Seikowave Pipeline FFS

Pipeline Research Council International,
Inc.
Advances in Pipeline Fitness-for-Service
A PRCI Webinar
SEIKOWAVE
www.prci.org
We will cover
2
A brief review of corrosion damage assessment methods

Determination of burst pressure two examples
Integration with NDT tools
3D surface measurements
UT
Whats next?
Pit gage data entry interface
ASME B31G (2012), DNV RP-F101, Kastner
Q&A
www.prci.org
A BRIEF HISTORY OF CORROSION

DAMAGE ASSESSMENT METHODS FOR
PIPELINES
www.prci.org
Barlows Formula
4
Barlow's formula calculated the

maximum internal pressure that a pipe
can withstand using the dimensions
and material properties of the pipe
=
direction of flow
Where
P = burst pressure
so = allowable stress
t = pipe wall thickness
D = outside diameter of the pipe
www.prci.org
Maxeys Surface Flaw Equation

5
L
d
Developed in the 1960s to describe the impact of flaws on

reducing the maximum pressure of a pipe; modifies the
stress based on the surface flaw geometry
1

1
Where
direction of flow
=
=
=
0.82
1+
www.prci.org
Corrosion Assessment Failure Prediction

6
Based on concepts pioneered by Maxey and Kiefner

Modifications to Barlows formula to account for surface flaws
First ASME B31G standard in 1991

Subsequent revisions in 2009, and 2012
RSTRENG
Based on a more detailed assessment of the shape of the corrosion damage
Incorporates more accurate Folias factors
Original development by John F. Kiefner while at Battelle Memorial Institute
Ongoing development and advancement supported by PRCI
www.prci.org
Original B31G
7
=
Where
2
1 3
2
1
3
2
=
3
Parabolic defect model for defects

L
d
direction of flow
= 1.1
=
L = defect length
d = maximum defect depth
D = pipe diameter
SMYS = Specified Minimum Yield Strength
For defects defined as 20
0.82
1+
www.prci.org
Original B31G
Rectangular defect model for long defects

L
d
=
Where
direction of flow
= 1.1
L = defect length
D = pipe diameter
For defects defined as > 20
www.prci.org
Bulging stress magnification factor

(Folias factor) depends on defect length
0.85dL Method
9
Where
1 0.85
1 0.85
direction of flow
= 0.85
= + 10,000
2
2
1 + 0.6275
0.003375
L = defect length
D = pipe diameter
For defects defined as 50
www.prci.org
0.85dL Method
Bulging stress magnification factor

(Folias factor) depends on defect length
10
Where
1 0.85
1 0.85
direction of flow
= 0.85
= + 10,000
2
= 0.032
+ 3.3
L = defect length
D = pipe diameter
For defects defined as > 50
www.prci.org
Comparison
11
Criterion
Flow stress
Defect area
Original B31G
0.85dL Method
Effective Area
1.1SMYS
2

3
SMYS + 10,000psi
SMYS + 10,000psi
0.85
Effective Area
20
50
50
Folias factors
Defect model
Corrosion Profile
Pressure model
Transition length
Improved performance achieved by adjusting the bulging stress magnification factor (Folias factor) for the length of the defect
and maintaining a single failure stress (pressure) model
Effective area is the best method for estimating the remaining strength of the pipe (hence the term rstreng)
www.prci.org
ASME B31G Folias Factor Comparison

12
12
10
31 =
1+
0.82
0.85 =
0.85
2
= 0.032 + 3.3
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
2
2
1 + 0.6275 0.003375
120
2
50
2
> 50
www.prci.org
13
Maxeys Surface Flaw Equation

A second look
L
Whats the best

method to
estimate the area
of damage, A?
direction of flow
=
=
t
=
D
= Bulging stress magnification
factor (Folias factor)
www.prci.org
Effective Area
14
Better calculation of the area of damage

Does not depend on a specific defect model
Parabolic, rectangular, or otherwise
Requires detailed data regarding the shape of the infrastructure damage

One step closer to a FEA (finite element analysis) for damage assessment
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15
DETERMINATION OF BURST PRESSURE

