien ap chnh lu hnh cau thap hn hnh tia nen chat lng cua
chnh lu ba pha hnh cau la tot nhat. ay la he thong c s dung pho bien nhat trong
thc te.
Ngay nay, cac he thong hien ai ta co the ieu chnh toc o ln hay nho
hn so vi toc o c ban vi pham vi ieu chnh ln:
D = ( Hang tram hang ngan )/1.
Nh vay, he thong chnh lu ba pha hnh cau la mot he thong co:
- ac tnh c cng.
- T ong on nh c toc o khi phu tai thay oi.

- Co o nhay cao, hieu suat ln.
I. 3 Che o nghch lu trong he thong chnh lu ong c:
Khi ong c ien do tac ong cua ngoai lc lam cho toc o oi dau ( quay ngc )
hoac ao chieu dong ien kch thch th sc ien ong cua ong c ien ao dau, ong thi
ieu chnh goc kch bien thien trong pham vi: /2 < < th he thong chnh lu ong
c se lam viec theo che o nghch lu. che o nghch lu, dong ien chnh lu van theo
chieu cu nhng sc ien ong chnh lu a ao dau do cac van dan dong trong thi gian ien
ap anot am. Cong suat ien t cua ong c va cua chnh lu la:
Pt = UId > 0
Pd = UdId < 0
Luc nay, he thong chnh lu tr thanh thiet b nhan ien nang do ong c lam viec
trang thai ham tai sinh phat ra va bien ien nang mot chieu nay thanh ien nang xoay chieu
tra ve li ien.
Ta co phng trnh ac tnh c cua ong c che o nghch lu trong he thong chnh
lu - ong c nh sau:
n=
Ed 0 cos max U v
m
(
X td + Rtd + RuD + RDK ) I u
K E D
2
( 3.
Va ho ac tnh c cua ong c ien che o nghch lu trong he 43

