TRNG I HC CN TH

KHOA S PHM
B MN S PHM VT L

LUN VN TT NGHIP

C TNH SIU DN V NG DNG

CA VT LIU GRAPHENE

Ging vin hng dn:

Th. S. Dng Quc Chnh Tn

Sinh vin thc hin:

Ng Ch Ti
Lp: S phm Vt L K36
MSSV: 1100251

Cn Th (05/2014)

TRNG I HC CN TH
KHOA S PHM
B MN S PHM VT L

LUN VN TT NGHIP

C TNH SIU DN V NG DNG

CA VT LIU GRAPHENE

Cn Th (05/2014)

LI CM N
Trc ht em xin gi li cm n chn thnh n Cha, M cc anh ch to
iu kin cho em c hc tp ng thi cng l ch da tinh thn trong sut thi
gian em hc tp ti trng.
Em xin chn thnh cm n Khoa S phm Trng i hc Cn Th bi
dng, o to v l ni gip em hc tp v nghin cu gip em khi lng tng khi
lm lun vn tt nghip, mt khc gip chng em nhng sinh vin
S phm dn lm quen vi nghin cu khoa hc.
Em xin chn thnh cm n s ging dy ca cc thy c trng i hc
Cn Th, c bit l thy c Khoa S phm cung cp nhiu kin thc cho em
trong sut nhng nm hc qua em c th lm tt lun vn ny.
V cui cng, em c bit cm n thy Dng Quc Chnh Tn, mc d trong
qu trnh lm cng, np bn nhp n hon thnh bn chnh em c nhiu sai
st v ni dung cng nh hnh thc trnh by, nhng nh s nhit tnh hng dn
ca thy m em khc phc nhng kh khn hon thnh lun vn ca mnh.

Sinh vin thc hin:

Ng Ch Ti

LI CAM OAN
Em xin cam oan rng ti ny do chnh em thc hin di s hng dn
trc tip ca thy Tn, cc s liu thu thp, kt qu phn tch cng nh l lun trong
ti l trung thc, ti khng trng vi bt k ti nghin cu khoa hc no.

Cn Th, ngy 01 thng 05 nm 2014

Sinh vin thc hin

Ng Ch Ti

ii

MC LC

PHN M U .................................................................................................... 1
1. L DO CHN TI .......................................................................................... 1
2. MC TIU NGHIN CU .................................................................................. 1
3. I TNG NGHIN CU............................................................................... 1
4. NHIM V NGHIN CU ................................................................................. 2
5. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU ........................................................................ 2
6. CC GIAI ON THC HIN.......................................................................... 2

PHN NI DUNG................................................................................................ 3
CHNG 1 ................................................................................................................ 3
GII THIU CHUNG V VT LIU GRAPHENE ............................................ 3
1.1 TNG QUAN V CNG NGH NANO.......................................................... 3
1.1.1 Khi nim cng ngh nano ........................................................................... 3
1.1.2 Phn loi vt liu nano .................................................................................. 7
1.1.3 Mt s nguyn l v hiu ng lng t ........................................................ 8
1.1.4 Graphene, c s nhiu loi vt liu nano ccbon ........................................ 9
1.1.4.1 Cc dng th hnh ca ccbon ................................................................ 9
1.1.4.2 S bo co khoa hc v graphene tng vt, graphene cn l n v c
bn ch to ra qu bng C60, ng nano hay graphite. ................................ 10
1.2 GII THIU V GRAPHENE ........................................................................ 11
1.2.1 Con ng tm kim th gii 2 chiu .......................................................... 11
1.2.2 Vt liu graphene, vt liu ca th k XXI ................................................. 12
1.2.2.1 Tng quan v vt liu............................................................................. 12
1.2.2.2 Mt s tnh cht vt l ca graphene ..................................................... 12
1.2.3 Ch to vt liu ............................................................................................ 16
1.2.3.1 Ch to th cng (phng php bng keo Scotch) ............................... 16
1.2.3.2 Ch to trong phng th nghim ............................................................ 17
1.2.3.3 Ch to trong cng nghip .................................................................... 17
CHNG 2 .............................................................................................................. 19
GRAPHENE T VT LIU NANO TI VT LIU SIU DN .................... 19
2.1 VT LIU SIU DN ...................................................................................... 19
2.1.1 Khi nim hin tng siu dn ................................................................... 19
iii

2.1.1.1 in tr ca kim loi ............................................................................. 19

2.1.1.2 Khi nim hin tng siu dn .............................................................. 19
2.1.1.3 Mt s tnh cht ca siu dn ................................................................ 21
2.1.2 Vi nt v lch s tm kim vt liu siu dn .............................................. 22
2.1.3 Phn loi vt liu siu dn .......................................................................... 24
2.2 C TNH SIU DN CA GRAPHENE .................................................... 24
2.2.1 Bo co v tnh siu dn ca graphene ...................................................... 24
2.2.2 Gii thch c tnh siu dn ca graphene theo quan im c in v
quan im lng t .............................................................................................. 25
2.2.2.1 L thuyt BCS v b tc trong vic gii thch tnh siu dn graphene .. 25
2.2.2.2 Theo tnh cht lng t ......................................................................... 27
2.3 MT S HIU NG QUAN TRNG ..... Error! The nh du khng c
xc inh.
2.3.1 Hiu ng ng hm Klein d thng ....................................................... 36
2.3.2 Hiu ng Hall lng t ............................................................................... 38
2.3.2.1 Hiu ng Hall lng t l g? ............................................................... 38
2.3.2.2 Hiu ng Hall lng t trong tinh th graphene .................................. 38
2.4 MT S NG DNG KHAI THC C TNH SIU DN CA VT
LIU.......................................................................................................................... 39
2.4.1 Ch to transistor graphene trn nn SiO2 ................................................. 40
2.4.2 Dy dn in siu dn ................................................................................. 42
2.4.3 Pin mt tri th h mi ................................................................................ 43
2.4.3.1 t vn .............................................................................................. 43
2.4.3.2 Pin mt tri th h mi - tng lai ca mt cuc cch mng nng
lng. ................................................................................................................. 43
2.4.4 Siu t in................................................................................................... 45
CHNG 3 .............................................................................................................. 46
MT S I HI CP THIT V CC THCH THC KHAI THC
V PHT TRIN VT LIU GRAPHENE ........................................................ 46
3.1 MT S HIU NG LNG T PHT HIN KHI GIM KCH
THC XUNG NANOMT............................................................................... 46
3.2 I HI PHT TRIN O LNG V NANO V A RA CC IU
KIN TIU CHUN ............................................................................................... 46
3.3 O TO NGUN NHN LC V U T TI CHNH ...................... 47
3.3.1 Vn gio dc............................................................................................ 47
3.3.2 Vn u t ti chnh ............................................................................... 48
iv

3.3.3 Vn thng mi ho ............................................................................... 49

3.4 NHNG THCH THC T RA CHO K THUT V VN MI
TRNG ................................................................................................................. 51
3.4.1 Cc thch thc ............................................................................................. 51
3.4.2 Mt tri ca cng ngh nano ...................................................................... 52

PHN KT LUN ............................................................................................. 53

1. NHN XT .......................................................................................................... 53
2. KT LUN CHUNG........................................................................................... 53

TI LIU THAM KHO ................................................................................ 55

DANH SCH BNG

Bng 1.1: So snh c tnh gia thp v cc vt liu ccbon..15

DANH SCH HNH

Hnh 1.1 nh chp t STM, AFM ca Silic (1), b mt graphite (2), b mt HOPG
(3). Thao tc vi tng nguyn t mt (di)..5
Hnh 1.2 Ch to vt liu cu trc nano theo hai phng php..7
Hnh 1.3: S bi bo co v graphene. Graphene l n v c bn lm ra qu bng
C60, ng than nano v graphite..10
Hnh 1.4 M phng khng gian graphene.12
Hnh 1.5: Lp bong graphene t than ch c tch ra bi bng keo a), c) Nhng lp
bong cho nhiu mu sc bi dy khc nhau di knh hin vi quang hc b) Minh
ho bng keo cc dnh d)...16
Hnh 1.6 Ch to graphene t oxit graphite trong phng th nghim bng phng
php camera flash..18
Hnh 2.1: th biu din th nghim ca Onnes.20
Hnh 2.2: Chn dung mt s nh khoa hc nghin cu v vt liu siu dn.23
Hnh 2.3: M hnh Kronig-Penney28
Hnh 2.4: Tr ring E trong m hnh Kronig-Penney bng phng php th ..30
Hnh 2.5: Cu trc vng nng lng ca in t trong trng tun hon.31
Hnh 2.6 Cu trc vng nng lng ca in t32
Hnh 2.7: Cu trc mng tinh th graphene vng Bruiluin th nht.....32
Hnh 2.8: Cu trc vng nng lng ca graphene...35
Hnh 2.9: in tr sut (dc) ca graphene vo cc iu kin .....36
Hnh 2.10: Hiu ng Hall lng t d thng graphene39
Hnh 2.11: Cu trc ca transistor graphene.41
Hnh 2.12: M hnh cp siu dn dng trong thng tin.42
Hnh 2.13: M phng pin mt tri c ch to t graphene.44

vi

DANH MC T, CM T VIT TT
AFM:

Atomic force microscopy- Knh hin vi lc nguyn t.

C C:

Lin kt ccbon v ccbon.

EURO:

n v tin t ca Lin minh chu u.

Fermion:

H ht spin bn nguyn.

HOPG:

Highly Oriented Pyrolitic Graphite

L thuyt BCS:

BCS l vit tt tn ba nh khoa hc John Bardeen,

Leon Cooper v Robert Schrieffer.

NIST:

National Institute for Standard TechnologyVin Quc gia v Tiu chun Cng ngh ca M.

QED:

Quantum Electrodynamics-in ng lc hc lng t.

STM:

Scanning Tunneling Microscope - knh hin vi qut s dng

hiu ng ng ngm.

USD:

United States Dollar- -la M-n v tin t ca M.

WEC:

World Energy Council-Hi ng nng lng th gii.

vii

PHN M U
1. L DO CHN TI
Th gii hin nay bc vo th k XXI vi s pht trin nh v bo ca
khoa hc v cng ngh trong cng ngh nano c xem nh cng ngh ca
th k XXI. Song song vi vic hi nhp kinh t th gii l mt xu th tt yu ca
cc nc kinh t ang pht trin th vic tip cn tri thc mi, cng ngh mi cng
i hi nhiu thch thc c bit l tri thc khoa hc. Mun tip cn nhanh nn kinh
t tin tin cng nh khoa hc cng ngh cao phi c tri thc v nhn lc c o
to bi bn v cng l thch thc t ra cho ngnh gio dc nc ta.
Graphene l mt loi vt liu mi, c ch to thnh cng ln u vo nm
2004 v k t cho n nay c rt nhiu nghin cu c v l thuyt ln thc
nghim vi s gia tng nhanh s lng cc bo co khoa hc lin quan n vt liu.
S d m graphene c cc nh khoa hc tht s quan tm nh vo cc c tnh c
bit khc vi cc loi vt liu thng.
Ho theo xu th ca th gii, ca thi i th vt liu nano v cc ng dng
ca n ang l tm im nghin cu hin nay trong c graphene, mt vt liu vi
rt nhiu c tnh u vit trong phi k n tnh siu dn ca vt liu.
ti c tnh siu dn v ng dng ca vt liu graphene l mt ti
nghin cu khoa hc xoay quanh cc vn nh gii thiu v vt liu nano, cc ng
dng v kh nng u vit ca vt liu c bit l c tnh siu dn. Nhm gip cc
bn sinh vin c thm ti liu nghin cu cng nh hc tp.
ti ny chn chn khng th trnh khi cc thiu xt cn b sung, sa
cha, hi vng cc c gi, hi ng thm nh lun vn sau khi c v xem xt c
nhng nhn xt hay gp ti c th b sung, sa cha c bi lun vn hon
chnh hn.

2. MC TIU NGHIN CU
Tm hiu khi qut v khoa hc nano, vt liu nano, cc phng php ch to
v hng ng dng trong thc tin. Nghin cu kh nng siu dn cng nh c
tnh siu dn graphene trn c s l thuyt, t p dng cc c tnh vo trong
i sng cng nh sn xut.

3. I TNG NGHIN CU
i tng nghin cu: vt liu c c tnh siu dn (graphene) v mt s ng
dng c lin quan.

4. NHIM V NGHIN CU
Nghin cu con ng tm ra vt liu siu dn, vt liu graphene. Xy dng
v vn dng cc kin thc hc gii thch, cng c t vn dng vo trong
thc tin p ng nhu cu i hi ngy cng cao ca nhn loi.

5. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

Phng php thu thp s liu t internet, phn tch sau tng hp, kt hp
vn dng kin thc hc t a n kt lun khoa hc.

6. CC GIAI ON THC HIN

-u thng 08/2013 xin ti t cn b hng dn.
-T thng 08/2013 n 09/2013 np cng cho cn b hng dn cn
b hng dn xem xt, duyt cng,
-T thng 09/2013 n 01/2014 thu thp, tng hp s liu, hon thnh lun
vn s b.
-T thng 01/2014 n 04/2014 in v np lun vn s b cho cn b hng
dn sa cha, cng c, b sung kin thc
-u 05/2014 chnh thc hon thnh lun vn v bo co.

PHN NI DUNG
CHNG 1
GII THIU CHUNG V VT LIU GRAPHENE
1.1 TNG QUAN V CNG NGH NANO
1.1.1 Khi nim cng ngh nano
T nano c ngun gc t ch Hy lp: nannos ngha l nh b, thp ln.
Theo quy nh quc t tin t nano tng ng 10-9 v c vit tc l n, th d:
1ng = 10-9g, 1nm = 10-9 m. Ta c th hnh dung mt nanomt chnh l kch thc
ca 10 nguyn t Hir hay 5 nguyn t Silic.
Thut ng cng ngh nano (nanotechnology) ln u tin c nu bi
Taniguchi vo nm 1974 ch cng ngh nhm gia cng chnh xc vt liu n
kch thc t 100 n 0,1 nm. Theo K. Eric Drexler (1986) th im c bit ca
cng ngh ny l theo hng t nh n to, l hng iu khin lp ghp hoc t
lp ghp cc nguyn t, phn t to ra nhng c my t hon c chc nng nh t
bo ca c th sng c kh nng t sao chp.
Cng ngh nano, (nanotechnology) l ngnh cng ngh lin quan n vic
thit k, phn tch, ch to v ng dng cc cu trc, thit b v h thng bng vic
iu khin hnh dng, kch thc trn quy m nanomt (1 nm = 109 m). Ranh gii
gia cng ngh nano v khoa hc nano i khi khng r rng, tuy nhin chng u
c chung i tng l vt liu nano. Vi cng ngh nano, kch thc chnh xc ca
nguyn t khng quan trng bng vic n gn vi nhng phn nh nht ca vt cht
m con ngi c th thao tc, iu khin c. Cng ngh nano bao gm cc vn
chnh sau y:

C s khoa hc ca cng ngh nano.

C ba c s khoa hc nghin cu cng ngh nano.

