Mt s phng php xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s

S GIO DC & O TO NG NAI

Trng THPT BC L Hng Phong

Gio vin thc hin

NGUYN TT THU

Nm hc: 2008 2009

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Mt s phng php xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s

MC LC
MC LC.................................................................................................................................... 1
LI M U.............................................................................................................................. 3
I. S DNG CSC CSN XY DNG CCH TM CTTQ CA MT S DNG
DY S C CNG THC TRUY HI C BIT. ............................................................ 4
II. S DNG PHP TH LNG GIC XC NH CTTQ CA DY S........... 24
III. NG DNG BI TON TM CTTQ CA DY S VO GII MT S BI
TON V DY S - T HP............................................................................................... 30
BI TP P DNG ................................................................................................................. 41
KT LUN KIN NGH...................................................................................................... 45
TI LIU THAM KHO ........................................................................................................ 46

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Mt s phng php xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s

LI M U
Trong chng trnh ton hc THPT cc bi ton lin quan n dy s l mt phn
quan trng ca i s v gii tch lp 11 , hc sinh thng gp nhiu kh khn khi gii
cc bi ton lin qua n dy s v c bit l bi ton xc nh cng thc s hng tng
qut ca dy s . Hn na mt s lp bi ton khi xc nh c cng thc tng
qut ca dy s th ni dung ca bi ton gn nh c gii quyt. Do xc nh cng
thc tng qut ca dy s chim mt v tr nht nh trong cc bi ton dy s.
Chuyn Mt s phng php xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s
nhm chia s vi cc bn ng nghip mt s kinh nghim gii bi ton xc nh CTTQ
ca dy s m bn thn c rt c trong qu trnh hc tp v ging dy.
Ni dung ca chuyn c chia lm ba mc :
I: S dng CSC CSN xy dng phng php tm CTTQ ca mt s dng dy s
c dng cng thc truy hi c bit.
II: S dng phng php th lng gic xc nh CTTQ ca dy s
III: ng dng ca bi ton xc nh CTTQ ca dy s vo gii mt s bi ton v
dy s - t hp .
Mt s kt qu trong chuyn ny c mt s sch tham kho v dy s, tuy
nhin trong chuyn cc kt qu c xy dng mt cch t nhin hn v c sp
xp t n gin n phc tp gip cc em hc sinh nm bt kin thc d dng hn v
pht trin t duy cho cc em hc sinh.
Trong qu trnh vit chuyn , chng ti nhn c s ng vin, gip nhit
thnh ca BGH v qu thy c t Ton Trng THPT BC L Hng Phong. Chng ti
xin c by t lng bit n su sc.
V nng lc v thi gian c nhiu hn ch nn chuyn s c nhng thiu st. Rt
mong qu Thy C v cc bn ng nghip thng cm v gp chuyn c tt
hn.

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Mt s phng php xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s

MT S PHNG PHP XC NH
CNG THC TNG QUT CA DY S
I. S DNG CSC CSN XY DNG CCH TM CTTQ CA MT S
DNG DY S C CNG THC TRUY HI C BIT.
Trong mc ny chng ti xy dng phng php xc nh CTTQ ca mt s dng dy
s c cng thc truy hi dng c bit. Phng php ny c xy dng da trn
cc kt qu bit v CSN CSC , kt hp vi phng php chn thch hp. Trc ht
chng ta nhc li mt s kt qu bit v CSN CSC .
1. S hng tng qut ca cp s cng v cp s nhn
1.1: S hng tng qut ca cp s cng
nh ngha: Dy s (un ) c tnh cht un = un 1 + d n 2 , d l s thc khng i
gi l cp s cng .
d : gi l cng sai ca CSC; u1 : gi s hng u, un gi l s hng tng qut ca cp s
nh l 1: Cho CSC (un ) . Ta c : un = u1 + (n 1)d

(1).

nh l 2: Gi Sn l tng n s hng u ca CSC (un ) c cng sai d. Ta c:

n
[2u + (n 1)d ]
(2).
2 1
1. 2: S hng tng qut ca cp s nhn
nh ngha: Dy s (un ) c tnh cht un +1 = q.un n * gi l cp s nhn cng
bi q .
Sn =

n 1
nh l 3: Cho CSN (un ) c cng bi q . Ta c: un = u1q
(3).

nh l 4: Gi Sn l tng n s hng u ca CSN (un ) c cng bi q . Ta c:

1 - qn
Sn = u1
1 -q

(4).

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Mt s phng php xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s

2. p dng CSC CSN xc nh CTTQ ca mt s dng dy s c bit

V d 1.1: Xc nh s hng tng qut ca dy s (un ) c xc nh bi:
u1 = 1, un = un 1 2

n 2 .

Gii:
Ta thy dy (un ) l mt CSC c cng sai d = 2 . p dng kt qu (1) ta c:
un = 1 2(n 1) = 2n + 3 .

V d 1.2: Xc nh s hng tng qut ca dy s (un ) c xc nh bi:

u1 = 3, un = 2un 1

n 2 .

Gii:
Ta thy dy (un ) l mt CSN c cng bi q = 2 . Ta c: un = 3.2n 1 .
V d 1.3: Xc nh s hng tng qut ca dy (un ) c xc nh bi:
u1 = 2, un = 3un 1 1

n 2 .

Gii:
Trong bi ton ny chng ta gp kh khn v dy (un ) khng phi l CSC hay CSN! Ta
thy dy (un ) khng phi l CSN v xut hin hng s 1 VT. Ta tm cch lm mt
1 i v chuyn dy s v CSN.
3 1
Ta c: 1 = + nn ta vit cng thc truy hi ca dy nh sau:
2 2
1
3
1
un = 3un 1 = 3(un 1 ) (1).
2
2
2
1
5
t vn = un v1 = v vn = 3vn 1 n 2 . Dy (vn ) l CSN cng bi q = 3
2
2
5
1
5
1
vn = v1.q n 1 = .3n 1 . Vy un = vn + = .3n +
n = 1,2,...,.. .
2
2
2
2
3 1
Nhn xt: Mu cht cch lm trn l ta phn tch 1 = + chuyn cng thc
2 2
truy hi ca dy v (1), t ta t dy ph chuyn v dy (vn ) l mt CSN. Tuy
nhin vic lm trn c v khng t nhin lm! Lm th no ta bit phn tch
3 1
1 = + ? Ta c th lm nh sau:
2 2

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Mt s phng php xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s

Ta phn tch 1 = k 3k k =

1
.
2

u = x 0
Vi cch lm ny ta xc nh c CTTQ ca dy (un ) : 1
.
u
au
b
n
=
+

2
n
n 1
Tht vy:
* Nu a = 1 th dy (un ) l CSC c cng sai d = b nn un = u1 + (n 1)b .
ab
b
. Khi cng thc truy hi ca dy c vit nh

a 1 a 1
b
b
b
b
sau: un +
= a(un 1 +
= (u1 +
)a n 1
) , t y ta c c: un +
a 1
a 1
a 1
a 1
a n 1 1
.
Hay un = u1a n 1 + b
a 1
Vy ta c kt qu sau:

* Nu a 1 , ta vit b =

Dng 1: Dy s (un ) : u1 = x 0 , un = aun 1 + b n 2 (a,b 0 l cc hng s) c

CTTQ l:
u + (n 1)b
khi a = 1
1
un =
.
a n 1 1
n 1
+b
khi a 1
u1.a

a 1
V d 1.4: Xc nh CTTQ ca dy (un ) c xc nh : u1 = 2; un = 2un 1 + 3n 1 .
Gii: tm CTTQ ca dy s ta tm cch lm mt 3n 1 chuyn v dy s l mt
CSN. Mun lm vy ta vit :
3n 1 = 3n 5 + 2 3(n 1) + 5 (2).
Khi cng thc truy hi ca dy c vit nh sau:
un + 3n + 5 = 2 un + 3(n 1) + 5 .
t vn = un + 3n + 5 , ta c: v1 = 10 v vn = 2vn 1 n 2 vn = v1.2n 1 = 10.2n 1
Vy CTTQ ca dy (un ) : un = vn 3n 5 = 5.2n 3n 5 n = 1,2, 3,... .
Ch : 1) phn tch c ng thc (2), ta lm nh sau:

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Mt s phng php xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s

a b = 2
a = 3

.
3n 1 = an + b 2 a(n 1) + b . Cho n = 1; n = 2 ta c:
b
b

=
5
=

u
2) Trong trng hp tng qut dy un : 1
, trong f (n )
u
au
f
n
n
=
+
(
)

2
n 1
n
l mt a thc bc k theo n , ta xc nh CTTQ nh sau:
Phn tch f (n ) = g(n ) ag(n 1) (3) vi g(n ) cng l mt a thc theo n . Khi ta

( )

c: un g(n ) = a un 1 g(n 1) = ... = a n 1 u1 g(1)

Vy ta c: un = u1 g (1) a n 1 + g (n ) .
Vn cn li l ta xc nh g(n ) nh th no ?
Ta thy :
*Nu a = 1 th g(n ) ag(n 1) l mt a thc c bc nh hn bc ca g(n ) mt bc v
khng ph thuc vo h s t do ca g(n ) , m f (n ) l a thc bc k nn c (3) ta
chn g(n ) l a thc bc k + 1 , c h s t do bng khng v khi xc nh g(n )
th trong ng thc (3) ta cho k + 1 gi tr ca n bt k ta c h k + 1 phng trnh,
gii h ny ta tm c cc h s ca g(n ) .
* Nu a 1 th g(n ) ag(n 1) l mt a thc cng bc vi g(n ) nn ta chn g(n ) l
a thc bc k v trong ng thc (3) ta cho k + 1 gi tr ca n th ta s xc nh c
g(n ) .
Vy ta c kt qu sau:
u = x 0
Dng 2: xc nh CTTQ ca dy (un ) c xc nh bi: 1
, trong
un = a.un 1 + f (n )
f (n ) l mt a thc bc k theo n ; a l hng s. Ta lm nh sau:
Ta phn tch: f (n ) = g(n ) a.g(n 1) vi g(n ) l mt a thc theo n . Khi , ta t
vn = un g(n ) ta c c: un = u1 g(1) a n 1 + g(n ) .
Lu nu a = 1 , ta chn g(n ) l a thc bc k + 1 c h s t do bng khng, cn nu
a 1 ta chn g(n ) l a thc bc k .