tho)ng chnh lu
ong c nh sau:
n
n0
n1
n2
0
1
n3
n4
Ham ong nang ( = /2 )
n5
nmax
ong c
M, I
Ham tai sinh
max = 1600
MC = Mm
Hnh 3. 17 Ho ac tnh c cua ong c khi lam viec che o nghch lu trong he
thong chnh lu - ong c.
Tng t nh che o chnh lu, trong che o nghch lu cung co the xay ra cac hien
tng chuyen mach va gian oan cua dong ien. Sau khi ket thuc qua trnh chuyen dong cho
van T2, van T1 chuyen t trang thai dan sang trang thai khoa. Qua trnh nay phai ket thuc
trc qua trnh chuyen mach t nhien tc la thi iem u2a bat au dng hn u2b. Thi gian
cua qua trnh nay goi la thi gian khoa hay thi gian e cho tiristor phuc hoi chac chan th
goc kch c chon nh sau: /2 < - ( + ).
Trong o:
- : c chon khoang 50.
- : c chon khoang t 150 en 180.
Trong thc te, e bo bien oi van lam viec an toan che o nghch lu th goc kch
c chon: max = 1600.
Neu ieu kien nay khong c am bao th nghch lu se ri vao trong thai s co, van
can khoa se van dan dong tiep, khong thc hien c s chuyen mach gia cac van vi nhau,
khong the kiem soat c ien ap, dong ien cua nghch lu.
I. 4 ao chieu quay trong he thong chnh lu - ong c:
Trong he thong chnh lu - ong c a trnh bay nh tren, may ien trong he thong ch lam
viec trang thai ong c vi mot chieu quay ( n > 0 ), con cac trang thai ham ch co the xay ra khi
co ngoai lc lam cho ong c quay ngc
( n < 0 ). Do o, ta thay he thong chnh lu ong c
kem linh hoat hn he thong may phat ong c. Nguyen nhan la do chnh lu tiristor dan dong theo
mot chieu va ch ieu khien c khi m, con khoa theo ien ap li. V vay, e cho may ien lam
viec trang thai ong c cung nh trang thai ham tng ng vi ca hai chieu quay cua truc ong
c ta phai dung en ao chieu quay trong he thong chnh lu ong c.
Co hai nguyen tac c ban e xay dng he truyen ong ao chieu o la:
- Gi nguyen chieu dong ien phan ng va ao chieu dong kch t ong c.
- Gi nguyen chieu dong kch t va ao chieu dong ien phan ng ong c.
e tien hanh ao chieu quay trong he thong chnh lu ong c ta dung 3 phng phap o
la: ao chieu dong kch t cua ong c ien, ao chieu dong phan ng bang tiep iem va ao chieu
dong phan ng nh bo bien oi kep.
I. 4. a Phng phap ao chieu dong kch t cua ong c:
* S o nguyen ly:
Phng phap ao chieu dong kch t cua ong c ch dung mot bo bien oi n
(khong ao chieu) trong mach phan ng va mot bo tiep iem ao chieu trong mach kch t ong c.
S o nguyen ly va cac s o thay the cua he thong thanh lap theo phng phap
nay c trnh bay nh sau:
UK
V
Rb
IKTT
N
T
IKTN
UKT
(a)
T
N
Ed
M nT E
IKTT
(b)
V
Rb
R
Rb
Ed
M nT E
Ed
M nT E
IKTN
(c)
IKTN
(d)
Hnh 3. 18 ao chieu quay trong he thong chnh lu ong c bang phng phap
ao chieu dong kch t:
a). S o nguyen ly.
b). S o thay the cua he thong khi ong c lam viec trang thai ong c
quay thuan.
c). S o thay the cua he thong khi ong c lam viec trang thai ham va
quay thuan.
d). S o thay the cua he thong khi ong c lam viec trang thai ong c
quay ngc.
* Nguyen ly hoat ong:
Gia s khi ong c ang quay thuan ( n > 0 ) vi dong kch t I KTT co chieu nh
hnh 3. 18b va goc kch tiristor < 900. e ham ong c, ta oi chieu dong kch t IKTN ( hnh 3.
18c ), ong thi tang goc kch tiristor
> 900. Luc nay, du toc o ong c van theo
chieu cu nhng sc phan ien ong cua ong c E oi chieu ( E < 0 ). ong thi sc ien ong
cua bo chnh lu Ed cung oi chieu. Goc kch phai chon sao cho: | Ed | < | E |. Nh vay, dong I se
chay di tac dung cua E. Tuy dong I khong oi chieu nhng do t thong kch thch oi chieu nen
moment cua ong c se oi chieu va gay tac dung ham.
e tien hanh ao chieu quay cua ong c, ta cho I KT chay theo chieu ngc lai
( IKTN ) va bo chnh lu lam viec trang thai chnh lu vi goc kch < 900. Khi o s o thay the
cua he thong se nh hnh 3. 18d.
Nhan xet:
u iem: Phng phap nay s dung nhng thiet b n gian. Gia thanh ha, thuan
tien trong viec van hanh va bao quan.
Khuyet iem: Do quan tnh ien t cua mach kch t ln nen khoang thi gian qua
o khi ao chieu quay ong c trong he thong co the len ti vai giay.
I. 4. b Phng phap ao chieu dong phan ng bang tiep iem:
* S o nguyen ly:
Phng phap nay s dung mot bo chnh lu n va mot bo tiep iem ao chieu
trong mach phan ng cua ong c. ong thi cung am bao c cac trang thai lam viec tng t
nh phng phap ao chieu dong kch t nh a trnh bay tren. Moi tng quan gia cac ai
lng ien va c cua he thong chnh lu ong c c minh hoa bi s o nguyen ly va cac s o
thay the nh sau:
UK
V
CK
R
M
Rb
M n
(c)
(b)
V
Ed
M
Ed
(a)
Rb
Rb
I
R
M
Ed
E
(d)
Hnh 3. 19 ao chieu quay trong he thong chnh lu ong c bang phng phap
ao chieu dong phan ng.
a). S o nguyen ly.
b). S o thay the cua he thong khi ong c lam viec trang thai ong c
quay thuan.
c). S o thay the cua he thong khi ong c lam viec trang thai ham va
quay thuan.
d). S o thay the cua he thong khi ong c lam viec trang thai ong c
quay ngc.
* Nguyen ly hoat ong:
Gia s khi ong c ang quay theo chieu thuan ( n > 0 ), dong ien phan ng I co
chieu nh hnh 3. 19b va he thong chnh lu ang lam viec trang thai chnh lu vi goc kch <
900. e ham ong c, ta oi chieu dong I, ong thi tang goc kch > 900. Khi o, sc ien ong
cua bo chnh lu Ed se oi chieu con sc phan ien ong cua ong c E van gi nguyen theo chieu
cu ( hnh 3. 19c ). Nh vay, dong I chay di tac dung cua E vi ieu kien ta phai chon goc kch
sao cho | E | < | Ed |, ong c lam viec trang thai may phat tra nang lng lai cho li ien, con
he thong chnh lu lam viec trang thai nghch lu. Do dong I oi chieu nen moment cua ong c
tr thanh ngc chieu vi chieu cua toc o ong c va gay tac dung ham.
e ao chieu quay cua ong c, ta cho dong I chay theo chieu ngc so vi chieu I
trang thai ong c quay thuan ( hnh 3. 19b ), con bo bien oi lam viec trang thai chnh lu vi
goc kch < 900. Moi tng quan gia cac ai lng ien va c cua he thong trong trang thai ao
chieu ong c nay c bieu dien s o hnh 3. 19d.
Nhan xet:
u iem: Phng phap nay n gian, de van hanh va bao tr. Co thi gian ao chieu
nhanh hn phng phap ao chieu dong kch t.
Khuyet iem: Phai dung cac tiep iem trong mach lc e ieu chnh ao chieu.
I. 4. c Phng phap ao chieu dong phan ng nh bo chnh lu kep:

* S o nguyen ly:
Phng phap nay s dung bo chnh lu ao chieu e thay oi cc tnh cua ien ap
at tren phan ng cua ong c. Phng phap nay tuy phc tap nhng se tranh c cac nhc iem
cua hai phng phap va trnh bay tren. S o nguyen ly cua he thong ao chieu chnh lu ong c
dung bo bien oi kep nh sau:
V1
V2
Hnh 3. 20 S o khoi ao chieu dong phan ng nh bo chnh lu kep.