- Chuyn tip t tnh cht c in n tnh cht lng t: i vi vt liu v

m gm rt nhiu nguyn t, cc hiu ng lng t c trung bnh ha vi rt
nhiu nguyn t (1 m3 c khong 1012 nguyn t) v c th b qua cc thng
ging ngu nhin. Nhng cc cu trc nano c t nguyn t hn th cc tnh cht
lng t th hin r rng hn. V d mt chm lng t c th c coi nh mt i
nguyn t, n c cc mc nng lng ging nh mt nguyn t.
- Hiu ng b mt: Khi vt liu c kch thc nm, s nguyn t nm trn b
mt s chim t l ng k so vi tng s nguyn t. Chnh v vy cc hiu ng c
lin quan n b mt, gi tt l hiu ng b mt s tr nn quan trng lm cho tnh
cht ca vt liu c kch thc nanomt khc bit so vi vt liu dng khi.
3

- Kch thc ti hn: Cc tnh cht vt l, ha hc ca cc vt liu u c mt

gii hn v kch thc. Nu vt liu m nh hn kch thc ny th tnh cht ca n
hon ton b thay i. Ngi ta gi l kch thc ti hn. Vt liu nano c tnh
cht c bit l do kch thc ca n c th so snh c vi kch thc ti hn ca
cc tnh cht ca vt liu. V d in tr ca mt kim loi tun theo nh lut Ohm
kch thc v m m ta thy hng ngy. Nu ta gim kch thc ca vt liu xung
nh hn qung ng t do trung bnh ca in t trong kim loi, m thng c gi
tr t vi n vi trm nm, th nh lut Ohm khng cn ng na. Lc in tr
ca vt c kch thc nano s tun theo cc quy tc lng t. Khng phi bt c vt
liu no c kch thc nano u c tnh cht khc bit m n ph thuc vo tnh cht
m n c nghin cu. Cc tnh cht khc nh tnh cht in, tnh cht t, tnh cht
quang v cc tnh cht ha hc khc u c di ti hn trong khong nm.

Phng php quan st v can thip qui m nanomt:

Nm 1959, Richard Feynman (1918-1988), nh Vt l li lc ngi M gc

Do thi trong mt bi ging ca mnh hi Vt l M tin on v tin tng v
vic con ngi c th to ra cc linh kin ngy cng nh hn vi cng nng ngy
cng ln hn. Mt s tin on ca ng:
- My tnh c cc mch dn in vi rng khng qu kch thc ca 100 nguyn
t.
- Knh hin vi c th nhn thy cc nguyn t ring r.
- Nhng c my c th thao tc vi tng nguyn t mt.
- Cc mch in t s dng cc linh kin hot ng trn c s cc mc nng lng
c lng t ho, hoc cc tng tc ca spin c lng t ho.
Mt trong nhng thit b c s dng nhiu trong cng ngh nano l knh
hin vi qut s dng hiu ng ng ngm (Scanning Tunneling Microscope STM). N ch yu bao gm mt u d cc nh c th qut trn b mt. Tuy nhin,
do u d ny ch cch b mt ca vt cn quan st vo khong vi nguyn t v u
d c cu trc tinh vi vi kch thc c chng khong vi phn t hay nguyn t,
cho hiu ng c lng t xy ra. Khi u d c qut trn b mt, do hiu ng
ng ngm, cc in t c th vt qua khong khng gian gia b mt ca vt
liu v u d. K thut ny lm cho mt my tnh c th xy dng v phng i
nhng hnh nh ca phn t v nguyn t ca vt cht.
Cng vi s pht trin vt tri ca khoa hc v cng ngh cc tin on ca
Feynman dn c kim chng. Vic ra i STM, AFM to iu kin cc nh
khoa hc c th quan st cu trc tinh th n tng nguyn t mt hay c th thao
tc mt cch d dng trn quy m nguyn t. Ngi ta c th to ra cc u d
siu nhn vi u nhn c th t kch thc ca mt nguyn t dng trong u d
4

ca AFM. Intel, hng sn xut chip my tnh hng u th gii c th thao tc

trn kch thc 22nm (khong 100 nguyn t Si) c th ch to con chip my
tnh nh gn trong lng bn tay nhng cha hng t transistor. Cng ngh quang
khc cng cho php con ngi c th ch to mt s linh kin t n kch thc
10 nanomt. Cc thnh tu ca n lm thay i hon ton din mo ca x hi.
Vic s dng hai trng thi spin ca in t c thc hin trong phng
th nghim. Mt s linh kin cho kt qu kh kh quan nh cc transistor mt
in t ring r (SET) v chng cho thy vai tr ca mnh khi ch vn chuyn
mt spin ring r (SSET) cc spin c lng t ho. Hin nay vic lng t
ho nng lng ca nguyn t vi mc ch s dng trong cc vi mch in t ang
c con ngi ch trng, trong tng lai khng xa con ngi chc chn s a
tin on ca Faynman tr thnh hin thc.

Hnh 1.1 nh chp t STM, AFM ca Silic (1), b mt graphite (2), b mt HOPG (3).
Thao tc vi tng nguyn t mt (di).

Ch to vt liu nano:

Vt liu nano c ch to bng hai phng php: phng php t trn

xung (top-down) v phng php t di ln (bottom-up). Phng php t trn
xung l phng php to ht kch thc nano t cc ht c kch thc ln hn;
phng php t di ln l phng php hnh thnh ht nano t cc nguyn t.
- Phng php t trn xung. Phng php ny c hnh thnh t khong t
nhng nm 1960 v y cng l phng php chim u th gn nh tuyt i.
Nguyn l chung ca phng php ny l dng k thut nghin v bin dng
bin vt liu th khi vi t chc ht th thnh c ht kch thc nano. y l
phng php n gin, r tin nhng rt hiu qu, c th tin hnh cho nhiu loi
vt liu vi kch thc kh ln. Trong phng php nghin, vt liu dng bt
5

c trn ln vi nhng vin bi c lm t cc vt liu rt cng v t trong mt

ci ci. My nghin c th l nghin lc, nghin rung hoc nghin quay. Cc vin bi
cng va chm vo nhau v ph v bt n kch thc nano. Kt qu thu c l vt
liu nano khng chiu (cc ht nano). Phng php bin dng c s dng vi cc
k thut c bit nhm to ra s bin dng cc ln m khng lm ph hu vt
liu. Nhit c th c iu chnh ty thuc vo tng trng hp c th. Nu
nhit gia cng ln hn nhit kt tinh li th c gi l bin dng nng, cn
ngc li th c gi l bin dng ngui. Kt qu thu c l cc vt liu nano mt
chiu (dy nano) hoc hai chiu (lp c chiu dy nm). Ngoi ra, hin nay ngi ta
thng dng cc phng php quang khc to ra cc cu trc nano. Trong
phng php quang khc, mu vi kch thc ln s c gia cng nhm to mu
theo yu cu nh vo tc dng ho hc ca mt s cht khi chu s kch thch ca
nh sng, nhng vng khng cn thao tc s c che chn bi mn chn. Sn phm
thu c c tnh n nh cao v c cu trc nh mu thit k.
- Phng php t di ln. Nguyn l ca phng php ny l hnh thnh vt
liu nano t cc nguyn t hoc ion. Phng php t di ln c pht trin rt
mnh m v tnh linh ng v cht lng ca sn phm cui cng. Phn ln cc vt
liu nano m chng ta dng hin nay c ch to t phng php ny. Phng
php t di ln c th l phng php vt l, phng php ha hc hoc kt hp c
hai.
+ Phng php vt l: l phng php to vt liu nano t nguyn t
hoc nguyn t chuyn pha hnh thnh vt liu nano c to ra t phng php
vt l: bc bay nhit (t, phn x, phng in h quang). Phng php chuyn pha:
vt liu c nung nng ri cho ngui vi tc nhanh thu c trng thi v
nh hnh, x l nhit xy ra chuyn pha v nh hnh - tinh th (kt tinh)
(phng php ngui nhanh). Phng php vt l thng c dng to cc ht
nano, mng nano, v d: cng my tnh.
+ Phng php ha hc: l phng php to vt liu nano t cc ion. Phng
php ha hc c c im l rt a dng v ty thuc vo vt liu c th m ngi ta
phi thay i k thut ch to cho ph hp. Tuy nhin, chng ta vn c th phn loi
cc phng php ha hc thnh hai loi: hnh thnh vt liu nano t pha
lng (phng php kt ta, sol-gel,...) v t pha kh (nhit phn,...) phng php ny
c th to cc ht nano, dy nano, ng nano, mng nano, bt nano,...

Hnh 1.2 Ch to vt liu cu trc nano bng hai phng php

ng dng vt liu nano

Cc cu trc nano c tim nng ng dng lm thnh phn ch cht trong

nhng dng c thng tin k thut c nhng chc nng m truc kia cha c. Chng
c th uc lp rp trong nhng vt liu trung tm cho in t v quang. Nhng vi
cu trc ny l mt trng thi c nht ca vt cht c nhng ha hn c bit cho
nhng sn phm mi v rt hu dng.
- Lnh vc in t nano: Ngnh vi in t t c nhng thnh tu ln
lao v gim kch thc, tng mt linh kin, tng tc v gim gi thnh. Nh
vo kch thc nh, nhng cu trc nano c th ng gi cht li v do lm tng
t trng gi. T trng gi cao c nhiu li im: tc x l d liu v kh nng
cha thng tin gia tng.
- Lnh vc nano sinh hc: Thnh cng trong vic tm hiu cu truc gen, dn
xut thuc. i vi nhiu vi cu trc, c bit l nhng phn t hu c ln, nhng
khc bit nh v nng lng gia nhng cu hnh khc nhau c th to c cc
thay i ng k t nhng tng tc .
Khoa hc nano l mt trong nhng bin gii ca khoa hc cha c thm
him tng tn. N ha hn nhiu pht minh k thut l th nht.
1.1.2 Phn loi vt liu nano
Vt liu nano l vt liu trong t nht mt chiu c kch thc nanomt.
V trng thi ca vt liu, ngi ta phn chia thnh ba trng thi: rn, lng v kh.
Vt liu nano c tp trung nghin cu hin nay, ch yu l vt liu rn, sau
mi n cht lng v kh. V hnh dng vt liu, ngi ta phn ra thnh cc loi sau:
7

- Vt liu nano khng chiu hay 0D: c ba chiu u c kch thc nano,
khng cn chiu t do no cho in t, v d: m nano, ht nano.
- Vt liu nano mt chiu hay 1D: l vt liu trong hai chiu c kch thc
nano, in t c t do trn mt chiu (hai chiu cm t), v d: dy nano, ng
nano.
- Vt liu nano hai chiu hay 2D: l vt liu trong mt chiu c kch thc
nano, hai chiu t do, v d: mng mng.
Ngoi ra cn c vt liu c cu trc nano hay nanocomposite trong ch c
mt phn ca vt liu c kch thc nm, hoc cu trc ca n c nano khng chiu,
mt chiu, hai chiu an xen ln nhau.
1.1.3 Mt s nguyn l v hiu ng lng t
Mt trong nhng tnh cht quan trng ca cu trc nano l s ph thuc vo
kch thc vt cht khi dng vi th c th c nhng tnh cht m vt cht khi
dng nguyn th khng th thy uc.
Khi kch thc ca vt cht tr nn nh ti kch thc nanomt,
cc electron khng cn di chuyn trong cht dn in nh mt dng sng, m c
tnh c lng t ca cc in t biu hin ra dng sng. Kch thc nh dn n
nhng hin tng lng t mi v to cho vt cht c thm nhng c tnh k th
mi. Mt vi h qu ca hiu ng lng t chng hn nh:
- Hiu ng ng hm: in t c th tc thi chuyn ng xuyn qua mt
lp cch in. Li im ca hiu ng ny l cc vt liu in t xy dng kch c
nano khng nhng c th c ng gi dy c hn trn mt chip m cn c th
hot ng nhanh hn, vi t electron hn v mt t nng lng hn
nhng transistor thng thng.
- Hin tng lng t ho: s thay i ca nhng tnh cht ca vt cht
chng hn nh tnh cht in v tnh cht quang phi tuyn. Bng cch iu chnh
kch thc, vt cht dng vi m c th tr nn khc xa vi vt cht dng nguyn
th. Th d: Chm lng t (quantum dots) l mt ht vt cht c kch thc nh ti
mc vic b thm hay ly i mt electron s lm thay i tnh cht ca n theo mt
cch no . Do s hn ch v khng gian (hoc s giam hm) ca nhng electron
v l trng trong vt cht (l trng hnh thnh do s vng mt ca mt electron v
chng hot ng nh l mt in tch dng), hiu ng lng t xut pht v lm
cho tnh cht ca vt cht thay i hn i. Khi ta kch thch mt chm lng t,
chm cng nh th nng lng v cng pht sng ca n cng tng. V vy m
chm lng t l ca ng cho hng lot nhng p dng k thut mi.

Hin nay lin h gia tnh cht ca vt cht v kch thc l chng tun theo
"nh lut t l". Nhng tnh cht cn bn ca vt cht, chng hn nh nhit nng
chy ca mt kim loi, t tnh ca mt cht rn (chng hn nh tnh st t v hin
tng t tr), v vng cm ca cht bn dn ph thuc rt nhiu vo kch thc ca
tinh th thnh phn, min l chng nm trong gii hn ca kch thc nanomt. Hu
ht bt c mt thuc tnh no trong vt rn u kt hp vi mt kch thc c bit,
v di kch thc ny cc tnh cht ca vt cht s thay i. Th d: phn t bc c
tc dng dit khun mnh khi dng nano, ht ct t nhin s bng chy khi kch
thc nanomt. Cc mi quan h ny m ng cho s sng to ra nhng th h vt
cht vi nhng tnh cht mong mun, khng ch bi thay i thnh phn ha hc
ca cc cu t, m cn bi s iu chnh kch thc v hnh dng.
(Theo Wikipedia)

1.1.4 Graphene, c s nhiu loi vt liu nano ccbon

1.1.4.1 Cc dng th hnh ca ccbon
Th hnh ca ccbon l nhng dng tn ti khc nhau ca ccbon, chng
khc nhau v cu trc mng nguyn t m cc nguyn t tinh khit c th to ra.
Cc dng ny c nhng ng dng khc nhau trong i sng. Cc dng ph bin nht
nh ccbon v nh hnh, graphite (hay than ch) v kim cng.
+ p sut bnh thng ccbon c dng ca graphite, trong mi nguyn
t lin kt vi 3 nguyn t khc trong mt phng to ra cc vng lc gic, ging nh
cc vng trong cc hirccbon thm. C hai dng ca graphite bit, l alpha (lc
gic) v beta (rhombohedral), c hai c cc thuc tnh vt l ging nhau, ngoi tr
v cu trc tinh th. Cc loi graphite c ngun gc t nhin c th cha ti 30%
dng beta, trong khi graphite tng hp ch c dng alpha. Dng alpha c th chuyn
thnh dng beta thng qua x l c hc v dng beta chuyn ngc thnh dng
alpha khi b nung nng trn 1000 C. V s phi tp trung ha ca cc m my pi,
graphite c tnh dn in. Graphite mm v cc lp thng xuyn b tch ra bi cc
nguyn t khc, c gi cng nhau ch bng cc lc Van der Waals, v th chng
d dng trt trn nhau.
+ p sut cc k cao cc nguyn t ccbon to thnh th hnh gi l kim
cng, trong mi nguyn t c lin kt vi 4 nguyn t khc. Kim cng c
cu trc lp phng nh silic v gecmani v c bn c hc cao nh ln ca
cc lin kt ccbon ccbon.
+ Cc fulleren c cu trc ging nh graphite, nhng thay v c cu trc lc
gic thun ty, chng c th cha 5 (hay 7) nguyn t ccbon, n un cong cc lp
thnh cc dng hnh cu, elip hay hnh tr. Cc fulleren c cu trc mt lng tng
i ln cc nguyn t ccbon lin kt theo kiu tam gic, to thnh cc hnh cu
9

rng (trong s ni ting v n gin nht l buckminsterfulleren). Cc thuc tnh

ca cc fulleren vn cha c phn tch y . Tt c cc tn gi ca cc fulleren
ly theo tn gi ca Buckminster Fuller, nh pht trin ca kin trc mi vm, n
bt chc cu trc ca cc "buckyball".
+ Ccbon v nh hnh v ng nano ccbon: Ccbon v nh hnh l mt
trong nhng cht d tng hp nht, nhng ccbon ng nano th cc k kh to ra v
rt t tin. Ccbon v nh hnh l hon ton ng hng, nhng ccbon ng nano
th li l mt trong s cc vt liu phi ng hng nht m con ngi to ra.
+ Graphene l khong vt cng nht cng nh bn dn tt nht, c cu trc l
tm phng dy bng mt lp nguyn t ca cc nguyn t ccbon vi lin kt sp2
to thnh dn tinh th hnh t ong. Chiu di lin kt ccbon ccbon trong graphen
khong 0,142 nm.