u = 2
. Tm CTTQ ca dy (un ) .
V d 1.5: Cho dy s (un ) : 1
u
u
n
=
+
2
+
1
n
n 1

Gii: Ta phn tch 2n + 1 = g(n ) g(n 1) = a n 2 (n 1)2 + b n (n 1)

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Mt s phng php xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s

( trong g(n ) = an 2 + bn ).
a + b = 1
Cho n = 0, n = 1 ta c h:

a
b
3
+
=

a = 1
g(n ) = n 2 + 2n .

b
2
=

un = n 2 + 2n 1 .

u1 = 1
V d 1.6: Cho dy s (un ) :
.Tm CTTQ ca dy (un ) .
n
u
u
n
=
+
=
3
2
;
2,
3,...
n
n 1

Gii: Ta vn bt chc cch lm trong cc v d trn, ta phn tch:

2n = a.2n 3a.2n 1 . Cho n = 1 , ta c: a = 2 2n = 2.2n + 3.2.2n 1
Nn ta c: un + 2.2n = 3(un 1 + 2.2n 1 ) = ... = 3n 1(u1 + 4)
Vy un = 5.3n 1 2n +1 .
Ch : Trong trng hp tng qut dy (un ) : un = a.un 1 + b. n , ta phn tch

n = k . n ak . n 1 vi (a ) .

Khi : un kb. n = a un 1 kb. n 1 = ... = a n 1 u1 bk

Suy ra un = a n 1(u1 bk ) + bk . n .
Trng hp = a , ta phn tch n = n. n (n 1). n 1

un bn. n = un 1 b(n 1). n 1 = ... = n 1(u1 b )

un = b(n 1) n + u1 n 1 . Vy ta c kt qu sau.
u1
Dng 3: xc nh CTTQ ca dy (un ) :
, ta lm nh
n
u
a
u
b

n
=
.
+
.

2
n
n 1
sau:
Nu a = un = b(n 1) n + u1 n 1 .

Nu a , ta phn tch n = k . n ak . n 1 . Khi : un = a n 1(u1 bk ) + bk . n

Ta tm c: k =

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Mt s phng php xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s

u1 = 2
V d 1.7: Tm CTTQ ca dy (un ) :
.
n
n
u
=
u
+

+
n
=
5
2.3
6.7
12
;
2,
3,...
n
n 1

3
k =
2

7
l =

2
Hn na 12 = 3 + 5.3 nn cng thc truy hi ca dy c vit li nh sau:

3n = k .3n 5k .3n 1
Gii: Ta c: n
cho n = 1 , ta c:
n
n 1
7
=
l
.7

5
l
.7

un + 3.3n + 21.7n + 3 = 5 un 1 + 3.3n 1 + 21.7n 1 + 3 = ... = 5n 1(u1 + 9 + 147 + 3)

Vy un = 157.5n 1 3n +1 3.7n +1 3 .
u1 = 1
V d 1.8: Tm CTTQ ca dy (un ) :
.
n
u
u
n
n
=
2
+
3

2
n
n 1

3n = 3.3n 2.3.3n 1
Gii: Ta phn tch:
nn ta vit cng thc truy hi ca dy

n
n
n
=

2
+
2
(

1)
+
2

nh sau: un 3.3n n 2 = 2 un 1 3.3n 1 (n 1) 2 = ... = 2n 1(u1 12)

Vy un = 11.2n 1 + 3n + 1 + n + 2 .
u1 = p
Dng 4: xc nh CTTQ ca dy (un ) :
, trong
n
u
a
u
b

f
n
n
=
.
+
.
+
(
);

2
n
n 1

f (n ) l a thc theo n bc k , ta phn tch n v f (n ) nh cch phn tch dng 2

v dng 3.
V d 1.9: Xc nh CTTQ ca dy (un ) : u0 = 1, u1 = 3, un = 5un 1 6un 2 n 2.
Gii: xc nh CTTQ ca dy s trn, ta thay th dy (un ) bng mt dy s khc l
mt CSN. Ta vit li cng thc truy hi ca dy nh sau:

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Mt s phng php xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s

x + x 2 = 5
hay x1, x 2 l
un x1.un 1 = x 2 (un 1 x1un 2 ) , do ta phi chn x1, x 2 : 1
x
x
=
6
1 2

nghim phng trnh : x 2 5x + 6 = 0 x = 2; x = 3 . Ta chn x1 = 2; x 2 = 3 . Khi :

un 2un 1 = 3(un 1 2un 2 ) = ... = 3n 1(u1 2u 0 ) = 5.3n 1

un = 2un 1 + 5.3n 1 . S dng kt qu dng 3, ta tm c: un = 5.3n 6.2n .

Ch : Tng t vi cch lm trn ta xc nh CTTQ ca dy (un ) c xc nh bi:
u 0 ; u1
, trong a,b l cc s thc cho trc v a 2 4b 0

un a.un 1 + b.un 2 =0 n 2
nh sau:

Gi x1, x 2 l hai nghim ca phng trnh : x 2 ax + b = 0 (4) ( phng trnh ny

c gi l phng trnh c trng ca dy).
Khi : un x1.un 1 = x 2 (un 1 x1.un 2 ) = ... = x 2n 1(u1 x1.u0 ) .
S dng kt qu ca dng 3, ta c cc trng hp sau:
x .u u1 n u1 x .u0 n
x1 +
x 2 . Hay un = k .x1n + l .x 2n , trong
Nu x1 x 2 th un = 2 0
x 2 x1
y x
k + l = u0
.
k, l l nghim ca h:
.
.
x
k
+
x
l
=
u
1
2
1
u a

au
Nu x1 = x 2 = th un = n 1 0 + (u1 0 )n , hay un = (kn + l ) n 1 , trong
2
2

l = .u0
k, l l nghim ca h:
.
k
+
l
=
u
1

Vy ta c kt qu sau:

u ; u
Dng 5: xc nh CTTQ ca dy (un ) : 0 1
, trong
u
a
u
b
u
n

.
+
.
=
0

2
n
n 1
n 2

a,b, c l cc s thc khc khng; a 2 4b 0 ta lm nh sau:

Gi x1, x 2 l nghim ca phng trnh c trng: x 2 ax + b = 0 .

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Mt s phng php xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s

k + l = u0
.
Nu x1 x 2 th un = k .x1n + l .x 2n , trong k, l l nghim ca h :
.
.
x
k
+
x
l
=
u
1
2
1
l = .u 0
.
Nu x1 = x 2 = th un = (kn + l ) n 1 , trong k, l l nghim ca h:
k
+
l
=
u

1
u = 1; u1 = 2
V d 1.10: Cho dy s un c xc nh bi : 0
.
u
u
u
n
=
4
+

1
n +1
n
n 1
Hy xc nh CTTQ ca dy (un ) .

( )

Gii:
Phng trnh x 2 4x 1 = 0 c hai nghim x1 = 2 + 5; x 2 = 2 5 .
k + l = 1
un = k .x1n + l .x 2n . V u 0 = 1; u1 = 2 nn ta c h:
(2 + 5)k + (2 5)l = 2
1
1
Vy un = (2 + 5)n + (2 5)n .
k =l = .

2
2

u = 1; u1 = 3
.
V d 1.11: Xc nh CTTQ ca dy: (un ) : 0
un 4un 1 + 4un 2 = 0 n = 2, 3,...
Gii:

Phng trnh c trng x 2 4x + 4 = 0 c nghim kp x = 2 nn un = (kn + l )2n 1

l = 2
V u 0 = 1; u1 = 3 nn ta c h:
k = 1; l = 2 .
k + l = 3

Vy un = (n + 2)2n 1 .
u0 = 1; u1 = 3
V d 1.12: Cho dy (un ) :
2
un 5un 1 + 6un 2 = 2n + 2n + 1;
CTTQ ca dy (un ) .

n 2

. Xc nh

Gii:
Vi cch lm tng t nh V d 1.4, ta phn tch: 2n 2 + 2n + 1 =
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Mt s phng php xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s

= (kn 2 + ln + t ) 5 k (n 1)2 + l (n 1) + t + 6 k (n 2)2 + l (n 2) + t (5)

19k 7l + 2t = 1
k = 1

(5) cho n = 0; n = 1; n = 2 ta c h: 7k 5l + 2t = 5 l = 8 .
k 3l + 2t = 13
t = 19

t vn = un n 2 8n 19 v0 = 20; v1 = 25 v vn 5vn 1 + 6vn 2 = 0

+ = 20
= 15
vn = .3n + .2n . Ta c h:

3 + 2 = 25
= 35

vn = 15.3n 35.2n un = 15.3n 35.2n + n 2 + 8n + 19 .

u ; u
Ch : xc nh CTTQ ca dy s: (un ) : 0 1
,
un + 1 + a.un + b.un 1 = f (n ) ; n 2

( trong f (n ) l a thc bc k theo n v a 2 4b 0 ) ta lm nh sau:

Ta phn tch f (n ) = g(n ) + ag(n 1) + bg(n 2) (6) ri ta t vn = un g(n )
v = u0 g(0); v1 = u1 g(1)
Ta c c dy s (vn ) : 0
. y l dy s m ta xt
v
av
bv
n
+
+
=
0

2
n
n 1
n 2
trong dng 5. Do ta s xc nh c CTTQ ca vn un .
Vn cn li l ta xc nh g(n ) nh th no c (6) ?
V f (n ) l a thc bc k nn ta phi chn g(n ) sao cho g(n ) + ag(n 1) + bg(n 2) l
mt a thc bc k theo n . Khi ta ch cn thay k + 1 gi tr bt k ca n vo (6) ta s
xc nh c g(n ) .