Trong he thong nay, moi nhom van chnh lu tiristor trong bo chnh lu ao chieu co
the coi nh mot bo chnh lu rieng biet, cung cap cho phu tai la ong c ien mot dong ien theo
chieu co nh. Do o, e cho hai nhom van chnh lu co the lam viec ket hp vi nhau tren cung mot
phu tai ta can ac biet chu y en phng phap ieu khien chung. Muc ch cua viec ieu khien phoi
hp nay la e am bao che o lam viec an toan cua he thong, tranh s trao oi nang lng trc tiep
t nhom chnh lu nay sang nhom kia, tc la phai han che dong ky sinh trong chung hay con goi la
dong can bang.
Co hai phng phap ieu khien ket hp gia hai nhom van la ieu khien rieng va
ieu khien chung.
Phng phap ieu khien rieng:
Khi ieu khien rieng hai bo bien oi lam viec rieng le nhau. Tai mot thi iem ch
phat xung ieu khien m cac tiristor, ch at len nhom van lam viec ma thoi con nhom th hai khong
co xung m van nen hoan toan c ngat ra khoi mach phu tai. Nh o ta co the loai tr dong can
bang. Gia s khi ta ieu khien cho ong c quay thuan, ta cho nhom van V1 lam viec trang thai
chnh lu vi goc kch < 900 va loai tr tac dung cua nhom van V2. Luc nay chieu cua sc ien
ong cua bo chnh lu Ed1, sc phan ien ong cua ong c E, moment va toc o cua ong c c
bieu dien nh sau:
V1
Rb
Ed1
M n
thuan.
Hnh 3. 21 S o thay the cua he thong khi ieu khien rieng cho ong c quay
e cho ong c lam viec trang thai ham tai sinh, quay thuan ta loai tr tac dung
cua nhom van V1 va cho nhom van V2 lam viec trang thai nghch lu vi goc kch > 900. Luc
nay, chieu cua cac ai lng ien va c cua he thong c bieu dien nh sau:
Rb
R
M n
V2
E
Ed2
Hnh 3. 22 S o thay the cua he thong khi ieu khien rieng cho ong c lam viec
trang thai ham tai sinh, quay thuan.
Vi cach ieu khien tng t, e cho ong c quay ngc ta cho nhom van V 2 lam viec trang thai
chnh lu vi goc kch < 900 va loai tr tac dung cua nhom van V1. Khi can cho ong c lam viec trang thai ham
tai sinh, quay ngc ta cho nhom van V2 lam viec trang thai nghch lu vi goc kch
> 900 ong thi loai tr
tac dung cua nhom van V1.
Nhan xet:
u iem: Phng phap ieu khien rieng lam viec an toan, khong co dong ien can bang chay trong
cac bo bien oi.
Nhc iem: He thong phai can co mot khoang thi gian tre trong o dong ien chay qua ong c
bang khong. Do o, phng phap nay oi hoi mot he thong ieu khien co logic phc tap va phai u o nhay. ong thi
phng phap nay co ac tnh ong cua ong c khong tot.
Phng phap ieu khien chung:
Phng phap nay c thc hien bang cach: Tai mot thi iem ca hai bo bien oi eu nhan c xung
m, nhng ch co mot bo bien oi cap dong cho nghch lu con bo bien oi kia lam viec che o i.
Khi can ieu khien cho ong c quay thuan, ta cho nhom van V 1 lam viec trang thai chnh lu vi
0
goc kch 1 < 90 , ien nang se truyen vao ong c. Luc nay, nhom van V 2 cung co xung kch vi goc kch 2 > 900
sao cho | Ed2 | > | Ed1 |. Do o, thanh phan mot chieu cua dong ien khong the chay t ni co ien the thap ( nhom van
V1 ) sang ni co ien the cao ( nhom van V2 ) hoac t ong c chay sang nhom van V2. Nhom van V2 se lam viec trang
thai nghch lu i. S o thay the cua he thong trong trng hp nay c trnh bay nh sau:
Ed1
V1
Rb1
Rb2
Ed2
V2
Hnh 3. 23 S o thay the cua he thong ao chieu chnh lu ong c bang