S bo co v vt liu nano ccbon (bi)

1.1.4.2 S bo co khoa hc v graphene tng vt, graphene cn l n v c

bn ch to ra qu bng C60, ng nano hay graphite.

Nm xut bn
Hnh 1.3: S bi bo co v graphene. Graphene l n v c bn
lm ra qu bng C60, ng than nano v graphite.
(Ngun: http://www.diendan.org/khoa-hoc-ky-thuat/graphene)

Ccbon l nguyn t c kh nhiu dng th hnh trong c rt nhiu dng

th hnh cu trc nano, qu bng C60, C70 lun gy ch vi cc nh khoa hc nh
tnh bn vng n k l ca n. Cc ng nano ccbon n lp, a lp c s dng
rng ri trong cc mch in siu dn, gia cng vt liu. Cc ht nano ccbon c
s dng pha trn vo cc dng c, thit b tng cng, bn v.v Nhng k
10

t khi con ngi c th ch to ra graphene vo nm 2004 cho n nay, tt c nhng

u im trn u c th thay th bi graphene, v n c xem nh vt liu thn k
ca th k XXI.
S bi bo co khoa hc v vt liu tng vt theo tng nm cho thy mc
quan tm ca cc nh khoa hc v graphene l rt ln v khng th ph nhn kh
nng khai thc v ng dng vo thc t ca n.
1.2 GII THIU V GRAPHENE
1.2.1 Con ng tm kim th gii 2 chiu
Nh chng ta bit ccbon l nguyn t kh ph bin trn tri t v cng
l nguyn t quan trng nht trong s hnh thnh v pht trin s sng trn tri t,
chng c kh nhiu dng th hnh: kim cng, than ch l vt liu c dng 3 chiu,
ng than nano c dng 1 chiu v qu cu fullerene c dng 0 chiu. Theo , suy
ngh cc nh khoa hc l liu phi c s tn ti ca vt th ccbon 2 chiu lp vo
khong h hon chnh ton b dng th ccbon t 0 n 3 chiu. Tuy nhin trong
vt l cht rn c rt nhiu l thuyt bn v cc vt cht 2 chiu gi tng. L
thuyt Peierls v Landau cho thy rng: s dao ng nhit s gy ra s tan chy
mng tinh th 2 chiu khin cho s hin hu ca mt vt liu 2 chiu khng th no
xy ra, v mt kt lun quan trng c a ra l quy lut vt l khng cho php
s hin hu ca vt cht 2 chiu v vic i tm n s khng th c kt qu. Nhng
trong vt l, mi l thuyt phi c kim chng bng thc nghim v i khi thc
nghim li c lm sng to bng l thuyt.
Thng 12 nm 2010, c th gii v c bit l cng ng khoa hc cng ngh
khng khi ngc nhin khi Vin Hn lm Khoa hc Thy in trao gii
Nobel Vt l cho cng trnh nghin cu graphene ca hai nh khoa hc ngi Anh
gc Nga, Andre Geim v Konstantin Novoselov (i hc Manchester, Anh quc) v
cng trnh t gii Nobel ca h bt u t mt cun bng keo dnh. V cu hi:
Liu phi c s tn ti ca vt th ccbon 2 chiu c tr li, chnh l
graphene.
Graphene hay graphen l tm phng dy bng mt lp nguyn t ca
cc nguyn t ccbon vi lin kt sp2 to thnh dn tinh th hnh t ong. Tn gi ca
n c ghp t "graphite" (than ch) v hu t "-en" (ting Anh l "-ene"); trong
chnh than ch l do nhiu tm graphene ghp li. Chiu di lin kt ccbon - ccbon
trong graphene khong 0,142 nm. Graphene l phn t cu trc c bn ca mt
s th hnh bao gm than ch, ng nano ccbon v fulleren. Cng c th xt
mt phn t thm ln v hn, m trong trng hp gii hn ca h cc hidr ccbon
a vng phng gi l graphene. Nhm nghin cu cn pht hin s d graphene c
th tn ti di dng vt liu 2 chiu m theo Peierls v Landau l khng th tn
ti l v cu trc graphene khng nm trn mt mt phng m gn sng (hnh 1.4),
11

dao ng xung quanh mt mt phng gi tng. Chnh cu trc c bit ny khng

nhng gip cho graphene c th tn ti m cn lm cho n c th un cong theo
bt k hnh dng no.
1.2.2 Vt liu graphene, vt liu ca th k XXI
1.2.2.1 Tng quan v vt liu
Graphene l mt dng th hnh ca ccbon di dng 2 chiu, n c xem
l vt liu nano c bn trong cc dng vt liu ca ccbon (xem hnh 1.3). Ngoi ra
n cn c xem nh vt liu ca th k XXI v kh d kim (nhiu trong than ch),
c cc c tnh nh siu bn, siu dn, siu cng v.v

Hnh 1.4 M phng khng gian graphene

(graphene khng nm trn mt mt phng m gn sng)

1.2.2.2 Mt s tnh cht vt l ca graphene

1.2.2.2. a) S di ng ca electron:
kho st chuyn ng electron trong tinh th ta thng gii phng trnh
Schrdinger, tuy nhin i vi graphene chuyn ng ca in t khng tun theo
phng trnh Schrdinger m tun theo phng trnh Dirac, do hn ch ti ta
khng i gii phng trnh ny m ch ch kt qu thc nghim.
Trong cht bn dn s di ng ny tun theo nh lut di chuyn Newton:
E= mv2 = p2/2m
E l ng nng, m l khi lng ca electron, v l vn tc v p l ng lng.
Nhng thc nghim cho thy ng nng E ca electron trn b mt graphene
t l vi ng lng p
E = v.p
12

Nh vy gia ng nng v ng lng c lin h tuyn tnh ging nh mt

kt lun trong thuyt tng i ca Einstein cho ht khng khi lng (nh photon)
di ng vn tc nh sng. Phng trnh trn a n kt lun l electron hnh x
ging nh ht khng khi lng trn b mt graphene.
di ng ( di ng electron l i lng c trng cho tc chuyn
ng nhanh hay chm ca electron trong nguyn t) di tc dng ca in trng
c nh ngha bng cng thc:
v = .E
Trong : : di ng, v: vn tc di ng gy ra bi in trng ca ht
tch in, E: ln in trng.
di ng l mt lng cn thit quyt nh hiu nng ca transistor v cng
c ny c thao tc di nh hng ca in trng. Thc nghim cho thy di
ng ca electron trong graphene ln hn trong silic hng trm ln.
1.2.2.2. b) bn, cng
kho st bn v cng ca mu vt liu ngi ta dng phng
php o lc Van der Waals nguyn t bng knh hin vi lc nguyn t (AFM) sau
xt trn ton h vt liu, ni dung ch yu ca phng php ny l o ln lin
kt gia cc nguyn t C C sau tnh c ln trn ton b vt liu.
Nu ta gi thit c hai nguyn t ccbon trung ho v in t cch nhau mt
khong r, chng c th lm pht sinh nng lng bng cch lm pht sinh ngu
nhin cc mmen lng cc. C th: nguyn t C1 do nhiu lon lng t s lm
pht sinh ra mt momen lng cc ed1, kt qu l sinh ra mt in trng E1 ti v
tr C2. Tng t, nguyn t C2 cng lm pht sinh ra momen lng cc ed2.
Chng ta c th vit:
ed1

e2
E1
K

Kt qu l n c th lm tng ln mt lng th nng U(r) ng vit di

dng sau:
2

e2
e 2 2d e 1 e 2 2d12 1

U (r ) ed1 E1 E12 1 . 3
(*)
K
K 4 0 r 4 0 K r 6

Chng ta c th n gin ho bi ton trn bng mt s gi thit n gin nh

sau: Gi tr dch chuyn in tch 2d1 c ln a0 l bn knh nguyn t, ngha l
2d1 a0 v E0 = E(a0); 2E0=e2/4 0; K=2E0/(a0)2 thay cc gi tr trn vo (*) ta s
c biu thc sau:

13

a
U (r ) 2 E0 0
r

Ly o hm ca biu thc th nng ta s thu c biu thc tnh lc v thu

c gi tr:
E a
dU (r )
F (r )
12 0 0
dr
a0 r

Thay vo biu thc cc gi tr E0 l nng lng c bn, a0 l bn knh nguyn

t ccbon, r khong cch ca 2 nguyn t cng chnh l ln lin kt 0,142 nm,
thay vo biu thc trn ta nhn c ln lc Van der Waals l F(r) = 4,2 nN.
Nh vy lc ny c th o c nh u d ca AFM ngha l dng mode u d
khng tip xc vi vt mu, t thu c thng tin bn vt liu.
dy ca mt lp graphene l ng knh ca nguyn t ccbon (0,335
nm). Do , bn 42 N/m tr thnh
42/(0,335 x 10-9 m) = 125 x 109 N/m2 = 125 Gpa

xc nh cng ca graphene ta thay u d thng thng ca AFM

bng kim cng (thng thng l silic) v u d bnh thng s gy trc khi mu
b ph hu. Nhng ln ny thay v o lc Van der Waals ta s o nng lng ph v
cu trc mu t tnh cng mu. Ni dung ch yu phng php ny l: dng
u d (bng kim cng) p st lm cng mu vt liu, lin tc tng nng lng ca
my u d cng nn mu, ly s liu cc gc lch nh b cm bin laze tect,
trc khi mu b ph hu (ti gii hn cng) laze tect khng c ghi nhn v
s thay i gc ngun ri t ngt i gi tr (mu b ph v) ghi li gi tr nng
lng t ta tnh cng l 342 N/m.
Tng t, cng 342 N/m tr thnh,
342/(0,335 x 10-9 m) = 1.020 x 109 N/m2 = 1.020 GPa.
Trong mt s trng hp o c cho thy graphene cn cng hn c kim
cng dn n nhiu tranh ci, phng php o cng v bn cng gy
nhiu tranh ci v kt qu c mt lot tr s khc nhau (Bng 1). L do l s khc
nhau trong cch o c v phm cht vt liu ty phng nghin cu. Ni mt cch
chnh xc hn, iu kin th nghim ch khc nhau i cht cng lm cu trc
khc nhau. Ngoi ra cn s khc nhau v kch thc ca mu, cc khuyt tt cu
trc v cht tp trong qu trnh sn xut lm thay i cc tr s c tnh. Ta cng nn
ch l tr s c tnh trong Bng 1 l ca mt vt liu cn so snh. Sai s ca s o
c th nguyn nano cng l mt nguyn nhn a n s khc nhau v kt qu.

14

Bng 1.1: So snh c tnh gia thp v cc vt liu ccbon

(Ngun: http://www.diendan.org/khoa-hoc-ky-thuat/graphene)

bn (GPa) **

Vt liu

cng* (GPa) **

Thp

0.25 1.2

203

ng than nano

80 - 150

1000

Graphene

125

1020

Kim cng

60 225

1220

* Cn gi l mun Young. ** GPa (Giga Pascal) = 109 Pa.

MPa (Mega Pascal) = 106 Pa.
Ta thy graphene cn bn hn c thp n hn 200 ln, nu ta treo mt si
dy thp thng ng th n s t t khi di khong 28km, nhng nu cng iu
kin th si dy graphene s di n hn 1000km.
Trong bng ta thy gi tr cng graphene nh hn ca kim cng, mt s
trng hp cho thy graphene cn cng hn c kim cng, y c th l do sai s
php o hay iu kin lm th nghim.
1.2.2.2. c) Siu nh
Mt lc gic ca mt phng graphene c 6 tam
gic u; mi tam gic c cnh di 0,142 nm v chiu cao
0,123 nm. Vy mt lc gic c din tch l,
1/2 x 0,142 x 0,123 x 6 = 0,0524 nm2 = 5,24 x 10-20 m2
Trng lng nguyn t ca ccbon l 12 g/mol. Trong 1 mol c 6,023 x1023
nguyn t. Nh vy mt nguyn t ccbon c trng lng l
12/(6,023 x 1023) = 1,99 x 10-23 g = 1,99 x 10-20 mg
Trong mt phng graphene, 2 nguyn t ccbon s hu 1 hnh lc gic. Nh
vy mt ca graphene mt lp (c dy mt nguyn t) l:
(2 x1,99 x 10-20)/5,24 x 10-20 m2 = 0,76 mg/m2
v 1 gram ca mt lp graphene c din tch l:
1000/0,76 = 1315 m2,
graphene c 2 mt cho nn:
1315 m2 x 2 = 2630 m2
15

1.2.3 Ch to vt liu
1.2.3.1 Ch to th cng (phng php bng keo Scotch)
Mc d l mt vt liu siu u vit vi cc tnh nng n tng nhng
graphene t ra khng kh ch to th cng. Chng ta s tm hiu xem cch m
nhm Andre Geim v Konstantin Novoselov to ra graphene th cng nh th
no. Nhm nghin cu ca Geim v Novoselov dng mt phng php n gin
bng cch p bng keo ln than ch tch ra mt lp than ch mng hn, ri lp li
thao tc trn lp than ny c mt lp than mng hn na. Lm nhiu ln nh th
th ta c th thu hoch c nhng mnh graphene, mt vt liu 2 chiu vi "
dy" ca mt nguyn t.

a)

b)
Graphene
Graphite mng

Hnh 1.5: Lp bong graphene t than ch c tch ra bi bng keo a), c).

c)

d)
Hnh 1.5: Nhng lp bong cho nhiu mu sc bi dy khc nhau di knh
hin vi quang hc b). Minh ho bng keo cc dnh d).
(Ngun: http://www.diendan.org/khoa-hoc-ky-thuat/graphene)

Mt iu ng ch l tng tch bc bng bng keo cng c xut

thc hin trc y nhng khng thnh cng. To ra c graphene d dng nh
vy nhng vic pht hin ra n th qu l k cng, ming graphene c dy 1
nguyn t hon ton trong sut vi nh sng v khng th nhn thy c. Cng
khng d quan st n bng knh hin vi lc nguyn t v nhiu lon gy ra bi vt
liu m mu graphene c t ln. Nhm ca Geim pht hin c 1 ming
graphene nh vy to ra hin tng giao thoa nh sng to ra cu vng vi nhiu
mu sc rc r (ging nh mu sc trn bt x phng).
16

Da vo dy cc lp m di knh hin vi quang hc thng thng cc

mnh graphite dy khc nhau s cho nhiu mu sc khc nhau. Graphene mt
lp ch thy c khi lp SiO2 c dy chnh xc 315 nm. Nu dy chch ra
ngoi con s may mn ny th graphene mt lp s khng bao gi hin ra di ng
knh hin vi v mi mi chn vi theo thi gian.
1.2.3.2 Ch to trong phng th nghim
C rt nhiu cch ch to graphene trong phng th nghim, do hn ch
ti nn y ta s gii thiu hai phng php l siu m tch lp v tng hp trn
din tch ln.
1.2.3.2 a) Kt hp siu m tch lp v li tm
Trong phng php ny, graphite thng mi ( c axit ho bng HNO3
v H2SO4) v c tch lp 10000C bng hn hp Ar v 3% H3 sn phm c
phn tn trong dung dch 1,2dichlorathen + poly(m-phenylenevinylene-co-2,5dioctoxy-p-phenylenevinylene) siu m tch lp graphite cui cng l li tm thu
c sn phm.
1.2.3.2 b) Tng hp trn din tch ln
y khng phi l phng php ch to ra graphene m ch tng hp cc
mnh nh thnh nhng mnh ln hn. Cc qu trnh sn xut ra graphene u to ra
cc mnh graphene vi kch thc rt nh t vi n vi trm m2 khng th s
dng trn thc t, do phi lin kt tng ming nh trn mt mt phng to
thnh mt di nh cun phim, cch lm l a cc mnh nh graphene vo dung
mi sau cho xc tc vo din tch mng graphene c th m rng. Cng ngh
ny p ng c cc tiu ch l c th a cc mnh graphene vo trong thc tin,
mu vt liu c din tch ln, sch v an ton t dn ti dn in cao m cc
phng php hin nay cha lm c.
1.2.3.3 Ch to trong cng nghip
Ch to trong mt lo sng n flash khi chiu mt camera flash vo graphite
oxit to ra graphene. Mt s bng pht ngn ngi ca nh sng c th thc
hin phn ng trong mt mili giy. iu then cht i vi tin trnh l hiu ng
quang nhit: camera flash phn phi mt xung nng lng bin i thnh nhit
trong graphite oxit. Xung nng lng pht ra t camera flash ny gy cm ng mt
v n nano trong mng graphite oxit. S bin i nhanh n mc mng cht
phng ln v gin ra n hai bc ln. Cc tm graphite oxit xm, trong sut, b
en i v n ra, i cng l mt ting n to. Kt qu l trn mt chi di graphene
oxit mt vi chi graphene c hnh thnh, dng knh hin vi lc nguyn t d
dng c th pht hin v tch lp cc mu graphene nghin cu. Qu trnh trn c
th tm hiu chnh l vic hp thu nng lng tch ri vng hirccbon thm
17

khi phn t ca cc nhm chc vi xc tc l t lo n flash, sn phm ph c

ra tri d dng nh mt s dung mi hu c r tin nh axeton.
Graphene
+hf
+hf

Kch thch
camera flash
+hf

Hnh 1.6: Ch to graphene t oxit graphite trong phng th nghim bng phng php
camera flash (A: cu Epoxy , B: nhm Hydroxyl , C: cp nhm carboxyl).