Gi s g(n ) = am n m + am 1n m 1 + ... + a1n + a 0 (am 0 ) l a thc bc m . Khi h

s ca x m v x m 1 trong VP l: am .(1 + a + b) v (a + 2b)m.am + (1 + a + b)am 1 .
Do :
i ) Nu PT: x 2 + ax + b = 0 (1) c nghim hai nghim phn bit khc 1 th
1 + a + b 0 nn VP(6) l mt a thc bc m .
ii ) Nu PT (1) c hai nghim phn bit trong c mt nghim x = 1 1 + a + b = 0

v (a + 2b)m.am + (1 + a + b)am 1 = (a + 2b ).m.am 0 nn VP(6) l mt a thc bc

m 1 .
iii ) Nu PT (1) c nghim kp x = 1 a = 2;b = 1 nn VP(6) l mt a thc bc
m 2.
Vy chn g(n ) ta cn ch nh sau:
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Mt s phng php xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s

Nu (1) c hai nghim phn bit, th g(n ) l mt a thc cng bc vi f (n )

Nu (1) c hai nghim phn bit, trong mt nghim bng 1 th ta chn
g(n ) = n.h(n ) trong h(n ) l a thc cng bc vi f (n ) .

Nu (1) c nghim kp x = 1 th ta chn g (n ) = n 2 .h (n ) trong h(n ) l a thc
cng bc vi f (n ) .
u ; u
,
Dng 6: tm CTTQ ca dy (un ) : 0 1
u
a
u
b
u
f
n
n
+
.
+
.
=
(
)
;

2
n
n 1
n 2

( trong f (n ) l a thc theo n bc k v b 2 4ac 0 ) ta lm nh sau:

Xt g(n ) l mt a thc bc k : g(n ) = ak n k + ... + a1k + a 0 .

Nu phng trnh : x 2 + ax + b = 0 (1) c hai nghim phn bit, ta phn tch

f (n ) = g(n ) + ag(n 1) + bg(n 2) ri t vn = un g(n ) .
Nu (1) c hai nghim phn bit trong mt nghim x = 1 , ta phn tch
f (n ) = n.g(n ) + a(n 1)g(n 1) + b(n 2)g(n 2) ri t vn = un n.g(n ) .
Nu (1) c nghim kp x = 1 , ta phn tch
f (n ) = n 2 .g(n ) + a(n 1)2 .g(n 1) + b(n 2)2 .g(n 2) ri t vn = un n 2 .g(n ) .

u = 1; u1 = 4
.
V d 1.13: Xc nh CTTQ ca dy (un ) : 0
un 3un 1 + 2un 2 = 2n + 1 n 2
Gii:
V phng trnh x 2 3x + 2 = 0 c hai nghim x = 1; x = 2 nn ta phn tch
2n + 1 = n(kn + l ) 3(n 1) k (n 1) + l + 2(n 2) k (n 2) + l , cho n = 0; n = 1 ta
5k l = 1
c h:
k = 1; l = 6 .
3k l = 3
t vn = un + n(n + 6) v0 = 1; v1 = 11 v vn 3vn 1 + 2vn 2 = 0

+ = 1
vn = .2n + .1n vi , :
= 10; = 9
2
+
=
11

vn = 10.2n 9 un = 5.2n +1 n 2 6n 9 n = 0,1,2,... .

- 13 -

Mt s phng php xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s

u0 = 1; u1 = 3
V d 1.14: Tm CTTQ ca dy s (un ) :
.
n
u
u
u
n

4
+
3
=
5.2

2
n
n 1
n 2

Gii: Ta phn tch 2n = a.2n 4a.2n 1 + 3a.2n 2 .

Cho n = 2 ta c: 4 = 4a 8a + 3a a = 4
t vn = un + 5.4.2n v0 = 19; v1 = 43 v vn 4vn 1 + 3vn 2 = 0
V phng trnh x 2 4x + 3 = 0 c hai nghim x = 1, x = 3 nn vn = .3n + .1n
+ = 19
Vi , :
= 12; = 7 vn = 12.3n + 7 .
3 + = 43

Vy un = 4.3n +1 5.2n + 2 + 7 n = 1,2,... .

Ch : Vi tng cch gii trn, ta tm CTTQ ca dy s (un ) c xc nh bi:
u 0 ; u1
(vi a 2 4b 0 ) nh sau:

n
un + a.un 1 + b.un 2 = c. n 2

Ta phn tch n = k n + a.k . n 1 + b.k . n 2 (7).

Cho n = 2 th (7) tr thnh: k ( 2 + a. + b) = 2
T y, ta tm c k =

2
+ a + b
2

khi khng l nghim ca phng trnh :

x 2 + ax + b = 0 (8).
v = u0 kc; v1 = u1 kc
Khi , ta t vn = un kc. n , ta c dy (vn ) : 0
vn + a.vn 1 + bvn 2 = 0 n 2

vn = p.x1n + q.x 2n (x1, x 2 l hai nghim ca (8)).

un = p.x 1n + q.x 2n + kc. n .

Vy nu x = l mt nghim ca (8), tc l: 2 + a + b = 0 th ta s x l th no ?
Nhn li cch gii dng 3, ta phn tch :

n = kn. n + a.k (n 1) n 1 + bk (n 2) n 2

(9).

Cho n = 2 ta c: k (2 + a ) = 2 k (2 + a ) = k =

a
( ) .
2 + a
2

(2) c nghim k l nghim n ca phng trnh (8).

Khi : un = p.x1n + q.x 2n + kcn. n .

- 14 -

Mt s phng php xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s

a
l nghim kp ca (8). Vi t tng nh trn,
2
ta s phn tch: n = kn 2 . n + a.k (n 1)2 n 1 + bk (n 2)2 n 2 (10).

Cui cng ta xt trng hp x = =

Cho n = 2 ta c: (10) 2 = 4k . 2 + ak . k =

1
= .
4 + a 2

1
Khi : un = p.x1n + q.x 2n + cn 2 . n .
2
Vy ta c kt qu sau:

u 0 ; u1
Dng 7: Cho dy s (un ) xc nh bi:
.
n
un + a.un 1 + b.un 2 = c. ; n 2
xc nh CTTQ ca dy (un ) ta lm nh sau:

Xt phng trnh : x 2 + ax + b = 0 (11)

Nu phng trnh (11) c hai nghim phn bit khc th
un =

p.x1n

+ q.x 2n

+ kc. vi k =

Nu phng trnh (11) c nghim n x = th

2 + a + b

un = p.x 1n + q.x 2n + kcn. n vi k =

.
2 + a

1
Nu x = l nghim kp ca (11) th : un = (p + qn + cn 2 ). n .
2

u0 = 1; u1 = 3
V d 1.15: Xc nh CTTQ ca dy (un ) :
.
n
u
u
u
n

5
+
6
=
5.2

2
n
n 1
n 2

Gii:
Phng trnh x 2 5x + 6 = 0 c hai nghim x1 = 2; x 2 = 3 , do
un = p.2n + q.3n + 5kn.2n .

- 15 -

Mt s phng php xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s

2
=
= 2
k =
2
+
a
4

k = 2; p = 26;q = 25 .
Vi p + q = 1
2p + 3q + 10k = 3

Vy un = 26.2n + 25.3n 10n.2n = 25.3n 2n +1(5n + 13) n = 1,2,... .

u0 = 1; u1 = 3
V d 1.16: Tm CTTQ ca dy (un ) :
n .
u

u
+
u
=
4
4
3.2
n
n 1
n 2
Gii:

Phng trnh x 2 4x + 4 = 0 c nghim kp x = 2 nn un = (p + qn +

3 2 n
n )2
2

p = 1
Da vo u 0 , u1 ta c h:
p = 1; q = 1 .
+
=
p
q
0

Vy un = (3n 2 2n + 2)2n 1 n = 1,2,... .

Vi cch xy dng tng t ta cng c c cc kt qu sau:
u , u , u
Dng 8: Cho dy (un ) : 0 1 2
. xc nh CTTQ
u
au
bu
cu
n
+
+
+
=
0

3
n
n 1
n 2
n 3

ca dy ta xt phng trnh: x 3 + ax 2 + bx + c = 0 (12) .

Nu (12) c ba nghim phn bit x1, x 2 , x 3 un = x1n + x 2n + x 3n . Da vo

u0 , u1, u2 ta tm c , , .
Nu (12) c mt nghim n, 1 nghim kp:

x1 = x 2 x 3 un = ( + n )x1n + .x 3n
Da vo u 0 , u1, u2 ta tm c , , .
Nu (12) c nghim bi 3 x1 = x 2 = x 3 un = ( + n + n 2 )x1n .

