EG. Lab Handout - Asy 2013 14

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES:
OBJECTIVES OF LABORATORY WORK
MAPPING OF LABORATORY OBJECTIVES WITH COs:
EXPERIMENT NO.1
To study the physical properties of minerals :
Definition :
A mineral is a substance having a definite chemical composition and an atomic
structure, which is formed by inorganic processes of nature .the identification of
minerals is based on certain physical properties of minerals which are as follows
:
1.) COLOUR : The colour of a mineral is the most striking property. Many
minerals have their own particular colour which is an aid in identification.
However, many other minerals have a range of colours which change even with
a small amount impurity present in it. such colours are aid to be Exotic colours,
eg. Quartz may show white .Grey pink,yellow brown or green colours. Where
the colour of a mineral does not change , the colour is said to be Inherent colour
and in such cases the mineral can be identified by its colour alone, eg. Native
sulfur has a Yellow colour. Besides, there are many minerals which are either
black or white in colour .and in such cases the minerals cannot be identified by
their colours.
2.) STREAK : The streak of a mineral is the colour of a mineral in powder
form. Often the colour of a mineral in mass is different from the colour of the
mineral in powder form, ie. its Streak. In such cases , streak of a mineral helps
in identification. Streak of minerals is more reliable in identification of
minerals. Streak is obtained by rubbing the mineral on an unglazed porcelain
plate called ' a streak plate ', eg. hematite has cherry red streak. Minerals whose
hardness is more than that of the streak plate (H = 6) scratch the streak plate and
their streak can not be obtained, eg. Quartz, Topaz.
3.) LUSTRE : the lustre of a mineral is the shine on in its surface. This is
dependent on the amount of light reflected of the mineral surface . It should be
observed on the brightest surface of the mineral after cleaning it of dust. The
main types of lustres are :
i.) Earthy or dull lustre ; it is the lustre of Chine clay or clay
ii) Resinous lustre ; it is the lustre of wax, eg. Opal.
iii) Vitreous lustre ; it is lustre of broken glass,eg. Quartz, Rock crystal or
Calcite etc.
When it is less developed, it is called 'sub-vitreous lustre ', eg.Flint. iv) Metallic
lustre : This is the lustre of a metal,eg. galena or Native copper. When it is less
developed, it is called' Sub-metallic lustre' ,eg.Chromite.
v) Pearly Lustre : this the lustre of a pearl ,eg. Chlorite, Muscovite or Biotite
Mice, vi) Silky lustre : This the lustre of silky fibres . It isobserved only in
fibrous minerals ,eg. Asbestos, Fibrous Gypsum.
vii) Admantine lustre : This is the lustre of gem stones and it is the brightest
lustre ,eg Diamond, Ruby, Emerald etc.
4 ) FORM : The internal arrangement of minerals is manifested by the
developmentof geometrical shapesof crystal structure. This is expressed as
Form. A mineral may exist in any one of the following forms : a) Amorphous ,
when the mineral shows absolutely no sign of crystallisation b) Crystptocrystalline , when well defined crystals are absent but a marked tendency
towards crystallisation is shown in the development of fine grams each of which
is virtually a minute crystal . c) Crystalline , when the mineral occurs in the
form of well developed crystal s , the mineral is said to be crystalline . Further,
if the mineral crystals are large with well developed faces, edges and corners,
the mineral is said to be' well crystallised.
5) HARDNESS : The hardness of a mineral is its resistance to surface
abrasion . The minerals are arranged in order of increasing hardness . The
values of hardness are emperical and bear no absolute relation to one another . A
mineral in the scale scratches any other mineral proceeding it in the scale and in
turn is scratched by minerals which *bllow it. To find the hardness of an
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unknown mineral, it is scratched by the minerals of the scale in increasing order

starting , stratingjrom;pne.._eg if it is scratched bv mineral of hardness = 6 but is
not scratched by mineral of hardnes = 5 ,then the hardness of the mineral is said
to be 5.5 .
MOITS SCALE OF HARDNESS :
H = 1 Graphite or Steatite
H = 2 Halite or Gypsum
H = 3 Calcite
H = 4 Fluorspar or Fluorite
H = 5 Apatite
H - 6 Felspar
H= 7 Quartz
H = 9 Corundum
H = 8 Topaz
H = 10 Diamond
6 ) CLEAVAGE : Cleavage of the property of some mineral crystals to split