V qu trnh sn xut sch, nhanh v n gin nn c th p dng phng

php sn xut ny trn quy m cng nghip. Mt tng mi c t ra l lm th
no gn cc mnh graphene ln b mt silicon hoc thu tinh cho thit k b mt
vi mch in t. Ngi ta cng c th s dng graphite oxit cch in ch to
mch in sau bin i n thnh graphene dn in vi mt lo sng n flash.
Ngoi ra, cc mt n cn sng c th c s dng to ra nhng khun mu
graphene phc tp nh ch to mt mch in cp nano, nhng tin trnh trn
khng n gin khi n c lin quan n lng nh vt liu v nhit pht sinh bi
xung sng c th tiu tan qu nhanh kch ngi cho mt phn ng.
y l phng php rt hay c s dng ch to cc mu thit k sn
(tng t phng php quang khc) bng cch chn quang mu ban u. Transistor
graphene cng c ch to theo phng php ny.

18

CHNG 2
GRAPHENE T VT LIU NANO TI VT LIU SIU DN

2.1 VT LIU SIU DN

2.1.1 Khi nim hin tng siu dn
2.1.1.1 in tr ca kim loi
C th ni in tr ca kim loi c c trng bi dao ng mng trong tinh
th. Tht vy, xt qu trnh chuyn ng ca electron, nhng in t ny chuyn
ng t do di dng sng nh l mt thuc tnh t nhin ca chng. C th biu
din qu trnh truyn in t trong kim loi nh cc sng phng truyn theo mt
hng. Do kim loi c cu trc tinh th nn v mt l thuyt sng phng c th
truyn sut cu trc tun hon tinh th m khng h mt i ng lng ban u ca
n. Tuy nhin, cc khuyt tt trong cu trc mng tinh th, s ph v cu trc tun
hon mng tinh th do tp cht v dao ng nhit. Tc l nhit no ln hn
nhit ti hn cc nt mng trong tinh th khng ng yn m dao ng nhit
quanh mt v tr cn bng gy cn tr t hnh thnh in tr. V l thuyt c th
lm gim in tr kim loi bng cc lm sch kim loi v gim dao ng nt
mng bng cch gim nhit mu kim loi, thch thc t ra l c th gim nhit
n mc no v bng cch no.
2.1.1.2 Khi nim hin tng siu dn
Nm 1911, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes lm th nghim vi thy ngn nhn thy
rng s ph thuc ca in tr thy ngn vo nhit khc hn s ph thuc i vi
kim loi khc. Khi nhit thp, in tr thy ngn khng ph thuc vo nhit
na, ch ph thuc vo nng tp cht. Nu tip tc h nhit xung ti
Tc= 4,1 K, in tr t ngt h xung 0 mt cch nhy vt. Hin tng ni trn
gi l hin tng siu dn, v Tc l nhit ti hn (hnh 2.1). Khm ph ny
gip Onnes ot gii Nobel vo nm 1913.
Nh vy, c th hiu rng nguyn nhn lm in tr gim khi kim loi hoc
hp kim b lm lnh l: khi gim nhit , cc dao ng nhit ca cc nguyn t
gim xung ng thi cc in t dn tn x vi cc tn s nh hn do in tr
ca kim loi gim tuyn tnh theo nhit cho n khi T 1/3TD (Vi TD l nhit
Debye). di nhit ny in tr gim t t v gn nh khng i khi
T 00K. i vi kim loi hon ton sch, in tr gn bng khng khi nhit xp
x khng Kenvil.

19

Siu dn l hiu ng vt l xy ra i vi mt s vt liu nhit thp

v t trng nh, c trng bi in tr bng 0. Tnh siu dn ca vt cht ph
thuc vo bn cht v tinh khit ca vt liu.

Hnh 2.1: th biu din th nghim ca Onnes

Siu dn c 3 thng s ti hn:

Nhit ti hn, TC

Nhit ti hn l gii hn ln nht v mt nhit m vt liu siu

dn cn gi c tnh siu dn ca mnh.

T trng ti hn, BC

Trng thi siu dn b ph v khi ta t chng trong t trng B BC, BC

c gi l t trng ti hn ca cht siu dn .

Mt dng ti hn, JC

Khi cho dng in qua cht siu dn, nu cng dng in c mt t

gi tr J JC (c trng cho tng cht siu dn), mu siu dn bt u xut hin in
tr. JC c gi l mt dng ti hn.
Dng in ti hn c lin quan ti t trng ti hn, vt ch gi c
trng thi siu dn khi trong 3 gii hn .

20

2.1.1.3 Mt s tnh cht ca siu dn

- Tnh nghch t l tng: Xt mt mu siu dn dng hnh tr t trong t
trng ngoi c cng B0. Chiu ca t trng song song vi trc ca hnh tr
m bo cho t trng trong mu l ng nht.
T trng bn trong mu l: Btrong = T.B0 Vi T l t thm t i.
T = /0
Vi 0 l t thm trong chn khng,
l t thm ca mu.
Cht siu dn khng nhim t nn:
T = 1, ( = 0)
Thc nghim cho thy bn trong cht siu dn hay bn cht dn in l tng
khng c t trng th Btrong = B0 = 0. Nh l gii trn l khi t t trng
vo mu, xut hin cc dng cm ng t bn ngoi b mt mu. Cc dng ny to
nn t trng ngc vi t trng ngoi trong mu v cng chiu vi t trng
ngoi ngoi mu.
H

N
I n.s. j
L

Vi N, L, n v s ln lt l s vng dy, chiu di cun dy, s vng dy trn

mt n v chiu di v tit din cun dy tng ng, j l mt dng in, vy l:
j

H
B
0 H trong
n.s 0

Ngha l, mt dng in trn b mt c gi tr bng cng t trng

trong mu v c chiu ngc vi t trng ngoi.
Mt khc c th quan nim hnh tr siu dn nu trn l mu vi T = 0 v t
trng trong mu bng khng.
Ta c, theo SI:
Btrong = 0 (Htrong+I) =0 suy ra Htrong = -I
cm t =

-I
1
1 , trong h CGS =
,
4
H trong

Vy cht siu dn l vt liu nghch t l tng.

- in tr bng khng: Xt mt vng dy siu dn kn, t trong t trng, t
thng ton phn qua vng dy l :
21

 = S x B0, S l thit din vng dy, B0 l cm ng t.

S thay i t thng theo thi gian l:

d
dB
di
S 0 ri L , vi R l in tr vng dy, R l in cm.
dt
dt
dt

Vi vng dy siu dn (r = 0) th: S

dB0
di
L , suy ra SB0 Li const
dt
dt

T thng ton phn qua vng dy khng i hay BS dS const

S

T thng khng i dng in khng i in tr bng khng.

2.1.2 Vi nt v lich s tm kim vt liu siu dn
Trc 1902 d on ca Kelvin (1824-1907) l cc electron b ng cng v
in tr tng ln.
Nm 1908 ho lng hli 40K.
Nm 1911 pht hin hin tng siu dn thu ngn (Hg).
Nm 1930 hp kim siu dn u tin c tm ra.
Nm 1933 Meissner v Ochsenfeld tm ra hin tng cc ng sc b y ra
khi cht siu dn khi lm lnh cht siu dn v t chng trong t trng, hiu ng
ny c t tn l hiu ng Meissner.
Nm 1957 l thuyt Bardeen, Cooper, Schrieffer (cn gi l l thuyt BCS)
gip ba nh khoa hc ginh c c gii Nobel Vt l khi gii thch c hu
ht tnh cht c bn ca siu dn vi chnh xc thi by gi.
n thng 1 nm 1986 ti Zurich, hai nh khoa hc Alex Muller v Georg
Bednorz tnh c pht hin ra mt cht gm m cc yu t cu thnh l: Lantan,
ng, Bari, Oxit kim loi. Cht gm ny tr nn siu dn nhit 35 K.
Mt thi gian ngn sau, cc nh khoa hc M li pht hin ra nhng cht
gm to thnh cht siu dn nhit ti 98 K. V k t cho n nay cuc
chy ua tm kim vt liu siu dn nhit cao lun l tm im cc nh khoa
hc.
Nm 1993, mt lot cc vt liu c cu trc tng t vi nhit chuyn
pha cao hn c tm thy sau pht hin ny; nh oxit ytrium-barium-ng
(YBCO) vi nhit chuyn pha ln hn nhit ca nit lng, m ra kh nng
cho nhng ng dng mi. Nhit chuyn pha cao nht t c hin nay l 134K
(HgBa2Ca2Cu3O8).
22

Nm 2003 gii Nobel Vt l li vinh danh ba nh vt l ti ba l Abrikosov,

Ginzburg, Leggett v nhng ng gp c tnh cch c bn v vic kho cu v hin
tng siu dn v siu lng.

Onnes

Muller

Meissner

Bednorz

Ochsenfeld

Abrikosov

Bardeen

Cooper

Ginzburg

Schrieffer

Leggett

Hnh 2.2: Chn dung mt s nh khoa hc nghin cu v vt liu siu dn

Vit Nam nghin cu v vt liu siu dn cng

c cc nh khoa hc (ng u l GS. Ngy Nh Kontum)
ca trng i hc Tng hp H Ni trc y, nay l i hc
Quc gia H Ni nghin cu hn 20 nm qua. Cc nh khoa
hc lm lnh bng Nit lng v to c mt s loi vt
liu siu dn r tin.
Chn dung c GS. Ngy Nh Kontum
Cho ti nay, con ngi bit c hn hai mi kim loi v rt nhiu hp
kim c tnh siu dn, in tr ca trng thi siu dn o c trong thc nghim nh
hn 10-12 ln so vi in tr ca n ngay trc trng thi siu dn. Trong mt vng
xuyn kim loi trng thi siu dn, dng in c th chy vng trong mt thi gian
v cng ln m khng b yu i. Tnh ton l thuyt cho thy thi gian gim ny vo
khong (10^4.107) nm! V vy ta phi tha nhn rng in tr kim loi trng thi
siu dn khng nhng rt nh m cn ng bng khng.
Cng vi s ra i ca vt liu siu dn rt nhiu l thuyt ra i nhm gii
thch cho hin tng ny trong phi k n l thuyt Ginzburg-Landau thuyt
ny ch trng s dao ng ca mng tinh th, bn cnh l thuyt BCS gii quyt
kh thnh cng bn cht siu dn, thuyt ny ch trng s lin kt ca cc cp in
t.
23

2.1.3 Phn loi vt liu siu dn

C nhiu cch phn loi vt liu siu dn nh theo tnh cht, theo nhit ti
hn, theo hng nghin cu, v.vNu phn theo tnh cht d dng phn thnh ba
loi:
+ Loi I, siu dn nhit thp (vd: Hg, Ag, Pb, ).
+ Loi II, siu dn nhit cao (Nb3Sn, Nb3Ga, Li2BeH4, ).
+ Vt liu mi (ng than nano, graphene, ).
2.2 C TNH SIU DN CA GRAPHENE
2.2.1 Bo co v tnh siu dn ca graphene
Trong qu trnh nghin cu v graphene mt pht hin khc y kinh ngc l
electron di ng trn mng tinh th vi vn tc rt cao (1.000 km/s) hay 1/300 ln
vn tc ca nh sng, nhanh hn vn tc electron trong silic 100 ln v hnh x nh
ht khng c khi lng ging nh photon. Chuyn dng ca n cng khng tun
theo phng trnh Schrdinger m tun theo phng trnh Dirac cho chuyn ng
ht khng c khi lng, v ht ny c y tnh cht ca mt ht Dirac. Ti nhit
phng, cc nguyn t trong h dao ng (dao ng mng phonon) to ra mt
in tr sut nh (c 0,1) Nh vo s di ng rt cao ca cc electron, graphene
c in dn xut 40% cao hn ng v l in tr sut thp nht c bit n ti
nhit phng. Hin tng ny c th gii thch l do graphene c rt t electron so
vi ng, do trong graphene dng in c vn chuyn bi mt s t electron c
vn tc nhanh hn nhiu ln so vi cc electron ca ng. dn in graphene
tinh khit cao hn ng ti 106 (1 triu) ln. Nh vy, khc vi electron trn mt ca
cht bn dn nh ngi ta thng bit, b mt graphene gi y l mt v tr hai
chiu ca th gii vi m trong electron "bay" ngang dc nh photon nh sng
trong v tr bao la ca vn vt.
B mt lc gic graphene vn cha ht s ly k. S chuyn ng ca electron
trn b mt ny c ghi nhn l "n o"; n c ngha rng khi di ng electron
khng va chm vo bt c vt th g trn qung ng chu du ca n. Hin tng
ny ging nh siu dn khng gy ra in tr. S chuyn ng ca electron trong
ng than nano cng c c tnh n o. Suy lun mt cch nh tnh, trong con
ng hm trng rng ca ng nano hay khong khng gian t do trn v di ca
b mt graphene chuyn ng n o ca electron xy ra gn nh mt tt nhin.
Ngi ta o c qung ng t do trung bnh ca chuyn ng n o trn
mt graphene l 65 m di nht trong tt c vt liu bit t trc n nay. Trong th
gii vi m 65 m l khong cch rt di; 3.200 ln di hn khi so vi ln 22 nm
ca transistor trong chip vi tnh.
24