Da vo u 0 , u1, u2 ta tm c , , .
u = 0, u2 = 1, u3 = 3,
V d 1.17: Tm CTTQ ca dy (un ) : 1
un = 7un 1 11.un 2 + 5.un 3 , n 4
- 16 -

Mt s phng php xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s

Gii : Xt phng trnh c trng : x 3 7x 2 + 11x 5 = 0

Phng trnh c 3 nghim thc: x1 = x 2 = 1, x 3 = 5
Vy an = + n + 5n
Cho n = 1, n = 2, n = 3 v gii h phng trnh to thnh, ta c

=
Vy an =

1
3
1
, = , =
16
4
16

1 3
1
+ ( n 1) + .5n 1 .
16 4
16

u = 2; un = 2un 1 + vn 1
V d 1.18: Tm CTTQ ca dy s (un ),(vn ) : 0
n 1 .
=
1;
=
+
2
v
v
u
v
0
n
n 1
n 1
Gii:
Ta c: un = 2un 1 + un 2 + 2vn 2 = 2un 1 + un 2 + 2(un 1 2un 2 )

un = 4un 1 3un 2 v u1 = 5
1 + 3n +1
1 + 3n +1
vn = un +1 2un =
.
2
2
Tng t ta c kt qu sau:

T y, ta c: un =

x = pxn 1 + qyn 1 ; x1
Dng 9: Cho dy (xn ),(yn ) : n
. xc nh CTTQ ca hai dy
=
+
y
ry
sx
;
y
n
n 1
n 1
1
(xn ),(yn ) ta lm nh sau:

Ta bin i c: x n (p + s )x n 1 + (ps qr )x n 2 = 0 t y ta xc nh c x n ,
thay vo h cho ta c c yn .
Ch : Ta c th tm CTTQ ca dy s trn theo cch sau:

q r
yn 1 )
x n yn = (p s )(x n 1
s

Ta a vo cc tham s ph , '
q + 'r
x + ' y = (p + ' s )(x
+
y )
n
n
n 1
p + ' s n 1

- 17 -

Mt s phng php xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s

q r
=
s p x n yn = (p s )(x n 1 yn 1 )
Ta chn , ' sao cho

x n + ' yn = (p + ' s )(x n 1 + ' yn 1 )

' = q + ' r
's + p

x y = (p s )n 1(x y )
n
n
1
1
gii h ny ta tm c ( xn ) , ( yn ) .

n 1
x n + ' yn = (p + ' s ) (x1 + ' y1 )
u1 = 1

2un 1
.
V d 1.19: Tm CTTQ ca dy (un ) :
u
n
=

2
n 3u
+4

n 1

Gii: Ta c

+4 3
3u
1
1
1
= n 1
= +2
. t x n =
, ta c:
un
2un 1
2
un 1
un

x1 = 1
5.2n 1 3
2

x
=

u
=
.

3
n
n
n 1
2
x
2
x
=
+
5.2
3
n
n 1

2
u1 = 2

V d 1.20: Tm CTTQ ca dy s (un ) :

9un 1 24
.
n 2
un = 5u
+ 13

n 1

Gii: Bi ton ny khng cn n gii nh bi ton trn v trn t s cn h s t do,

do ta tm cch lm mt h s t do trn t s. Mun vy ta a vo dy ph bng
cch t un = xn + t . Thay vo cng thc truy hi, ta c:
xn + t =

9x n 1 9t 24

5x n 1 + 5t + 13

xn =

(9 5t )xn 1 5t 2 22t 24

5x n 1 + 5t + 13

Ta chn t : 5t 2 + 22t + 24 = 0 t = 2 x1 = 4
xn =

1
3
1
11.3n 1 10
4

=5+

=
xn =
+3
xn
x n 1
xn
4
11.3n 1 10

x n 1
5xn 1

un = x n 2 =

22.3n 1 + 24
n 1

11.3

10

- 18 -

Mt s phng php xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s

Dng 10: Cho dy ( un ): u1 = ; un =

pun 1 + q

run 1 + s

n 2 . tm CTTQ ca dy (xn)

ta lm nh sau:
t un = x n + t , thay vo cng thc truy hi ca dy ta c:
xn =

px n 1 + pt + q

run 1 + rt + s

t =

(p rt )x n 1 rt 2 + (p s )t + q
rx n 1 + rt + s

(13).

Ta chn t : rt 2 + (s p)t q = 0 . Khi ta chuyn (13) v dng:

T y ta tm c

1
1
=a
+b
xn
x n 1

1
, suy ra un .
xn

u = 2
V d 1.21: Xc nh CTTQ ca hai dy s (un ),(vn ) : 1
v
v1 = 1
u = u 2 + 2v 2
n
n 1
n 1 n 2 .

vn = 2un 1vn 1
Gii:
2

u = u 2 + 2v 2
un + 2vn = (un 1 + 2vn 1 )
n
n 1
n 1
Ta c:

2
v
u
v
2
=
2
2

un 2vn = (un 1 2vn 1 )

n
n 1 n 1
n 1

2n 1
= (2 + 2)2
un + 2vn = (u1 + 2v1 )

n 1
n 1
un 2vn = (u1 2v1 )2
= (2 2)2

1
2n 1
2n 1
u
=
(2
+
2)
+
(2

2)
n

.
n 1
n 1
1
2
2
vn =
(2 2)
(2 + 2)

2 2

- 19 -

Mt s phng php xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s

2

2
2
un un2 1 + 2vn2 1
un = un 1 + 2vn 1

=
Nhn xt: T
v
=
2
u
v
v
2un 1vn 1
n 1 n 1
n
n

Do vy nu ta t x n =

un
vn

un 1

+ 2
v
= n 1
u

2 n 1
v

n 1

x1 = 2

ta c dy s (xn ) :
x n2 1 + 2 . Ta c bi ton sau:
x n =
2x n 1

x1 = 2

.
V d 1.22: Xc nh CTTQ ca dy s (xn ) :
x n2 1 + 2
x
n
=

2
n
2x n 1

Gii:
2
2
u1 = 2 un = un 1 + 2vn 1
n 2 .
v
Xt hai dy (un ),(vn ) :
v
=
1
v
=
u
v
2
n
n 1 n 1
1
u
Ta chng minh x n = n (14).
vn

n = 2 x2 =

u2

Gi s x n 1 =

un 1

v2

= 2 n = 2 (14) ng.

vn 1

xn =

x n2 1 + 2
2x n 1

un2 1 + 2vn2 1
2un 1vn 1

un
vn

(14) c chng

minh
n 1

Theo kt qu bi ton trn, ta c: x n = 2

(2 + 2)2

2n 1

(2 + 2)

n 1

+ (2 2)2

2n 1

(2 2)

Dng 11:
1) T hai v d trn ta c c cch tm CTTQ ca hai dy s (un ),(vn ) c xc nh
u = u 2 + a.v 2 ; u =
n 1
n 1
1
bi: n
(trong a l s thc dng) nh sau:
v
2
v
u
;
v
=
=

n
n 1 n 1
1

- 20 -

Mt s phng php xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s

2

u = u 2 + a.v 2
un + aun 1 = (un 1 + aun 1 )
n
n 1
n 1
Ta c:

2
a .vn = 2 a .vn 1un 1
un aun 1 = (un 1 aun 1 )
n 1

1
2n 1
+ ( a )2
un = ( + a )
2
.

1
2n 1
2n 1
vn =
(
)
(
)
a
a
+

2 a

x1 =

2) p dng kt qu trn ta tm c CTTQ ca dy (xn ) :

x n2 1 + a .
x n =
2x n 1

u = u 2 + a.v 2 ; u =
n 1
n 1
1
Xt hai dy (un ),(vn ) : n
; v1 = 1
vn = 2vn 1un 1

Khi : x n =

un
vn

n 1

= a

( + a )2

2n 1

( + a )

n 1

+ ( a )2

2n 1

+ ( a )

u1 = 1

V d 1.23: Cho dy (un ) :

. Tm un ?
2
u
u
u
n
=
5
+
24

2
n
n 1
n 1

Gii:
Ta c: u2 = 9; u3 = 89; u4 = 881 . Gi s: un = xun 1 + yun 2
9x + y = 89

x
y
89
+
9
=
881

x = 10
. Ta chng minh: un = 10un 1 un 2 n 3

y
=

T cng thc truy hi ca dy ta c: (un 5un 1 )2 = 24un2 1 8

un2 10un un 1 + un2 1 + 8 = 0 (15) thay n bi n 1 , ta c:
un2 2 10un 2un 1 + un2 1 8 = 0 (16) .

T (15),(16) un 2 , un l hai nghim ca phng trnh : t 2 10un 1t + un2 1 8 = 0

p dng nh l Viet, ta c: un + un 2 = 10un 1 .
Vy un =

6 2
2 6

52 6

n 1

6 +2
2 6

5+2 6

n 1

.
- 21 -

Mt s phng php xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s

Dng 12:
u1 = 1

l dy nguyn a = 24 .
1) Dy (un ) :
2
u
u
au
n
=
5
+

2
n
n 1
n 1

Tht vy: u2 = 5 + a 8 = 5 + t ( t = a 8 ) u3 = 5 + (t 2 + 8)(t + 5)2 8

u3 f (t ) = (t 2 + 8)(t + 5)2 8 = m 2 (m ) .

