Cac Phuong Phap Dieu Chinh Dong Co Khong Dong Bo

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CHNG 1
KHAI QUAT VE ONG C KHONG ONG BO

I.CAU TAO VA AC IEM
I.1 Cau Tao
1.Cau tao phan tnh (stato)
Gom vo may, loi sat va day quan.
a)
Vo may:
Thng lam bang gang. oi vi may co cong suat ln (1000 kw), thng dung thep tam han lai thanh vo. Vo
may co tac dung co nh va khong dung e dan t.
b)
Loi sat:
c lam bang cac la thep ky thuat ien day 0,35 mm en 0,5 mm ghep lai.
Loi sat la phan dan t . V t trng i qua loi sat la t trng xoay chieu, nham giam ton hao do dong ien xoay
gay nen, moi la thep ky thuat ien eu co phu lp sn cach ien. Mat trong cua loi thep co xe ranh e at day
quan .
Day quan :
c)
Day quan c at vao cac ranh cua loi sat va cach ien tot vi loi sat. Day quan stato gom co ba cuon day at
lech nhau 120 o ien.
2. Cau tao phan quay (Roto)
a)
Truc :
Lam bang thep, dung e loi sat roto.
Loi sat:
b)
Gom cac la thep ky thuat ien giong nh phan stato. Loi sat c ep trc tiep len truc. Ben ngoai loi sat co xe
ranh e at day quan.
c)
Day quan roto:
Gom hai loai: Loai roto day quan va loai roto kieu long soc.
Loai roto kieu day quan : Day quan roto giong day quan stato va co so cc bang so cc
stato. Cac ong c cong suat trung tr len thng dung day quan kieu song hai lp e giam c nhng au noi
day va ket cau day quan roto chat che hn. Cac ong c cong suat nho thng dung day quan ong tam mot lp.
Day quan ba pha cua roto thng au hnh sao (Y). Ba au kia noi vao ba vong trt bang ong at co nh
au truc. Thong qua choi than va vong trt, a ien tr phu vao mach roto nham cai thien tnh nang m may
va ieu chnh toc o.
Loai roto kieu long soc: Loai day quan nay khac vi day quan stato. Moi ranh cua loi sat
c at mot thanh dan bang ong hoac nhom va c noi tat lai hai au bang hai vong ngan mach ong hoac
nhom, lam thanh mot cai long, ngi ta goi o la long soc.
Day quan roto kieu long soc khong can cach ien vi loi sat.
3. Khe h:
Khe h trong ong c khong ong bo rat nho (0,2 mm 1mm). Do o roto la mot khoi tron nen roto rat eu.
Trang
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I.2 ac iem Cua ong C Khong ong Bo.

Cau tao n gian.
au trc tiep vao li ien xoay chieu ba pha.
Toc o quay cua roto nho hn toc o t trng quay cua stato n < n1.
Trong o:
n toc o quay cua roto.
n1 toc o quay t trng quay cua stato (toc o ong bo cua ong c )
II. NGUYEN LY LAM VIEC CUA ONG C KHONG ONG BO
Khi noi day quan stato vao li ien xoay chieu ba pha, trong ong c se sinh ra mot t trng quay. T trng
nay quet qua cac thanh dan roto, lam cam ng tren day quan roto mot sc ien ong E2 se sinh ra dong ien I2
chay trong day quan. Chieu cua sc ien ong va chieu dong ien c xac nh theo qui tac ban tay phai.
n1
Hnh.1-1 S o nguyen ly ong c khong ong bo.

Chieu dong ien cua cac thanh dan na pha tren roto hng t trong ra ngoai, con dong ien cua cac thanh dan
na pha di roto hng t ngoai vao trong.
Dong ien I2 tac ong tng ho vi t trng stato tao ra lc ien t tren day dan roto va momen quay lam cho
roto quay vi toc o n theo chieu quay cua t trng.
Toc o quay cua roto n luon nho hn toc o cua t trng quay stato n1. Co s chuyen ong tng oi gia roto
va t trng quay stato duy tr c dong ien I2 va momen M. V toc o cua roto khac vi toc o cua t trng
quay stato nen goi la ong c khong ong bo.
ac trng cho ong c khong ong bo ba pha la he so trt:
S =
n1 n
n1
(1-1)
Trong o:
n la toc o quay cua roto.
Trang
f1 tan so dong ien li.
P so oi cc.
n1 toc o quay cua t trng quay (toc o ong bo cua ong c).
n1 =
60 f 1
p
(1-2)
Khi tan so cua mang ien thay oi th n1 thay oi lam cho n thay oi.
Khi m may th n = 0 va S = 1 goi la o trt m may.
Dong ien trong day quan va t trng quay tac dung lc tng ho len nhau nen khi roto chu tac dung cua
momen M th t trng quay cung chu tac dung cua momen M theo chieu ngc lai. Muon cho t trng quay
vi toc o n1 th no phai nhan mot cong suat a vao goi la cong suat ien t.
Pt = M 1 = M
2n1
60
(1-3)
Khi o cong suat ien a vao:
P1 = 3.U.I cos
(1-4)
Ngoai thanh phan cong suat ien t con co ton hao tren ien tr day quan stato.
P d 1 = 3r 1 2 I 1 2
(1-5)
Ton hao sat:
P st = P
Pt = P 1 P t2 n Pst
P ' 2 = M . = M
(1-6)
(1-7)
60
Cong suat c truc la:
Cong suat c nho hn cong suat ien t v con ton hao tren day quan roto:
P2 = Pt P d 2
(1-8)
P d 2 = m 2 . I 2 .r 2
Trong o:
Trang
(1-9)
m2 so pha cua day quan roto.
V p2 < pt do o n < n1
Cong suat c cua p2 a ra nho hn p2 v con ton hao do ma sat tren truc ong c va ton hao phu khac:
P
= P '2 = P
(1-10)
Hieu suat cua ong c:
P
P
= ( 0 ,8 0 ,9 )
(1-11)
III. CAC AI LNG VA PHNG TRNH C BAN CUA ONG C.

Cac ai Lng
1.
a)
He so trt:
e bieu th mc o ong bo gia toc o quay cua roto n va toc o cua t trng quay stato n1.
Ta co :
s =
n1 n
n1
S oo =
n1 n
100 o o
n1
Hay tnh theo phan tram:
(1-12)
(1-13)
Xet ve mat ly thuyet gia tr S se bien thien t 0 en 1 hoac t 0 en 100 o/o

Trong o :
60 f 1
p
n = n 1 (1 s )
n1 =
b)
Trong o:
(1-14)
(1-15)
Sc ien ong cua mach roto luc ng yen.

E 20 = 4 , 44 K
20
W 2 m
(1-16)
m tr socc aicuat thongtrong mach t
Trang
K2 la he so day quan roto cua ong c.

f20 tan so xac nh toc o bien oi cua t thong quay qua cuon day, v roto ng yen nen:
f20 bang vi tan so dong ien a vao f1
c)
pn 1
60
20
2s
n1 n
(n1 n ) p
=
n1
60
(1-17)
Khi roto quay:
Tan so trong day quan roto la:
n1 p
60
(1-18)
(1-19)
Vay f2s = s.f1

Sc ien ong tren day quan roto luc o la:
E 2 s = 4,44 f 2 sW 2 K 2 m
(1-20)
Vi f2s = s.f1 the vao (1-19), ta c:
E 2 s = 4 , 44 f 1W 2 K 2 m S
a)
(1-21)
2.Phng Trnh C Ban Cua ong C Khong ong Bo Ba Pha.
S o ang tr mot pha

U1~
o
I1
I2
KB
I1
o
rf
U1
x1
I2
x'2
r1
Io
xo
Trang
ro
r2/s
5
a)
Hnh 1-2.
a) S o nguyen ly.
b) S o ang tr mot pha cua ong c khong ong bo
Trong o:
b)
U1 ien ap pha at len cuon stato.

x1, r1, I1 la ien khang , ien tr, dong ien cua mach t hoa.
x2, r2, I2 la ien khang, ien tr, dong ien pha cua cuon day roto qui oi ve stato.
I2 = KI I2
(1-22)
Vi KI = 1/KE , la he so bien oi dong ien

KE = U1m/E2m
(1-23)
U1m ien ap nh mc at len stato

E2m Sc ien ong nh mc cua roto
r2 = kr r2
(1-24)
x2 = kx x2 , vi kx = kr = k2E
(1-25)
S la o trt cua ong c

S =
Trong o:
n toc o quay cua roto ong c.
n = n1(1-S)
n1 n
n1
(1-26)
(1-27)
n1 toc o quay ong bo cua ong

n1 =
60 f 1
p
(1-28)
Trang
a)
Phng trnh ac tnh toc o.
Theo s o ang tr mot pha nh hnh (1-2), ta co bieu thc dong ien roto a qui oi ve stato.
U
I '2 =
(r1 +
b)
r '2 2
) + ( x 1 + x '2 ) 2
S
(1-29)
Khi toc o ong c n = 0 , theo (1-26) ta co s =1.