phng phap ieu khien chung.
Neu chon | Ed1 | = | Ed2 | th ta co phng phap ieu khien chung tuyen tnh. V Ed1 =
Ed0cos1, Ed2 = Ed0cos2. Ta c moi quan he gia hai goc kch: 1 + 2 = 1800.
Phng phap ieu khien chung tuyen tnh c thc hien bang cach gi cho tong hai
goc kch cua hai nhom van bang 1800. Neu tang goc kch cua nhom van nay th ong thi phai
giam goc kch cua nhom van kia. Nh o ta se gi c tong sc ien ong trong mach t nhom van
V1 en V2 la: Ed = Ed1 + Ed2 = 0. Do o, dong can bang trong bo chnh lu se bang khong I cb = Ed/
Rb = 0. Khong co hien tng trao oi nang lng gia cac nhom van.
Neu ieu khien sao cho Ed1 < Ed2 th ta co phng phap ieu khien chung phi tuyen.
Khi o moi quan he gia hai goc kch cua hai nhom van: 1 + 2 = 1800 +
Trong o: Goi la goc khong phu hp.
V | Ed2 | > | Ed1 | nen cac tiristor cua nhom nghch lu V2 b khoa, v vay Icb = 0.
Trong ca hai phng phap ieu khien chung noi tren, Mac du ta gi cho gia tr trung
bnh cua sc ien ong | Ed2 | > | Ed1 | nhng v gia tr tc thi cua sc ien ong hai nhom van bien
oi rieng biet theo sc ien ong th cap cua may bien ap nen van xuat hien nhng thi iem co gia
tr tc thi
| ed1 | > | ed2 |. Luc o ed > 0 va tac dung thuan chieu van, xuat hien
thanh phan xoay chieu cua dong Icb. Dong Icb co dang la dong chnh lu ban ky oi vi nguon la ed.
Hien tng nay c minh hoa bi s o thay the nh sau:
V1
Xcb
ed
Rcb V
2
Icb
Icb
t
Hnh 3. 24 S o thay the cua mach can bang di tac dung tc thi cua gia tr
sc ien ong ed va dang song chnh lu ban ky cua dong Icb.
e han che bien o dong Icb ta thng dung cac cuon khang can bang KCB.
II. HE THONG BAM ONG C:
Trong cong nghiep, ien ap mot chieu c s dung rong rai trong cac he thong truyen ong
ien. ien ap mot chieu nay c chuyen oi cac mc o khac nhau tuy theo yeu cau cua he
thong. ien ap mot chieu c thay oi qua cac phng phap bien oi nh sau:
- Phng phap ieu chnh bang bien tr.
- Phng phap ieu chnh bang may phat mot chieu.
- Phng phap dung bo bien oi co khau trung gian xoay chieu.
- Phng phap dung bo bam ( Chopper ).
So vi cac phng phap tren th bo bam la mot phng phap mi. ng dung cua cac thiet b
tiristor cong suat ln ra i trong nganh ien t cong suat. a gop phan tao ra cac bo chuyen mach
nham thc hien viec chuyen oi ien ap mot chieu vi hieu qua cao, o nhay at yeu cau ky thuat,
ieu khien trn, chi ph bao tr thap, kch thc nho nen dien tch lap at may nho.
Bo bam dung e bien oi ien ap mot chieu khong oi U thanh cac xung mot chieu co tr so
trung bnh bien oi Utb. Utb co the ieu chnh c t bang 0 en ln nhat, bang chnh ien ap nguon
cung cap cho bo bam.
ng dung quan trong nhat cua bo bam la ieu chnh toc o cua ong c mot chieu trong
cong nghiep va giao thong van tai. Bi v viec s dung bo bam hoan toan thch hp, tiet kiem c
nang lng, kinh te va hieu qua cao, ong thi am bao c trang thai ham tai sinh cua ong c.
Co ba dang bo bam: bo bam noi tiep, bo bam song song, bo bam ao dong.
II. 1 Bo bam noi tiep:
II. 1. a Nguyen ly hoat ong:
S o nguyen ly cua he thong c bieu dien nh sau:
+
U
-
(-) +
(+) -
VS1
Rd
VS2
DC
Id
LC
Ld
D0
ID0
Ud
Hnh 3. 25 S o nguyen ly cua bo bam noi tiep.

Trong o:
- VS1: La tiristor chnh.
- VS2: La tiristor phu, dung e ngat bo bam.
- Lc, Dc, C: La cac phan t chuyen mach, tao mach nap cho tu C.
- D0: Diode hoan nang lng, duy tr dong qua tai khi bo bam ngat.
Bo bam noi tiep la mot khoa ien S bang tiristor c ieu khien ong m trong he
thong mot cach chu ky. Khi S ong th ien ap ngo ra tren tai Ud = U con khi S m th Ud = 0.
Gia s trang thai ban au VS1 va VS2 eu b khoa, tu C c nap ay vi ban cc
dng pha tren nh ghi chu trong hnh ( 3. 25 ).
Cho xung ieu khien kch tiristor chnh VS1, VS1 m, dong ien t cc dng cua
nguon U chay qua VS1 vao mach phu tai ( R, L, E ) roi tr ve cc am cua nguon U. ong thi tu C se
phong ien theo vong: VS1-Lc-Dc-C va tu C c nap ien theo chieu ngc lai. ien ap ra tren tai Ud =
U.
Khi cho xung ieu khien kch tiristor phu VS2, VS2 m, at ien ap gia hai ban cc
cua tu C len VS1 lam cho VS1 b khoa lai. Luc nay ien ap ra tren tai Ud = 0.
Thay oi ty so thi gian ong va thi gian ngat cua VS1 se ieu chnh c gia tr
trung bnh cua ien ap ra tren tai.
Goi T la chu ky cua bo bam, T = Tg + Tng. Trong o:
- Tg = T la thi gian ong mach cua VS1.
- Tng = T - Tg la thi gian ngat mach.
- = Tg/T la ty so ong cua chu ky.
Gia tr trung bnh cua ien ap ra tren tai:
T
Tdg
1
U tb = Udt =
U = U
T0
T
( 3.
Khi ta thay oi ty so ong th co the ieu chnh c Utb. Co hai
44ca)ch e thay oi
- Gi co nh chu ky xung T ( tan so co nh ), thay oi thi gian ong mach Tg