M (t 2 + 5t + 4)2 < f (t ) < (t 2 + 5t + 14)2 kt hp vi f (t ) l s chn ta suy ra

m = t 2 + 5t + x vi x 6, 8,10,12 . Th trc tip ta thy t = 4 a = 24 .

u1 =

, vi a 2 b = 1 ta xc nh
2) Vi dy s (un ) :
2
un = aun 1 + bun 1 + c n 2
CTTQ nh sau:

T dy truy hi (un aun 1 )2 = bun2 1 + c un2 2aun un 1 + un2 1 c = 0

Thay n bi n 1 , ta c: un2 2 2aun 1un 2 + un2 1 c = 0 un + un 2 = 2aun 1 .
u1 =

un 1
3) Vi dy (un ) :
un =

a + cun2 1 + b

xc nh CTTQ nh sau:

Ta vit li cng thc truy hi di dng:

n 2

,trong > 0;a > 1 ; a 2 b = 1 ta

1
a
b
1
=
+ c+
. t x n =
un un 1
un
un2 1

Ta c un = aun 1 + bx n2 1 + c y l dy m ta xt trn.

u1 = u2 = 1

V d 1.24: Cho dy (un ) :

. Tm un ?
un2 1 + 2
u
n
=

2
n
un 2

Gii:
Ta c: u 3 = 3; u4 = 11; u5 = 41 . Ta gi s un = xun 1 + yun 2 + z .T u3 = 3; u4 = 11;
- 22 -

Mt s phng php xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s

x + y + z = 3

u5 = 41 ta c h phng trnh: 3x + y + z = 11
11x + 3y + z = 41

u = u2 = 1
.
Ta chng minh (un ) : 1
un = 4un 1 un 2 n 3
Vi n = 3 u3 = 4u2 u1 = 3 n = 3 ng

x = 4

y = 1 un = 4un 1 un 2
z = 0

Gi s uk = 4uk 1 uk 2 . Ta c:

uk +1 =

uk2 + 2
uk 1

( 4uk 1 uk 2 )
=

uk 1

+2

16uk2 1 8uk 1uk 2 + uk 1uk 3

uk 1

16uk2 1 8uk 1uk 2 + uk2 2 + 2

uk 1

= 16uk 1 8uk 2 + uk 3

= 4(4uk 1 uk 2 ) (4uk 2 uk 3 ) = 4uk uk 1

Theo nguyn l quy np ta c pcm un =

3 +1
2 3

2 3

n 1

3 1
2 3

2+ 3

n 1

- 23 -

Mt s phng php xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s

II. S DNG PHP TH LNG GIC XC NH CTTQ CA DY S

Nhiu dy s c cng thc truy hi phc tp tr thnh n gin nh php th lng gic.
Khi trong bi ton xut hin nhng yu t gi cho ta nh n nhng cng thc lng
gic th ta c th th vi phng php th lng gic. Ta xt cc v d sau

1
u1 =
V d 2.1: Cho dy (un ) :
. Xc nh CTTQ ca dy (un ) .
2
2
u = 2un 1 1 n 2
n
Gii:
T cng thc truy hi ca dy, ta lin tng n cng thc nhn i ca hm s csin
1

2
Ta c: u1 = = cos u2 = 2 cos2 1 = cos
2
3
3
3
2
4
8
u3 = 2 cos2
1 = cos
u4 = cos
....
3
3
3
2n 1
. Tht vy
Ta chng minh un = cos
3

22 1
2
= cos
(ng)
Vi n = 2 u2 = cos
3
3
n 1
2n 2
2n 1

2
2 2
un = 2un 1 1 = 2 cos
1 = cos
Gi s un 1 = cos
3
3
3
n 1
2
Vy un = cos
n 1 .
3
u1
Dng 13: xc nh CTTQ ca dy s (un ) :
ta lm nh
2
u
u
n
=
2

2
n
n 1
sau:

Nu | u1 | 1 , ta t u1 = cos . Khi ta c: un = cos 2n 1 .

1
1
(a + ) ( trong a 0 v cng du vi u1 ).
2
a
1
1
1
1
1
1
Khi u2 = (a 2 + 2 + ) 1 = (a 2 + ) u3 = (a 4 + ) ....
2
2
2
a2
a2
a4
Nu | u1 |> 1 ta t u1 =

- 24 -

Mt s phng php xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s

1 2n 1
1
(a
+ n 1 ) n 1 . Trong a l nghim (cng du
2
a2
vi u1 ) ca phng trnh : a 2 2u1a + 1 = 0 . V phng trnh ny c hai nghim c
tch bng 1 nn ta c th vit CTTQ ca dy nh sau

2n 1
2n 1
1

2
2
.
un = u1 u1 1
+ u1 + u1 1

Ta chng minh c un =

3
u1 =
V d 2.2: Xc nh CTTQ ca dy s (un ) :
.
2
3
u = 4u
3un 1 n 2
n 1
n
Gii:

32
3
Ta c: u1 =
= cos u2 = 4 cos
3 cos = cos 3 u3 = cos
.....
2
6
6
6
6
6

3n 1
Bng quy np ta chng minh c: un = cos
.
6
Dng 14:
u1 = p
, ta lm nh sau
1) tm CTTQ ca dy (un ) :
3
u
u
u
n
=
4

2
n
n 1
n 1
Nu | p | 1 0; : cos = p .

Khi bng quy np ta chng minh c : un = cos 3n 1 .

Nu | p |> 1 , ta t u1 =

1
1
a
+

(a cng du vi u1 )
2
a

1 3n 1
1
+ n 1 .
a

2
a3

3n 1
3n 1
1

2
2
.
+ u1 + u1 1
Hay un = u1 u1 1

2) T trng hp th hai ca bi ton trn, ta c cch tm CTTQ ca dy s

Bng quy np ta chng minh c un =

- 25 -

Mt s phng php xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s

u1 = p
1
1
(un ) :
bng cch t u1 = (a ) . Khi bng quy np
3
2
a
un = 4un 1 + 3un 1 n 2
ta chng minh c :

3n 1
3n 1
1 3n 1
1 1

2
.
un = a
n 1 =
+ u1 u12 + 1
u1 + u1 + 1

3
2
2

Ch : Trong mt s trng hp ta xc nh c CTTQ ca dy (un ) cho bi:

u1
.

3
2
u
u
au
bu
c
n
=
+
+
+

2
n
n 1
n 1
n 1
Bng cch a vo dy ph chuyn dy cho v mt trong hai dng trn.

V d 2.3: Xc nh CTTQ ca dy (un ) : u1 =

un = 24un3 1 12 6un2 1 + 15un 1 6 n 2 .

Gii:
t un = x .vn + y . Thay vo cng thc truy hi ca dy, bin i v rt gn ta c
x .vn + y = 24x 3vn3 1 + 12(6x 2y 6x 2 )vn2 1 + 3(24xy 2 8 6xy + 5x )vn 1 +
+24y 3 12 6y 2 + 15y 6 .
6x 2y 6x 2 = 0
1

.
Ta chn y :
y =
3
2
24
y

12
6
y
+
15
y

6
=
y
6

Khi : x .vn = 24x 3vn3 1 + 3x .vn 1 vn = 24x 2vn3 1 + 3vn 1 . Ta chn x =

1
6

vn = 4vn3 1 + 3vn 1 v v1 = 2 .
1
3n 1
3n 1
(2
+
5)
+
(2

5)
.
2
1
1
3n 1
3n 1
Vy un =
+
+

(2
5)
(2
5)

+
2 6
6

vn =

n = 1,2,... .

- 26 -

Mt s phng php xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s

3
u1 =
V d 2.4: Xc nh CTTQ ca dy (un ) :
.
2
un = 2 un2 1 n 2

Gii: t

3
= cos , ; , khi :
4
2

u1 = 2 cos u2 = 2(1 2 cos2 ) = 2 cos 2 .

Bng quy np ta chng minh c un = 2 cos 2n 1 .

1
u1 =
2

V d 2.5: Tm CTTQ ca dy s (un ) :

2 2 1 un2 1

un =
2

.
n 2

Gii: T cng thc truy hi ca dy, gi ta nh n cng thc lng gic

sin2 + cos2 = 1 1 sin2 = cos2 .
Ta c: u1 =

= sin u2 =
2
6

2 2 1 sin2
2

Bng quy np ta chng minh c: un = sin

n 1

2(1 cos )
6 = sin
2
2.6

.6

V d 2.6: Cho a,b l hai s thc dng khng i tha mn a < b v hai dy (an ),(bn )

a +b
;b1 = b.a1
a1 =
2
c xc nh:
. Tm an v bn .
a
+
b
a = n 1 n 1 ;b = a b
n 2
n
n n 1
n
2
Gii:

a
a
Ta c: 0 < < 1 nn ta t = cos vi 0;
b
b
2

Khi : a1 =

b cos + b b(1 + cos )

=
= b cos2 v b1 = b.b cos2 = b cos
2
2
2
2
2
- 27 -

Mt s phng php xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s

a1 + b1

b cos2

+ b cos

2 = b cos .cos2 v b = b cos cos .

2
2
2
2
2
22
22
Bng quy np ta chng minh c:
a2 =

an = b cos

cos

22

...cos2

2n

v bn = b cos

cos

22

...cos

2n

u = 3
1
V d 2.7: Cho dy (un ) :
. Tnh u2003 (Trch thi
un 1 + 2 1
u
n
=

2
n
1 + (1 2)un 1

Olympic 30 4 2003 Khi 11).

Gii: Ta c tan

= 2 1 un =

1 tan
+ tan

un 1

8 = tan( + )

3
3 8
1 tan tan
3
8

Bng quy np ta chng minh c un = tan + (n 1) .

8
3

M u1 = 3 = tan

tan

un 1 + tan

u2 =

2002

Vy u2003 = tan +
=
tan

+ = ( 3 + 2) .
8
3
3 4
u1 = a

Ch : tm CTTQ ca dy (un ) :
un 1 + b
.
u
n
=

2
n 1 bu

n 1
Ta t a = tan ;b = tan , khi ta chng minh c: un = tan + (n 1)

u = 3
1
un 1
V d 2.8: Tm CTTQ ca dy s (un ) :
un =

1 + 1 + un2 1

n 2

- 28 -

Mt s phng php xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s

Gii: Ta c:

1
1
1
=
+ 1+
un un 1
u2

1
khi ta c dy (xn ) c xc
un

. t x n =

n 1

nh nh sau: x1 =

V x1 =

1
3

= cot

v x n = x n 1 + 1 + xn2 1 .

x 2 = cot

+ 1 + cot2

Bng quy np ta chng minh c: x n = cot

2n 1.3

1 + cos

3 = cot

2.3
sin
3

un = tan

2n 1.3

n = 1,2,...