Neu ien ap at len cuon stato U1 = const th bieu thc (1 29) chnh la quan he gia dong ien roto a qui oi
ve stato I2 vi o S hay vi toc o n.
Do o bieu thc (1-29) chnh la phng trnh ac tnh toc o.
Phng trnh ac tnh c.
Cong suat ien t cua ong c
Pt = 3I '2
r'2
s
(1-30)
Mat khac:
Pt = Mt
n1
9,55
(1-31)
Do o:
M t =
3 I '2 r '2
s
n1
9 , 55
(1-32)
Mt momen ien t gom hai phan :

Phan nho ton that tren cuon day va ton that c do ma sat cac o bi, ky hieu M
Phan ln bien thanh momen quay cua ong c M.
M t = M + M
(1-33)
Ma M >> M ,ta cotheboqua M
Trang
Vay Mt ~ M
Khi o :
M t = M =
3 I '2 r '2
s
n1
9 , 55
(1-34)
Thay I2 t (1-26) vao (1-34), ta c
M =
3U 1r '2
(1-35)
s
r '2
2
n1
+ ( x1 + x '2 )
r 1 +
9,55
s
Bieu thc (1-35) chnh la phng trnh ac tnh c. c bieu dien quan he M = f(n) nh hnh 1-3
Gia tr S se bien thien t - en + va momen quay se co hai gia tr cc ai goi la momen ti han (Mt).
Lay ao ham cua momen theo he so trt va cho dM/ds = 0.
Ta co he so trt tng ng vi momen ti han Mt goi la he so trt ti han.
St =
r '2
r12 + ( x1 + x'2) 2
r '2
(1-36)
r12 + xn 2
Do o ta c bieu thc momen ti han :

Mt =
3U 1 2
2 n1
( r1 +
9 , 55
(1-37)
r1 + xn )
2
Giai cac phng trnh (1-35), (1-36), (1-37) va at :
r '2
+M
r1 2 2
x 2tn(1 + )
M =
(1-38)
(1-39)
s st
+ + 2
st s
Ta c dang n gian cua phng trnh ac tnh c:
n
n1
nm
Trang
+s
s=0
Hnh 1-3. ac tnh c cua ong c khong ong bo.

Nhan thay dang gan ung cua phng trnh ac tnh c nh sau:
oi vi ong c roto long soc, nhat la cac ong c co cong suat ln th
r1 << xn, nen co the bo qua r1 va = 0.
Ta co:
M =
2 Mt
S St
+
St S
(1-40)
Vi :
Mt =
St =
3U 1 2
2 n1
xn
9 , 55
(1-41)
r '2
xn
(1-42)
Nhan xet: T cac bieu thc (1-36) va (1-37), ta thay oi vi ong c xac lap neu U1 thay oi th St = const va
Mt thay oi t le vi U12 . Khi thay oi ien tr mach roto bang cach them ien tr phu (oi vi ong c khong
ong bo roto quan day) th:
Mt = const va St t le vi r2 .
Khi xet en ien tr tren mach stato r1 th momen ti han Mt se co hai gia tr khac nhau va ng vi hai trang
thai lam viec cua ong c.
Trang
* S = 0 , n1 < n la trang thai ham tai sinh ong c lam viec nh mot may phat.
r '2
S tF =
M tF =
(1-43)
(1-44)
r ' + xn 2
2
3U 1
2 n1
(r1 +
9 ,55
r 1 2 + xn 2 )
* S > 0 , n1 > n trang thai lam viec cua ong c.
r'2
st =
r1 + xn
2
(1-45)
3U
2n1
(r1 +
9 , 55
r1
(1-46)
2
+ xn
Khi r1 0 th stF = st conM tF M t

Ta co t so :
M =
Mt
M m
(1-47)
Trong o:
M laboisoqua
taivemomen,
chra khanang
sinh
momenlnnhatso vimomennhmccuaong
c
M t = M M
(1-48)
(1-48a)
Trang 10
M m =
9500Pm
nm
Mm : Nm
Pm : Kw
nm : Vong/phut
o trt ti han cua ong c c xac nh nh sau:
trang thai nh mc cua ong c:
n = nm , S = Sm , M = Mm
Phng trnh ac tnh tai iem nh mc:
M =
2M t (1 + )
S m
S tS t +S m
+ 2
+
S m S t S+t 2
S m
(1-49)
(1-50)
2(1 + )
Do o:
Thng oi vi ong c th r1 = r2, nen:
st
sm
+
+ 2st
m
t
s
s
M =
2(1 + )
(1-51)
Giai phng trnh bac hai (1-51) va xem r1<< xn

Ta co o trt St :
St = Sm(M 2 M 1
(1-52)
IV.U NHC IEM CUA ONG C KHONG ONG BO BA PHA

1.u iem:
- Trong cong nghiep hien nay phan ln eu s dung ong c khong ong bo ba pha. V no tien li hn, vi cau
tao, mau ma n gian, gia thanh ha so vi ong c mot chieu.
- Ngoai ra ong c khong ong bo ba pha dung trc tiep vi li ien xoay chieu ba pha, khong phai ton kem
them cac thiet b bien oi. Van hanh tin cay, giam chi ph van hanh, bao tr sa cha. Theo cau tao ngi ta chia
ong c khong ong bo ba pha lam hai loai.
Trang 11
- ong c roto day quan va ong c roto long soc
2.
Nhc iem:
Ben canh nhng u iem ong c khong ong bo ba pha cung co cac nhc iem sau:
- De phat nong oi vi stato, nhat la khi ien ap li tang va oi vi roto khi ien ap li giam.
- Lam giam bt o tin cay v khe h khong kh nho.
- Khi ien ap sut xuong th momen khi ong va momen cc ai giam rat nhieu v momen t le vi bnh phng
ien ap.
CHNG 2
IEU CHNH TOC O ONG C KHONG ONG BO BANG CACH THAY OI IEN
TR PHU MACH ROTO
I. NGUYEN LY IEU CHNH KHI THAY OI IEN TR PHU TREN MACH ROTO
ay la phng phap ieu chnh toc o n gian va c s dung rong rai trong thc te nhat la oi vi cac ong
c khong ong bo roto quan day.
S o nguyen ly va ac tnh c cua ong c khi thay oi ien tr phu mach roto nh hnh 2-1.
U1~
o
o
n
n1
ncb
n1.1
n1.2
n1.3
I1
I2
KB
a
b
c
d
rf = 0
rf1
Trang 12
rf2
rf
rf3
a)
b)
Hnh 2-1
a) S o nguyen ly
b) ac tnh c cua ong c khi thay oi ien tr phu.
Khi ong c ang lam viec trang thai xac lap vi toc o n. Muon ieu chnh toc o cua ong c, ta ong ien
tr phu vao ca ba pha cua roto. Tai thi iem bat au ong ien tr phu vao th toc o ong c cha kp thay
oi, luc nay dong va momen giam nen toc o ong c giam. Nhng khi toc o giam th o trt se tang nen sc
ien ong cam ng tren mach roto E2 tang, do o dong mach roto va momen tang lam cho toc o cua ong c
tang.
Khi a ien tr phu vao mach roto th he so trt ng vi momen cc ai luc nay la:
S tf =
r '2 + r ' f
(2-1)
r 1 2 + rn 2
Do o, khi thay oi ien tr phu rf trong mach roto th he so trt Stf se thay oi va lam cho toc o ong c
thay oi.
T cac ng ac tnh tren hnh ve (2-1), ta thay vi tr so phu tai khong oi, rf cang ln th ong c lam viec
vi toc o cang thap.
rf1 < rf2 < rf3
ncb > n1 > n2 > n3
Khi Mc bang hang so th ong c lam viec xac lap tng ng vi cac iem a, b, c, d.
Toc o cua ong c cang thap th ton hao cang ln, o cng cua ng ac tnh c b giam. Khi cho ien tr phu
vao cang ln th pham vi ieu chnh toc o phu thuoc vao tr so phu tai va phu tai cang ln th pham vi ieu
chnh cang hep.
II. PHNG PHAP IEU CHNH IEN TR MACH ROTO BANG CAC VAN BAN DAN.
Phng phap nay ieu chnh toc o vi u iem la de dang t ong hoa.
ien tr trong mach ro to ong c khong ong bo:
r2 = r2d + rf
(2-2)
Trang 13
Trong o:
r2d ien tr day quan roto

rf ien tr phu mac them vao mach roto
Momen cua ong c khong ong bo co the tnh theo dong ien roto la:
M=
3I 2 2 r2
n.s
(2-3)
Khi ieu chnh gia tr ien tr mach roto th momen ti han cua ong c khong oi con o trt ti han t le bac
nhat vi ien tr.
Neu xem oan ac tnh lam viec cua ong c khong ong bo, tc la oan co o trt S = 0 en S= St la thang th
khi ieu chnh ien tr, ta co the viet:
s = si
r2
, M = const
r 2d
(2-4)
Trong o:
S la o trt khi ien tr mach roto la r2.
Si la o trt khi ien tr mach roto la r2d.
thay (2- 4) vao (2-3), ta c bieu thc momen.
3I 2 2 r 2 d
M=
n.si
(2-5)
Neu gi dong ien roto khong oi th momen cung khong oi va khong phu thuoc vao toc o cua ong c.
S o nguyen ly ieu chnh ien tr mach roto bang phng phap xung nh hnh 2-2
Trang 14
U1~
o
o
Rc
KB
D1
D3