cua bo bam. Phng phap nay c goi la phng phap ieu khien o rong xung.
- Gi co nh thi gian ong mach T g, thay oi chu ky cua bo bam T ( tan so
bien thien ). Phng phap nay c goi la phng phap ieu tan.
Khi = 0 tc la Tg = 0 ta co Utb = 0, bo bam thng xuyen ngat mach, n = 0.
Khi = 1 tc la Tg = T ta co Utb = U, bo bam thng xuyen ong mach, n = nmax.
Trong he thong, thi gian ong mach Tg co the ieu chnh tuy theo y muon nhng
Tg khong the nho hn mot na chu ky cua mach dao ong LC, tc la phai am bao:
L
C
Ta co s o bieu dien ien ap ra tren tai Ud nh sau:
Tdg >
Ud
U
Utb
Tg
Tng
T
Hnh 3. 26 S o bieu dien o th ien ap ngo ra tren tai Ud.

Xet qua trnh dao ong cua dong tai: Trong khoang thi gian
0 < T < T g
khoa S ong ien. ien ap ra tren tai Ud = U, dong ien tai I tang t gia tr nho nhat Imin en gia tr
ln nhat Imax. Bieu thc I c xac nh bang cach giai phng trnh cua mach ien
R
( )t
U E
khi S ong:
i = K 1l L +
( 3. 45 )
R
di R U E
+ i=
dt L
L
Bieu thc tong quat cua dong ien se la:

Tai thi iem t = 0 th:
U E
U E
K 1 = I min
R
R
Thay gia tr K1 vao ( 3. 45 ) ta c:
i = I min = K 1 +
i = ( I min
U E Lt
U E
)e
+
R
R
Khi t = Tg ta co tr so ln nhat cua dong ien:

R
( 3. 46 )
U E L Tdg U E
I max = ( I min
)e
+
R
R
R
R
T
Tdg
dg
U E
L
I max =
(1 e
) + I min e L
( 3.
R
Ta nhan thay trong giai oan S ong th dong ien tai I tang t tr so I min en Imax
47 )
theo qui luat cua ham so mu.
Ly luan tng t, xet trong khoang thi gian Tg < t < T, S ngat ien, ien ap ra tren
tai Ud = 0 th dong ien tren tai I giam theo ham mu va khi t = T th at gia tr Imin.
(T Tdg )
E
I min = ( I max + )e
U R
I min = (1 e
E
Tdg
Tu
Tu
Tu
U
) + I max e
(T Tdg )
U e
E
( Tdg
)
R T
R
u
1
Trong o: T = L/R. e
I max =
Tu
(T Tdg )
( 3.
48 )
( 3.
49 )
Khi S ong lien tuc Tg = T th:

i = I = Imax = Imin = ( U - E )/R
( 3. 50 )
Neu Tg cua khoa S giam nho en gia tr ti han Tggh th Imin = 0. Luc nay he thong
se lam viec bien gii chuyen t che o dong ien lien tuc sang che o dong ien gian oan.
Ta co o th ien ap, dong ien che o lien tuc va gian oan cua bo bam nh sau:
U
Ud
Tg
Tng
T
0
Imax
Imin
0
Imax
IS
Imin
0
Imax
Imin
t
ID0
t
0
Hnh 3. 27 o th bieu dien ien ap va dong ien ngo ra che o lien tuc va gian
oan cua bo bam noi tiep.
II. 1. b Cach ieu chnh toc o:
Khi ien ap nguon mot chieu U khong oi, toc o cua ong c se thay oi nh s
thay oi ty so thi gian ong ngat khoa S. Ta co s o nguyen ly he thong ieu chnh toc o ong c
s dung bo bam noi tiep nh sau:
+
bam noi tiep.
I
E
D0
-
Hnh 3. 28 S o mach ong lc he thong ieu chnh toc o ong c s dung bo
Trong che o dong ien lien tuc v Tx = T nen ta co Utb = U vi 0 1.

oi vi tai la ong c mot chieu co dong trung bnh cua phan ng la I, sc ien
ong E th ta co: E = Utb IR vi:
E = K E n n =
RI u
U
=
K E
KE
(3. 51 )
Theo (3. 51 ) ho cac ac tnh toc o hay ac tnh c ien cua ong c che o
dong ien lien tuc la mot ho cac ng thang song song ng vi cac tr so khac nhau cua .
Trong che o dong ien gian oan, ta can gi cho gia tr Tg hay co nh th ng
bien lien tuc la mot na ng elip ve bang cac net t. Dong trung bnh lien tuc I tblt co tr so nho
nhat la Itblt = 0 ng vi n = 0 ( khi = 0 ) va n = nmax ( khi = 1 ).
n
nmax
max = 1
n1
n2
n3
M, I
min = 0
MC
Hnh 3. 29 Ho ac tnh c ien cua he thong bam noi tiep ong c mot chieu.
Nh vay, trong he thong bam noi tiep se am bao cho may ien lam viec trang
thai ong c. Khi S m th Ud = U va khi S ong th Ud = 0. Vay ien ap va dong ien trung bnh
qua ong c luon luon dng. He thong nay se lam viec goc phan t th nhat cua mat phang toa
o U, I.
U
tiep.
Hnh 3. 30 o th bieu dien pham vi ieu chnh cua he thong s dung bo bam noi
II. 2 Bo bam song song:
II. 2. a Nguyen ly hoa
Dt ong:
S o nguye
+ n ly cua bo bam song
song c bieu dien nh sau:
Id
R
IT
L
Ud
Id = const.
Hnh 3. 31 S o nguyen ly cua bo bam song song.