Chng ta iu bit cht siu dn l mt cht dn in hon ho. Trong trng

thi siu dn in tr ca vt hon ton bng 0 (ch khng phi rt nh). Do vi
in tr nh (0,1) th graphene hon ton cha phi vt liu siu dn, tuy nhin
chng ta cn ch l s liu ny o c ti nhit phng, ni m cc dao ng
mng gy ra mt in tr rt nh. Nu ta h nhit n 100-200 0K v vt liu l
tinh khit khi dao ng mng vi bin cc nh s khng gy ra in tr khi
tnh siu dn vt liu s c th hin r rng.
Ngoi ra, v l vt liu 2D, khng ging vt liu siu dn thng thng c cu
trc mng tinh th 3D nn graphene th hin tnh cht t khc hn vt liu thng
thng. Di tc dng ca t trng nh, graphene th hin mt phn hiu ng
Hall lng t, khng th hin hiu ng Meissner. Ta bit trng thi siu dn
(T Tc) v t vt siu dn trong t trng nh (B Bc) th vt siu dn loi I
(siu dn nhit thp) hon ton khng cho t ngoi xuyn qua vt dn, trong khi
siu dn loi II (siu dn nhit cao) th t trng ngoi c th xuyn qua mt
phn vt dn. iu ny chng t tnh cht t vt siu dn khc hn vi graphene.
Chuyn ng in t nh th khng khi lng ging nh siu dn nhng
tnh cht in v t ca graphene hon ton khc vi tnh siu dn vt liu thng
thng. Mt nghin cu cho thy graphene cho thy tnh cht t mnh khi cho
mt dng in i qua theo hng vung gc mt phng gi tng, t trng c
to ra l t trng ngc hng c gii thch l c to t cc ht c spin i
song to ra iu m khng th tm thy vt liu siu dn thng thng. Kt qu
trn m ra mt bc tin mi trong in t khi m cc trng thi spin ln v spin
xung c xem nh 2 trng thi ng (0) v m (1) trong h nh phn.
2.2.2 Gii thch c tnh siu dn ca graphene theo quan im c in v
quan im lng t
2.2.2.1 L thuyt BCS v b tc trong vic gii thch tnh siu dn graphene
L thuyt BCS l m hnh l thuyt vi m c ba nh vt l Bardeen,
Leon Cooper v Robert Schrieffer a ra vo nm 1957 gii thch hin
tng siu dn. L thuyt ny gii thch rt thnh cng nhng tnh cht vi m ca h
siu dn v nhit ng lc hc ca h. L thuyt ny cng rt tng thch vi mt
m hnh nh tnh khc l "l thuyt Ginzburg-Landau".
tng c bn ca m hnh ny l khi trong
h xut hin lc ht gia cc in t, trng thi in
t c bn ca h cht rn tr nn khng bn so vi
trng thi m trong c xut hin cp in t
vi spin v xung lng tri ngc.
25

Xt mt electron i qua mt m ion dng. V electron m nn n ht v

pha mnh cc ion dng ln cn, ng thi b chn bi cc ion ny t dn n
gim ng k in tch hiu dng ca electron ny. Lc ht gia cc in t ny l
do nguyn nhn tng tc gia in t vi cc mode bin dng ca tinh th mng
(phonon). Ta c th hnh dung, khi mt in t chuyn ng, tng tc ca n vi
mng tinh th lm bin dng mng tinh th v in t i theo sau s d dng
chuyn ng hn trong tinh th. Hai in t ny to thnh mt cp in t Cooper.
T tng tc in t vi cc phonon ta c th suy ra lc tng tc ht hiu dng
gia hai in t. Mt khc, do lc ht ca electron v nhn nn mng tinh th b
bin dng cc b. Bin dng cng ln nu khi lng nhn cng nh. Khi c mt
electron khc i qua. Electron th 2 khng cm nhn c electron 1 m ch cm
nhn c mng tinh th b bin dng v b ht v pha t hp. Theo ngn ng l
thuyt trng, ngun gc ca tng tc trn l s trao i cc phonon o gia hai
electron.
Xt hm phn b Fermi Dirac i vi in t trong kim loi ti T 00K (s d
ghi nh th l do khng tuyt i ch l mi trng l tng):

Vi E - EF >>kbT;
Khi :
FFD (E)

1
;
E EF
exp

kbT

( E EF )
FFD (E) exp
;
kbT

Vng 1

Vng 2

EF

Vng 3

Chim mt phn

1
;
E EF
exp
1
kbT

FFD (E)

Nng lng (eV)

Ti T 00K tt c cc trng thi lng t nm di mc Fermi EF u b

chim y v nh vy, trng thi trn mc Fermi u c th b chim hon ton hay
mt phn tu thuc s lng t v s trng thi kh hu. Nu xt trong k-khng
gian th tc l mi trng thi lng t c k kF (vi kF l bn knh mt cu Fermi)
u b chim hon ton v tt c cc trng thi c k>kF u trng.
Khi c thm hai in t, do nguyn l loi tr nn cc in t ny khng cn
cch no khc l phi chim cc mc nng lng E > EF. Trong tnh hung ,
Cooper ch ra rng nu c mt lc ht gia hai in t, d yu th cng to ra
trng thi lin kt nm ngay pha trn mt Fermi sao cho nng lng tng cng ca
chng < 2EF H n gin v chuyn ng ca chng c lin quan n nhau c
26

gi l cp Cooper. Lin kt l mnh nht nu hai electron to cp c spin ngc

chiu.
i vi vt liu siu dn, l thuyt BCS ch ra rng khi gia cc electron tn
ti mt tng tc ht th trng thi c bn phi l trng thi siu dn, khc vi trng
thi Fermi v c tch ra bi mt nng lng hu hn Eg tnh t trng thi kch
thch thp nht. Tht vy, khi mt cp electron nm ngay di mt Fermi c
chuyn ln trn mt Fermi, chng to thnh 1 cp Cooper hay l 1 siu electron v
tng nng lng ca chng gim. iu ny xy ra trn ton cc cp khc cho n
khi xy ra trn ton h do tng nng lng tip tc gim.
Tm li: theo BCS, tng tc ca cc in t trong siu dn c thc hin
thng qua bin dng mng tinh th (cc chun ht phonon). Cc cp Cooper hay cc
siu electron quyt nh tnh cht siu dn ca vt liu.
Vi gi thit trn v tng tc ht gia cc in t, bng phng php trng
trung bnh ta c th gii c m hnh v thu c nhng kt qu nh lng.
John Bardeen, Leon Cooper v Robert Schrieffer nhn gii thng Nobel
v vt l nm 1972 nh cng trnh ny. Tuy nhin l thuyt BCS ch p dng ng
cho cc cht siu dn c in c nhit ca trng thi siu dn rt thp. Sau pht
minh v cc cht siu dn nhit cao (trong c graphene), cho n nay cha c
l thuyt hon chnh no gii thch cc hin tng ny.
2.2.2.2 Theo tnh cht lng t
2.2.2.2. a) M hnh Kronig-Penney v cu trc vng nng lng vt rn
Nhm kho st cu trc ph nng lng
ca in t trong mng tinh th ta s kho st
m hnh Kronig-Penney: Trong m hnh ny
tnh tun hon ca th nng in t trong mng
tinh th mt chiu (t y ta xem cu trc lc
gic graphene nh mt ging th mt chiu b
rng d=0,246 nm) c tho mn bi vic lp
li u n v s ln cc ging th mt chiu.
S hnh thnh ging th mt chiu c minh
ho nh hnh bn.
Xt cu trc lc gic graphene v gi s
graphene lin kt ch theo mt chi di:

27

..

V
b

+
0

+
a

+
d+a

2d

Hnh 2.3: M hnh Kronig-Penney. ng sin t on m t tha s tun hon u(x) ca

hm Bloch (x) = u(x).exp(ikx).

Do i xng tnh tin ca mng tinh th m:

V(x) = V(x+d)
Lu : ti bin tinh th, tnh tun hon ca mng s b vi phm do ta gi
thuyt s nt mng l v cng ln thay i th V(x) ti bin khng lm nh
hng g n trng thi lng t bn trong mng.
Gii phng trnh Schrdinger 2 U ( x) ( x) E ( x) cho trng hp th nng
2m

ca trng tinh th c dng n gin:

0
V0

0 x a
a x d a b

V(x) = khi

T nh l Bloch hm sng in t ta c:

u( x) eikx ( x) V u' ( x) ' ( x)eikx iku( x)

D thy phng trnh Schrdinger tch thnh hai cho hai min
Bn trong ging th ( 0 x a ) phng trnh Schrdinger c dng nghim:
2mE
2
Bn ngoi ging th ( a x d a b ) nu E>V0 ta c:
2m( E V0 )
II ( x) C.eik 2 x D.e ik 2 x , k22
, p dng iu kin bin ln hm u(x) ta thu
2
I ( x) A.eik1 x B.e ik1 x , k12

c hai phng trnh:

A B eikd ( C.eik2 d D.eik2 d ) v
k1 ( A B) k2eikd (C.eik2 d D.eik2 d )

28

Tng t, i hi (x) v (x) lin tc ti x = a, ta thu c hai phng trnh cn

li:
A.eik a B.eik a C.eik a D.eik a v
1

k1 ( A.eik1a B.eik1a ) k2 (C.eik2 a D.eik2 a )

Nh vy, ta thu c h bn phng trnh i s tuyn tnh vi bn n s A,

B, C, D ta vit h trn di dng ma trn
(k, k1, k2). = 0

Trong l ma trn 4 x 4:
1

k
= ik11a
e
k .eik1a
1

1
k1
e ik1a
k1.e ik1a

eid ( k 2 k )
k2 .eid ( k 2 k )
eik 2 a
k2 .eik 2 a

eid ( k 2 k )

k2 .e id ( k 2 k )

e ik 2 a
k2 .e ik 2 a

Cn l ma trn 4 x 1:
A

B
=
C

D

h phng trnh trn c nghim khng tm thng ch khi nh thc ca

n bng khng
det (k, k1, k2) = 0
(*)
Ta thy iu kin (*) chnh l phng trnh xc nh nhng gi tr kh d ca
nng lng in t trong m hnh Kronig-Penney. By gi ta i tm nhng gi tr
kh d ca nng lng in t trong m hnh ang xt. Sau bin i ton hc i
vi (*) ta thu c phng trnh sau y cho trng hp E > V0:
Cos k1a.cos k2b -

k12 k 22
sin k1a .sin k2b = cos k.d
2k1k 2

k12 k22

2mV0
2

(1)
(2)

Cng thc tnh E cho trng hp E<V0 c th suy ra trc tip bng cch thay:
2m(V0 E )
V c dng nh sau:
2
k2 2
Cos k1a.ch ( b) - 1
sin k1a . sh ( b) = cos k.d
2k1

ik2 ,

(3)

29

k12 2

2mV0
2

(4)

Cc cng thc (1), (2), (3), (4) cho ta tnh cc tr ring nng lng E nh mt
hm s ca s sng k: E = E(k). Cc phng trnh trn ch c th gii bng k thut
tnh s, chng hn bng phng php th. Trc tin, ta dng th hm F(E)
trong s ph thuc vo t s E/V0. Sau cho trc gi tr ca kd, ta tnh c f(kd)
ri v ng thng f(kd) song song vi trc honh. Ti giao im ng thng ny
vi F(E) ta k ng thng vung gc vi trc honh v nhng gi tr ny tng
ng cc gi tr nng lng, tt nhin cc gi tr ny l gin on.
Ch :
-1 cos k.d +1 -1 F (E) +1
(**)
Vng cm
cos kd
+1

F(E)

E/V

-1
Vng nng lng

Hnh 2.4: Tr ring E trong m hnh Kronig-Penney bng phng php th.

Do iu kin (**) m ti mt s im E khng th nhn bt k gi tr no,

nhng vng nh vy c gi l vng cm, cn nhng vng m F(E) tp trung
c gi l vng nng lng hay di nng lng.
Do E l hm tun hon theo s sng k:
E (k) = E (k+2.n/d)
(n = 1, 2, )
2
2
(k 2 .n / d )
Khi : E (k) =
, xung lng p = (k+2.n/d)
2m

T nhng kt qu trn ta c th i n mt s kt lun quan trng nh sau:

+ Nng lng electron trong tinh th b gin on khi k m .

a

+ Vi k m

hnh thnh sng ng.

+ Sng ng khng truyn nng lng nn vn tc nhm bng khng.

+ Khi k 0, cc electron c bc sng rt di khng cm thy s thay
i tun hon ca trng th nng tinh th:
30

Vi k 0, E (k) ~ k2
Va ri ta ch xt trng hp lin kt trong graphene ch theo mt chi di,
by gi ta xt ton b cu trc mng tinh th (hai chiu), ngha l xt n nhiu lon
gia cc nguyn t trong mng. Khi cc mc nng lng s tch ra nhiu mc
c m t:

Cc khe nng lng

Vng nng lng

k.d

Hnh 2.5: Cu trc vng nng lng ca in t trong trng tun hon.

Kt qu thu c trn c s m hnh Pronig-Penney c ngha v cng quan

trng i vi l thuyt cht rn. V c bn, nhng c im chnh ca ph nng
lng trong m hnh ny vn ng trong tinh th rn hai chiu, ba chiu. Qua d c
th kt lun mt s im chnh nh sau:
Trong cht in mi, cc in t b giam trong trng thi ca chng v cc
mc nng lng trong vng b lp y (cn gi l vng ho tr), cn vng nng
lng trng li qu cao (cn gi l vng dn). Chng hn trong kim cng, khe
nng lng gia vng lp y v vng trng k tip c 6-8 eV (hnh 2.6), do
nng lng m in t nhn t bn ngoi khng cc in t c th nhy qua
mt khe rng nh vy. Do cc cht in mi khng c kh nng dn in.
Trong cht bn dn vng ho tr cng c nng lng b lp y nhng
khong trng n vng dn k tip hp in t c th vt qua, chng hn i
vi bn dn Si, khe ny c 1 eV.
Trong kim loi, gia vng ho tr v vng dn khng h c khong trng
m vng nng lng ca chng chng ln nhau do m in t d dng di chuyn
trong kim loi khi c tc dng t bn ngoi.
Ngc li vi kim cng, graphene (mt dng th hnh khc ca ccbon) li
c th dn in mt cch hon ho nh cu trc c bit.
31

1 eV

6 eV

Hnh 2.6: Cu trc vng nng lng ca in t trong: (a) trong kim loi ng;
(b) trong bn dn Si; (c) trong tinh th kim cng.

2.2.2.2. b) Cu trc vng nng lng khng vng cm ca graphene

Ccbon l nguyn t v tr th su trong bng tun hon cc nguyn t vi
cu hnh 1s22s22p2. Tuy nhin khi c kch thch, cu hnh nguyn t chuyn thnh
1s22s12p3 to s lai ho obitan lp v 2p2 t trng thi bo ho. Do c s lai
ho nh vy m trong tinh th tn ti 3 lin kt v 1 lin kt . Lin kt l lin
kt km bn v vung gc vi ba lin kt kia do cc electron ny d dng b t
ra to thnh electron t do c kh nng dn in.
Mt vi thng s mng:
Hng s mng: a 3acc 0,246nm
3 1
3 1
Vc t c s: a1 a ; ; a2 a ;
2
2 2
2

Vc t mng o: b1

2 1
2 1

;1; b2
;1

a 3
a 3

ky
A
3
a1

b1

kx

a2

b2

Hnh 2.7: Cu trc mng tinh th graphene vng Bruiluin th nht.