TWO EXAMPLES
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16
Broad area
corrosion
Data collected
using a 3D surface
measurement tool
www.prci.org
17
Corrosion damage
analyzed to
determine depth
and extent of metal
loss
www.prci.org
18
www.prci.org
Fitness for Service Determination

19
ASME B31G-2012 Revision
www.prci.org
20
Defect length = 12.389
20 = 17.321
Area model for ASME B31G (1991)

2
31 = = 1.148 2
3
Area model of 0.85dL
0.85 = 0.85 = 1.464 2
Area model Effective Area
= 0.860 2
www.prci.org
Area Estimate Comparison
Corrosion (River bottom) Profile
21
Effective Area
Defines Original ASME B31G

boundary for area estimation
Defines 0.85dL boundary
for area estimation

2
31 = = 1.148 2
3
0.85 = 0.85 = 1.464 2
= 0.860 2
www.prci.org
22
Isolated pits that

likely interact to
form a single
defect
Data collected
using a 3D surface
measurement tool
www.prci.org
23
Isolated pits that

likely interact to
form a single
defect
Data collected
using a 3D surface
measurement tool
www.prci.org
24
Defect length = 141mm
20 = 225

2
31 = = 408 2
3

0.85 = 0.85 = 520 2
= 263 2
www.prci.org
Corrosion (River bottom) Profile

25
Defines 0.85dL boundary

for area estimation
Defines Original ASME

B31G boundary for area
estimation
www.prci.org
26
INTEGRATION WITH NDT TOOLS
27
www.prci.org
Integration with NDT tools

27
Seikowave Tools
3DSL Rhino
3D Toolbox
Ultrasound
Olympus
Other 3D surface measurement tools

Handyscan 700
Coordinate Measurement Machines (e.g. Mitutoyo)
Need 3D data in
ply or stl format
www.prci.org
28
WHATS NEXT?
www.prci.org
29
Complexity
Difficult to acquire the
data
Difficult to perform the
calculation
Conservatism
More conservative
generally means more
cost to maintain
www.prci.org
30
ASME B31G-2012 includes

Expanded definition of flow stress
Applicability to metal loss in field bends,
induction bends and elbows
ASMEB31G-2012 does not include
Preferential corrosion affecting pipe
seams or girth welds
Metal loss in fittings other than bends
and elbows
www.prci.org
ASME B31G (2012) Flow Stress

31
Material
SMYS
Temperature
Flow Stress
Carbon Steel
T < 250F (120C)
Carbon Steel
and low-alloy
Steel
70 (483MPa) T < 250F (120C)
sflow = 1.1 X SMYS

sflow < SMTS
sflow = SMYS + 10kpsi (69MPa)
sflow < SMTS
Carbon Steel
and low-alloy
Steel
80 (551MPa)
sflow = (sYT + sUT)/2

sYT and sUT are specified at the
operating temperature (YT is
the yield strength and UT is the
ultimate strength in tension)
ASME B31G-2012 Revision
www.prci.org
Flow Stress Examples

32
SMYS
ksi
SMTS
Mpa
ksi
SMYS + 10kpsi
(69MPa)
(SMYS+SMTS)/2
1.1 SMYS
Mpa
ksi
Mpa
ksi
Mpa
ksi
Mpa
X65
65
448
77
531
71.5
493
75
517
71
490
X80
80
551
90
621
88
607
90
621
85
587
X100
100
690
110
759
110
759
110
759
105
725
2
=
2
3
2
1 3
1
For X65, Pburst is higher when using SMYS + 10kpsi

For X80, SMYS + 10kpsi equals SMTS
For X100, 1.1SMYS and SMYS + 10kpsi = SMTS
Subject of ongoing PRCI studies
Average of SMYS and SMTS is more conservative but
ASME B31G-2012 does not cover pipe with SMYS > 80kpsi
www.prci.org
Remaining Strength Assessment

33
Whats Available Now

Original ASME B31G
Modified 0.85dL
Effective Area
API 579
Level 1 and Level 2
Whats Next (Q2 2016)