L: La ien cam cua phan ng ong c ket hp vi ien cam bo sung e gi cho dong
Xet trong khoang thi gian 0 < t < T th tiristor T m, diode D c phan cc
ngc nen b khoa e tranh lam ngan mach nguon U. Luc nay:
Ie = 0, Ud = 0, IT = Id.
Trong khoang thi gian T < t < T th T khoa va D m. Luc nay
Ie = Id, Ud = U,
IT = 0.
Gia tr trung bnh cua ien ap mot chieu:
T
1
U tb =
TUdt = (1 )U
T
Gia tr trung bnh cua dong ien tra ve nguon:
T
Ie =
1
I d dt = (1 ) I d
T T
Gia tr trung bnh cua dong ien chay qua tiristor:
I tb
1
=
T
dt = I d
Phng trnh mach tai khi may ien trang thai ham tai sinh:
E RI d L
dI d
E Ud
= Ud Id =
dt
R
( 3.
52 )
( 3.
53 )
( 3.
54 )
( 3.
Ta co dang song cua ien ap ngo ra Ud va cua dong Ie, IT nh sau:55 )
Ud
U
Ie
Id
t
IT
0 T
T
Hnh 3. 32 S o bieu dien dang song cua ien ap ngo ra, dong Ie va IT.
D
Hnh 3. 33 Mach ong lc cua he thong ieu chnh toc o ong c mot chieu s
dung bo bam song song.
Khi tai la mot may ien mot chieu, bo bam song song se cho phep thc hien ham tai
sinh. Trong che o ham, may ien se lam viec nh la mot may phat ien, tra nang
lng tr ve nguon a tng nuoi no khi no lam viec trang thai ong c ien.
T bieu thc ( 3. 53 ) ta nhan thay rang co the khong che dong ien ham tai sinh
bang cach tac ong vao ty so chu ky .
Va t ( 3. 55 ) e co the tien hanh ham tai sinh cho may ien, tra nang lng tr
ve nguon th Id > 0 do o sc ien ong E > Ud.
Nh vay, khi S m th Ud = 0 va khi S ngat th Ud = U dong ien hng ve chieu
am mac du Ud dng. Do o, pham vi ieu chnh se c bieu dien nh sau:
U
song song.
I
Hnh 3. 34 o th bieu dien pham vi ieu chnh cua he thong s dung bo bam
II. 3 Bo bam ao dong:

II. 3. a Nguyen ly hoat ong:
Bo bam ao dong la s ket hp gia bo bam noi tiep va bo bam song song. Bo bam
ao dong se cho phep truyen nang lng theo hai chieu. Ta co s o nguyen ly cua bo bam ao dong
c trnh bay nh sau:
I2
D2
T1
Id
T2
D1
Ud
Hnh 3. 35 S o nguyen ly cua bo bam ao dong.

Khi tai la may ien mot chieu, U la nguon ien ap mot chieu khong oi th may ien
co the lam viec hai trang thai: ong c va may phat.
trang thai ong c: T2 khoa, T1 m trong khoang thi gian la 1T cua chu
ky. Luc nay ien ap ra tren tai se la: U d = 1U va sc ien ong cua ong c E = U d - RId = 1U - RId
vi Id > 0.
trang thai may phat: T1 khoa, T2 m trong khoang thi gian 2T cua chu ky.
Luc nay ien ap ra tren tai se la: Ud = ( 1 - 2 )U va sc ien ong tren ong c: E = Ud - RId = ( 1 2 )U - RId vi Id < 0. Moi quan he gia cac ty so chu ky 1 va 2: 1 + 2 = 1.
Nh vay, vi bo bam ao dong, bang cach tac ong vao 1 va 2 ta se co c mot
ho ac tnh c ien cua ong c ien mot chieu hai trang thai la ong c va ham tai sinh.
n
2 =
0,2
0,
1 =
0,7
1
0,5
0,75
0,25
0
M, I
dong.
Hnh 3. 36 Ho ac tnh c cua he thong ieu chnh toc o s dung bo bam ao
Nh vay, oi vi bo bam ao dong se am bao cho he thong truyen ong ien lam
viec tren hai goc phan t th nhat va th t cua mat phang toa o U, I.
Khi ca hai T1 va T2 eu m Ud = +U va U = -U neu chung en ngat, luc o hai diode
D1 va D2 se ong thi dan.
Do o, gia tr trung bnh cua ien ap ra tren tai luon luon dng neu thi gian m
cua cac bo chopper T1, T2 ln hn thi gian ngat cua chung. Neu ngc lai th gia tr trung bnh cua
ien ap ra tren tai se co gia tr am. Khi I d dng va Ud am th nang lng se c tra lai nguon. Ta
co s o mach ong lc va pham vi ieu chnh cua bo bam ao dong c minh hoa nh sau:
T1
D1
(a)
D2
T2
(b)
Hnh 3. 37 He thong ieu chnh toc o ong c s dung bo bam ao dong:

a). Mach ong lc.
b). Pham vi ieu chnh.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