32

Sau khi tm hiu v mng tinh th ta s xem xt n cu trc mng tinh th

bng phng php lin kt mnh Tight-binding, mt phng php rt hay c s
dng tm cu trc vng nng lng ca mng tinh th.
Xt hm sng gn ng ca electron trong lin kt mnh (tight-binding) c
tm di dng:
(k , r ) C A (k ) A (k , r ) CB (k ) B (k , r )
Trong : A (k , r )

1
N0

i .k . R

. p z ( r RA R )

1
N0

B (k , r )

i .k . R

. pz (r RB R)

Vi pz ( r ) l hm nt phn t Ccbon (obitan pz), k in t s lng t, v R

l ch s v tr di ng. N0 l s nguyn t p dng iu kin bin tun hon (tng
t nh trnh by trong m hnh Pronig-Penney). Di quang ph c tm bng
cch gii phng trnh Schrdinger ri thu gn ti mt ma trn vung cp 2.
Xt dng n gin nht, nng lng ca trng thi electron l tr ring ca
Hamiltonian (phng php LCAO-trc giao).
H E

Trong : H AA
H BA

H AB

H BB E

H AA
H AB

1
N0

1
N0

i .k .( R ', R )

. pzA,R H pzA,R '

R,R '

i .k .( R ', R )

. pzA, R H pzB , R '

R,R '

Vi

p zA, R pz (r RA R ) ; p zB , R pz (r RB R )
Ta s tnh ton vi s nt mng v hn (N0 ) v lu khi mt trong hai
ch s ( R ', R ) bin i, ta thy tng c tnh i xng i vi tt c cc v tr khc
nhau trn mng ca ch s kia do ta c th vit li tng di dng:
H AA

i .k . R '

. pzA,0 H pzA, R '

R'

H AB

i .k . R '

. pzA,0 H pzB , R '

R'

33

 y chng ta b qua cc yu t ma trn chng cho gia cc qu o ln

A B
cn S pz pz (b qua tch phn xc nh chng cho mang tnh rng buc trc

giao). Khai trin h thc gi li cc ln cn gn nht ta c:

6

H AA p zA, 0 H p zA, 0 e

i .k . R p

p 1

A, R p

p zA, 0 H p z

H AB pzA,0 H pzB ,0 e i.k .a1 pzA,0 H pzB , a e i.k .a2 pzA,0 H pzB , a2
Trong biu thc HAA gm 1 s hng cp khng v su s hng cp mt,
ng vi nng lng nt l s xen ph ca su nguyn t cng loi ln cn gn nht.
Biu thc ca HAB gm ba s hn cp mt tng ng ba s hng ca ba
nguyn t khc loi ln cn gn nht.
Ngoi ra ta cn c: HAA = HBB
HAB = HBA*
Trong phng php LCAO-trc giao, ta khng cn tnh n s hn xen ph
ca hm sng.
t
pzA, 0 H pzA, 0 ,

pzA, 0 H pzA, Ri

pzA, 0 H pzB , 0 pzA, 0 H pzB , a

pzA, 0 H pzA, a2

Ta c

H AB H AB* (1 e i.k .a1 e i.k .a2 )

V ma trn Hamiltonian l ma trn t lin hp v i xng thc nn ta c th
d dng cho ho v thu c h s tn sc di dng:
E (k ) . f (k )

Trong :

3 f (k )

f ( k ) 2 cos(k .a1 ) 2 cos(k .a2 ) 2 cos k ( a2 a1 )

Khai trin theo to trc giao ta c:

f ( k ) 12(cos

k a
k a
3k x a
cos y cos2 y )
2
2
2

Trong l nng lng ion ho ca electron trong h graphene v trong

bi ton ta chn n lm mc tnh nng lng ( =0), vic tnh tnh ton c th
kt qu vng nng lng i hi cc k thut tnh ton tinh vi v phc tp nm ngoi
phm vi ti do ta s s dng kt qu trong [10] khi ta tm c gi tr ca
34

 -0,1meV, 2,8meV du tr m t vng ho tr cn du cng m t vng dn.

Nu hai vng ny tip xc vi th vt liu l kim loi, nhng y li tip xc
nhau ti mt im do graphene c cu trc ca mt bn kim loi.

Hnh 2.8: Cu trc vng nng lng ca graphene

Cu trc in t ca graphene khc hn vi vt liu ba chiu. Mt Ferrmi

c c trng bi nh ca su hnh nh hnh 2.8. Mc Fermi nm ti cc im
gp nhau (im Dirac) ca cc hnh chp . Gn mc Fermi h thc tn sc (tc
nng lng nh hm s ca vector sng k) ca electron v l trng l hm tuyn
tnh. Qua hnh 2.8 ta thy gia vng ho tr () v vng dn (trng) hon ton
khng c khong trng (vng cm), iu m ch c kim loi nay li hin hu trong
cu trc c bit ca ccbon.
2.2.2.2. c) Tnh cht chuyn ng ht tng i tnh, c tnh siu dn.
V mt cc trng thi ca cht liu bng khng ti im Dirac, nn dn
in ca graphene nguyn cht kh thp v vo c lng t dn s ~ e2/h; h s t
l chnh xc th vn cn tranh ci. Tuy nhin, mc Fermi c th thay i bi mt
in trng cho cht liu tr thnh hoc l cht pha tp loi n (vi electron) hoc
pha tp loi p (vi l trng) ty thuc vo s phn cc ca in trng t vo. in
tr mu ph thuc mnh vo tnh cht ht dn in, in p t vo mu v nhit
mu.
gn mc Fermi, quan h khuch tn i vi electron v l trng l tuyn
tnh. V khi lng hiu dng c cho bi cong ca cc di nng lng, nn
iu ny tng ng vi khi lng hiu dng bng khng. Phng trnh m t cc
trng thi kch thch trong graphene ging ht phng trnh Dirac cho cc fermion
khng khi lng chuyn ng mt tc khng i. V th, giao im ca cc
hnh nn trn c gi l cc im Dirac. iu ny lm pht sinh nhng s tng t
th v gia graphene v vt l ht c bn, chng ng cho cc nng lng ln ti xp
35

x 1 eV, ti quan h khuch tn bt u l phi tuyn. Mt kt qu ca quan h

khuch tn c bit ny l hiu ng Hall lng t tr nn bt bnh thng trong
graphene. Nng lng E cho cc trng thi kch thch trong graphene l mt hm
ca s sng, k.x v k.y, trong cc chiu x v y. gn mc Fermi ny, ph nng
lng c c trng bi su hnh nn kp, trong quan h khuch tn (nng
lng theo xung lng) l tuyn tnh. iu ny tng ng vi cc trng thi kch
thch khng khi lng.

5K

7K
300K

Hnh 2.9: (Tri) A) in tr sut (dc) ca mt mu graphene ba nhit khc nhau lu

s ph thuc mnh vo in p cc pht. B) dn sut l mt hm theo in p cc
pht 77K. C) in tr Hall l mt hm theo in p cc pht i vi cng mu trn.
(Phi) nh chp qua AFM ca mt n lp graphene (cam nht).

2.3 MT S HIU NG QUAN TRNG

2.3.1 Hiu ng ng hm Klein di thng
Trong c hc c in, nu c hai thung lng v mt ngn i ngn cch, mt
hn bi c t trong thung lng th nht s khng th vt qua ngn i sang
thung lng kia nu n khng c cung cp nng lng ln hn th nng trn nh
i. iu ny gip ta lin tng ti cc ht trong ging th, nu mt ht no c
nng lng E b giam trong ging th c th nng V (vi V>E) th ht s b giam
mi trong cho n khi c mt nng lng no cung cp cho ht. Trong c hc
lng t, vt cht khng c miu t nh cc hn bi, m ging cc sng hn, trong
hm sng miu t cc ht vt cht lan ta sang c bn thung lng kia, ngay c
khi v tr trung bnh ca n bn thung lng ny. V hm sng cho bit xc sut tm
36

thy ht . Do c mt xc sut nht nh trong vic tm thy ht bn thung

lng kia. Xc sut tm thy ht thung lng bn kia khin ta lin tng ht khot
mt ng hm chui qua mt ro chn nh vy. Hiu ng ny c gi l hiu
ng ng hm c xc lp bi nh vt l ngi Thy in Oskar Klein vo nm
1929.
Trong in ng lc hc lng t (QED), khi nim qu o c quan nim
l phi vt cht, bn cnh cc cu trc ton hc tng ng vi chng cng b
gii hn c th. C th l cc cng thc hm sng, chng l nhng hm phc hon
ton khng c ngha v mt ton hc. Tng t nh qu o ca c hc lng t
phi tng i tnh, cc cu trc khc nhau ng gp vo s pht trin ca trng
lng t m t r s tt yu hon thin cc phng trnh chuyn ng c in. Do
theo hnh thc lun QED nh sng c th truyn nhanh hn hoc chm hn
c, nhng s truyn vi vn tc trung bnh bng c.
Cn c mt s bi bo co quan trng m t nhng ci tng t vi vt l ht
c bn da trn phng trnh Dirac. S tng ng chnh thc gia cc trng thi
kch thch trong graphene vi cc fermion Dirac hai chiu cho php kim tra ci
gi l s chui hm Klein. Hin tng ny tin on rng mt ro cn ng hm c
th tr nn hon ton trong sut i vi s ti bnh thng ca cc ht khng khi
lng. Di nhng iu kin nht nh, trong sut c th dao ng l mt hm
ca nng lng. xut rng iu ny c th kim tra graphene c a ra bi
Katsnelson, Geim v Novoselov vo nm 2006 v c xc nhn vo nm 2009.
Phng trnh Dirac ni rng v c hin tng hy cp to thnh hai ht o
cho nn cc ht tng i tnh c th thm nhp vo cc ro chn vi cao v
rng bt k m khng li ng sau mt thnh phn phn x no c. V vy
electron trong graphene hnh x nh ht tng i tnh khng c khi lng. Hiu
ng ny gi l nghch l Klein hay hiu ng ng hm Klein d thng. y l
mt trong nhng hin tng phn trc gic nht trong QED. Hin tng ny
c tin on t nhiu thp k nay nhng cha c quan st trong cc th nghim
v vt l cc ht c bn. Song trong graphene th hin tng ht fermion Dirac hy
thnh electron v l trng ny xy ra thng xuyn v nghch l Klein cng c
quan st.
V vn tc ca electron trong graphene kh nh so vi vn tc nh sng
(1/300c) cho nn mt iu ng ch l trong graphene tng tc l mnh hn so
vi QED v trong QED ht chuyn tng tc l photon (c tc nh sng). Vn tc
ln ca electrron trong graphene m ra kh nng nghin cu mt s vn kch
c nh khng phi s dng n my gia tc.

37

2.3.2 Hiu ng Hall lng t

2.3.2.1 Hiu ng Hall lng t l g?
Hiu ng Hall lng t l mt phin bn c hc lng t ca hiu ng
Hall c Klaus von Klitzing v cng s pht hin vo nm 1980 k tha v pht
trin thm hiu ng Hall c khm ph bi Edwin Herbert Hall vo nm 1879.
c trng ca hiu ng ny l quan st cc h thng in t hai chiu nhit
thp v t trng mnh, trong trng dn tri qua Hall lng t nht nh
chuyn tip a vo cc gi tr lng t.
In
e2
.

VHall
h

Trong : : in dn Hall, In: dng in knh hin ti, VHall: in p Hall,

e: in tch nguyn t, h: hng s Plng, l h s t l vi nguyn (1, 2, 3,)
hoc phn on ( 1/3, 2/3, 2/5, )
2.3.2.2 Hiu ng Hall lng t trong tinh th graphene
Graphene l mt vt liu siu dn mang c tnh ca mt bn kim loi do
trong mng tinh th ca n hiu ng Hall lng t vn c tm thy. Tuy nhin
mt iu l l rt kh pht hin c hiu ng Hall trn mng tinh th ny.
Nghin cu cho thy vn chnh l do nhiu t b mt m graphene c t ln.
Do vy h s dng k thut in lit bn dn treo cc cc tm graphene siu sch
gia cc cc cc nh bn trn b mt ca cc chip bn dn. Khi h lm lnh cu
trc ny xung v a vo t trng, graphene sinh ra hiu ng lng t Hall
mnh m nh c d on trong l thuyt. Ngoi ra, h cn lm ch c vic
bin graphene thnh mt thanh Hall v ni cc in cc vo n. Bng cch ny, h
c th o in tr sut (dc) v in tr sut Hall. Mt mnh d liu quan trng l
hiu ng trng phn cc, trong in tr sut c o l mt hm ca in
trng t vo vung gc vi mu. D liu th hin trn hnh 2.10. in tr sut
ca mu c mt cc i r rng, v gim dn c hai pha ca cc i . iu ny
cho bit s pha tp tng dn ca cc electron pha bn phi, v cc l trng pha
bn tri ca cc i.

38

Hnh 2.10: Quan st thc nghim ca hiu ng Hall lng t d thng graphene.

(Tri) dn sut Hall () v in tr sut dc (lc) l hm ca mt ht

mang in. Khung hnh nh th hin dn sut Hall i vi graphene hai lp. Lu
khong cch gia cc vng bng phng i vi graphene l 4e2/h, tc l ln hn
so vi hiu ng Hall lng t thng thng v cc bc dc xut hin ti nhng bi
bn nguyn ca gi tr ny. i vi mt lp i graphene th chiu cao bc dc l
nh nhau, nhng cc bc xut hin ti cc bi nguyn ca 4e2/h nhng khng c bc
no ti mt bng khng. (Phi) in tr sut dc v in tr sut Hall l hm ca
mt t thng cho mt mu pha tp electron. Khung hnh nh th hin d liu
tng t nhng cho mu pha tp l trng.
Hiu bit cc tnh cht in ca graphene l rt quan trng bi, khng ging
nh cc vt liu khc c s dng trong cng nghip in t, n c kh nng bn
v dn in cp phn t. Kt qu l, khi cng ngh silic hin nay chm ti ngng
gii hn v thu nh kch c trong nhng nm ti, graphene c th l vt liu thay th
hon ho. Ngoi ra nhy graphene vi t trng ngoi l rt cao do d c th ng
dng ch to cc thit b o c vi chnh xc tuyt i.
2.4 MT S NG DNG KHAI THC C TNH SIU DN CA VT
LIU
Do c cc tnh cht thn k m graphene c gii khoa hc c bit quan
tm, m th hin mt cch r nt l s tng nhanh cc bo co khoa hc.
- Lot sn phm v in t nano quang in t: Linh kin mt in t,
transistor graphene, chm lng t nano graphene, ng nano siu dn v.v
- Trong cng nghip ho hc, dc phm: Xc tc graphene oxit dng lm
xc tc cho rt nhiu phn ng ho hc nhit phng, ch phm thuc, dn xut
thuc.
39