along certain definite )lanes called ' Cleavage planes '. They are closely related
to the internal structure of the mineral and the crystal form. A mineral may
exhibit one, two or three sets of cleavage, eg. Mica has 1 set, Felspar has 2 ets
and Calcite or Halite has 3 sets of cleavage.Quartz has no cleavage.
Sometimes , minerals split along certain definite planes of weakness not
related the ciystal structure tut which are formed due to the external pressure
applied during their formation .Such planes are known as Parting', eg. as in
Corundum.
7 ) FRACTURE : Fracture is the nature of the broken surface of the mineral. it
is not dependent on the nature of the crystal surface and hence ,it can be
observed in all minerals, crystalline or morphous.The common types of
fractures are a) Conchoidal, where the mineral breaks along a curved urface,eg.
Quartz b) Even, where the mineral breaks along a nearly flat surface ,eg. Chert,
Opal c) ub- conchoidal, where the mineral breaks along a less curved
surface,eg. Chalcedony d) Uneven , or regular, where the mineral breaks along a
surface which has minute depressions and elevations , eg. 'ourmaline . e) Hackly
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: where the mineral breaks along a surface which has sharp edges, eg. Kyanite )
Earthy : where the mineral is soft and yields under slight pressure , eg. Chalk, or
China clay.
8 ) TENACITY : tenacity is defined as the nature of the bond between mineral grains .
Depending n their tenacity, minerals can be classified as Sectile , Malleable , Elastic,
Plastic or Brittle . A mineral is lid to sectile if it can be cut by a knife , eg. Steatite or Talc
stone. A minral is said to be malleable when is flattened under a hammer blow ,eg.
Galena. A mineral is said to be elastic when it can be easily bent at when the pressure is
released, the mineral springs back to its original position ,eg. Mica . A mineral is lid to be
plastic when it can be easily bent and it does not spring back to its original position when
the ressure is released, eg. Bentonite. A mineral is said to be brittle when it does not yield
slice but crumbles ider a hammer blow yielding a powder, eg. Pyrite, Quartz, Calcite etc.
Other physical properties like Taste, Odour, Specific Gravity ,Magnetism, Radio -Activity
etc. have nited use in the identification of common minerals. Hence, these properties are
not discussed here.
EXPERIMENTNO. 2
Study of silica group Minerals :
he aim of this experiment is to get familiarised with the common minerals
which go to rm the common rocks. These minerals are as follows :
1 QUARTZ : This mineral commonly occurs as a primary mineral in Igneous
rocks. . appears as colourless, white , pink, Grey,
green or black. When
colourless it is called ROCK CRYSTAL".

Streak : Not available.
Crystal System : Hexagonal.
From : Crystalline, showing prismatic and pyramidal

faces with horizontal striations on prism faces.
Cleavage : Absent
Fracture : Conchoidal.
Transparency : Transparent to translucent. Lustre : Vitreous,
Hardness : 7. Specific Gravity : 2.65.
Chemical Composition ; Si .O 2
2. AMETHYST :
It is a crystalline variety of silica. It is pale to dark purple in colour.
Streak : Not available. Crystal System : Hexagonal. Form : Crystalline, showing
prismatic and pyramidal faces with horizontal striations on prism faces.
Cleavage : Absent.
Transparency : Transparent to translucent.

Hardness : 7.
Lustre : Vitreous.
Specific Gravity : 2.65.
Chemical Composition; Si .O 2
Uses : It is used as a semi-precious stone.
3. MILKY QLTARTZ :It is a crystallne variety ofsilica.lt is white in
colour due to the prescence of air bubbles.
Form : Crystalline, as pyramidal crystals.

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Cleavage : Absent. Fracture : Conchoidal.

Transparency : Translucent.
Lustre : Sub-Vitreous.
Hardness : 7. Specific Gravity : 2.65.

Uses : It is used in glass making.
4. SMOKY QUARTZ :
It is a crystalline variety of silica. It is smoky grey to black in colour.

Cleavage : Absent.
Lustre : Sub-Vitreous.
Hardness : 7. Specific
Gravity : 2.65.
Uses : It is used as a Gem stone.
5.ROSE QUARTZ :
It is a crystalline variety of silica. It is pale to dark pink in colour due
to the prescence of small amounts of TiO2 impurity..

Cleavage : Absent.
Fracture : Conchoidai.
Transparency : Translucent./ Transparent. Lustre .--Vitreous.

Hardness: 7.
Uses ; It is used as a Gem stone
6. CHALCEDONY : It is a crypto-crystalline variety of silica Streak : Not
available. Crystal System : Absent. Form : Botryoidal, massive , as vein fillings
or as vu^s Cleavage : Absent,
Fracture :Sub-Conchoidal
Uses : As semi-precious stones.

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7. JASPER : It is a cryp to-crystalline variety of silica.

From : Masstive or as verm fillings. Fracture : Sub-Conchoidal
Transparency
: Opaque
Hardness : 6.5
Spectic Gravity : 2.65
Chemical Composition : SiO2 + SiO2.nH20.
8. FLINT :: It is a crypto-crystalline variety of silica. It shows shades of grey

and black.lt shows sharp edges on broken surface.
Crystal System : Absent.
Form : As cavity fillings in limestone solution cavities. Cleavage : Absent .

Transparency : Opaque.
Hardness : 6.5. Specific Gravity : 2.65.

Chemical Composition ; Si .O 2 + Si.O2. nH2 O.
9.. MOSS AGATE : It is a crypto-crystalline variety of silica.
It shows moss grey vein like markings in a grey or off-white back-ground.
Form :As vein filligns or as massive.

Cleavage : Absent .
Fracture : Sub- Conchoidal.
Transparency : Translucent to opaque..
Lustre : sub-Vitreous.
Hardness : 6.5.

10. CARNELIAN : It is a crypto-crystalline variety of silica. Streak : Not
available. Crystal System : Absent.
Form : As massive or as vein
fillings. Cleavage : Absent .
Lustre : Vitreous. Hardness:?.

Uses : It is used as a semi-prescious gem stone.
11. OPAL :It is an amorphous variety of Silica. Colour : White,red ,yellow,
green of bluish.
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Streak : White. .
Form : As a cavity filling in rock cavities, as massive reniform or stalactitic.

Cleavage : Absent .
Fracture : Sub-conchoidal.
Lustre : Waxy.
Hardness : 5.5 to 6.0
Specific Gravity : 1.9 to 2.3.
Chemical Composition ; Si .O 2..n H2O. (H2O upto 10 % )

Some varieties show an internal pearly reflection called Opalescence and this
variety is used as a gem stone.
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EXPERIMENT NO.3
Study of Faldspar group of minerals
1. ORTHOCLASE
FELSPAR
Colour : White ,yellow,pale to flesh red., also grey or green.