1. Bui Quoc Khanh, Nguyen Van Lien, Nguyen Th Hien. Truyen ong ien. Nha xuat
ban khoa hoc va ky thuat. Ha Noi -1996.
2. Tac gia CYRIL W. LANDER ( Ngi dch Le Van Doanh ). ien t cong suat va ieu
khien toc o ong c ien. Nha xuat ban khoa hoc va ky thuat - 1997.
3. Nguyen Bnh. ien t cong suat. Nha xuat ban khoa hoc va ky thuat.
Ha Noi -1996.
4. Tran Khanh Ha. May ien1. Nha xuat ban khoa hoc va ky thuat.
Ha Noi - 1997.
5. o Xuan Tung, Trng Tri Ngo. Nha xuat ban xay dng. Ha Noi.
MUC LUC
Trang
Chng I: Gii thieu ve ien t cong suat ............................................................................................................................1
I. Diode cong suat..........................................................................................................................................................1
II. Transistor cong suat.................................................................................................................................................3
III. Tiristor...............................................................................................................................................................................7
IV. Triac.................................................................................................................................................................................10
Chng II: Nghien cu va trnh bay cac phng phap ieu chnh toc o ong c mot
chieu kch t oc lap....................................................................................................................................12
I. Khai niem chung.......................................................................................................................................12
II. ieu chnh toc o bang cach thay oi ien ap at vao phan ng ong c................13
III. ieu chnh toc o bang cach thay oi t thong...................................................................15
IV. ieu chnh toc o bang cach thay oi ien tr phu tren mach phan ng...............16
V. ieu chnh toc o bang cach re mach phan ng................................................................17
VI. ieu chnh toc o bang he thong may phat - ong c ( F - ).................................20
VII. He thong khuech ai may ien - ong c................................................................................24
VIII. He thong khuech ai t - ong c..............................................................................................29
Chng III: Cac he thong ieu chnh toc o ong c mot chieu kch t oc lap co
dung ien t cong suat............................................................................................................................... 34
I. He thong chnh lu ong c................................................................................................................34
I. 1 He thong chnh lu ba pha hnh tia - ong c .....................................................34
I. 1. a S o nguyen ly.................................................................................................34
I. 1. b Nguyen ly hoat ong va dang song........................................................35
I. 1. c Hien tng chuyen mach...............................................................................39
I. 1. d Song hai va viec san bang ien ap ra cua song hai.......................40
I. 1. e Phng trnh ac tnh c cua ong c....................................................41
I. 1. f Nhan xet................................................................................................................44
I. 2 He thong chnh lu ba pha hnh cau - ong c....................................................45
I. 2. a S o nguyen ly.................................................................................................45
I. 2. b Nguyen ly hoat ong va dang song........................................................46
I. 2. c Hien tng chuyen mach..............................................................................50
I. 2. d Song hai va viec san bang ien ap ra cua bo chnh lu...............52
I. 2. e Phng trnh ac tnh c cua ong c....................................................53
I. 2. f Nhan xet................................................................................................................54
I. 3 Che o nghch lu trong he thong chnh lu - ong c...................................54
I. 4 ao chieu quay trong he thong chnh lu - ong c.........................................55
I. 4. a Phng phap ao chieu dong kch t cua ong c.............................................56

I. 4. b Phng phap ao chieu dong phan ng bang tiep iem..................................57
I. 4. c Phng phap ao chieu dong phan ng nh bo chnh lu kep.....................59
II. He thong bam - ong c.....................................................................................................................62
II. 1 Bo bam noi tiep.................................................................................................................63
II. 1. a Nguyen ly hoat ong.....................................................................................63
II. 1. b Cach ieu chnh toc o.................................................................................66
II. 2 Bo bam song song............................................................................................................67
II. 2. b Cach ieu chnh toc o................................................................................69
II. 3 Bo bam ao dong.............................................................................................................69
II. 3. b Cach ieu chnh toc o................................................................................70
KET LUAN
Qua qua trnh thc hien tap luan van tot nghiep a giup em hieu ro hn ve
thc te ong thi cung co lai kien thc a hoc trong suot thi gian qua.
e tai nay mang nang ve ly thuyet lien quan en nganh truyen ong
ien. Di s hng dan cua Thay Nguyen D Xng, sinh vien thc hien a co gang
e trnh bay kha ay u yeu cau cua tap luan van:
- Gii thieu cac linh kien ban dan cong suat ln nh: diode, transistor, triac va
ac biet la tiristor.
- Gii thieu cac phng phap ieu chnh toc o ong c mot chieu kch t oc
lap va ng dung cua ien t cong suat trong viec ieu chnh toc o ong c mot
chieu kch t oc lap qua cac he thong:
. He thong chnh lu - ong c.
. He thong bam - ong c.
Vi s quan tam va no lc khong ngng, tap luan van a c hoan thanh va
co noi dung bam sat yeu cau e ra.
Mac du con nhieu han che, thieu sot nhng qua tap luan van nay a giup sinh
vien thc hien anh gia c chnh mnh. ay se la mot thanh qua ln sau nhieu nam
hoc tap vi s giup cua quy thay co, ban be.
Mot lan na em xin chan thanh cam n Thay Nguyen D Xng a tan tnh ch
bao e giup em hoan thanh tap luan van nay.
Sinh vien thc hien