U2
Ro
D4
D6
D5
td
CL
3Ro
4
tn
D2
L
1Ro
2
Ro
T1
C
T2
Do
1Ro
4
L1
t
a)
b)
n1
Hnh 2-2.
a)
b)
c)
S o nguyen ly.
Phng phap ieu chnh.
Pham vi ieu chnh.
M
c)
ien ap U2 c chnh lu bi cau diode chnh lu qua cuon khang loc L c cap vao mach ieu chnh gom ien
tr Ro noi song song vi T1 se c ong ngat mot cach chu ky nham ieu chnh gia tr trung bnh cua ien tr
toan mach.
Trang 15
Hoat ong cua mach nh sau:
Khi khoa T1 ngat ien tr Ro c ong vao mach, dong ien roto giam vi tan so ong ngat nhat nh. Nh ien
cam L ma dong ien roto coi nh khong oi va khi T1 ong th ien tr R0 b loai ra khoi mach, dong ien roto
tang len, ta co gia tr tng ng ien tr Rc va thi gian ngat tn = T t.
Neu ieu chnh t so gia thi gian ngat va thi gian ong t th ta ieu chnh c gia tr ien tr trong mach
roto.
Rc =
t
Ro
t + tn
(2-6)
ien tr tng ng Rc trong mach mot chieu c tnh oi ve mach xoay chieu ba pha roto theo qui tac bao
toan cong suat.
Ton hao trong mach roto:
P = T d 2 (2 R
P = 3I
(R
2d
2d
+ R c)
+ Rf)
(2-7)
(2-8)
C s e tnh oi ton hao cong suat la nh nhau, nen:
T d 2 (2 R 2d + R c) = 3 I 2 2 ( R 2d + R f )
Vi s o chnh lu cau ba pha th :
Id = 1,5 I22
(2-9)
nen:
Rf =
1
Rc
2
(2-10)
Khi co ien tr tnh oi, ta de dang dng c ac tnh c theo phng phap thong thng . Ho ac tnh c nay
quet kn phan mat phang gii han bi ac tnh c t nhien va ac tnh c co ien tr phu Rf = Ro /2
Vi s o hnh 2-2, muon m rong pham vi ieu chnh ta co the mac noi tiep vi ien tr Ro mot tu ien u ln.
III. NHAN XET VA NG DUNG
1.
Nhan Xet.
Phng phap ieu chnh toc o ong c khong ong bo ba pha bang cach thay oi ien tr phu mach roto co cac
u iem sau:
Trang 16
2.
- Co toc o phan cap.

- Toc o ieu chnh nho hn toc o c ban.
- T ong hoa trong ieu chnh c de dang.
- Han che c dong m may.
- Lam tang kha nang m may cua ong c khi a ien tr phu vao mach roto
- Cac thao tac ieu chnh n gian.
- Gia thanh chi ph van hanh, sa cha thap.
Mac du co cac u iem nh tren nhng van con cac nhc iem sau:
Toc o on nh kem
Ton that nang lng ln.
ng Dung
ay la phng phap c s dung rong rai, mac du khong c kinh te lam. Thng c dung oi vi cac he
thong lam viec ngan han hay ngan han lap lai va dung trong cac he thong vi yeu cau toc o khong cao nh cau
truc, c cau nang, can truc, thang may va may xuc
CHNG 3
IEU CHNH TOC O ONG C KHONG ONG BO BANG CACH THAY OI SO OI

CC
I.
NGUYEN LY KHI THAY OI SO OI CC
Trang 17
Trong nhieu trng hp cac c cau san xuat khong yeu cau phai ieu chnh toc o bang phang ma ch can ieu
chnh co cap.
oi vi ong c khong ong bo ba pha, ta co toc o cua t trng quay:
n1 =
60 f 1
P
(3-1)
(3-2)
n = n1(1-s)
Do o khi thay oi so oi cc th n1 se thay oi, v vay toc o cua ong c thay oi.
e thay oi so oi cc P ta thay oi cach au day va cung la cach thay oi chieu dong ien i trong cac cuon day
moi pha stato cua ong c.
Khi thay oi so oi cc ta chu y rang so oi cc stato va roto la nh nhau. Ngha la khi thay oi so oi cc
stato th roto cung phai thay oi theo. Do o rat kho thc hien cho ong c roto day quan, nen phng phap
nay chu yeu dung cho ong c khong ong bo roto long soc va loai ong c nay co kha nang t bien oi so oi
cc roto e phu hp vi so oi cc stato.
oi vi ong c co nhieu cap toc o, moi pha stato phai co t nhat la hai nhom boi day tr len hoan toan giong
nhau. Do o cang nhieu cap toc o th kch thc, trong lng va gia thanh cang cao v vay trong thc te thng
dung toi a la bon cap toc o.
II.
CAC PHNG PHAP OI NOI DUNG E IEU CHNH TOC O ONG C.

1.
oi Noi Cuon Stato T Sao Y Sang Sao Kep YY

T bieu thc (3-1), khi thay oi so oi cc th ta se ieu chnh c toc o cua ong c, do o trong cach oi noi
nay ta co quan he ve toc o ong bo nh sau:
n 1YY
= 2
n 1Y
(3-3)
e dng ac tnh ieu chnh, ta can phai xac nh c cac tr so Mt, St va khi thc hien noi sao Y th hai cuon
day stato au noi tiep nen:
R1Y = 2r1 ; X1Y = 2x1
R2Y = 2r2 ; X2Y = 2x2
XnY = 2xn
(3-4)
Trong o :
r1, x1, r2, x2 la ien tr, ien khang moi oan day stato va roto.
S o oi noi cuon day stato t sao sang sao kep nh hnh 3-1.
o
oB
o B
a1
b1
c1
x1
y1
z1
Trang 18
a2
b2
c2
oA
oX
oA
c)
(a)
(b)
oB
a)
b)
o C
a1
b1
x1
y1
z1
a2
b2
c2
x2
y2
z2
c1
d)
oA
oX
Hnh 3-1.S o nguyen ly au cuon stato va s o khai trien mot pha cua cach au sao Y sang sao kep YY.
va (b) Khi au sao
va (d) Khi au sao kep
Nh vay ta co ien ap tren day quan moi pha la:
U1 =
Ud
3
(3-5)
Khi au sao Y:
S tY =
M tY =
r '2
(3-6)
r12 + xn 2
3U
4 n 1Y
r1 +
9 , 55
r12 + xn 2
(3-7)
Trang 19
Cong suat tieu thu t li la:

(3-8)
P1 = 3U 1 Im. cos Y Y
Khi noi sao kep YY th hai cuon day noi song song nen:
r1
; X 1 YY =
2
r2
; X 2 YY =
=
2
R 1 YY =
R
2 YY
x1
2
x2
2
(3-9)
Luc o, ta tnh c
tYY
r '2
2
PYY = 2.3.U
n YY YY
r 1 2 1+.I mx. cos
tYY
2 n 1 YY
9 , 55
(r
3U
1
(3-10)
(3-12)
r 12 + x n 2
(3-11)
So sanh bieu thc (3-7) va (3-11)

Ta c:
M tYY
4 n 1Y
=
= 2
M tY
2 n 1YY
Vay
MtYY = 2MtY
(3-13)
T bieu thc (3-8) va (3-12), neu xem cosY = cosYY

Ta c:
PYY
=2
PY
Vay PYY = 2PY
(3-14)
Trang 20
So sanh bieu thc (3-6) va (3-10), ta co

StY = StYY
(3-15)
P = n.M
(3-15a)
Ngoai ra ta co bieu thc :
Trong o:
P Cong suat tieu thu cua ong c.
M Momen quay cua ong c.
n Toc o goc cua roto.
Do o:
PnYY1YY n1YY MtYY PYY