- Trong cng nghip nng lng: Siu t in, pin mt tri v.v
- Trong y hc qun s: Vt liu ch phm sinh hc, m nhn to, o chng
n, o tn hnh v.v
- Trong hng khng v tr: Vt liu siu bn, siu nh, siu dn, chu nhit
cao, chu bc x mnh v.v
- Trong cng ngh mi trng: Vt liu hot tnh graphene kh c, kh
trng, ch phm x l mi trng.
- Trong cng ngh cm bin: Cm bin nhy kh c dng mi in t, mt
in t, mn hnh cm ng v.v
Mt s tng trch ra t cc bo co nh: v tinh nhn to vi kch thc
to nh nhiu tng vi khi lng ch bng ming tht nng hay in thoi thng
minh c th b cong hay thm ch l a lu tr d liu ca c th gii vi kch
thc nh gn trong lng bn tay v.v Trong khun kh ti chng ta s i su
tm hiu v cc ng dng khai thc c tnh siu dn ca vt liu.
2.4.1 Ch to transistor graphene trn nn SiO2
Transistor l mt linh kin bn dn c bn c tm quan trng c bit trong
h cc linh kin bn dn. Transistor thuc h linh kin lng cc, c hai loi ht ti
in cng tham gia dn in l in t v l trng. T transistor c ngun gc t
ting Anh l transfer resistor, c ngha l chuyn i in tr gia u vo v u
ra.
Gn hai thp nin qua s pht trin ca cng nghip in t phn ln ty
thuc vo s thu nh ca transistor. Vt liu chnh dng trong transistor hin nay l
nguyn t silic. Kch c ca transistor hin nay ang dng 22 nm v chip dng
trong cc my tnh cha hng t transistor trn mt din tch vi cm2. Kt qu th
nghim ca transistor graphene trong bi bo co ng cp Nobel ca nhm Geim
v Novoselov cho thy graphene vi dy ca mt vi lp nguyn t c th kch
thch c s di ng ca electron trong in trng (Hnh 2.11). H o c
di ng ca electron v l c tch in dng trong chic transistor "th thin" l
10.000 cm2/V.s hay l 7 ln nhanh hn trong transistor silicon (1.500 cm2/V.s).
Trong cc cuc th nghim k tip trn mt phng graphene tinh khit khng cht
tp di ng t n 100.000 200.000 cm2/V.s hay l 70 - 140 ln nhanh hn
trong silicon. Bi bo co thu ht s ch mnh lit ca cc nh nghin cu trn
th gii. Kh nng ch to transistor vi dy mt nguyn t (0,335 nm), hay ni
mt cch khc - mng tn cng ca vt cht vi di ng cao hn silicon
mang nhiu hng khi n cng ng khoa hc in t. Tuy nhin, do graphene cu
to ch gm mt lp graphene n nguyn t nn cc tm ny phi t trn nn
silic ioxit, cc in tch b gi trong nn SiO2 c th nh hng n electron trong
40

graphene lm gim tnh linh ng. Thm ch dao ng mng tinh th SiO2 c th
nh hng n dao ng nguyn t ca chnh n. Nhng v cc phonon trong bn
thn graphene li khng h c tc dng trong vic phn tn electron do hiu qu
ny tr nn rt quan trng trong graphene. Theo cc nh khoa hc, graphene c kh
nng lm tng tc x l ca chip my tnh hin ti ln mc 500 n 1.000 Ghz.
Trong my tnh mi thng tin v d liu u c s ha v chuyn ti
dng bit nh phn 0 v 1. Silic l cht bn dn v c vng cm gia di dn in
v di ho tr. S hin hu ca vng cm trong nguyn t silicon cho transistor
chc nng nh nguyn biu hin qua s 0 v 1 c tc dng ng m dng in ty
vo in th ca cng transistor. Ni cch khc, transistor silicon c tc dng nh
vi nc v cng transistor nh l b phn kho m nc. Graphene khng c vng
cm nn transistor graphene khng c chc nng nh nguyn nh transistor silicon.
Mt thch thc na c ra l graphene n lp khng c vng cm nng lng nn
trng thi ng trong transistor graphene khng h tn ti. Nghin cu cho thy vi
mng kp graphene hay di s tc ng ca t trng ngoi th trong cu trc nng
lng ca n xut hin vng cm. Nhng tic thay khi c vng cm th di ng
ca cc in t trong mng graphene b gim st. Do vic thay th silicon ch to
transistor cho my tnh tr nn v ngha. Nhng iu ny khng c ngha graphene
l k thua cuc trong cuc chy ua transistor.

3
2

Hnh 2.11: M phng cu trc ca transistor graphene, c 3 in cc:

1) Cc pht E, 2) Cc gp C, 3) Cc gc B
4) Nn SiO2 v ni vi cc in cc ngun v mng
(Ngun: www.jameshedberg.com).

41

2.4.2 Dy dn in siu dn
Nh vo linh ng cao ca in t v in tr cc nh thm ch bng 0
nu nhit gim nh th graphene c y cc yu t c th ch to dy
dn siu dn mi. Nh chng ta bit hin nay c mt s nc p dng cng
ngh truyn ti in khng in tr bng cch gi lnh dy dn bng nit lng. Tuy
nhin phng php ny c mt nhc im l lun phi gi lnh cho dy dn gy
tn km. Vi graphene, nu c ch to tinh khit th dn in cao hn ng
n 1 triu ln vi in tr xut thp n 0,1 ngay nhit phng, y qu tht
l mt kt qu n tng. Ta bit graphene l mt vt liu 2D v l c s ca cc
vt liu nano ccbon khc do ta c th ch to cc ng nano ccbon a lp to
thnh dy dn 1D vi cc tnh cht in tng t graphene.
Ti i hc Bath v i hc Exeter nhm cc nh nghin cu khm ph ra
rng vi mt vi lp graphene xp chng ln nhau, chng c th tr thnh mt vt
liu tuyt vi dnh cho cc b chuyn mch quang, qua mang li tc truyn
ti nhanh hn 100 ln so vi cng ngh vin thng hin nay. Theo nhm nghin cu
trong khi cc b chuyn mch quang hc thng thng phn hi t l vi pico giy
(1 phn nghn t ca 1 giy) th cc nh vt l quan st c thi gian ti hp ca
mt b chuyn mch quang hc s dng cc lp graphene ch bng 100 femto giy
(1 femto giy = 1 phn triu t ca 1 giy) - gn nhanh hn gp 100 ln. Mt nhm
cc nh nghin cu i hc Maryland cn o c chnh xc gii hn tnh linh
ng (tiu ch xc nh mt vt liu dn in tt n mc no) ca graphene
nhit phng cao mc 200.000 cm2/Vs, cc mu vt hin nay li c tnh linh
ng nh hn vo khong 10.000 cm2/Vs.

ng bc

ng thp

Graphene cun trn thnh nhiu lp

Hnh 2.12: M hnh cp siu dn dng trong thng tin s dng cc ng nano ccbon a lp
to ra t cc mnh graphene cun trn.

42

2.4.3 Pin mt tri th h mi

2.4.3.1 t vn
Hin nay i km vi tc tng trng chng mt ca cc nc ang pht
trin nh Trung Quc, n , nhu cu nng lng th gii ang ngy mt tng
cao. Bo co ca hi ng nng lng th gii (WEC) th n 2050 nhu cu ny c
th tng 61% vi dn s khi khong 9 t ngi. Trc mt, trong vng hai thp
nin ti, u t nng lng ton cu c tnh l 40.000 t la, tng ng
GDP/nm ca Lin Hip Chu u, Hoa K v Trung Quc cng li (theo ch tch
ca tp on du kh Rp X t Aramco). Tuy nhin, cng theo tnh ton ca
WEC, con s u t khng l ny cng khng gii quyt hon ton c nn thiu
in. Vo nm 2050, c tnh cn khong 320 triu n 530 triu ngi khng c
in dng, ch yu ti vng Chu Phi pha nam Sahara, so vi khong 1,2 t ngi
hin nay.
Cng theo WEC, vn s dng cc ngun nng lng sch, nng lng ti
to cn tip tc pht trin nhanh chng, vic s dng cc nng lng ha thch gy
hiu ng nh knh (du, kh, than) vn tip tc chim mt t trng ht sc ln:
khong t 59 n 77% vo nm 2050, so vi 85% nh hin nay. D bo ny cho
thy, d theo kch bn lc quan vi 59% nng lng ha thch c s dng vo
nm 2050, nhn loi vn khng t c mc tiu a lng kh CO2 xung di
mc 450 ppm. y l mc cho php khng ch c nhit Tri t khng tng
qu 2C, theo nh gi ca nhiu chuyn gia.
2.4.3.2 Pin mt tri th h mi-tng lai ca mt cuc cch mng nng
lng.
Pin nng lng Mt tri (hay pin mt tri) l phn t bn dn quang c cha
trn b mt mt s lng ln cc linh kin cm bin nh sng l cc dng diod p-n,
dng bin i nng lng nh sng thnh nng lng in da trn hin tng hiu
ng quang in. Hiu ng quang in l mt hin tng in - lng t, trong
cc in t sau khi hp th nng lng t cc bc x in t chuyn sang trng thi
b kch thch v c th c thot ra khi vt. Khi b mt ca mt tm pin quang
in c chiu bi bc x in t c tn s ln hn mt tn s ngng ca n (tn
s ngng ny l gi tr c trng cho cht lm nn tm pin quang in ny),
cc in t s hp th nng lng t cc photon v sinh ra dng in (gi l dng
quang in). Khi cc in t b bt ra khi b mt ca tm pin, ta c hiu ng quang
in ngoi. Cc in t khng th pht ra nu tn s ca bc x nh hn tn s
ngng bi in t khng c cung cp nng lng cn thit vt ra
khi ro th (gi l cng thot). in t pht x ra di tc dng ca bc x in t
c gi l quang in t. mt s cht khc, khi c chiu sng vi tn s vt
trn tn s ngng, cc in t khng bt ra khi b mt, m thot ra khi lin kt
43

vi nguyn t, tr thnh in t t do (in t dn) chuyn ng trong lng ca khi

vt dn, v ta c hiu ng quang in trong. Hiu ng ny dn n s thay i v
tnh cht dn in ca vt dn, do , ngi ta cn gi hiu ng ny l hiu ng
quang dn.
Cht nn nhit
Lp linh hot graphene
Lp polime lin kt
Dy nano km oxit
Vt liu ly nng lng
(chm lng t,vt liu
polime,v.v)
Hnh 2.13: M phng pin mt tri ch to bng graphene
(Ngun: http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2012/hybrid-flexible-light-solar-cells-1221.html)

Loi pin th h mi ny c lp nano km oxit th hin hiu ng quang in

trong v c hiu sut cao hn nh cc electron sinh ra c dn nh graphene c
tnh linh ng cao. Tui th cc tm pin cng c tng ln nh s lin kt t cc
lp polime, bn hn d c t trong iu kin khc nghit nh nhit chnh
lch cao hoang mc, v tinh tun thm, vng cc v.v
Theo tin s Liam Britnell ti i hc Manchester, tc gi chnh, cho bit:
Qua cc th nghim c th thy th h mi ca cc h thng quang in bng
graphene ny c th em li hiu sut cao hn 50% so vi cc tm pin mt tri vi
cng ngh hin nay, m ra tng lai y ha hn cho in mt tri. Chng hn c
th xy dng cc ta nh t cung t cp vi nng lng mt tri c hp th bi
cc bc tng, ca s v c th iu chnh trang thit b p ng vi nhng thay
i v nhit v nh sng cho ta nh.
Ti Chu trong c Vit Nam, ngy cng c nhiu u t cho cc nng
lng ti to, nh in gi, in mt tri, nhng do gi thnh sn xut cn rt cao,
nn v tr ca cc ngnh nng lng xanh b gii hn. Hy vng trong tng lai
khng xa, khi m s cn kit cc ngun nng lng ho thch, cc nghnh nng
lng xanh s c ch trng hn.

44

2.4.4 Siu t in
T in l mt linh kin in t th ng to bi hai b mt dn in c
ngn cch bi in mi. Khi c chnh lch in th ti hai b mt, ti cc b mt s
xut hin in tch cng cng . C s l lun cho vic ch to siu t in tng
i n gin. c tnh ca t in din t bng in dung C v c cng thc nh
sau:
C = A/d
Trong : l hng s in mi
A l din tch ca in cc
d l khong cch gia c hai in cc.
V vy, in c th "t" mt cao (in dung C cao), phi ln, A rng
v d nh. Trong ba bin s ny th s la chn vt liu c hng s in mi to c
nhiu kh khn, dy d ch c th gim n mt gii hn nht nh. Ch c din
tch b mt A l mt bin s c nhiu kh nng lm gia tng. Nh vy in cc cn
mt b mt rng nhng iu ny tng phn vi i hi thu nh ca t in. gii
quyt kh khn ny cc in cc kim loi ca t in c ph ln lp than xp
hot tnh. Lp than xp s gia tng din tch b mt t 10.000 n 100.000 ln nhiu
hn nh s gia tng ca cc l vi m. Hin nay, siu t in c in cc than xp
hot tnh ang l mt sn phm thng dng trn th trng.
Thng th cc siu t in c bit n vi tui th gn nh v hn cng
vi kh nng ti np in nng ch trong vi giy, im yu ca nhng siu t in
hin ti l t l nng lng lu tr so vi th tch hay mt nng lng cn thp.
Siu t in do nhm nghin cu ca gio s Li sng ch c mt nng lng 60
Watt-gi mi lt - tng ng vi pin axit ch v cao hn so vi cc siu t in
thng mi hin ti khong 12 ln! ti u ha mt nng lng, nhm nghin
cu ch to mt in cc nh t mt tm phim thch ng dng gel bng graphene
lm nn in cc c o nh gn ca mnh, nhm nghin cu ca Gio s Li
s dng cht in phn lng s dng trong siu t in truyn thng kim sot
khong cch gia cc tm graphene trn quy m tiu nanomt. Bng cch ny, cht
in phn lng ng mt vai tr kp: duy tr khong cch gia cc tm graphene v
tch tr in.
Nhm nghin cu cho bit h s dng k thut lm giy truyn thng
ch to vt liu v bng cch ny, gi thnh s c gim xung v nng cao quy
m s dng trong cng nghip. Gio s Li ni: "Chng ti to ra mt vt liu
graphene v m, tin thm mt bc quan trng trc nhng g t c. Gi
y, mi th ang giai on chuyn i t phng th nghim sang pht trin
thng mi".
Cc ng dng u vit ca graphene nu c khai thc tt s ha hn em li
rt nhiu li ch cho con ngi trong tng lai.
45

CHNG 3
MT S I HI CP THIT V CC THCH THC
KHAI THC V PHT TRIN VT LIU GRAPHENE
3.1 MT S HIU NG LNG T PHT HIN KHI GIM KCH
THC XUNG NANOMT
Khi gim kch thc xung mc nano, mt s hiu ng mi t nhin ni tri
m khng cn thay i thnh phn ho hc.
Khi gim kch thc th t s gia b mt v th tch khi tng ln v kt qu
l hiu ng trn b mt chim u th, cc tng tc ho hc, xc tc, d tr nng
lng, tng tc vi mi trng, kh nng hot ho trong thuc cha bnh cng
tng ln.
Khi kch thc vt liu nh s dn n vic vt liu dng ch to ra sn
phm cng cn t i, nng lng tiu th t, lng cht thi t. Nh vy cng ngh
to ra cc sn phm s t nh hng ti mi trng.
i vi linh kin in t kch thc nanomt s rt nh b, do vy qung
ng bay ca ht s rt ngn, vn tc cao ca ht dn n thi gian bay ca ht s
nhanh t lm cho tn s hot ng rt cao.
Kch thc linh kin nh to iu kin tch hp cao, kh nng lm vic tt
hn, gi thnh gim.
3.2 I HI PHT TRIN O LNG V NANO V A RA CC IU
KIN TIU CHUN
H thng o lng v cc tiu chun nano s dng trong ch to nano cng
nh thng mi ho trong cng ngh ch to nano ang c cc i hi cp thit, l
yu t c vai tr then cht trong vic pht trin cng ngh nano v ch to cc sn
phm nano mang tnh quy chun. Tuy nhin trong lnh vc ny n nay vn cha
c ch trng pht trin. Hin nay ang c xut dng h n bi gen
(anometrology) s dng lm cng c o cho vic pht trin ca cng ngh nano.
Vic xc nh kch thc nh hn 1nm so vi mu chun ang l vn v cng
kh khn hin nay, c bit n cn gp nhiu kh khn hn trong vic iu khin
qu trnh sn xut, ch to ra sn phm kch thc nano v cc qu trnh ny cng
tun theo h quy chun nghim ca h nano trong khi cc h quy chun trong cng
ngh vn cha pht trin hon thin. Hin nay c mt s nc ang xc tin
mnh trong lnh vc pht trin h o lng tiu chun nano, trong phi k n
Vin Quc gia v Tiu chun Cng ngh ca M (NIST), c cc iu kin tt
trin khai ch to vt liu nano vi cc tiu chun quy chun cn t c c th:
46