- 29 -

Mt s phng php xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s

III. NG DNG BI TON TM CTTQ CA DY S VO GII MT S

BI TON V DY S - T HP
Trong mc ny chng ti a ra mt s v d cc bi ton v dy s v t hp m qu
trnh gii cc bi ton chng ta vn dng mt s kt qu trn.
V d 3.1: Cho dy s (an ) : a0 = 0, a1 = 1, an +1 = 2an an 1 + 1 n 1 . Chng minh
rng A = 4anan + 2 + 1 l s chnh phng.
Gii:
T cng thc truy hi ca dy ta thay n + 1 bi n ta c:
an +1 = 2an an 1 + 1
an + 1 3an + 3an 1 an 2 = 0 .

a
=
2
a

a
+
1
n 1
n 2
n
Xt phng trnh c trng 3 3 2 + 3 1 = 0 = 1
an = ( + n + n 2 ) , do a 0 = 0, a1 = 1, a2 = 3 = 0, = =

1
.
2

1
(n + n 2 ) A = n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3) = (n 2 + 3n + 1)2 pcm.
2
V d 3.2: Cho dy s (xn ) : x1 = 7, x 2 = 50; x n +1 = 4x n + 5xn 1 1975 n 2 .
an =

Chng minh rng x1996 1997

(HSG Quc Gia 1997 )

Gii:
V 1975 = 22(mod1997) do ta ch cn chng minh dy
x n +1 = 4x n + 5x n 1 + 22 1997 .

t yn +1 = ax n +1 + b = a(4x n + 5x n 1 + 22) + b = 4(axn + b) + 5(ax n 1 + b) + 22a 8b

= 4yn + 5yn 1 + 22a 8b .
Ta chn a, b sao cho: 22a 8b = 0 , ta chn a = 4 b = 11 .
yn +1 = 4x n +1 + 11 y1 = 39, y2 = 211; yn +1 = 4yn + 5yn 1
8(1)n + 25.5n
8 + 25.51996
y1996 =
.
3
3
1 + 1 = 0(mod 3) y1996

T y ta c c: yn =
V 8 + 25.51996

Theo nh l Fecma 51996 1(mod1997) y1996 11(mod1997)

4x1996 + 11 11(mod1997) x1996 0(mod1997) .

- 30 -

Mt s phng php xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s

Nhn xt: T bi ton trn ta c kt qu tng qut hn l: x p 1 p vi p l s nguyn t

l.
u = 20; u1 = 100
V d 3.3: Cho dy s (un ) : 0
.Tm s nguyn dng
un + 1 = 4un + 5un 1 + 20 n 2
h b nht sao cho: un + h un 1998 n * (HSG Quc Gia Bng A 1998 ).

Gii:
a = 45; a1 = 205
t an = 2un + 5 , ta c dy (an ) : 0
an +1 = 4an + 5an 1 n 2
10
125 n
125 n 5
5
.5 un =
.5 + (1)n .
an = (1)n +
3
3
6
3
2
V an + h an = 2(un + h un ) un + h un 1998 an + h an 2.1998 = 22.33.37

M an + h

(1)n .10
125.5n h
h

an =
(1) 1 +
(5 1)

3
3

Nu h chn an + h

5h 1 4

125.5
h
an =
(5 1) 4.27.37 5h 1 81 (17)
3
h
5 1 37
n

Gi k l s nguyn dng nh nht tha mn 5k 1 37 . V 536 1 37 36 k

k 1,2, 3, 4,12,18, 36 th trc tip ta thy ch c k = 36 tha mn

5h 1 37 h 36 (18)

Chng minh tng t, ta cng c: 5h 1 81 h (81) = 54 (19)

T (18) v (19) ta suy ra (17) h 36, 54 = 108 h 108 .

Nu h l: V un + h un (mod 1998)
u u 0 20(mod1998)
Nn ta c: h
5uh 1 uh +1 4uh 20 0(mod1998)
u

100(mod1998)
h +1
1
uh 1 0(mod1998)
125 h 25
125 h 1 5
v uh 1 =
.5
.5

6
6
6
6
0(mod1998) mu thun vi uh 20(mod1998) .

V h l h 1 chn uh =
uh 5uh 1

- 31 -

Mt s phng php xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s

Vi h = 108 ta d dng chng minh c un + h un (mod1998) n 1 .

Vy h = 108 l gi tr cn tm.
V d 3.4: Cho dy (xn ) : x 0 = 2; x n + 1 =

2xn + 1

xn + 2

1) Tnh x 2000 ?

2) Tm phn nguyn ca A =

2000

xi

(Olympic 30 4 2000 khi 11 ).

i =1

Gii: Ta c: x n +1 1 =

xn 1

xn + 2

xn +1 1

=1+

3
1
. t an =
a 0 = 1 v
xn 1
xn 1

3n +1 1
2
.
xn = 1 +
an + 1 = 3an + 1 an =
2
3n + 1 1
32001 + 1
a) Ta c: x 2000 =
32001 1
2000
1
2 2000 1
2000 < A < 2000 +
< 2001
b) Ta c: A = 2000 + 2
i +1
3 i =1 3i
1
i =1 3
Vy [A] = 2000 .

V d 3.5: Cho dy (xn ) : x1 = 1; x n +1 =

(2 + cos 2 )xn + cos2

(2 2 cos 2 )x n + 2 cos 2

1
n 1 . Tm dy s (yn ) c gii hn hu hn v tm gii
+
1
i =1
i
hn . ( HSG Quc Gia Bng A 2004 ).
Gii:

t yn =

Ta c

2x
1

2x n + 1 + 1

yn =

V lim

2 sin2
1
1
1
1
+

=
+ (1
)sin2
n
n

1
3
3(2x n + 1)
2x n + 1 3
3

1
2x + 1 =
i =1
i

1
3n

i
i =1 3

i =1

3i 1

+ sin2 (1

)=

1
1
3
1
(1 ) + [n (1 )]sin2
2
2
3n
3n

= 0 nn dy (yn ) c gii hn hu hn sin = 0 = k

- 32 -

Mt s phng php xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s

Khi lim yn =

1
.
2

x
= 3x n2 2xn yn + 8yn2
n +1
n 1 .

2
2
yn +1 = 2x n + 3x n yn 2yn
Tm tt c cc s nguyn t p sao cho x p + y p khng chia ht cho p . (TH&TT 327 )
x = 1
v
V d 3.6: Cho hai dy (xn ),(yn ) : 1
y1 = 1

Gii:
n 1

Ta c: x n + 2yn = (xn 1 + 2yn 1 )2 = ... = (x1 + 2y1 )2

= 1 (20)

Gi s c mt s t nhin k yk = 2xk yk +1 = 0 . Khi , ta c:

x
= 3x k2 +1
k +2
v l. Vy yn +1 = (2x n yn )(x n + 2yn ) 0 n .

x
=
1
k + 2
x
(3x n 4yn )(x n + 2yn ) 3x n + 4yn
=
.
Suy ra : n +1 =
(2x n yn )(x n + 2yn )
2x n yn
yn + 1

t an +1 =

xn +1

yn +1

an + 1 + 2 =
an =

a1 = 1;an +1 =

an + 2
2an 1

1 4.(5)n 1
n 1

1 + 2.(5)

1
an + 1

xn
yn

3an + 4
2an 1

1 + 2(5)n 1
5
1
=2

=
+2
an + 2
an + 2
3

(21)

1 4.(5)n 1
1 + 2.(5)n 1
2 2(5)n 1
T (20) v (21) xn =
; yn =
x n + yn =
.
3
3
3
* Nu p = 2 x 2 + y2 = 4 2 p = 2 khng tha yu cu bi ton.

* Nu p = 3 x 3 + y 3 = 16 khng chia ht cho 3 p = 3 tha yu cu bi ton.

* Nu p = 5 ta thy cng tha yu cu bi ton.
* Nu p > 5 (5)p 1 1(mod p) x p + y p 0(mod p)
Vy p = 3, p = 5 l hai gi tr cn tm.

- 33 -

Mt s phng php xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s

2
u1 =
3
V d 3.7: Cho dy (un ) :
. Tnh tng ca 2001 s
un 1
un =
n 2
2(2n 1)un 1 + 1

hng u tin ca dy (un ) (HSG Quc Gia 2001 ).

Gii:
Ta c:

1
1
=
+ 4n 2 (22).
un un 1

Ta phn tch 4n 2 = k n 2 (n 1)2 + l n (n 1) . Cho n = 0; n = 1 , ta c h

k + l = 2
k = 2;l = 0 .

k + l = 2
1
1
1
1
Suy ra (22)
2n 2 =
2(n 1)2 = ... =
2 =
un
un 1
u1
2
1
4n 2 1 (2n 1)(2n + 1)

=
=
un
2
2

un =

2001

i =1

2
1
1
=

(2n 1)(2n + 1) 2n 1 2n + 1

ui =

2001

2i 1 2i + 1 = 1 4003

i =1

4002
.
4003

x = x
+ 1 + x n2 1
x = 3
n
n 1

V d 3.8: Cho hai dy s (xn ); (yn ) xc nh : 1

v
yn 1
y1 = 3
yn =
1 + 1 + yn 1

n 2 . Chng minh rng 2 < xn yn < 3 n 2 . (Belarus 1999).