Crystal System : Monoclinic.
Form : Crystalline,; prismatic crystals ,also massive.

Cleavage : 2 sets perfect..
Fracture : Uneven..
Transparency : Transparent to translucent. Lustre : Vitreous, pearly on cleavage

planes. Hardness : 6.
Specific Gravity : 2.56 to 2.58..
Chemical Composition; K.Al.Si3.O8.
Another variety : Moonstone has a pearly lustre and is transparent.

2. PLAGIOCLASE
FELSPAR:
Crystal System : Triclinic..
Form : Prismatic crystals often twinned..

Cleavage : 2 Sets ,perfect.
Transparency : Translucent to opaque. Lustre : Vitreous to sub-vitreous..

Hardness : 6..
Specific Gravity : 2.60 to 2.62
Chemical Composition ; Polysilicate of Na and Al with varying amounts

of Ca and Al silicates..
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EXPERIMENT NO.4
Study of Mica group of minerals
1.
MUSCOVITE
MICA
Colour : Colourless and transparent.

Streak : White.
Form : Crystalline,,platy or flaky.

Cleavage : 1 set..
Fracture : Splintery..
Lustre : Pearly..
Hardness: 2 . Specific Gravity : 2.7 to 2.8.

Chemical Composition ; Ortho silicate of Potassium and Aluminium.
(H,K)Al.Si.O4.
Uses : As an insulation in electrical industry.
2. BIOTITE
MICA Colour : Black., or brown..
Streak :Black. Crystal
System : Monoclinic.
Form : Crystalline, platy or flaky.
Cleavage : 1 set, perfect ,basal.
Fracture : Splintery.. Transparency : Transparent to translucent.

Lustre : Pearly.. Hardness : 2 .to 2.5.
Specific Gravity : 2.7 to 3.1. Chemical Composition ; Ortho silicate of K, Al,
Mg and Fe. or (H,K,Mg,Fe)Al.Si.O4.:
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EXPERIMENT NO.5
Study of Amphibole group of minerals
1. HORNBLENDE
Colour : Black., or greenish black.
Streak :greenish black.
Form : Prismatic crystals. Also massive granules etc.

Cleavage :2 sets ,perfect.
Fracture : Uneven..
Lustre : Pearly..
Hardness : .5 to 6.. Specific Gravity : 2.7 to 3.1.

Chemical Composition ; Complex silicate of Al, Ca, Mg and Fe with Na
In addition the other minerals:
ACTINOLITE
TREMOLITE
ASBESTOS
2. ASBESTOS
Colour :, grey white or off-white.
Streak : White
Crystal
System : Cubic.
Form: Fibrous.
Cleavage : 1 set perfect.
Fracture : Splintery.
Lustre : Silky.
Hardness: 1 to 2.
Specific Gravity : 2.5 TO 2.6
Chemical Composition; Hydrated Mg silicate.

Use; In the manufacture of Asbestos cement sheets and heat proof clothing, gloves etc.
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EXPERIMENT NO.6
Study of Olivine group of minerals
1. OLIVINE
Streak :greenish black, difficult.
Crystal System :Orthorhombic.
Form : Prismatic crystals. Also massive , grains etc.

Fracture : Uneven..
Lustre : Vitreous..
Cleavage :1 set.
Transparency '.Transparent to opaque.

Hardness: 6.to 7.

Chemical Composition ; Ortho silicate of Mg and Fe. (Mg, Fe ) O. Si.O2
In addition know:
FORSTERITE
FAYALITE
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EXPERIMENT NO.7
Study of Pyroxene group of minerals
1. AUGITE
(Pyroxene family ) Colour : Black., or greenish black.
Streak : Black.

Cleavage : Prismatic cleavages ,2 sets at 90* to each other.
Fracture : Uneven..
Transparency
Transparent
to
translucent.
Lustre : Vitreous to resinous.
Specific Gravity :
Hardness : .5 to 6..
3.2 Chemical Composition ; Complex silicate of Al, Ca ,
Mg and Fe .
2 A. HYPERSTHENE
(Pyroxene family
Streak : Black.
Crystal System : Monociinic.

Cleavage : Prismatic cleavages ,2 sets at 90* to each other.
Fracture : Uneven.. Transparency : Transparent to translucent.
Lustre : Vitreous to resinous. Hardness : .5 to 6..
Specific Gravity : 3.2
Chemical Composition ; Complex silicate of Al, Ca , Mg and Fe .
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EXPERIMENT NO.8
Study of Garnet group of minerals
1. GARNET , Variety ; Andradite.
Streak : Black.
Form : Crystalline, Rhombdodecahedron.

Cleavage : Absent.
Transparency : Translucent to opaque..
Lustre : Vitreous .
Hardness ; .6.5 to 7.5. Specific Gravity : 3. 9 to 4.2

Chemical Composition ; Fe 3.A1 2. (Si.O4.) 3.
Uses : it is used as a grinding medium in ball mills . The transparent
variety, Pyrope is used as semi-precious stone.
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EXPERIMENT NO.9
Study of Zeolite group of minerals.
1. ZEOLITE : Variety : STILBITE.
Colour : White.
Streak : Colourless.
Crystal System : Tetragonal.
Form : Commonly radiating needles.

Cleavage : Perfect basal.
Fracture : Uneven., brittle..
Transparency : Translucent to opaque. Lustre : Vitreous

Hardness : .4.5
Specific Gravity : 2. 3.
Chemical Composition ; Hydro silicate of Ca and K.