= = 2 va
= 2 v(3-16)
ao(3 16), ta c
PnY 1Y n1Y MtY PY
Thay
M YY 2
= =1
2
MY
(3-17)
Nh vay khi oi t sao sang sao kep, momen quay cua ong c khong oi co
n cong suat th tang gap hai lan.
Vi cac bieu thc a phan tch nh tren, ta dng c ac tnh c nh
hnh 3-3
n1YY
StYY
n1Y
StY
MtY
MtYY
M
Trang 21
Hnh 3-3.ac tnh c khi oi cuon stato t sao sang sao kep.
2.oi Noi Cuon Stato T Sao Sang Sao Na Ngc.
oB
o B
a1
b1
c1
x1
y1
a2
b2
x2
y2
oA
a1
x1
x2
oB
b1
z1
oA
oX
c2
z2
o C
c1
y1
z1
b2
c2
y2
z2
oA
oX
Hnh 3-4 S o nguyen ly au cuon stato va s o khai trien mot pha cua cach au sao va sao na ngc.
Trong cach noi nay, ta cung co quan he ve toc o ong bo nh sau:
Trang 22
Khi noi sao sang sao na ngc, taco:
n 1Y 1 / 2 ng
= 2
n 1Y
(3-18)
* khi noi sao.
tY
3
r '2
=
r
(3-18a)
tY
+ x
(3-19)
3U 1
2 n 1Y
(r
9 , 55
(3-20)
1
+ x
)
(3-21)
PY = 3.U1.Im.cosYY
* Khi noi sang sao na ngc:
Khi oi noi thanh sao na ngc th hai cuon day stato cung au noi tiep nen:
StY 1 / 2 ng =
Mty1 / 2 ng =
PY 1 / 2 ng
r '2
r1 + Xn 2
2
= StY
(3-22)
3U 1 2
(3-23)
4n1Y 1 / 2 ng
(r1 + r1 2 + Xn 2 )
9,55
= 3U 1Im cos Y 1 / 2 ngY 1 / 2 ng
(3-24)
T (3-20 va (3-23), ta co quan he:
Trang 23
MtY 1 / 2 ng
ntY
1
=
=
MtY
ntY 1 / 2 2
(3-25)
Vay MtY = 2 Mty1/2ng
(3-26)
PY 1 / 2 ng
=1
PY
PY 1 / 2 ng = PY
(3-27)
T (3-21) va (3-24), ta co:
(3-28)
Theo bieu thc (3-15a), ta co:
PY 1 / 2 ng nY 1 / 2 ng MY 1 / 2 ng
=
PY
nY
MY
(3-29)
Thay (3-27) va (3-18) vao (3-29), ta c:
MY 1 / 2 ng 1
=
MY
2
(3-30)
Nh vay ta dng c ng ac tnh tren hnh 3-4.
StY1/2ng
n1Y1/2ng
n1Y
Trang 24
Hnh 3-4. ac tnh c cua ong c khong ong bo khi au sao sang sao na ngc.
2.
oi Noi Cuon Stato T Tam Giac Sang Sao Kep yy

Theo cach au cuon day stato t tam giac sang sao kep, ta co quan he nh sau:
n 1 YY
= 2
n 1
(3-31)
* S o oi noi day t tam giac sang sao kep nh hnh 3-5.
A
o
B
o
x2
OO
a2 O
C
o
x1
O
O
a1 O
a)
b1
OO
O y1
b2
O
O
O y2
z2
A
o
c2
x2
OO
a2 O
x1
O
a1 OO
z1
B
o
c1
oA
oX
c)
C
o
b1
OO
O y1
b2
O
OO
y2
oX
oA
Trang 25
z2
c2
z1
c1
b)
d)
Hnh 3-5.
a)
b)
c)
d)
S o au day cua cach au tam giac.

S o au day cua cach au sao kep.
S o ang tr mot pha cua cach au tam giac.
S o ang tr mot pha cua cach au sao kep.
Ta nhan thay khi au tam giac hai cuon day stato cung au noi tiep, nen tng t nh cach au sao ta tnh c
cac ai lng nh sau:
3(
4 n 1
(r1 +
9 , 55
r '2
r1
= 3
3U )
3U
+ xn
1
r12 + xn
(3-32)
(3-33)
I m cos
(3-34)
* Trng hp dau sao kep cung tng t nh tren, do o:
S tYY =
M tYY
r '2
r 12 + x n 2
3U 1 2
=
2 n 1 YY
( r 1 + r 12 + x n 2 )
9 , 55
P YY = 2.3. U 1 I m . cos YY YY
(3-35)
(3-36)
(3-37)
Trang 26
T (3-32) va (3-36), ta c:
MtYY 1
=
Mt 2
(3-38)
T (3-33) va (3-37), ta c:
P YY
P
2 cos
YY
=
3 cos
YY
2
3
(3-39)
Ngoai ra ta tnh c nh sau:
P
n 1 M t
=
P YY
n 1YY M tYY
1 M t
1=
2 M tYY
M t
1
=
M tYY
2
Vay
(3-40)
(3-41)
Nh vay khi oi noi t tam giac sang sao kep, th cong suat khong oi con momen giam, ta c ac tnh c nh
hnh 3-6.
n
n1YY
StYY
n1
Trang 27
St
Hnh 3-6. ac tnh c cua ong c khong ong bo khi oi noi day quan stato t tam giac sang sao kep.
III.
1.
NHAN XET VA NG DUNG TRONG CONG NGHIEP

Nhan Xet.
Phng phap ieu chnh toc o ong c khong ong bo bang cach thay oi so oi cc co u iem sau:
Thiet b n gian, gia thanh ha.
Cac ng ac tnh c eu cng va ton that phu khong ang ke.
ong c lam viec chac chan.
ieu chnh va khong che toc o kha n gian.
Nhng van co cac nhc iem sau:
Kch thc ong c ln.
Pham vi ieu chnh khong rong lam
Dmax = 8
Ch cho nhng toc o cap vi o nhay cap kha ln.

Hieu suat s dung day quan thap.
Cau tao cua ong c tng oi phc tap, nang ne va gia thanh cao.
2.
ng Dung Trong Cong Nghiep.

ay la phng phap c ng dung trong cac may nh may mai van nang, thang may nhieu tang, may nang
trong ham mo va con dung trong mot so may cat kim loai, bm ly tam va quat thong gio.
Trang 28
CHNG 4
IEU CHNHTOC O ONG C KHONG ONG BO BA PHA BANG CUON KHANG

BAO HOA
I.KHAI NIEM VE CUON KHANG BAO HOA
Cuon khang bao hoa la thiet b ien t co tr so ien khang bien oi c. Ve mat cau tao, cuon khang co ba bo
phan chnh:
Loi sat:
c lam thanh hai loi giong nhau, e kh anh hng cua t thong xoay chieu oi vi cuon mot chieu.
Cuon lam viec Wlv :
c noi tiep vi phu tai Zpt . Cuon lam viec co ien khang thay oi c.
Cuon khong che Wkc :
Cuon khang co ba en bon cuon dung khong che. Trong o mot cuon khong che chu ao, cac cuon con lai dung
thc hien phan hoi trong he.
thong truyen ong ien. Quan len hai loi sat, c at vao ien ap mot chieu tao ra dong khong che Ikc
e ieu chnh toc o ong c khong ong bo bang cuon khang bao hoa ngi ta dung cuon khang bao hoa ba
pha, hoac ba cuon khang bao hoa mot pha co ieu khien ong thi, mac mach stato hoac roto theo s o
nguyen ly hnh 4-1
Trang 29
Ta thay ca hai trng hp khi mac vao mach stato hay roto eu co chung mot y ngha la a them vao mach cua
ong c mot lng ien khang xk lam cho momen ti han va o trt ti han giam nho i theo phng trnh nh
sau:
Mt =
3U12
(4-1)
2n1
(Xn + Xck)
9,55
r'2
St =
Xn + Xck
(4-2)
Trong o:
U1 ien ap pha cua li ien at vao ong c.
xk ien khang cua cuon khang bao hoa.
xn ien khang ngan mach cua ong c.
r2 ien tr roto tnh oi ve stato.
Mt Momen ti han cua ong c.
St o trt ti han cua ong c.
Trong thc te khi mac cuon khang bao hoa vao mach stato ong c co cac u iem sau:
Giam c ton that ong c
He so cong suat ln.
Khi mac cuon khang bao hoa vao mach roto hnh 4-1b. Mac du co giam ch tieu nang lng nhng van co cac
khuyet iem sau:
Quan tnh he thong ln lam cho he so cong suat cos giam sinh ra ton hao tren ien tr phu.
U1~
U~
o1
o+
Xck
KB
Wlv
o+
Rc
Ukc
KB
o-
Xck
Wlv
Wkc
Ukc
Rc
oTrang 30
a)
a)
b)
b)
Hnh 4-1. S o nguyen ly ieu chnh toc o bang cuon khang bao hoa.
Mac mach stato
Mac mach roto
II. PHNG TRNH VA DANG AC TNH C.

