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METHODS OF COOKING
EFFECTS OF HEAT ON FOODS
Foods are composed of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and water, plus small amounts of other
compounds such as minerals (including salt), vitamins, pigments (coloring agents),and flavor
elements.It is important to understand how these components react when heated or mixed
with other foods.You will then be better equipped to correct cooking faults when they occur
and to anticipate the effects of changing cooking methods, cooking temperatures, or
ingredient proportions. In other words,when you know why foods behave as they do,you can
understand how to get them to behave as you want them to.
Methods of Heat Transfer
The process of cooking requires the transfer of heat energy throughout the food by a
combination of conduction, convection and radiation.
Conduction
Heat is transferred through solids by conduction. This takes place in the
heating of
1. Solid food
2. Cooking equipment Solid materials such as metals which allow heat
energy to spread easily through them are termed good conductors
Convection
Heat is transferred through liquids and air by convection. This takes place in the heating of
1. The cooking medium
2. The air inside ovens.
Radiation
COOKING METHODS
Moist
method
Boiling
Blanching
Poaching
Steaming
Grilling
Griddling
Roasting
Baking
Frying
Combination
method
Braising
Stewing
3. Oven Roasting
Food is cooked in an oven by dry heat at quite high temperatures. A small amount of fat or
oil is used to stop the food drying out. Heat transfer Radiation, Convection, Conduction
Advantages
1. Minimal fire risk
2. Meat juices from the meat can be used for gravy which enhance the flavor
3. Gives a variety to the menu
Disadvantages
1. Constant attention is required
2. Losses of nutrients like amino acids
Safety Rules
1. The correct degree of cooking of meats must be accurately measured to protect
the consumer from parasitic worms and pathogenic bacteria.
2. Care should be taken when handling oven trays to prevent spillages of hot fat.
3. Safe practices should be observed in operational procedure, clothing and footwear.
BAKING
This is a dry method of cooking in an oven. The texture, surface, volume of baked
goods are modified by steam. This is produced by the food as it cooks or can be injected in
to the oven if required.
Heat transfer
The heat source in the oven radiates infrared heat energy and also heats the air in the oven
cavity directly and also heats the air in the oven cavity directly be producing convection
currents. The surface of the food will absorb heat from both sources and also from the hot
trays and racks by conduction.
Suitable foods and cooking procedures
The process of baking is usually associated with flour products; egg and milk dishes; fruit;
vegetables and fish. The baking of meat usually involves fat and is therefore classified as
roasting illustrates the application of the three methods to different foods and shows the
cooking procedures for the main groups of baked foods.
Advantages:
1. Flavour and texture are improved.
2. Variety of dishes can be made
3. Uniform and bulk cooking can be achieved e.g. bun and bread.
Disadvantages:
Special equipment and skill are required.
Safety Rules
1. Care is needed in moving heavily loaded trays, into and out of ovens to prevent burns
FRYING
Frying is a quick method of cooking food in hot oil or fat, but requires care and attention to
produce satisfactory results. Frying gives food a good flavour and colour.
Methods of Frying
1. Shallow Frying : This is a dry method of cooking. Foods to be shallow fried are cooked
in a small amount of fat or oil the level of fat can be any where from halfway up the side of
a food.
Heat Transfer
The food cooks by direct heat conduction from the metal surface. The frying medium may
aid the process if a sufficient depth is used or merely serve as a thin lubricating layer to stop
sticking and burning.
2. Deep Frying: Deep frying involves the complete immersion of food in hot fat or oil. It is
not in contact with any surface of the frying vessel.
Heat transfer conduction and convection.
a) Sauteing: Sauteing is tossing the food in the pan during cooking so that it cooks and
browns on all sides. The name comes from the French for 'to jump'. Some times the
food is described as sauteed even if it is too big to be tossed in the pan (Sauteed
Chicken) this simply means it has been turned so that it is browned all over.
b) Stir-fry: A traditional method of Chinese cookery used for fast frying vegetables and
thin strips of meat in a specially designed utensil termed a wok. The base of the wok
is rounded with high sides so that only a small amount of food is in contact with the heat
and there fore, stirring is the only action needed to control browning.
c) Meuniers: Literally this term means 'in the style of a miller's wife'. It describes a
method of cooking which applies mainly to fish. Fish cooked in this way is seasoned,
lightly floured (Presumably the connection with the miller) and shallow fried in butter or
oil. The fish is sprinkled with lemon juice, garnished with slice of lemon and finished
with beurre noisette and chopped parsley.
Advantages
1.
2.
3.
4.
Disadvantages
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Some times the food may become oily or soggy with too much absorption of oil.
More attention is required while cooking and care should be taken to avoid accidents.
The food becomes very expensive.
Fried food takes long time to digest.
Repeated use of heated oils may produce harmful substances and reduce the smoking
point.
Safety Rules
1. All operators must be trained not only to use the equipment, but also in fire drill
procedure.