Uses : It is used as a catalyst in water purification.
In addition:
NATROLITE
APPOPHYLITE
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EXPERIMENT NO. 10
Study of Carbonate group of minerals.
1. CALCITE :
Colour : White, Pink, Yellow, Grey,Black or Colourless, The colourless and transparent
variety is known as Icelandspar..
Streak : White.
Crystal System : Hexagonal..
Form : Commonly rhombohedral crystals . Cleavage : Perfect three sets.

Fracture : Uneven., brittle.. Transparency : Translucent or trasparent.
Lustre : Vitreous . Hardness : .3
Chemical Composition;
Specific Gravity : 2. 13.
Ca.CO 3
USES : As a source of pure calcium carbonate. The transparent variety is used in optics.
In addition:
DOLOMITE
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EXPERIMENT NO. 11
Study of Sulphate group of minerals.
1. GYPSUM
Colour :Colourless or off-white.
Streak : white
Form : Platy or laminated. Also massive etc.

Cleavage : 1 set.
Fracture : Uneven..
Transparency : Translucent to Opaque Lustre : sub-vitreous to pearly.

Hardness : 2
Chemical Composition; Ca SO 4.2 H2 O.

USES : As an additive in cement making, and in the manufacture of
Plaster of Paris.
2. BARYTE ( BARTTE ) Colour : White or off-white.
Streak : White .
Crystal System : Orthorhombic .
Form : Prismatic crystals, also massive.
Cleavage : 2 sets perfect.
Fracture : Uneven.
Transparency : Opaque/translucent.
Lustre : Earthy.
Hardness : 4.0
Specific Gravity : 4.35 TO 4.5 Chemical Composition; Ba.SO4.

Uses : As a source of Barium salts and as a filler in paints ,paper. It is also used to make
drilling mud heavy.
In addition:
SELENITE
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EXPERIMENT NO. 12
Study of minerals of other groups.
1. FLUORTTE ( FLUORSPAR )
Colour : Yellow, Green, Blue,Amethyst or colourless.
Streak : White
Crystal System : Cubic.
Form: Cubic crystals.

Transparency : Transparent.
Lustre : Vitreous.
Hardness: 4.
Specific Gravity : 3 to 3.2
Chemical Composition ; Calcium Fluoride (Ca. F 2)

Uses : In the manufacture of Hydroflouric acid and as a flux
in steel and aluminium manufacture.
2. CORUNDUM exp 4
Colour : Black., or bluish green.

Cleavage : Absent.
Transparency : Opaque
Fracture : Uneven..
Lustre : sub-vitreous to dull..
Hardness : .9..
Chemical Composition; A1.2 O.3

Uses : As an abrasive in metal polishing.
3 . Bauxite :
Colour : Dirty White Or Pale Brown. Streak : White .
Crystal System : Absent (Amorphous). Form : Massive.
Cleavage : Absent,
Fracture : Uneven.
Transparency : Opaque. Lustre : Earthy.

Specific Gravity : 2.35 To 3.5
Hardness : 3 To 4.0
Chemical Composition; Hydrated Al Silicate. Uses :
As An Ore OfAluminium.lt Is Also Used In Refining Crude Oil. Occurance : Formed As

A Result Of Weathering Of A L Rich Rocks Like Basalt Under Tropical Conditions
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS FOR EXPERIMENT NUMBER 1-12

Q.1 Describe the physical properties, streak and form depending on degree of
crystallization?
Q.2 Differentiate between Fracture and Cleavage of a mineral?
Q.3 Describe in details megascopic physical properties of minerals from Table
No. 1 to Table No.12
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EXPERIMENT NO. 13
Study of Ore- minerals of group.
1.HEMATITE :
Colour : Black or reddish black. Streak ; Cherry red. Crystal System; Absent as the
mineral is amorphous. Form : Commonly as botryoidal masses, also massive or flaky.
Cleavage : Absent.
Sub-metallic, to dull.
Fracture : Uneven., brittle.. Transparency : Opaque.
Lustre :
Hardness : .5. 5
Specific Gravity : 3.5 Chemical Composition; Oxide of Iron.. (Fs2 Os) Uses : As an
important ore of Iron. 6. CORUNDUM Colour : Black., or bluish green.

Cleavage : Absent. Fracture : Uneven..
Lustre : sub-vitreous to dull..
Hardness : .9 ..
Specific Gravity : 3.2 Chemical Composition ; A1.2 O.3 Uses : As an abrasive in metal
polishing.
2 .GALENA:
Colour: Grey
Streak : Metalllic grey . Crystal System : Cubic.
Form: Cubic crystals.
Lustre : Metallic .
Hardness : 2.
Chemical Composition ; Lead Sulphide. (Pb. S )

Uses : As an important ore of Lead.
3. CHALCOPYRTTE :Colour : Brass yellow or Golden.
Streak ; Black
Crystal System; Tetragonal.
Form : Commonly as massive or botryoidal masses.
Cleavage : Absent. Fracture : Uneven or conchoidal.

Lustre : Sub-metallic, to dull.
Hardness : .3.5 to 4
Specific Gravity : 4.1 to 4.3
Uses: A a primary Ore of Conner

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4. GRAPHITE
Colour : Iron black or Grey..
Streak : Black and shining
Form : Scales ,laminar or columnar, etc.