Phng trnh ac tnh c cua ong c khong ong bo co dang:
M =
2 Mt (1 + )
S St
+ + 2
St S
(4-3)
Trong o:
Mt =
St =
(4-4)
3U 1 2
2n1
(r1 + r1 2 + xn 2 )
9,55
r '2
r1 2 + xn 2
r1
(4-5)
(4-6)
r1 2 + xn 2
Khi mac cuon khang bao hoa vao stato, ta c nh sau:
Mt =
St =
3U 1 2
2n1
(r1 + rck ) + (r1 + rck ) 2 + ( xn + xck ) 2
9,55
r '2
(r1 + rck ) 2 + ( xn + xck )
r1 + rck
(r1 + rck ) 2 + ( xn + xck ) 2
(4-7)
(4-8)
(4-9)
Trang 31
Khi mac cuon khang bao hoa vao roto, ta co:
Mt =
St =
3U 1 2
2n1
r1 + r1 2 + ( xn + xck ) 2
9,55
( r '2 + rck )
r1 2 + ( xn + xck )
(4-11)
(4-12)
r1 + rck
(4-13)
r1 + ( xn + xck )
2
Trong o:
Rck, xck la ien tr, ien khang moi pha cua cuon day lam viec khi co cuon khang bao hoa.
xck= 2fLck
(4-13)
f la tan so cua stato hay roto tuy theo khi mac cuon khang bao hoa stato hay roto.
Lck tr so ien cam moi pha cua cuon khang bao hoa.
Lck = 10 8
Wlv 2 S
(4-14)
S la tiet dien loi sat

l chieu dai trung bnh cua mach t.
IV.
PHNG PHAP DUNG CUON KHANG BAO HOA E IEU CHNH TOC O ONG C.
Trang 32
e ieu chnh toc o ong c bang cuon khang bao hoa ngi ta thay oi dong ien t hoa cua cuon khang (
dong khong che Ikc). Khi Ikc tang th xck giam, ien ap at vao ong c tang len va khi Ikc giam th xck tang, ien
ap at vao ong c giam. Sau ay ta khao sat cac trng hp sau:
1.
He Thong Cuon Khang Bao Hoa ong C Dung Khau Phan Hoi Am Toc o.
e tang kha nang ieu chnh toc o ong c ta dung s o nguyen ly phan hoi am toc o nh hnh 4-2. ay la
he thong trong o lng phan hoi c thc hien bang may phat toc.
U1~
o
Ikc
o+
Ukc
Xck
Rc
Wlv
LC
KB
Ufh
FT
Uss
oCKFT
+ o
RFT
o -
Hnh 4- 2. S o nguyen ly dung khau phan hoi am toc o.
* Nguyen ly lam viec:
Ta co:
Sc ien ong cua may phat:
EFT = Ufh = KE FT n
(4-15)
Dong khong che:
Ikc =
Ukc
Rkc
(4-16)
ien ap khong che:

Trong o:
Ukc = Uss - Ufh
(4-17)
Trang 33
Uss ien ap so sanh do nguon ngoai at vao dung e thay oi dong khong che.
Ufh ien ap phan hoi am toc o do may phat toc cung cap.
Muon ieu chnh toc o ong c n, thay oi tr so ien tr ieu chnh. Khi giam Rc th Uss giam, Ukc giam, do o
Ikc giam, luc nay cuon khang lam viec trang thai kem bao hoa nen = dB/dH tang, xck tang, Ukc tang do vay
toc o ong c n giam va khi tang Rc th qua trnh dien ra ngc lai.
* Kha nang t on nh ieu chnh toc o:
Chang han khi c cau san xuat can toc o yeu cau khong oi (nyc = const) nhng v ly do nao o ot nhien phu
tai Mc giam xuong, toc o ong c tang len, Ufh tang, Ukc giam, Ikc giam, tang, xck tang, nen U = U- Uck giam
va n giam ve v tr ban au.
Khi phu tai Mc tang lam toc o ong c giam va qua trnh dien ra ngc lai.
2.
He Thong Cuon Khang Bao Hoa ong C Dung Khau Phan Hoi Dng Dong ien Va Am
ien Ap
S o nguyen ly nh hnh 4-3.
U1~
o
Ikc2
Ikc3
Ikc1
H2
H3
H1
Wck3
Wck1
o+
Xck
Rc
Wlv
Wck2
CL1
Ukc
CL2
BD
oR1
BA
R2
S o tren hnh 4-3 dung ba cuon khang bao hoa.

KB
Hnh 4-3. S o cuon khang bao hoa dung khau

phan
hoi dng dong ien va am ien
ap.
Wck1 Cuon khang chu ao tao ra t trng H1.
Wck2 Cuon phan hoi dng dong ien c cung cap ien mot chieu thong qua may bien dong BD va
bo chnh lu CL1 tao ra cng o t trng H2 cung chieu vi H1.
Wck3 Cuon phan hoi am ien ap c cung cap ien nh may bien ap BA va bo chnh lu CL2 tao ra t
trng H3 ngc chieu vi H1.
BA: May bien ap
BD: May bien dong
Trong o:
Trang 34
* Nguyen ly lam viec:

trng hp nay ta cung thay oi Rc e ieu chnh toc o, ta co:
T trng tong cua cuon khang:
(4-18)
H = H1 + H2 - H 3
Khi ta giam Rc th Ukc giam do o Ikc giam, cuon khang lam viec trang thai kem bao hoa, xck tang, Uck tang, toc
o ong c giam va khi tang Rc th qua trnh dien ra ngc lai.
s o hnh 4- 3, khi ta muon thay oi he so phan hoi dng dong ien th thay oi tr so R1 va thay oi he so
phan hoi am ien ap th ta thay oi tr so R2.
* Kha nang t on nh toc o cua he thong.

He thong co kha nang t on nh toc o khi phu tai thay oi nh co khau phan hoi dng dong ien va am ien
ap.
Gia s khi can toc o khong oi n = n yc = const. ot nhien phu tai Mc giam xuong lam toc o n tang len hn
toc o yeu cau, khi Mc giam th I1 giam nen H2 giam.
Mac khac, khi I1 giam, Uck giam, U tang, v vay H3 tang. Ma t trng tong
H = H1 + H2 - H3 giam, luc o cuon khang lam viec trang thai kem bao hoa, he so t tham tang nen xck tang
va ien ap ri tren cuon khang Uck tang do o ien ap at vao ong c U giam lam cho toc o ong c giam ve
toc o yeu cau.
Ta co dang ac tnh c nh hnh 4-4.
n
n1
nmax
n1.1
B
n1.2
n1.3
nmin
C
D
E
Mc
TN (Um)
Ikc max
Ikc1
Ikc2
Ikc3
Ikc min
Trang 35
Hnh 4-4. Dang ac tnh c khi dung cuon khang bao hoa co khau phan hoi.
IV. NHAN XET VA NG DUNG TRONG CONG NGHIEP

1.
Nhan Xet
Cac u iem:
Pham vi ieu chnh toc o ong c tng oi rong
Dmax = 8
2.
Qua trnh ieu chnh toc o bang phang v toc o ong c phu thuoc vao dong ien khong
che ma Ikc lai phu thuoc vao Rc .
Lam viec chac chan, gia thanh thap hn va khong gay on.
Cac nhc iem:
oi vi khau phan hoi am toc o:
Can phai co may phat toc e noi vi ong c ien lam cho s o phc tap hn.
Phu thuoc vao nhng v tr xung quanh v chiem cho ln.
oi vi khau phan hoi dng dong ien va am ien ap.
Co sai so ien ap at vao ong c do mac bien ap vao stato.
Can phai co may bien dong.
ng Dung Trong Cong Nghiep
Phng phap nay thng dung trong cac he thong truyen ong nh can truc, may xuc va nhat la oi vi nhng
ni de b chay no nh mo dau,
mo than . . .
He thong cuon khang bao hoa ong c ngay cang c ng dung rong rai trong ieu chnh toc o ong c
khong ong bo va khi s dung cuon khang bao hoa e ieu chnh toc o ong c khong ong bo roto day quan,
ngi ta ket hp cuon khang bao hoa vi ien tr phu trong mach roto nham m rong pham vi ieu chnh.
Trang 36
CHNG 5
IEU CHNH TOC O ONG C KHONG ONG BO BANG CACH THAY OI IEN
AP
I. NGUYEN LY IEU CHNH

Phng phap ieu chnh toc o khong ong bo bang cach thay oi ien ap thc hien nh sau:
e thay oi ien ap, ngi ta dung bo bien oi co ien ap ra tuy theo tn hieu ieu khien at vao.
S o nguyen ly hnh 5-1
U1~
o
Uk
KB

rf
Trang 37
Hnh 5-1. S o nguyen ly ieu chnh toc o ong c khong ong bo

Nh hnh 5-1, ta thay:
Neu bo qua tong tr cua nguon va khong dung ien tr phu trong mach roto. Khi ien ap cua bo bien oi U2 th
ta c ho ac tnh ieu chnh nh hnh
5-2.
Khi o:
o trt ti han gi nguyen gia tr
St =
r '2
r1 2 + xn 2
(5-1)
Momen ti han t le vi bnh phng ien ap U2