Gii:
Ta c: x1 = 3 = cot

x 2 = cot

+ 1 + cot

cos

sin

+1

= cot

2.6

6
- 34 -

Mt s phng php xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s

Bng quy np ta chng minh c: x n = cot

Theo kt qu ca v d 2.8, ta c: yn = tan
t n =

2n .3

n 1

.6

2n 1.3

x n = cot n ; yn = tan 2n xn .yn = tan 2n .cot n

1
2
. =
.
2 t
2
1t
1t

1
2
V n 2 0 < n < 0 < t < tan =
1 t2 < 1
6
6
3
3

t t = tan n tan 2n .cot n =

2<

2
1t

2t

< 3 2 < x n yn 3 n 2 pcm.

| x1 |< 1

V d 3.9: Cho dy s (xn ) :

.
x n + 3 3x n2
x n +1 =
n 2

2
1) Cn c thm iu kin g i vi x1 dy gm ton s dng ?

2) Dy s ny c tun hon khng ? Ti sao ?

(HSG Quc Gia 1990).

Gii:

V | x1 |< 1 nn tn ti ; : sin = x1 . Khi :
2 2

1
3

x 2 = sin +
cos = sin( )
2
2
3
1

x 3 = sin( ) +
| cos( ) | .
2
3
2
3
Nu

Nu

<

< <

x 3 = sin

x 3 = sin(

2
).
3

2
6
Bng quy np ta chng minh c:
sin

i ) Nu < th: x n =

6
2
sin( )

khi n = 2k + 1

khi

n = 2k
- 35 -

Mt s phng php xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s

2
sin(

3
ii ) Nu < < th: x n =
2
6
sin( )

khi n = 2k + 1
khi

k 1 .

n = 2k

sin > 0
0< <

2
1) Dy gm ton s dng

0< < .

3
sin 3 > 0
<

6
3
3
l iu kin cn phi tm.
2
2) Da vo kt qu trn ta c:

Vy 0 < x1 <

1
Nu sin = sin = x1 = . Khi t (1) ta c c
6
2
3

x1 = x 2 = ... = xn = ... (x n ) l dy tun hon.

1
x1 < 1
th dy s c dng x1, x 2 , x1, x 2 ,....
Nu 2
1
x
1 2
1
Nu 1 < x1 < th dy s c dng x1, x 2 , x 3 , x 2 , x 3 ....
2
V d 3.10: Tnh tng Sn = 1 + 3 + 5 + .. + 2n 1 , vi n l s t nhin n 1 .

Gii:
Ta c: S1 = 1 v Sn = Sn 1 + 2n 1 .
M: 2n 1 = n 2 (n 1)2 Sn n 2 = Sn 1 (n 1)2 = ... = S1 1 = 0
Vy Sn = n 2 .
V d 3.11: Tnh tng Sn = 12 + 22 + 32 + ... + n 2 vi n l s t nhin n 1 .
Gii: Ta c S1 = 1 v Sn = Sn 1 + n 2 (23).
Ta phn tch: n 2 = k n 3 (n 1)3 + l n 2 (n 1)2 + t n (n 1)

- 36 -

Mt s phng php xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s

k l + t = 0

Cho n = 0; n = 1; n = 2 , ta c h: k + l + t = 1 k =
7k + 3l + t = 4

1
1
1
1
(23) Sn n 3 + n 2 + n = Sn 1 (n 1)3
2
6
3
3

1
1
1
;l = ;t =
3
2
6

1
1
+ (n 1)2 + (n 1)
2
6

1 3 1 2 1
2n 3 + 3n 2 + n n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
Sn n + n + n = S1 1 = 0 Sn =
=
.
2
6
6
6
3

V d 3.12: Tnh tng Sn = 1.2.3 + 2.3.4 + ... + n(n + 1)(n + 2) n 1 .

Gii: Ta c: S1 = 6 v Sn Sn 1 = n(n + 1)(n + 2)

n 2 .

1
1
(n + 1)4 n 4 + (n + 1)3 n 3
2

4
1
1
(n + 1)2 n 2 (n + 1) n .
2
4
1
1
1
1
t f (n ) = (n + 1)4 + (n + 1)3 (n + 1)2 (n + 1)
4
2
4
2
Sn f (n ) = Sn 1 f (n 1) = ... = S1 f (1) = 0

Do n(n + 1)(n + 2) =

Sn = f (n ) =

n(n + 1)(n + 1)(n + 3)

.
4

V d 3.13: Trong mp cho n ng thng, trong khng c ba ng no ng quy v

i mt khng ct nhau. Hi n ng thng trn chia mt phng thnh bao nhiu min ?
Gii: Gi an l s min do n ng thng trn to thnh. Ta c: a1 = 2 .
Ta xt ng thng th n + 1 (ta gi l d ), khi d ct n ng thng cho ti n
im v b n ng thng chia thnh n + 1 phn, ng thi mi phn thuc mt min
ca an . Mt khc vi mi on nm trong min ca an s chia min thnh 2 min,
nn s min c thm l n + 1 . Do vy, ta c:an + 1 = an + n + 1
T y ta c: an = 1 +

n(n + 1)
.
2

- 37 -

Mt s phng php xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s

Ch :
Vi gi thit trong v d trn nu thay yu cu tnh s min bng tnh s a gic to
(n 2)(n 1)
thnh th ta tm c: an =
.
2
V d 3.14: Trong khng gian cho n mt phng, trong ba mt phng no cng ct
nhau v khng c bn mt phng no cng i qua qua mt im. Hi n mt phng trn
chia khng gian thnh bao nhiu min ?
Gii:
Gi bn l s min do n mt phng trn to thnh
Xt mt phng th n + 1 (ta gi l (P ) ). Khi (P ) chia n mt phng ban u theo n
n(n + 1)
min, mi min ny nm
2
n2 + n + 2
trong mt min ca bn v chia min lm hai phn.Vy bn +1 = bn +
.
2
(n + 1)(n 2 n + 6)
T , ta c: bn =
.
6

giao tuyn v n giao tuyn ny s chia (P ) thnh 1 +

V d 3.15: Trong mt cuc thi u th thao c m huy chng, c pht trong n ngy
1
thi u. Ngy th nht, ngi ta pht mt huy chng v s huy chng cn li.
7
1
Ngy th hai, ngi ta pht hai huy chng v s huy chng cn li. Nhng ngy
7
cn li c tip tc v tng t nh vy. Ngy sau cng cn li n huy chng pht
. Hi c tt c bao nhiu huy chng v pht trong bao nhiu ngy? (IMO 1967).
Gii: Gi ak l s huy chng cn li trc ngy th k a1 = m , khi ta c:
k 1

ak +1

6
6
6k
= ak
ak =
7
7
7
n 1

6
an = n =
7

( )

(m 36) 6k + 42
n 1

7
(m 36) 6n + 42 m 36 = 7(n 6)
6

V 6, 7 = 1 v 6n 1 > n 6 nn ta c n 6 = 0 n = 6 m = 36 .
Vy c 36 huy chng c pht v pht trong 6 ngy.
- 38 -

Mt s phng php xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s

V d 3.16: C bao nhiu xu nh phn di n trong khng c hai bit 1 ng cnh

nhau?
Gii: Gi cn l s xu nh phn di n tha mn iu kin u bi.
Ta c c1 = 2 ; c2 = 3 .
Xt xu nh phn di n tha mn iu kin u bi c dng anan 1an 2 ......a2a1 .
C hai trng hp
an = 1 . Khi an 1 = 0 v an 2 ......a2a1 c th chn l mt xu bt k di n 2
tha iu kin. C cn 2 xu nh vy, suy ra trng hp ny c cn 2 xu.

an = 0 . Khi an 1......a2a1 c th chn l mt xu bt k di n 1 tha iu

kin. C cn 1 xu nh vy, suy ra trng hp ny c cn 1 xu.
Vy tng cng xy dng c cn 1 + cn 2 xu, hay cn = cn 1 + cn 2 .
n 1

n 1

5 2 1 5
2 5 1 + 5
cn =
+

2
2
5
5

V d 3.17: Cho s nguyn dng n . Tm tt c cc tp con A ca tp

X = 1,2, 3,...,2n sao cho khng tn ti hai phn t x , y A tha mn: x + y = 2n + 1

(Thy S 2006).
Gii:
gii bi ton ny ta s i m s tp con A ca X tha mn lun tn ti hai phn t
x , y A sao cho x + y = 2n + 1 (ta gi tp A c tnh cht T ).

Gi an l s tp con A ca tp 1,2,...,2n c tnh cht T

Khi cc tp con A 1,2,...,2n,2n + 1,2n + 2 xy ra hai trng hp.

TH1: Trong tp A cha hai phn t 1 v 2n + 2 , trong trng hp ny s tp A c tnh
cht T chnh bng s tp con ca tp gm 2n phn t 2, 3, 4,...,2n,2n + 1 v s tp

con ca tp ny bng 22n .

TH2: Trong tp A khng cha y hai phn t 1 v 2n + 2 . Khi A phi cha
mt tp A ' l tp con ca tp 2, 3, 4,...,2n,2n + 1 sao cho c hai phn t x ', y ' A ' :

x ' + y ' = 2n + 3 . Ta thy s tp con A ' nh trn chnh bng s tp con ca tp

{1,2,...,2n} c tnh cht T (V ta tr cc phn t ca 2, 3, 4,...,2n,2n + 1 i mt n

v ta c tp {1,2,...,2n} v x ', y ' A ' : x ' + y ' = 2n + 1 )

- 39 -

Mt s phng php xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s

Hn na vi mi tp A ' ta c c ba tp A (bng cch ta chn A l A ' hoc {1} A '

hoc {2n + 2} A ' )
Do vy: an +1 = 3an + 22n an = 4n 3n
Vy s tp con tha mn yu cu bi ton l: 4n an = 3n .