2. The correct level of frying medium should be used.
3. The fryer must not be overloaded as this may cause hot oil/fat overflow.
4. Drain wet foods and then dry with absorbent paper. This prevents splatters of hot fat
reaching the skin of the food handler.
5. Pans must be moved carefully on the stove top to prevent splattering and burns.
Advantages
1. The application of heat is gentle, so foods with delicate texture may be cooked
without breaking up.
2. Poached foods are easily digested
3. No fat needs to be added to cook the food an advantage for people who want to
reduce the amount of fat in their diet.
Disadvantages
1. Poaching is not particularly suitable for large pieces of food
2. There is some flavour and nutrient loss from the food the cooking liquid.
3. There is little development in colour and flavour.
Safety Rules
1. Equipment should be matched to the quantity of food to prevent spillages.
2. Care should be taken in handling dishes which an brought to temperature on the top of
the stove and thin transferred to the oven.
2
BOILING:
This is a moist method of cooking in which foods are immersed in liquid which is either
at or brought to boiling point. This liquid may be water stock, milk or court bouillon.
Heat Transfer
Heat is conducted through the equipment surfaces to the liquid in contact with them. The
liquid transfers this heat to the food by convection currents. Heat is absorbed by the surface
of the food and passes through it by conduction and the food cooks.
Techniques associated with boiling
1. Simmering
This is gentle heat treatment which causes small bubbles to rise slowly from the liquid. The
food remains whole, with a better texture and more and flavour. The water does not
evaporate so quickly and less vigilance is required to maintain the correct level of liquid.
2. Parboiling
Parboiling is the boiling of food until it is only partially cooked. The food is placed in
boiling water for a short time from 1 to 5 minutes, or until the outside become soft. The
cooking process is then completed using another method. Potatoes for example may be
parboiled to reduce roasting time and to help brown them and give a crisper texture.
3. Blanching
Blanching does involve placing food in boiling water. Food is plunged into boiling water
for 1 to 2 minutes depending on the size of the food and then removed. It is then
immediately refreshed in cold water.
Advantages
1. Tougher, cheaper cuts of meat may be used.
2. Heat transfer is fairly rapid and efficient
3. The food is not likely to burn unless the water is allowed to evaporate completely.
4. The food remains moist and is not likely to dry out and become hard.
Disadvantages
1. Flavour and some colour may be lost from the food into liquid.
2. Loss of nutrients (especially water-soluble vitamins) may be high.
Safety Rules
1. The boiling utensil should be matched with the quantity of food to be cooked. If not
enough space is available water will spill as it boils.
2. The food handler should take care when placing foods into or removing items from,
boiling liquids.
3. When reducing liquids adequate ventilation should be available to remove steam from the
atmosphere. Condensation can cause slippery floors and dampness on electrical appliances.
3.STEAMING
This is a moist method of cooking using steam. The food is surrounded by steam under
varying degrees of pressure.
1. Atmospheric Steamers: This equipment is vented so that steam can escape and stop
pressure building up. This a slow method of cooking but has advantages which are
described later.
2. Convection Steamers: The steam is forced around the oven at high speed by means
of a fan or steam jets. Just as in forced convection ovens, this method increases the
heat transfer at the surface of the food and reduces cooking time.
Advantages
1. Healthy - No fats or other additives an needed for cooking.
2. No risk of burning food.
3. Ideal for those with poor digestions
Disadvantages
1. Can be slow
2. Warm-up time of large industrial steamers is slow and not economical unless it is fully
filled.
3. Meat and fish juices may be lost (They should be incorporated in to sauces wherever
possible).
COMBINATION METHODS OF COOKING
1. BRAISING
Description of the Process
This is a moist method of cooking using a tightly lidded cooking dish. The commodity is
usually placed on a bed of root vegetable and herbs with an appropriate quantity of liquid or
sauce.
Braising represents a combination of the following processes
Types of Stew
1. Blanquette: A stew cooked in stocks from which for sauce is made.
2. Fricassee: A stew in which the meat, poultry or firm is cooked in the sauce.
3. Navarin:. Refers to the rich dark lamb stew.
4. Ragout: Stew brown beef stew.
5. Bouillabaisse : A heavily fish are shell fish with saffron. A traditional specially of France
Advantages
1. Stewing is economical as cheaper cuts of meat may be used.
2. There is little loss of nutrients or moisture as any juices which escape from the
meat or vegetable become part of the sauce.
Disadvantages
1. Stews must be cooked for a long period to ensure tenderness and full flavor.
2. Some stews lack 'bite' and contrast in texture.
Safety Rules
1. Equipment should be matched to the quantity of food and liquid to prevent
spillages.
2. It is important to avoid scalds from steam when removing lids to check
consistency.
3. Safe practice should be observed in operational procedure, clothing and footwear.
Questions:
1. What are the aims and objectives of cooking?
2. Discuss the advantages of cooking.
Video links
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5kI56-gAr88
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