Mtu = Mt U22
(5-2)
Vi:
Mt =
3U 2 2
2n1
( r 1 + r 1 2 + rn 2 )
9,55
(5-3)
Trongo:
Mtu Momen ti han cua ong c ng vi ien ap ieu chnh
U2 ien ap ra cua bo bien oi
Trang 38
n
U2.2
U2.1
n1
TN (Um)
St
Mtu
Mt
Hnh 5-2. Dang ac tnh ieu chnh khi khong dung ien tr phu trong mach roto.
e cai thien dang ac tnh ieu chnh va giam bt mc phat nong cua ong c. Khi dung ong c khong ong bo
roto day quan, ngi ta noi them mot bo ien tr phu vao mach roto hnh 5-1. Khi o:
Neu ien ap at vao stato la nh mc (U2 = U1) th ta c ac tnh mem hn ac tnh t nhien va ta goi o la
ac tnh gii han (tgh).
Neu gia tr ien ap at vao stato khac vi gia tr nh mc th momen ti han luc ieu chnh ien ap Mtu se thay
oi t le vi bnh phng ien ap con o trt ti han th khong oi, ngha la:
Mtu = Mt U22
St = const
(5-4)
Khi xet en tong tr cua bo bien oi th viec xac nh ac tnh gii han co phc tap. Khi o ta xem ien tr rb va
ien khang xb cua bo bien oi co gia tr co nh khong phu thuoc vao ien ap U2. Luc o:
Mt =
3U 2 2
(5-5)
2n1
2
2
(r1 + rb) + (r1 + rb) + ( xb + xn)
9,55
r '2 + rf
Trang(5-6)
39
St =
2
2
(r1 + rb) + ( xb + xn)
Ta c phng trnh ac tnh c:

M =
Vi
2 Mt (1 + )
St S
+ + 2
S St
r 1 + rb
(5-7)
(5-8)
(r1 + rb) 2 + ( xb + xn) 2
Dang ac tnh ieu chnh trong trng hp nay nh hnh 5-3.
n
U2, rf 0
U1, rf 0
TN (Um, rf = 0)
n1
gh (Um, rf 0)
St
Mtu
Mt
Hnh 5-3. ac tnh ieu chnh khi dung ien tr phu vao mach roto.
II. PHNG PHAP DUNG BO IEU CHNH IEN AP BANG THYRISTOR.
ay la bo ieu chnh c ng dung ngay cang nhieu trong ieu chnh toc o ong c khong ong bo v co nhieu
u iem so vi cac bo bien oi xoay chieu khac nh dung bien ap t ngau, dung khuech ai t, .
S o nguyen ly cua he dung bo ieu chnh thyristor nh hnh 5- 4.
U1 ~
o
Trang 40
T1
T4
T3
T6
T5
T2
Hnh 5-4. S o nguyen ly cua he thong dung bo ieu chnh thyristor.
Bo ieu chnh thyristor nay tng oi n gian gom sau thyristor.

Khi trang thai xac lap, cac thyristor m nhng goc kch nh nhau va khong oi. Khi o T1, T3, T5 dan na
chu ky dng con T2, T4, T6 dan na chu ky am cua li ien.
ien ap at vao stato cua ong c U2 (ien ap ra cua bo bien oi) la nhng phan cua ng hnh sin tren hnh 55.
U2
U2
U1
T1 dan
T4 dan
Trang 41
Hnh 5-5. o th ien ap pha au ra cua bo ieu chnh thyristor.
Gia thiet ng cong tren hnh 5-5 la o th ien ap cua pha A a vao stato cua ong c qua hai thyristor T1 va
T4.
Neu T1 m goc = 0 th T1 se dan cho en thi iem do ien ap li dng at vao Anot va sau o van
dan t en + la nh nang lng ien t tch luy trong day quan stato.
Tng t thyristor T4 dan na chu ky am va goc phu thuoc vao o trt S.
e dng ac tnh c ieu chnh, ta bo qua ien tr cua thyristor. Khi thyristor ang dan va cac ac tnh ieu chnh
ng vi nhng goc khac nhau c ve tren hnh 5-6. V ien ap phu thuoc vao goc pha nen o trt ti han
cua cac ac tnh ieu chnh co the khac vi o trt St .
n
U2, rf 0 U1, rf 0
TN (Um, rf = 0)
n1
St
=0
gh (Um, rf 0)
Mtu
Mt
Hnh 5-6. Cac ac tnh ieu chnh toc o ong c khong ong bo dung bo ieu chnh thyristor.
III. NHAN XET VA NG DUNG
Phng phap ieu chnh toc o ong c khong ong bo bang cach thay oi ien ap nguon c s dung rong rai,
nhat la bo ieu chnh dung thyristor v thc hien de dang va t ong hoa. Xet ve ch tieu nang lng, tuy ton
Trang 42
that trong bo bien oi khong ang ke nhng ien ap stato b bien dang so vi hnh sin nen ton that phu trong
ong c ln do o hieu suat khong cao
Phng phap ieu chnh toc o ong c bang cach thay oi ien ap thng dung trong he truyen ong ma
momen tai la ham tang theo toc o nh quat thong gio, bm ly tam,
CHNG 6
IEU CHNH TOC O ONG C KHONG ONG BO BANG CACH THAY OI TAN SO
NGUON
I. NGUYEN LY VA QUY LUAT IEU CHNH KHI THAY OI TAN SO
T bieu thc:
n1 =
60 f 1
P
(6-1)
Ta thay, toc o ong bo cua ong c khong ong bo co the thay oi neu ta thay oi tan so li ien f1. Do o toc
o cua ong c n = n1(1 S) (6-2), cung thay oi theo.
Khi thay oi tan so li ien f1, nhan thay nh sau:
Neu bo qua ien tr day quan stato, tc la xem r1 = 0 th momen ti han cc ai la:
Trong o:
Mt =
3U 1 2
3U 1 2
=
2n1
2 1 xn
xn
9,55
(6-3)
Trang 43
1 toc o goc ong bo
1 =
2f 1
P
(6-4)
xn = 1Ln
(6-5)
Ln = L1 + L2
(6-6)
Thay (6-4) va (6-5) vao (6-3), ta c:
3U 1 2 P 2
Mt =
2(2 ) 2 f 1 2 Ln
at
3P2
a = const =
2(2 ) 2 L n
taco
:
U12
Mt = a 2
f1
(6-6)
(6-7)
Bieu thc (6-7) cho ta thay khi tang tan so nguon ma van gi nguyen U1 th momen ti han cc ai Mt giam rat
nhieu. Do o khi thay oi tan so f1 th ong thi phai thay oi U1 theo cac quy luat nhat nh nham am bao s
lam viec tng ng gia momen ong c va momen phu tai. Ngha la t so gia momen cc ai cua ong c va
momen phu tai tnh oi vi cac ac tnh c la hang so.
M =
Mt
= const
Mc
(6-8)
ac tnh c cua bo phan lam viec la quan he gia toc o quay cua momen phu tai len truc quay.
Mc = f(n)
Theo bieu thc thc nghiem mang tnh chat tong quat e mo ta dang ac tnh c cua bo phan lam viec nh sau:
M c = M co + (M cm M co)(
n x
)
nm
(6-9)
Trang 44
Trong o:
Mc Momen can cua bo phan lam viec len truc quay toc o n (Nm)
Mco Momen can cua bo phan lam viec len truc quay khi n= 0.
Mcm Momen can cua bo phan lam viec len truc quay khi n = nm.
x la so mu ac trng mo ta dang ac tnh c cua bo phan lam viec (c cau san xuat) khac nhau.
Gom bon dang nh sau:
* x = 0, ta co:
Mc = Mcm = const,
(6-9a)
ay la ac tnh c ac trng cho he thong nang va luon co gia tr nhat nh (ng 1 tren hnh 6-1).
* x=1
ac tnh c co dang: Mc = a + bn
Mc t le bac nhat vi toc o. ay la ac tnh ac trng cho ma(6-9b)
y phat ien mot chieu kch t oc lap vi phu tai
may phat la mot ien tr thuan ( ng 2 hnh 6-1).
* x = -1
ac tnh co dang:
b
Mc = (a + )
n
(6-9c)
Momen t le nghch vi toc o, ac tnh nay ac trng cho cac may cat kim loai (ng 3 hnh 6-1)
*x=2
ac tnh co dang: Mc = a + bn2
(6-9d)
Momen t le vi bnh phng toc o, la ac tnh ac trng cho may ne
n, tau thuy,..(ng 4 hnh 6-1)
n
1
3
4
Hnh 6-1. Cac dang ac tnh.
Mc
Nh vay, muon ieu chnh toc o ong c khong ong bo bang cach thay oi tan so ta phai co mot bo nguon
U1
= const
f1
U1
* 2 = const
f1
*
U 12
*
= const
f1
Trang 45
xoay chieu co the ieu chnh tan so ien ap mot cach ong thi theo cac quy luat nh sau:
Nh vay dang ac tnh c cua ong c khong ong bo khi thay oi tan so theo quy luat ieu chnh hnh 6-2.
Mc = const
n1.1
n1cb
n1.2
Mc = a+b/n
f1.1
n1.1
f1m
ncb
f1.2
n1.2
0
M
nc
f1.1
f1m
f1.2
Mc = a+bn2
n1.1
n1cb
n1.2
f1.1
f1m
f1.2
M
Hnh 6-2. Cac dang ac tnh c cua ong c khong ong bo khi thay oi tan so theo quy luat ieu chnh U va f.
II. CAC BO BIEN TAN DUNG E IEU CHNH TOC O ONG C
e tao ra cac bo bien tan co U va f thay oi c, ngi ta co the dung cac bo bien tan vi may ien quay nh
may phat ong bo, may phat khong ong bo hoac dung bo bien tan ban dan. So vi cac bo bien tan ban dan , bo
bien tan may ien quay co nhieu nhc iem va ngay cang t dung. Bi vay trong luan an nay ch trnh bay cac
bo bien tan ban dan.
Cac bo bien tan ban dan gom co:
Bo bien tan ban dan trc tiep va bo bien tan co khau trung gian mot chieu.
1.
Bo Bien Tan Trc Tiep Dung Thyristor.

ieu chnh toc o ong c khong ong bo bang bo bien tan dung trc tiep thyristor co s o nguyen ly nh hnh
6-4.
~ U1, f1
o
o
a
o
b
Trang 46
Hnh 6 4. S o nguyen ly cua bo bien tan trc tiep dung thyristor.