- 40 -

Mt s phng php xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s

Bi tp p dng
Bi 1: Tm CTTQ ca cc dy s sau
1) u1 = 1; u2 = 0, un + 1 2un + un 1 = n + 1, n 2
2) u1 = 0; u2 = 0, un +1 2un + un 1 = 3.2n , n 2
3) u1 = 0; u2 = 0, un + 1 2un 3un 1 = n + 2n , n 2
4) u1 = 0, u2 = 1, u3 = 3, un = 7un 1 11.un 2 + 5.un 3 , n 4

3
u1 =
3

5)
.
un 1 + 2 3
u =
n 2
n 1 ( 3 2)u

n 1

{ }

Bi 2: Cho dy s bn

b = 2.b
+ bn 2
n 1
xc nh bi : n
b1 = 1, b2 = 2

n N

(n 3 )

5
Chng minh rng bn , n N
2

{ }

Bi 3: Cho dy s un

u Z + , N
n
tho mn nh sau : u 0 = 1, u1 = 9
u = 10.u
un 2 n N , n 2
n 1
n

Chng minh : k N , k 1 .
1) uk2 + uk2 1 10uk .uk 1 = 8

2) 5.uk uk 1 4 v 3.uk2 1 2
x = 1; x1 = 0
Bi 4: Cho dy s x n xc nh nh sau: 0
.
x
x
x
n

2
+
=
2

2
n
n 1
n 2
Xc nh s t nhin n sao cho : x n + 1 + x n = 22685 .
- 41 -

Mt s phng php xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s

x = 1; x1 = 5
Bi 5: Cho dy (xn ) c xc nh bi 0
.
x
x
x
n
=
6

1
n + 1
n
n 1

Tm lim x n

{ 2x }
n

(TH&TT T7/253).
1

2
1 (1 a )2
n

1
2

1
v an + 1 =
n 1 .
2
2

Chng minh rng: a1 + a2 + ... + a2005 < 1, 03 (TH&TT T10/335).

Bi 6: Xt dy (an ) : a1 =

Bi 7: Cho dy (an ) : a 0 = 2;an +1 = 4an + 15an2 60 n 1 . Hy xc nh CTTQ

1
(a + 8) c th biu din thnh tng bnh phng ca
5 2n
ba s nguyn lin tip vi n 1 (TH&TT T6/262).
Bi 8: Cho dy s p(n ) c xc nh nh sau: p(1) = 1;

ca an v chng minh rng s

p(n ) = p(1) + 2p(2) + ... + (n 1)p(n 1) n 2 . Xc nh p(n ) (TH&TT T7/244).

u1 = 2
Bi 9: Xt dy (un ) :
. Chng minh rng
3
2
u
u
n
n
n
n
=
3
+
2

9
+
9

2
n
n 1
p 1

vi mi s nguyn t p th 2000 ui chia ht cho p (TH&TT T6/286).

i =1

x 0 = a
Bi 10: Dy s thc (xn ) :
.
2
x
x
n
=
2

0
n +1
n
Tm tt c cc gi tr ca a x n < 0 n 0 (TH&TT T10/313).

Bi 11: Dy s (xn ) : x 0 = 1, x1 =

x n +1.xn
1
v x n + 2 =
2002x n +1 + 2001x n + 2000x n +1xn
2

n 0 . Hy tm CTTQ ca x n (TH&TT T8/298).

1
a1 =
2
Bi 12: Cho dy s (an ) c xc nh nh sau: (an ) :
.
an 1
an =
n 1
2nan 1 + 1

Tnh tng a1 + a2 + ... + a1998 .

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Mt s phng php xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s

Bi 13: Cho dy s (an ) c xc nh bi :

a1 = 1.2.3, a2 = 2.3.4, ..., an = n(n + 1)(n + 2) .

t Sn = a1 + a2 + ... + an . Chng minh rng 4Sn + 1 l s chnh phng .

(HSG Quc Gia 1991 Bng B )
Bi 14: Cho hai dy s (an ),(bn ) c xc nh nh sau: a 0 = 2;b0 = 1 v
an + 1 =

2anbn

an + bn

, bn + 1 = an + 1bn

n 0 .

Chng minh rng cc dy (an ) v (bn ) c cng mt gii hn chung khi n + .

Tm gii hn chung . ( HSG Quc Gia 1993 Bng A ngy th 2)
Bai 15: Cho cc s nguyn a, b . Xt dy s nguyn (an ) c xc nh nh sau
a 0 = a; a1 = b;a2 = 2b a + 2; an + 3 = 3an + 2 3an +1 + an n 0
a ) Tm CTTQ ca dy (an ) .
b) Tm cc s nguyn a, b an l s chnh phng vi n 1998 .
(HSG Quc Gia 1998 Bng B).
n 1
a = 3
Bi 16: Cho dy s (an ) : 0
. Tnh
i =1 ai
(3 an )(6 + an 1 ) = 18 n 1
(Trung Quc 2004 ).
a 0 = 1

Bi 17: Cho dy s (an ) :

. Chng minh
7an 1 + 45an2 1 36
an =
n 1

2
1) an l s nguyn dng vi n 0 .

2) an +1an 1 l s chnh phng n 0 . ( Trung Quc 2005 ).

u1 = 1; u2 = 2
un2 1
Bi 18: Cho dy s (un ) :
. Chng minh rng
l s
u
u
u
n
=
4

3
3
n
n 1
n 2
chnh phng ( Chn i tuyn Ngh an 2007 ).

3
2007
b0 = 12;b1 =
Bi 19: Cho dy s (bn ) :
.
Tnh
2
bi ( Moldova 2007).
i =0
b + b
= bn 2 . 3 n 2
n 1
n

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Mt s phng php xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s

Bi 20: C n tm th c nh s t 1 n n . C bao nhiu cch chn ra mt s th

(t nht 1 tm) sao cho tt c cc s vit trn cc tm th ny u ln hn hoc bng s
tm th c chn.
u1 = 1; un > 0 n 1

Bi 21: Cho dy (un ) c xc nh bi:

. Chng minh
1 + un2 1 1
n 2
un =
un 1

1
rng u1 + u2 + ... + un 1 + 1 ( )n 1 (HSG Qung Bnh 2008 2009 ).
4
2

Bi 22: Cho dy a thc : P (x ) = x 3 6x + 9 v Pn (x ) = P (P (...(P (x )))) n ln. Tm

s nghim cu P (x ) v Pn (x ) ? (D tuyn Olympic).
Bi 23: Xc nh h s x 2 trong khai trin chnh quy ca a thc

Qk (x ) = (...(((x 2)2 2)2 2)2 ...)2 2)2 (c k du ngoc).

Bi 24: Cho dy x n : x 0 = 1, x1 = 1, x n + 1 = 4x n x n 1 n 1 v dy s

(yn ) : y0 = 1, y1 = 2, yn +1 = 4yn yn 1

n 1 . Chng minh rng:

yn2 = 3xn2 + 1 n 0 (Canada 1998 ).

Bi 25: C bao nhiu tam gic c di cc cnh l cc s t nhin khng vt qu 2n
(Macedonian 1997 ).
Bi 26: Cho dy s (un ) c xc nh nh sau: u0 = u1 = 1 v un +1 = 14un un 1 vi
n 1 . Chng minh rng vi n 0 th 2an 1 l mt s chnh phng (Chn i
tuyn Romania 2002).

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Mt s phng php xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s

KT LUN KIN NGH

Tri qua thc tin ging dy, ni dung lin quan n chuyn vi s gp ca ng
nghip vn dng chuyn vo ging dy thu c mt s kt qu sau
1) Hc sinh trung bnh tr ln c th vn dng mt s kt qu c bn trong chuyn
vo gii bi ton xc nh CTTQ ca mt s dng dy s c dng truy hi c bit.
2) Hc sinh gii c th vn dng cc kt qu trong chuyn tham kho phc v
trong nhng k thi hc sinh gii cp Tnh v cp Quc Gia.
3) To c s hng th cho hc sinh khi hc v bi ton dy s.
4) L ti liu tham kho cho hc sinh v gio vin.
5) Qua ti gio vin c th xy dng cc bi ton v dy s.
Bn cnh nhng kt qu thu c, chuyn cn mt s hn ch sau:
1) Trong chuyn cha xy dng c phng php xc nh CTTQ ca mt s
dy s m cc h s trong cng thc truy hi bin thin.
2) Cha a vo mt s phng php xc nh CTTQ ca dy s da vo mt s kin
thc lin quan n Ton cao cp nh phng php hm sinh...
Hy vng cc ng nghip s pht trin, m rng v khc phc mt s hn ch ni trn.

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Mt s phng php xc nh cng thc tng qut ca dy s

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] i S v Gii Tch lp 11 Nng Cao
[2] Cc bi thi Olympic Ton THPT Vit Nam, T sch TH&TT NXB GD 2007
[3] Mt s bi ton chn lc v dy s , Nguyn Vn Mu, NXBGD 2003
[4] Cc phng php m nng cao, Trn Nam Dng
[5] Tp ch Ton Hc V Tui Tr
[6] Cc din n Ton hc nh: maths.vn ; diendantoanhoc.net ; mathscop.org
[7] Tuyn tp cc chuyn thi Olympic 30 4 Khi 11
[8] Php quy np trong hnh hc, Yaglom L.I.Golovina IM (Khng Xun Hin
dch xut bn nm 1987)

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