Cleavage : 1 set.
Fracture : Uneven..
Lustre : Metallic...
Hardness : .1...
Specific Gravity : .2 to 2.3
Chemical Composition; Pure carbon (C)

Uses : as a conductor of electricity and in making Crucibles.
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EXPERIMENT NO. 14
Title:- Megascopic study of Igneous Rocks
Objectives of Experiment:- To study different types of rocks and their
structures/textures
and mineral composition in hand specimen.
Supporting Resources used:- Igneous Rocks specimen
AIM: To study the common Igneous Rocks. Igneous
rocks are formed by the
solidification of hot magma on or below the earth's surface . depending upon the
depth of formation, different constitutents of the magma crystallise to form different
igneous rocks.Rocks formed at greater depth cool slowly forming holocrystalline
rocks.Rocks formed at intermediate depth cool faster resulting in partly crystalline or
merocrytsalllinerocks.Rocks formed on earths's surface cool very fast resulting in
merocrystalline rocks or at times folly glassy or holohyalline rocks.
These igneous rocks are callled, ' Primary Rocks ' or Crystalline rocks.
PART I
PLUTONIC AND HYPABYSSAL ROCKS .
1. PINK GRANITE:
A pink coloured,medium to coarse grained ,holocrystalline rock which is hard and
compact.
Mineral Composition : a) i Orthoclase felspar as pink coloured grains.
ii Quartz and iii Plagioclase felspar .
b) Biotite Mica, Muscovite mica, Hornblende, augite or Garnet may be present as
accessory minerals.
Texture : Granitic or hypidiomorphic.
Name : Granite,: Igneous, Plutonic, acidic rock of alkali series.
2.
GREY GRANITE ;
A light or dark grey coloured,medium to coarse grained , holocrystalline rock which is

hard and compact. Mineral Composition :
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a) i Orthoclase felspar, as grey or white grains, ii Quartz and iii Plagioclase felspar as
the main minerals..
accessory minerals.
Name : Granite,: Igneous, Plutonic, acidic rock of alkali series.
2A .GRAPHIC GRANITE :
A pale pink or cream coloured,medium to coarse grained ,holocrystalline rock which is hard and compact.
Mineral Composition : a) Orthoclase felspar, as pink grains with Quartz as small
crystals within the main mineral., b) Biotite Mica or Muscovite mica may be present
as accessory minerals. Texture : Graphic .. Name : Graphic Granite : Igneous,
Plutonic, acidic rock of alkali series.
2B .PORPHYRTIC GRANITE :
A pale pink ,grey or cream coloured,medium to coarse grained ,holocrystalline rock which is hard and compact.
Mineral Composition : a) Orthoclase felspar, as pink grains and Quartz as small
crystals are the main minerals in the ground mass .Large crystals of Orthoclase are
present as phenocrysts.. b) Biotite Mica or Muscovite mica may be present as
accessory minerals. Texture : Porphyritic.. Name : Graphic Granite : Igneous,
Plutonic, acidic rock of alkali series.
3.
SYENITE : A light or dark grey coloured,medium to coarse grained,
holocrystalline rock which is hard and compact. Mineral Composition :

a) i Orthoclase felspar,as grey or white grains, ii Quartz and iii Plagioclase felspar as
the main minerals..
b) Biotite Mica, Muscovite mica, Hornblende, augite or Garnet
may be present as accessory minerals.
Name : Syenite,: Igneous, Plutonic, acidic rock of alkali series.
1. DIORTTE:
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A dark grey or black coloured,medium to coarse grained ,holocrystalline rock which is hard and compact.
Mineral Composition : a) Plagioclase felspar, as grey or black
grains is the main mineral..
b) Quartz, orthoclase felspar, Biotite Mica, Hornblende or augite
may be present as accessory minerals.
Name : Diorite: Igneous, Plutonic, intermediate rock of calc-alkali series.
5.
GABBRO;
A dark grey or black coloured,medium to coarse grained ,holocrystalline rock which is hard and compact.
Mineral Composition : a) Plagioclase felspar and Augite as grey or black grains are
the main minerals.
b) Hornblende or hypersthene may be present as accessory minerals. Texture :
Granitic or hypidiomorphic. Name : Diorite: Igneous, Plutonic, basic rock .
6. PERIDOTTTE :
A dark grey or jet black coloured, coarse grained, hard and compact
dense rock.
Mineral Composition : Augite or some other pyroxene ,together with Olivine are the
major minerals. Some amount of Plagioclase , Hornblende or magnetite may be
present as accessory minerals. Texture : Granitic or Panidiomorphic. Name :
PERTDOTITE : an igneous, plutonic, ultra-basic rock.
7.
PEGMATITE:
A light or dark pink, green or grey coloured coarse grained, holocrystalline rock which
is hard and compact. Mineral Composition:
a) i) Orthoclase felspar, as grey or white grains, ii Quartz and iii Plagioclase felspar as
the main minerals..
accessory minerals.
Texture : Granitic or panidiomorphic.
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Name : Pegmatite : Igneous, Hypabyssal rock of acidic to basic composition.

8.
PORPHYRY:
A dark grey or pink coloured,medium to coarse grained ,mero-crystalline rock which

is hard and compact.
Mineral Composition : a) Orthoclase or plagioclase felspar, as grey or pink grains is
the main mineral..
b) Quartz, Plagioclase felspar, Biotite Mica, Muscovite mica, Hornblende or augite
may be present as accessory minerals. Texture : Porphyritic. Name : Porphyry
;Igneous, hypabyssal, acidic or intermediate rock.
.9.
DOLERTTE:
A dark grey or black coloured,medium to fine grained ,partly
crystalline rock which is hard and compact.