Bo bien tan trc tiep dung thyristor bien oi trc tiep nguon xoay chieu ba pha U1, f1 bang hang so thanh nguon
xoay chieu ba pha co U2, f2 bien oi. Bo bien tan nay gom 18 thyristor chia cho ba pha. Moi pha chia lam hai
nhom:
Nhom co catot noi chung lai goi la nhom thuan T, cung cap phan ien ap dng tren moi pha cua ong c.
Nhom co Anot noi chung goi la nhom nghch cung cap ien ap au ra cho na chu ky am.
moi pha co dung hai cuon khang e lam giam dong ien can bang cua cac thyristor khi chuyen mach gia
nhom thuan va nhom nghch.
Neu goi tan so nguon vao la f1, so pha ien ap au ra la m (m=3), so nh hnh sin cua song ien ap au vao
trong na chu ky cua ien ap au ra la n th tan so ien ap au ra cua bo bien tan la:
f 2 = f1
m
2n + m 1
(6-10)
Nh vay:
Muon thay oi tan so f2 ta thay oi so nh hnh sin cua ien ap au vao trong na chu ky cua ien ap au ra
(tc la thay oi thi gian lam viec cua thyristor trong cung mot nhom thuan hay nghch so vi chu ky song ien
ap au vao).
Muon thay oi tr so ien ap au ra cua bo bien tan la U2 ta thc hien khong che thi gian kch xung len cac
thyristor so vi thi iem chuyen mach t nhien. Tc la tao ra mot song ien ap au ra co tr so trung bnh nho
hn tr so trung bnh cua ien ap au ra khi chuyen mach t nhien. Dang song ien ap au ra cua bo bien tan
hnh 6-5.
Trang 47
U1, U2
U1a
U1b
U2A (=0;n=3)
U1c
t
Tt
Tn
T2
Hnh 6-5. o th ien ap mot pha cua bo bien tan trc tiep dung thyristor.
2.
Bo Bien Tan Dung Thyritor Co Khau Trung Gian Mot Chieu.

Bo bien tan co khau trung gian mot chieu la bo bien oi hai tang. Nhom chnh lu co chc nang bien oi ien
xoay chieu thanh mot chieu. Sau khi qua bo loc, ien ap mot chieu c nghch lu thanh ien ap xoay chieu co
tan so bien oi. Nhom nghch lu ay lam viec oc lap vi li, ngha la cac van cua chung chuyen mach cho
nhau theo che o cng bc, ta goi nghch lu nay la nghch lu ap. Tan so au ra c ieu chnh nh thay oi
chu ky ong cat cac van trong nhom nghch lu con ien ap ra co the ieu chnh nh thay oi goc thong cua cac
van trong nhom chnh lu.
S o nguyen ly cua bo bien tan co khau trung gian mot chieu hnh 6-6.
L1
Lo
T9
T7
T11
D7
D9
D11
T1
C1
T3
T5
C3
C5
D1
D3
D5
Co
U2, f2
U1, f1
o
D10
D12
D8
D6
D4
C4
KB
D2
C6
C2
T10
T12
T8
T4
T6
T8
L2
Trang 48
Hnh 6-6. S o nguyen ly bo bien tan co khau trung gian mot chieu.
ay la s o nguyen ly cua bo bien tan co khau trung gian mot chieu dung nghch lu ap.
Nhom chnh lu gom 6 thyristor T7 T12 lam nhiem vu bien ien ap xoay chieu thanh mot chieu. Bo loc phang
gom khang Lo va tu Co. Phan chnh cua bo nghch lu la cac thyristor T1 T6, chung c m theo th t T1, T2,
T3,T4, T5, T6, cach nhau 1/6 chu ky cua ap ra.
Nh vay:
Bang cach thay oi khoang thi gian dan cua cac thyristor ta thay oi c chu ky cua ien ap ra tc la ieu
chnh c ien ap ra. e chuyen mach gia cac van, ta dung cac tu C1 C6.
Gia s trong khoang thi gian nao o T1 va T2 dan, tu C1 c nap t nguon hnh 6-6. Khi kch xung m T3 tu C1
phong qua T1 va T3 tao ra dong khoa T1 lam T3 dan.
Cac diode D1 D6 co tac dung ngan cach cac tu chuyen mach vi phu tai, khong cho cac tu phong ien qua phu
tai. Nh vay ien dung yeu cau cua tu c giam nho va ap tren tai khong b anh hng bi s phong nap cua
tu.
Cac diode D7 D12 , tao thanh mot cau ngc co tac dung m cho dong phan khang t pha ong c ve tu Co.
dong ien nay xuat hien do s lech pha gia dong va ap tren ong c.
Cac thyristor cua nghch lu chuyen mach theo tn hieu ieu khien nen cc tnh ien ap tren moi pha stato thay
oi theo tan so ieu khien. ien ap pha a vao ong c co dang nh hnh 6-7.
2
t
Hnh 6-7. o th ien ap phatren au ra cua bien tan co khau trung gian mot chieu.
Trang 49
III. NG DUNG TRONG CONG NGHIEP.

Phng phap ieu chnh toc o ong c khong ong bo bang cach thay oi tan so nguon c ng dung rong rai
trong cong nghiep vi u iem gon nhe va de ieu chnh.
Bo bien tan dung trc tiep thyristor c dung trong cong nghiep nh ieu chnh toc o trong truyen ong chnh
cua cac may mai cao toc, ieu chnh toc o trong cac he thong bang tai.
Bo bien tan dung may phat ong bo c ng dung khi can ieu chnh toc o ong thi cho nhieu ong c.
CHNG 7
Trang 50
IEU CHNH TOC O ONG C KHONG ONG BO BANG PHNG PHAP NOI
TANG
I.
PHNG PHAP NOI TANG DUNG HE THONG VAN MAY IEN

oi vi nhng ong c khong ong bo roto day quan co cong suat ln hoac rat ln th ton that cong suat trt
se rat ln. Do o co the khong dung c cac thiet b chuyen oi va ieu chnh ien tr mach roto.
e va tan dung c nang lng trt va ieu chnh c toc o ong c khong ong bo roto day quan, ngui
ta s dung cac s o noi tang sau:
S o noi tang may ien, s o noi tang van - may ien, .
ay ta ch xet s o noi tang van - may ien.
~ U1 o
o
KB
MC
ckmc
D1
D6
D3
D4
D5
D2
Hnh 7-1. S o noi tang van may ien
e ieu chnh toc o ong c khong ong bo trong cac s o noi tang, ta thc hien bang cach a vao roto mot
sc ien ong phu Ef. Sc ien ong phu nay co the la xoay chieu hoac mot chieu.
Tren s o hnh 7-1, ta thay muon ieu chnh toc o ong c th ta thay oi sc ien ong phu Ef. Sc ien ong
nay do may mot chieu tao ra.
Gia thiet khi Mc = const va ong c lam viec trang thai xac lap ng vi mot gia tr Ef nao o. Neu tang Ef len
th dong I2 giam momen ien t cua ong c giam va co tr so nho hn momen Mc nen toc o cua ong c giam.
Trang 51
Khi toc o cua ong c giam th o trt S tang, lam cho E2 = E2nm S tang, ket qua la dong I2 va momen ien t
cua ong c tang len cho en khi momen cua thiet b noi tang can bang vi Mc th qua trnh giam toc ket thuc va
ong c lam viec trang thai xac lap vi toc o nh ban au.
Dong ien chnh lu Id mach roto cua ong c c xac nh:
Id =
KsE 2 Ef
Rt
(7-1)
Trong o:
E2 Tr so hieu dung cua sc ien ong pha roto ong c
Ks He so phu thuoc vao s o chnh lu (oi vi s o cau ba pha Ks = 2,34)
Rt ien tr ang tr cua mach roto tnh oi ve pha mot chieu
Ef Sc ien ong cua may mot chieu.
Khi toc o ong c khong ong bo n < n1. Neu bo qua cac ton hao trong ong c va trong cac khau bien oi th
cong suat ong c khong ong bo lay t li vao P1 = Pm con cong suat phu trong mach roto (cong suat trt)
Pf = Pm S thong qua bo chnh lu a vao phan ng may mot chieu MC quay, keo theo F quay. F phat ien
tra nang lng ve nguon vi cong suat Pf = Pm S, ong c lam viec trang thai ong c.
Khi n > n1 th ong c lam viec trang thai may phat.
II.
PHNG PHAP NOI TANG DUNG THYRISTOR