Pit Gage Data Entry
Robotic Collection
Additional Capabilities
Expanded definition of flow stress
DNV RP-F101
Per DNV RP-F101, applicable for corrosion
in girth welds and seam welds
Applicable for temperatures above 250F
(120C)
Kastner (Circumferential corrosion

analysis)
Better solution for examining extensive
circumferential corrosion
www.prci.org
Pit Gage Data Entry

34
Data from NDT tools is

not always available
Sometimes a pit gage is
all you have
Data entry in a grid

format that matches the
grid drawn on the
pipeline
Integrates with existing
database
Integrates with existing
flaw detection and
interaction rule software
Integrates with Pipeline
FFS for fitness for service
calculations
0.000
0.000
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0.034
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0.035
0.000
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0.000
0.036
0.050
0.058
0.056
0.038
0.000
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0.034
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0.039
0.052
0.060
0.059
0.048
0.000
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0.037
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0.040
0.052
0.054
0.221
0.049
0.042
0.041
0.036
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0.048
0.000
0.033
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0.040
0.038
0.139
0.111
0.045
0.000
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0.045
0.090
0.122
0.038
0.037
0.041
0.041
0.000
0.000
0.036
0.037
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0.036
0.038
0.041
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0.000
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0.000
0.000
0.037
0.038
0.041
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0.039
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.035
0.039
0.038
0.039
0.039
0.034
0.000
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0.000
0.034
0.034
0.000
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0.000
0.000
0.000
www.prci.org
35
36
www.prci.org
Robotic data collection

36
Seikowave robotic systems

can move omnidirectionally over surfaces
and can be operated
remotely enabling
collection of
3D inspection data
Other inspection data (e.g. UT,
eddy current)
Untethered
Able to operate as far as 300
meters from the base station
(1) Photos courtesy of Asahi and ExxonMobil
Seikowave systems
navigating and
measuring inside and
outside of pipes (1)
www.prci.org
FEA Under Development

37
< 1

More work still needed but shows promise
www.prci.org
38
February 2-4, 2016 at the Omni San Diego Hotel in San Diego, CA
COME TO THE PRCI RESEARCH

EXCHANGE TO LEARN MORE

Seikowave Pipeline FFS

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Pipeline Research Council International,

A brief review of corrosion damage assessment methods

A BRIEF HISTORY OF CORROSION

Barlow's formula calculated the

Maxeys Surface Flaw Equation

Developed in the 1960s to describe the impact of flaws on

Corrosion Assessment Failure Prediction

Based on concepts pioneered by Maxey and Kiefner

First ASME B31G standard in 1991

Parabolic defect model for defects

Rectangular defect model for long defects

Bulging stress magnification factor

Bulging stress magnification factor

ASME B31G Folias Factor Comparison

Maxeys Surface Flaw Equation

Whats the best

= Bulging stress magnification

factor (Folias factor)

Better calculation of the area of damage

Requires detailed data regarding the shape of the infrastructure damage

DETERMINATION OF BURST PRESSURE

Fitness for Service Determination

ASME B31G-2012 Revision

Defect length = 12.389

Area model for ASME B31G (1991)

Area Estimate Comparison

Corrosion (River bottom) Profile

Defines Original ASME B31G

Area model for ASME B31G (1991)

Isolated pits that

Isolated pits that

Defect length = 141mm

Area model for ASME B31G (1991)

Area model of 0.85dL

Corrosion (River bottom) Profile

Defines 0.85dL boundary

Defines Original ASME

INTEGRATION WITH NDT TOOLS

Integration with NDT tools

Other 3D surface measurement tools

ASME B31G-2012 includes

ASME B31G (2012) Flow Stress

T < 250F (120C)

70 (483MPa) T < 250F (120C)

sflow = 1.1 X SMYS

sflow = (sYT + sUT)/2

ASME B31G-2012 Revision

Flow Stress Examples

For X65, Pburst is higher when using SMYS + 10kpsi

Remaining Strength Assessment

Whats Available Now

Whats Next (Q2 2016)

Kastner (Circumferential corrosion

Pit Gage Data Entry

Data from NDT tools is

Data entry in a grid

Robotic data collection

Seikowave robotic systems

FEA Under Development

More work still needed but shows promise

COME TO THE PRCI RESEARCH

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