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GII THIEU VE IEN T CONG SUAT

I. 2 Nguyen ly hoat ong:

Hnh 1. 3 ac tnh volt-ampe cua diode.

Hnh 1. 6 Transistor cong suat

II. 2 Nguyen ly hoat ong:

Hnh 1. 7 S o phan cc transistor.

Vung gan bao hoa

Vung bao hoa

Hnh 1. 9 ac tnh tnh cua transistor: UCE = f ( IC ).

a). Cau tao cua tiristor.

Hnh 1. 12 ac tnh volt-ampe cua tiristor.

H n h 1 . 1 5 ac tnh volt-ampe cua triac.

Ta co toc o khong tai ly tng: n0 = Um/KEm.Va o cng cua ng ac tnh c:

thay oi nhng o cng cua ng ac tnh c th khong thay oi.

Um > U1 > U2 > U3

Hnh 2. 1 Ho ac tnh c khi thay oi ien ap at vao phan ng ong c.

III. IEU CHNH TOC O BANG CACH THAY OI T THONG:

Hnh 2. 2 S o nguyen ly ieu chnh toc o bang cach thay oi t thong.

Hnh 2. 3 Ho ac tnh c khi thay oi t thong.

cng cua ng ac tnh c:

Ta nhan thay TN co gia tr ln nhat nen ng ac tnh c t nhien co o cng ln

0 < R f1 < R f2 <

V. IEU CHNH TOC O BANG CACH RE MACH PHAN NG:

o cng cua ng ac tnh c re mach phan ng PM nho hn o cng cua ac tnh

Hnh 2. 7 Ho ac tnh c khi Rn = const, RS thay oi.

0 < R n1 < R n2 < R n

H n h 2 .8 Ho ac tnh c khi RS = const, Rn thay oi.

Hnh 2. 9 S o nguyen ly he thong may phat ong c.

ay la phng trnh ac tnh toc o cua he thong.

Thay I = M / KM vao phng trnh ac tnh toc o ta c phng trnh ac tnh

T phng trnh ac tnh c cua he thong ta nhan thay: ng vi moi hng

Hnh 2. 10 Ho ac tnh c ieu chnh trong he thong F - .

Hnh 2. 11 S o nguyen ly KM t kch song song.

* KM t kch theo dong ien ( t kch noi tiep ):

Hnh 2. 13 ac tnh volt-ampe cua he thong KM.

Hnh 2. 14 S o tng ng KM t trng giao truc.

Hnh 2. 16 ac tnh c cua he thong khuech ai may ien t kch ong c

Hnh 2. 17 S o nguyen ly he thong khuech ai may ien t trng giao

Neu cho R2 = const th ta c: F2 I2 UfhI I F2 I.

Khi gi cho R3 = const th ta c: F3 I3 UfhU U F3 U.

gia thanh thap.

- Hieu suat hoat ong thap.

VIII. HE THONG KHUECH AI T - ONG C:

Hnh 2. 18 S o nguyen ly he thong KT ong c.

- : Goc bao hoa

- BS: T cam bao hoa.

T cong thc: n = n0 - M/, ta c phng trnh ac tnh c cua ong c trong he

VIII. 4 Nhan xet:

- Ve hnh thc ieu khien, he thong KT ong c kem linh hoat hn he F - .

CAC HE THONG IEU CHNH TOC O ONG C

mot chieu hoac chnh lu dung en kh:

Hnh 3. 1 S o nguyen ly he thong chnh lu ba pha hnh tia ong c.

Hnh 3. 2 S o thay the he thong chnh lu ba pha hnh tia ong c.

- u2a, u2b, u2c: ien ap th cap cua may bien ap BA.

- Ld: ien cam mach mot chieu.

iem cc tr cua ien ap ngc at len T1 la:

- Khi 30 < < 900: ien ap ra tc thi se am trong mot so khoang:

Hnh 3. 4 o th ien ap ra cua bo chnh lu khi 300 < < 900.

Hnh 3. 5 Dang song ien ap ra cua bo chnh lu khi > 900.

Hnh 3. 6 ac tnh ieu chnh Ud = f ( ).

I. 1. c Hien tng chuyen mach:

Trong o: p la so xung ap ap mach trong mot chu ky ien ap xoay chieu.