e va ieu chnh c toc o ong c va tan dung c cong suat trt, ta khao sat s o ieu chnh cong
suat trt (hay noi tang) dung thyristor nh hnh 7-2.
~ U1
o
o
U2
KB
BA
D1
D4
D3
D6
D5
D2
T1
T3
T5
T4
Trang
T6 52
T2
Pt
Hnh 7-2. He thong noi tang van may ien
a) S o nguyen ly
b) Gian o nang lng
Tren s o hnh 7-2, nang lng trt t roto ong c khong ong bo sau khi a chnh lu thanh mot chieu c
bien thanh xoay chieu nh bo nghch lu va tra ve li ien nh bien ap BA. Sc ien ong phu a vao mach
roto cua ong c khong ong bo la sc ien ong cua bo nghch lu. Tr so cua no c ieu chnh bang cach
thay oi goc m cua cac van thyristor trong bo nghch lu.
ien ap xoay chieu cua bo nghch lu co bien o va tan so khong oi do c xac nh bi ien ap va tan so cua
li ien. Bo nghch lu lam viec vi goc ieu khien thay oi t 90o en 240o , phan con lai danh cho goc
chuyen mach .
o ln dong ien roto phu thuoc vao momen tai cua ong c ma khong phu thuoc vao goc ieu khien nghch lu.
ien ap U2 c chnh lu thanh ien ap mot chieu nh bo chnh lu
D1 D6 qua ien khang loc L cap cho nghch lu va phu thuoc vao nghch lu.
Gia tr trung bnh cua ien ap chnh lu va nghch lu la nh nhau:
Ud = Udn
(7-2)
Sai lech ve gia tr tc thi gia ien ap chnh lu va nghch lu chnh la ien ap tren ien khang loc L.
Gia thiet bo qua ien tr va ien khang tan cua mach stato va xem ong c co so vong day stato va roto la nh
nhau, th gia tr trung bnh cua ien ap chnh lu khi Id = 0 la:
Ud =
3 3U 1 n1 n
n1
(7-3)
Trang 53
Trng hp khi co tai Id 0 th ien ap nay giam xuong do sut ap chuyen mach gia cac van trong cau chnh
lu va sut ap do ien tr day quan roto.
III.
NHAN XET
Cac s o noi tang co nhieu u iem so vi cac s o noi ien tr phu vao mach roto hoac thay oi cac thong so
cua ong c. Trong cac he thong noi tang, cong suat trt c tra ve li ien hoac a len truc ong c lam
tang cong suat keo cua no.
ieu chnh toc o ong c khong ong bo bang he thong noi tang co kha nang ieu chnh bang phang. ac tnh
ieu chnh co o cng cao, pham vi ieu chnh toc o phu thuoc vao cong suat cua may MC va F.
Tuy vay, he thong phai s dung them may mot chieu MC va F lam cho he thong at tien va khong kinh te
lam.
Phng phap nay c dung nhieu trong cac truyen ong ong c ien khong ong bo day quan co cong suat ln.
Trang 54
KET LUAN
Qua sau tuan thc hien e tai: ieu Chnh Toc o ong C Khong ong Bo Va ng Dung Trong Cong Nghiep. e
tai nay nghien ve ly thuyet rat nhieu do vay viec tm hieu cac phng phap ieu chnh toc o ong c khong
ong bo cho ta thay moi phng phap eu co u va khuyet iem rieng cua no.
Tap o an nay, mac du con nhieu han che nhng trong qua trnh thc hien e tai, a giup em t anh gia va
hieu ky hn nhng kien thc ve chuyen mon. o cung la ket qua sau nhieu nam hoc tap va cung s hng dan
tan tnh cua thay NGUYEN D XNG em thanh that cam n.
Tuy nhien trong cong nghiep hoa th cac linh kien ien t se ng dung rong rai trong viec ieu chnh toc o ong
c ien. Trong o ieu chnh toc o bang cach dung cac thyritor se de dang va tien li hn.
Trang 55
TAI LIEU TAM KHAO

1.Truyen ong ien - NXB KH KT- Ha noi 1994
BUI QUOC KHANH NGUYEN VAN LIEN NGUYEN TH HIEN
2. Giao Trnh Truyen ong ien T ong Tap 1
ai Hoc S Pham Ky Thuat TPHCM - 1989
NGUYEN D XNG
3. SMOLENSKT A.V.IVANOV
May ien - Tap 2
Ngi dch: VU GIA HANH PHAN T THU - KHKT -1992
4. Cac ac Tnh Cua ong C Trong Truyen ong ien
Ngi dch: BUI NH TIEU
5.Giao Trnh May ien Tap 2 TPHCM
ai Hoc Bach Khoa - 1981
6. ien T Cong Suat Va ieu Khien ong C ien
CYRIL W.LANDER
Ngi dch: LE VAN D OANH
NXB KH KT HA NOI 1997 Tai Ban Lan Th 2
7. ien T Cong Suat
NXB GD 1993
NGUYEN BNH
8. Trang B ien ien T Cong Nghiep
Nha Xuat Ban Giao Duc 2000
VU QUANG HOI
Trang 56

Cac Phuong Phap Dieu Chinh Dong Co Khong Dong Bo

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KHAI QUAT VE ONG C KHONG ONG BO

Day quan roto:

I.2 ac iem Cua ong C Khong ong Bo.

Hnh.1-1 S o nguyen ly ong c khong ong bo.

Khi o cong suat ien a vao:

Ton hao sat:

Cong suat c truc la:

Hieu suat cua ong c:

III. CAC AI LNG VA PHNG TRNH C BAN CUA ONG C.

Hay tnh theo phan tram:

Xet ve mat ly thuyet gia tr S se bien thien t 0 en 1 hoac t 0 en 100 o/o

Sc ien ong cua mach roto luc ng yen.

m tr socc aicuat thongtrong mach t

K2 la he so day quan roto cua ong c.

Khi roto quay:

Tan so trong day quan roto la:

Vay f2s = s.f1

Vi f2s = s.f1 the vao (1-19), ta c:

2.Phng Trnh C Ban Cua ong C Khong ong Bo Ba Pha.

S o ang tr mot pha

U1 ien ap pha at len cuon stato.

Vi KI = 1/KE , la he so bien oi dong ien

U1m ien ap nh mc at len stato

S la o trt cua ong c

n1 toc o quay ong bo cua ong

Phng trnh ac tnh toc o.

Khi toc o ong c n = 0 , theo (1-26) ta co s =1.

Phng trnh ac tnh c.

Cong suat ien t cua ong c

Mt momen ien t gom hai phan :

Ma M >> M ,ta cotheboqua M

Thay I2 t (1-26) vao (1-34), ta c

Do o ta c bieu thc momen ti han :

Giai cac phng trnh (1-35), (1-36), (1-37) va at :

Ta c dang n gian cua phng trnh ac tnh c:

Hnh 1-3. ac tnh c cua ong c khong ong bo.

* S > 0 , n1 > n trang thai lam viec cua ong c.

Khi r1 0 th stF = st conM tF M t

Giai phng trnh bac hai (1-51) va xem r1<< xn

IV.U NHC IEM CUA ONG C KHONG ONG BO BA PHA

r2d ien tr day quan roto

Hoat ong cua mach nh sau:

C s e tnh oi ton hao cong suat la nh nhau, nen:

- Co toc o phan cap.

IEU CHNH TOC O ONG C KHONG ONG BO BANG CACH THAY OI SO OI

NGUYEN LY KHI THAY OI SO OI CC

CAC PHNG PHAP OI NOI DUNG E IEU CHNH TOC O ONG C.

oi Noi Cuon Stato T Sao Y Sang Sao Kep YY

Nh vay ta co ien ap tren day quan moi pha la:

Cong suat tieu thu t li la:

So sanh bieu thc (3-7) va (3-11)

T bieu thc (3-8) va (3-12), neu xem cosY = cosYY

So sanh bieu thc (3-6) va (3-10), ta co

Ngoai ra ta co bieu thc :

PnYY1YY n1YY MtYY PYY

Khi noi sao sang sao na ngc, taco:

* khi noi sao.

T (3-20 va (3-23), ta co quan he:

Vay MtY = 2 Mty1/2ng

T (3-21) va (3-24), ta co:

Theo bieu thc (3-15a), ta co:

Thay (3-27) va (3-18) vao (3-29), ta c:

Nh vay ta dng c ng ac tnh tren hnh 3-4.