Mineral Composition : a) Plagioclase felspar and Augite as grey
or black grains are the main minerals.
b) Some amount of inter-granular glass is present
Texture : Ophitic or poikilitic .
Name : Dolerite : Igneous, Hypabyssal ,basic rock .
VOLCANIC ROCKS : R. 10. RHYOLTTE;
A light pink or grey coloured,fine grained ,merocrystalline rock which is hard and
compact.
Mineral Composition:
a) i Orthoclase felspar,as grey or white grains, ii Quartz and iii Plagioclase felspar
as the main minerals..
b) Biotite Mica, Muscovite mica, Hornblende, or augite may be present as
accessory minerals.The rock has a glassy matrix.
Texture : Porphyritic and aphanitic . Name : RHYOLITE : Igneous, Volcanic,
acidic rock of alkali series.
11. TRACHYTE:
A pale pink, buff or grey coloured,fine grained ,merocrystalUne rock
28
which is hard and compact.

Mineral Composition : a) i Orthoclase felspar as pink or grey grains is the main mineral..
b) Quartz, Plagioclase felspar, Biotite Mica or Muscovite mica may be present as
accessory minerals. Some glass is present as ground-mass. Texture : Porphyritic and
aphanitic . Name : Trachyte : Igneous, Volcanic ,intermediate rock of alkali series.
12..COMPACT BASALT :
A dark grey or black coloured,medium to fine grained ,merocrystalline
rock which is hard and compact.

the main minerals, b) Olivine may be present as accessory minerals. Glass is
present as ground mass. Texture : Porphyritic and aphanitic. Name : Basalt :
Igneous, Volcanic, basic rock .
13. ANDESITE :
A pale or dark grey coloured,fine grained ,merocrystalline rock which is hard and
compact. The rock shows flow structure in the form of grey and purple flow bands.
Mineral Composition : a) Plagioclase felspar as grey grains and augite are the main
minerals, b] Glass is present in between the grains as the ground mass. Texture :
Porphyritic and aphanitic . Structure : Flow structure. Name : Andesite : Igneous,
Volcanic,intermediate rock of calc-alkali series.
14. PUMICE :A light grey coloured rock which is very light and porous. The rock
floats on water. The rock is formed by the escape of gases from lava forming a kind of
froth.
Mineral Composition : Only glass is present lndividual crystals are not formed. The
chemical composition of the rock indicates a variable composition from acidic to
basic.
Texture : Glassy and porous.
Name : Pumice ;
Igneous,volcanic , acidic rock.

15. OBSIDIAN :
29
A light grey or black coloured rock which is light and shining .The rock has an asphalt
appearance.The rock is formed by the fast cooling (chilling )of lava resulting a rock
which is almost totally glassy. Some times the rock shows the beginning of
crystallisation.
Mineral Composition : only glass is present. Individual crystals are not formed. The
chemical composition of the rock indicates a variable composition from acidic to
basic.
Texture : Glassy with cicular lines on the broken surface. Name : Obsidian;
Igneous,volcanic, acidic rock
15.A. VESICULAR BASALT
A dark grey or black coloured,medium to fine grained ,merocrystalline rock which is
hard and compact. The rock has numerous vesicles formed due to the escape of gases.
the main minerals, b) Oh'vine may be present as accessory minerals. Texture :
Porphyritic and aphanitic.
Structure : Vesicular. Name : Basalt : Igneous, Volcanic,
basic rock.
16. GIANT PORPHYRITIC BASALT:
A dark grey or black coloured,medium to fine grained ,merocrystalline
rock which is hard and compact.
the main minerals. A few large crystals of Plagioclase are sen in the fine grained
ground mass, b) Olivine may be present as accessory minerals. Texture : Porphyritic.
Name : Basalt : Igneous, Volcanic, basic rock.
17. AMYGDALOID ALBAS ALT:
A dark grey or black coloured,fine grained ,merocrystalUne rock
which is hard and compact.
30
Mineral Composition : a) Plagioclase felspar as grey grains and augite are the main
minerals, b) Glass is present in between the grains as the ground mass. C) Calcite,
Quartz or Zeolite are present as secondary minerals in the cavities of the basalt.
Texture : Porphyritic and aphanitic .
Struture : Amygdaloidal.
Name : Amygdaloidal basalt; Igneous, Volcanic, basic rock.
EXPERIMENT NO. 15
Title:- Megascopic study of Secondary Rocks
structures/textures
Supporting Resources used:- Secondary Rocks specimen
Study Of important sedimentary rocks.

Sedimentary rocks are formed by the breaking down,
deposition, compaction and cementing of primary rocks. Sedimentary rocks are
charecterised by numerous grains being
stuck together and they gain in strength depending on the quality of cementing
material and the degree of compaction. The sedimentary rocks are classified
according to their mode of formation as follows :
i) Mechanically formed sedimentary rocks.
ii) Chemically formed sedimentary rocks.
iii) Organically formed sedimentary rocks.
iv) Residual sedimentary rocks. .
Mechanically formed sedimentary rocks are further

classified on the basis of their grain size as follows : Rudaceous sedimentary
rocks where average grain size > 2 mm, Arenaceous sedimentary rocks where
average grain size is between 2 mm -0.1 mm, Argillaceous sedimentary rocks
31
where average grain size less than 0.1 mm ii) Organically formed sedimentary
rocks include coal from wood, limestone from seashells and guano from excreta
of birds. Iii) chemically formed sedimentary rocks are usually precipitated
under water and compacted, eg.bog iron ore ,precipitated siliceous deposits like
chert iv] Residual sedimentary rocks: which are residual products obtained by
breaking down of igneous rocks e.g. Laterite rich in Fe 2O3 & MnO2 and
bauxite rich in Al hydroxide.
1] Shale
2] Sand stone showing ripple marks.
3) Ferrugenous Sandstone 4)Conglomerate
5) Breccia.
6) Limestone 7) Shell limestone or Fossiliferous limestone

8) Laterite
1) SHALE : A dirty gray or brown coloured, soft and earthy rock which is
composed of very fine grains of clay. The grains of the rock are not visible to
the naked eye. It splits easily along bedding planes. Name : SHALE ;
argillaceous, sedimentary rock.
2) SANDSTONE : showing ripple marks.lt is a fine grained, white, hard rock.
It shows an even grain size, lamination and ripple marks. Mineral composition :
Quartz as sand grains with an oily lustre
is the main mineral. Silica is present as cementing material. Name :
SANDSTONE : Arenaceous ,sedimentary rock.
3) FERRUGENOUS SANDSTONE showing current bedding. It is a fine
grained, reddish brown coloured hard rock. It shows an even grain size,
lamination and current bedding.
Mineral composition : Quartz as sand grains with an oily lustre is the main
mineral. Iron hydroxide is present as cementing material giving the rock a dark
red colour.. Name : SANDSTONE : Arenaceous ,sedimentary rock.
4) CONGLOMERATE :
32
It is a gray or brown coloured, coarse grained rock hich is usually hard and
compact.
Mineral Composition : Quartz or Jasper of gray or brown colour as large
rounded pebbles or grits.They form a major part of the rock. Silica, iron
hydroxide or lime is present as cementing material. Name : CONGLOMERATE
: mechanically formed, rudaceous sedimentary rock.
5) BRECCIA:
It is a gray, white or brown coloured sedimentary rock. It is very coarse grained
rock which is usually hard and compact. Mineral Composition : Quartz or
Jasper of gray or brown color as large angular pebbles or grits. They form a
major part of the rock. Silica, iron hydroxide or lime is present as cementing
material. Name : BRECCIA
: mechanically formed, rudaceous sedimentary
rock .
6) LIMESTONE:
It is a grey, whiteor brown coloured sedimentary rock.
It is a very fine grained rock which is usually hard and compact.
Mineral Composition : Lime of grey or brown colour as
very fine grains .It forms a major part of the rock. Silica, clay etc.
may be present as impurity.
Name : LIMESTONE : chemically precipitated, calcareous,
sedimentary rock.
7) SHELL LIMESTONE or FOSSILIFEROUS LIMESTONE: It is a grey,
whiteor brown coloured sedimentary rock. It consists of fine and coarse grained
organic shells which are usually stuck together to form the rock. Mineral
Composition : sea shells of different organisms form the major part of the rock.
They are lying in a haphazard manner. Clay, silica,iron hydroxide or lime is
33
present as cementing material. Name : BRECCIA
: Oranically formed
sedimentary rock .
8) LATERTTE :
It is a off- white and brown, mottled coloured sedimentary rock.
It is a very porous rock which usually hardens on exposure.
Mineral Composition : Hydroxides of iron and aluminium
as very fine grains .It forms a major part of the rock. Silica, clay etc.
may be present as impurity.
Name : LATERITE : Residual sedimentary rock formed by alteration
of basic igneous rocks.
34

Q.1
Q.2
Q.3
Describe theTextures of igneous rocks

Differentiate between Argillaceous and Rudaceous Sedimentary rocks.
Describe in details the igneous rock specimen from Table No. 1 to
Q.4
Table No.10
Describe in details the sedimentary rock specimen from Table No. 1 to
Q.5
Table No.10.
5 Describe in details the metamorphic rock specimen from Table No. 1
to Table No.10
35
EXPERIMENT NO. 16
Title:- Megascopic study of Meatamorphic Rocks
structures/textures
Supporting Resources used:- Metamorphic Rocks specimen
INTRODUCTION : The process by which physico-chemical changes are brought in

pre-existing roc: due to change in pressure, temperature and chemical composition of
rocks is called" Metamorphism.
A
rock in which such changes
are observed is called " Metamorphic rock." The
process metamorphism may occur in Igneous and Sedimentary rocks.

The changes brought about vary depending upon whether these changes are due to a
single agency > more agencies. The changes brought about are :
i) Recrystallisation :- consists of formation of new minerals or new crystals of the
same mineral.
ii) Rock flowage and granulation which includes realignment of minerals so that
minerals present the largest dimension in the direction of least stress and formation of
very fine fractures.
iii) Metasomatic replacement which includes change in mineral composition of rock
due to action ai chemically active fluids.
1) BIOTTTE SCHIST : A dark brown coloured shining rock showing platy mineral
having bliated textur Mineral Composition:
a) Biotite Mica: Occurs as black shing flakes.
b) Accessory minerals like tourmaline, quartz,garnet, zicon,felspar may be present.
Structure: Schistose.
Name: B iotite Schist, metamophic rock, formed by dynamo- thermal metamorphism
of clay.
2) BIOTTTE SCHIST : Rock showing folded structure.
36
Mineral Composition : Biotite mica ,Muscovite mica and sometimes Garnet.

Structure: Schistose.
3)BIOTITE GNEISS:
A brown black coloured,coarse grained rock. It shows alternate bands of dark and
light colours. Mineral Composition:
a)Biotite Mica: Occurs as black flake in dark bands.
b) Plagioclase felspar and quartz both form light bands. Structure: Gneissose structure.
Texture: Crystalloblastic
Name: Biotite gneiss, metamorphic derivative of granite or similar igneous rocks
formed by dynamo-thermal metamorphism.
4) QUARTZITE : It is a white or light brown coloured, hard and compact rock.
Mineral Composition : Quartz, occurs as small grains, white or grey coloured.
-Accessory : Mica flakes may be present. Texture: Coarse grained, Crystalloblastic
Structure : Granulose. Name: Quartzite ; metamorphic rock formed by dynamothermal metamorphism of sandstone during which the cementing material has been
recrystallised to form quartz,
5) PINK MARBLE : A coarse grained, light coloured, hard
and compact rock composed of holocrystaUine, equigranular crystals which are
closely inter grown. Mineral Composition:
(i) Calcite is the dominant mineral in the rock, ii ) Biotite Mica : a few flakes may be
present. Texture : Crystalloblastic Structure : granulose.
Name :
Pink or White Marble ; Metamorphic rock formed by the dynamo-thermal
metamorphism of . limestone. /
6) HORNBLENDE
SCHIST : A dark black, shining ,hard and compact rock
consisting of fine needh of Hornblende.

Mineral composition :
i)Hornblende occurs as black needle like prismatic crystals.
Texture : Crystalloblastic ;
Structure : Schistose.
Name : Hornblende schist, a metamorphic rock formed by dynamo-thermal

metamorphism of clay containing ferromagnesian material.
37
EXPERIMENT NO. 17
Title:- Drawing the Map No.01
Objectives of Experiment:- To study horizontal series of rock strata.
Supporting Resources used:-Single Horizontal Series Outcrop Map
-Drawing sheet
38
EXPERIMENT NO. 18
Objectives of Experiment:- To draw the cross section of inclined series of rock strata.
Supporting Resources used:-Single Inclined Series Outcrop Map
-Drawing sheet
39
EXPERIMENT NO. 19
Objectives of Experiment:- To study horizontal and inclined series of rock strata with
Angular unconformity.
Supporting Resources used:-Two Series Outcrop Map- Younger One Horizontal Series
and Older One Inclined series with unconformity.
-Drawing sheet
40
EXPERIMENT NO. 20
Objectives of Experiment:- To draw the cross section of inclined two series of rock
strata with dyke divided by an unconformity.
Supporting Resources used:- Two Series Outcrop Map- Both are Inclined series with
dyke.
Drawing sheet
41
EXPERIMENT NO. 21
Objectives of Experiment:- To draw the cross section of inclined two series of rock
strata with a sill.
Supporting Resources used:- Two Series Map- Both are Inclined series with sill.
-Drawing sheet
42
.
Q.1
Write Geography and Geomorphology (Topography) of the area
Q.2
Q.3
in a given geological outcrop map.

Write Geology of the area from given geological outcrop map.
Fraw the cross section along given X-Y line from geological
Procedure
outcrop map.
Draw strike lines.
Hints
Find strike direction.

Find true dip direction.
Find amount of true dip.
Find amount of apparent dip.
Find order of super position.
Find thickness of beds.
Repeat the same for all series in map.
Draw the cross sections.
43

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES

OBJECTIVES OF LABORATORY WORK

MAPPING OF LABORATORY OBJECTIVES WITH COs:

unknown mineral, it is scratched by the minerals of the scale in increasing order

6 ) CLEAVAGE : Cleavage of the property of some mineral crystals to split

green or black. When

colourless it is called ROCK CRYSTAL".

Crystal System : Hexagonal.

From : Crystalline, showing prismatic and pyramidal

Transparency : Transparent to translucent.

Specific Gravity : 2.65.

Crystal System : Hexagonal.

Form : Crystalline, as pyramidal crystals.

Cleavage : Absent. Fracture : Conchoidal.

Hardness : 7. Specific Gravity : 2.65.

Crystal System : Hexagonal.

Form : Crystalline, as pyramidal crystals.

Crystal System : Hexagonal.

Form : Crystalline, as pyramidal crystals.

Transparency : Translucent./ Transparent. Lustre .--Vitreous.

Specific Gravity : 2.65.

Uses : As semi-precious stones.

7. JASPER : It is a cryp to-crystalline variety of silica.

Spectic Gravity : 2.65

Chemical Composition : SiO2 + SiO2.nH20.

8. FLINT :: It is a crypto-crystalline variety of silica. It shows shades of grey

Crystal System : Absent.

Form : As cavity fillings in limestone solution cavities. Cleavage : Absent .

Hardness : 6.5. Specific Gravity : 2.65.

Crystal System : Absent.

Form :As vein filligns or as massive.

Fracture : Sub- Conchoidal.

Transparency : Translucent to opaque..

Specific Gravity : 2.65.

Chemical Composition ; Si .O 2 + Si.O2. nH2 O.

Form : As massive or as vein

fillings. Cleavage : Absent .

Lustre : Vitreous. Hardness:?.

Specific Gravity : 2.65.

Crystal System : Absent.

Form : As a cavity filling in rock cavities, as massive reniform or stalactitic.

Hardness : 5.5 to 6.0

Specific Gravity : 1.9 to 2.3.

Chemical Composition ; Si .O 2..n H2O. (H2O upto 10 % )

Colour : White ,yellow,pale to flesh red., also grey or green.

Crystal System : Monoclinic.

Form : Crystalline,; prismatic crystals ,also massive.

Transparency : Transparent to translucent. Lustre : Vitreous, pearly on cleavage

Chemical Composition; K.Al.Si3.O8.

Another variety : Moonstone has a pearly lustre and is transparent.

Streak : Not available.

Crystal System : Triclinic..

Form : Prismatic crystals often twinned..

Transparency : Translucent to opaque. Lustre : Vitreous to sub-vitreous..

Specific Gravity : 2.60 to 2.62

Chemical Composition ; Polysilicate of Na and Al with varying amounts

Colour : Colourless and transparent.

Crystal System : Monoclinic.

Form : Crystalline,,platy or flaky.

Transparency : Transparent to translucent.

Hardness: 2 . Specific Gravity : 2.7 to 2.8.

MICA Colour : Black., or brown..