- Hon chnh a ra kch thc khc chun dng tiu chun 3nm, 10nm hay
30nm lm tiu chun cho k ngh khc nano.
- Lng t ho vic truyn dn cc ht ti trong cu trc nano c trng.
- Ci thin phng php o lng nano cho cc mu kch thc nano c
trng.
Cng ngh nano to ra nhiu c hi to lp nn mt nn tng mi hoc to
ra cc chun th cp. V d: t 1990 cc in tr Hall (hiu ng Hall lng t)
c s dng trong cc phng th nghim quc gia o in tr khng ca vt liu
dn in. Lu l i vi graphene, khi xy ra hiu ng Hall lng t th chnh
xc cc php o t l vi s nguyn hoc phn on ca

e2
, chnh xc php o
h

ny gip cc nh khoa hc c th o c in tr khng c vi micro-Ohm (10-6 )

vi sai s vi trm, hay thm ch l vi chc nano-Ohm (10-9 ). Hay nhit , mt
s bn dn cu trc nano gip cc nh khoa hc c th o c chnh xc nhit
mt s cht vi chnh xc c 10-9 0K. Nhng in tr ny khi lm lnh n 1 0K
hoc thp hn trong t trng c vi tesla th in tr gn nh khng i gi tr v
rt gn gi tr 0.
3.3 O TO NGUN NHN LC V U T TI CHNH
3.3.1 Vn gio dc
Khi cng ngh nano pht trin v hi t li, trong mang tnh a nghnh th
cc nghnh hc khng cn mang tnh tch bit ring r nh trc y, chng c s
an xen vo nhau nn vic son li gio trnh o to c bit l cc bc i hc, sau
i hc cng cn phi c xem xt li. Do c s lin kt gia cc trng i hc,
cc hc vin do s thay i l tht s cn thit tng cng lin, an xen gia
cc nghnh hc. Cc thch thc t ra theo c chiu rng ln chiu su o to ra
ngun nhn lc a ngnh hiu r cc khi nim mi, ngnh ngh mi lin quan n
cng ngh nano v sn phm ca n. Cc kho hc v vt liu mi, v khoa hc b
mt, ng hc phn t, cc hiu ng lng t trong vng trung gian v ch to vt
liu mc phn t s gip o to tt hn, c hiu qu hn so vi phng php o
to truyn thng nh hin nay. p ng mt phn no v cht lng ngun nhn
lc phc v pht trin cng ngh nano.
Nh nc ta hin nay l mt nc c nn kinh t nh v km pht trin, cha
c tim nng mnh pht trin khoa hc v cng ngh nano trn din rng th vic
gio dc v o to to ra ngun nhn lc c s hiu bit kin thc a ngnh v
c kin thc chuyn mn su c th nm bt c xu th th gii, c kh nng
tip cn cng ngh, sn phm mi. Ngun nhn lc y c kh nng mc no
47

y cng c th thc thi c nhng nhim v hay thao tc theo yu cu ca cng

ngh.
Mt m hnh nh vy c th tm hiu l vic trin khai cc trung tm cng
ngh cao, d thch ng trong phm vi cc trng i hc, hc vin ri lin kt vi
cc ngnh cng nghip. Cc trung tm cung cp mt mi trng gn nh y
v cc iu kin nghin cu v thnh lp cc nhm nghin cu v hc thut mt
cch a dng t cho php o to cc nh khoa hc tr. Tuy nhin, vic trin
khai m hnh ny hon ton khng d dng, rt nhiu kh khn, thch thc c ra v
kinh t, c bit l i ng o to. Mc d vy, vic o to cc nh khoa hc tr,
cng nhn lnh ngh hiu bit cng ngh cao l tht s cn thit, khng th khng
lm.
3.3.2 Vn u t ti chnh
Nh ni trn, thch thc v kinh t v i ng tri thc o to l nhng
nguyn nhn chnh m trong nguyn nhn kinh t vn l yu t quyt nh. Ly
v d, nu c iu kin ti chnh, chng ta hon ton c th mi cc nh khoa hc
ni ting ging dy hay t nht cng c th c ngi i du hc cc nc c cng
ngh pht trin cao. Nhiu chnh ph cc nc nhn thy tim nng ca cng
ngh nano nn ti tr c bit cho cng ngh ny, mt s nc cn u t rt
mnh, ng ch nh: Nht Bn, M, Anh, c, Trung quc, Hn quc, c
trng trnh quc gia trng im nghin cu v cng ngh nano. Ti Anh, chng
trnh Sng kin quc gia v cng ngh nano cng pht trin rt mnh nhm tuyn
truyn v nng cao nhn thc ca ngi dn. M, tnh ton cho thy tng s tin
u t cho lnh vc trn khng ngng gia tng mi nm, nm 1997 l 116 triu
USD, n 2001 l 422 triu USD v cho thy con s ny c th tng hn 1 t USD
vo nm 2015. chu u, phn ln u c mt hoc nhiu chng trnh nghin cu
dnh cho cng ngh nano. Mng li nghin cu chung c pht trin thng qua
lin minh chu u (EU) v nhiu trng trnh nghin cu, cng tc khc. Mt s
nc bc u nh: Phn Lan, an Mch cng u t cho cng ngh nano n 120
triu EURO vo nm 2010. Cc nc chu c bit l Trung quc, Hn quc
thnh cng trong vic ng dng cng ngh nano trong tin hc, vt liu linh kin,
quang hc, truyn thng. S d u t ti chnh ca chnh ph cc nc dnh cho
lnh vc ny rt ln l do li nhun trong lnh vc ny thu c khng h nh.
D kin trong tng lai gn, cng ngh nano s mang li li nhun hng nm
nh sau:
- Cng nghip in t:
300 t USD
- Cng nghip dc phm:
180 t USD
- Cng nghip ho hc:
100 t USD
- Cng ngh mi trng c th gim 10% nng lng, nh vy c th tit
kim c:
100 t USD
48

Vn c s h tng cng cn c ch trng quan tm, nng cao nhn thc

cc chng trnh dnh cho cng nghip. Vic chia s cc kt qu nghin cu gia
cc phng th nghim trong cng mt quc gia hay gia cc quc gia l rt cn thit
to ra mt c s nghin cu mnh.
3.3.3 Vn thng mi ho
Graphene c xem nh l vt liu nhiu ha hn ca tng lai. Sau gii
Nobel (2010) s bi bo co tng vt qua ngng mi ngn bi mi nm v s
ng k pht minh cng tng theo hm lu tha. Danh sch ng dng ca graphene
rt di bao gm mi ngnh khoa hc t sinh y hc n in t hc vi nhng p
dng mang tnh t ph trong dn dng cng nh quc phng. Nhng ng dng
chnh c cp bn trn nhng cc ng dng khc lin quan n sinh y, nng
lng mt tri, kh c t trong nc, tng tr hydrogen, s tng tc vi nh sng
v sng in t khng c cp chi tit v vt qu khun kh bi vit.
Thng mi ha nhng thnh qu nghin cu c bn l mt trong nhng mc
tiu quan trng ca khoa hc cng ngh. Nhng s chuyn bin t thnh qu hn
lm n cng ngh thc dng khng phi l con ng thng y hoa thm c l.
Mt pht hin mi mang tnh cch mng xy ra cc trng i hc hay c s
nghin cu thng c mt phong tro theo ui rm r nhm xin kinh ph cho cc
cng trnh nghin cu ni lin vi nhiu ha hn ng dng i i. Cc ng dng
cp trong bi vit ny ch l mu ch to trong phng th nghim, nn c xem nh
mt "chng c ca tim nng" hn l thng phm. Thc t cho thy qu trnh
chuyn bin t phng th nghim n thng trng khng nhng cn thi gian, tin
bc, s kin nhn v thng minh m cn hi yu t "thin thi, a li, nhn
ha". Trong khi gii hn lm ch trng n s lng bi bo co c ng ti trn
cc tp ch chuyn ngnh, n cht lng tp ch, l ci hay uy tn th mi quan tm
chnh ph v gii doanh thng l vic thng mi ha cc thnh qu khoa hc v
lm ra tin. Thng sau mt thp nin khi s ho hc ban u bt u lng ng th
mi ngi s li mt bc thm nh li s pht hin bng ci nhn lnh lng ca
doanh nghip. Tm li, s chuyn bin t khoa hc sang cng ngh ch thnh cng
khi ba yu t k thut, kinh t v thng mi ng thi c tha mn.
Mt s v d v tnh hn lm ca vt liu ccbon trong hai thp nin qua nh
qu bng C60, ng than nano v graphene ln lt c pht hin. C mi ln pht
hin cng ng nghin cu khoa hc h hi t nim tin vo nhng vt liu ny vi
mong c gn xa rng chng s cho nhng ng dng t ph. S ra i ca qu
bng fullerene kch ng khng t vo cng ng khoa hc v ci p ca cu
trc hnh hc v tim nng ng dng ca n. Tuy nhin, fullerene ch tr thnh mt
vt liu cho cc cng trnh nghin cu c bn m c ln tp ch The Economist chua
cht vit, "fullerene ch sn xut nhng bi bo co hn lm". Mc d ngy nay
49

fullerene ang c mt ch ng c bit l c dng trong pin mt tri hu c,

nhng tc ng ca n vo cng nghip vn cha mang ti mt du n r rt.
Vic pht hin ng than nano lm bng ln ngn la nghin cu v vt liu
ccbon sau nhng tht vng v fullerene. Nhng sau hn 20 nm nghin cu vi
hng chc t la kinh ph v cng sc ca nhiu b c tinh anh, ng than nano vn
cn lp l ngng ca ng dng cng ngh. ng than nano khng t c yu
cu ng nht ca cu trc cn thit cho cc ng dng trong lnh vc in t.
T bi bo co nm 2004 ng trn tp ch quyn uy Science n gii Nobel
Vt l 2010 ch vn vn 6 nm, graphene c xem nh mt thnh cng chp
nhong. Theo , nghin cu graphene bng n trong khun vin i hc
Manchester ni Geim v Novoselov lm vic, lan c nc Anh v th gii. Liu
graphene c th to ra mt t ph trong cc ng dng lm giu nn kinh t, em
v li nhun cho vic u t ca chnh ph vo cc nghin cu hn lm? Cho n
nay cng ng nghin cu nhn c nhng tn hiu tch cc. V mt tng hp,
nh cp bn trn c nhng phng php sn xut i tr dng l cao nhit hay
tch lp bng phn ng ha hc. V mt an ton cho sc kho d graphene khng b
lit k vo din "vt liu tc hi" nh ng than nano nhng cc th nghim v tc
dng v c tnh ca graphene trn m sinh hc ang c tin hnh nghim tc.
V mt u t v kinh ph, gn nh tc thi sau gii Nobel, chnh ph Anh ng
cp 60 triu la thnh lp Vin Nghin cu Quc gia Graphene (National
Graphene Institute) ti i hc Manchester. Vin s c khai trng vo nm 2015
v s l trung tm nghin cu ng dng bin cc thnh qu hn lm thnh ng dng
nht l cng nghip in t. Hi ng khoa hc chu u (European Commission)
cng chn graphene l mt ti nghin cu cho thp nin ti vi kinh ph l 1
t Euro. Nhng cng ty tham gia vo n graphene ny l cc doanh nghip quc
t ni ting lin quan n hng khng, in t v quc phng nh Airbus, Alcatel
Lucent, Nokia, Oxford Instruments v Thales. Nghin cu s tp trung vo vic
trin khai b cm ng, nano composite, cng c in t tn s cao, cng c in t
mm v lin quan n nng lng nh vic tn tr hydrogen, pin mt tri v pin
in ha. Chnh ph Hn quc cng nhanh tay u t 20 triu la vo vic nghin
cu graphene cho cc loi mn hnh v dng c in t. Nhiu i hc ti Hn Quc
vi s tham gia ca tp on Samsung tuyn b kh nng ch to i tr nhng
mng graphene cht lng cao cho lnh vc in t.
Ba vn ln cn c gii quyt thng mi ha graphene l: (1) trin
khai kh nng tng hp nhng mng tinh th to v cht lng, (2) chc ha gn
nhng nhm chc thch hp cho tng ng dng v (3) tm kim nhng ng dng
c bit cho graphene. Hng mc (1) c chnh ph v doanh nghip u t
mnh m v ang c nhng thnh qu nht nh. Hng mc (2) ty vo ti nng ca
cc nh ha tng hp v cc nh vt l. Chc ha l yu t quan trng cho gia
50

cng, b cm ng, pin mt tri, tch tr nng lng v nht l vic m ra mt vng
cm cho nhng ng dng in t. Hng mc (3) ty vo tm nhn v chin lc ca
chnh ph v doanh nghip.
C th ni rng trong tt c mi ng dng, cng nghip in t l mt lnh
vc to ln v mang n nhiu doanh thu. N s quyt nh s thnh cng ca vic
thc dng ho graphene. Nhng pht hin lin tc ca vt liu hu c dn in v
bn dn khi u t polymer dn in vo thp nin 70 ca th k trc, qu bng
fullenre vo thp nin 80, n ng than nano v graphene ngy hm nay hon
thnh cuc cch mng vt liu lm thay i cc din trong nhiu ng dng. Mt
trong nhng h qu ca cuc thay i ln lao ny l s xut hin ca cc loi dng
c in t mm nh pin mt tri hu c, n LED hu c, mn hnh cm ng.
Chng s nh nhng i vo cuc sng i thng trong vi thp nin ti. Nhng
ng dng quan trng khc nh tng tr nng lng nh t in, sn xut nng lng
(pin mt tri) v gia cng cho thy cc tim nng quan trng ca graphene. Trong
mt tng lai khng xa nhng "chng c tim nng" th v v nhiu ha hn trong
phng th nghim s c doanh nghip em ln bn m soi xt hay a n tay
ngi tiu dng.
3.4 NHNG THCH THC T RA CHO K THUT V VN MI
TRNG
3.4.1 Cc thch thc
Cc thch thc hin nay c ra cho cng ngh nano nh:
- y l thi k hnh thnh v pht trin ban u, bao gm t vic hnh thnh
cc tng n khi trin khai cc th nghim, nh gi v pht trin cng ngh u
l cc khi nim cn mi m, l lm cha on bit ht c cc ri ro.
- Cc hn ch v cng ngh, o lng, quan st, thao tc gn kt vi th
gii v m nhm a ra cc ng dng rng ri.
- Hin nay ngun nhn lc cn thiu, s hiu bit cn kh hn ch, cn o
to thm c mt lc lng cn b khoa hc mnh.
- Cn c c s u t ng b, quy m ln trong nghin cu v sn xut ra
cc sn phm cc mi quan h hp tc quc t tt p.
- Cn c cc thit b cng ngh hin i v ng b, nn cng nghip
mnh, m hin nay nc ta cn rt thiu.

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3.4.2 Mt tri ca cng ngh nano

- Vic dng graphene trong mt s dn xut hay mi dn thuc c th gy ra
tc hi sinh hc ph nh gy bin i gen, gy tc hi lu di n ging ni, mt
kiu nh cht c mu da cam.
- To ra v kh sinh hc tc hi hn v kh ht nhn nhiu ln, kh c th
kim sot.
- Khi cng nghip nano pht trin c th gy nh hng nghim trng n
mi trng sng hin nay. Mi trng sng c th s b nhim nng bi cc ht
bi nano, phn t nano, cc ht ny c thi ra t cc nh my cng nghip,
phng tin giao thng v.vnu thm nhp c vo c th (thng qua h hp, n
ung) th s thm nhp trc tip vo mu, m, xng hay thm ch l no gy nh
hng trc tip v gin tip sc kho. ng nano ccbon ang rt c a chung
hin nay cho thy cn nguy him gp trm ln ht aming c hi (mt loi vt liu
dng trong cng nghip chng bc x). Hay mt vi trng hp pht hin ngoi tc
dng mong i th mt s mi dn thuc ht nano cho thy chng c kh nng pht
tn c t nhanh hn, nh hng no b thm ch tng nguy c mc bnh ung th.
- Ngi ta pht hin kh nng dit khun cao ca graphene nn dng
graphene ch to hp ng thc n, u im ca loi hp ny l rt bn, chu
c va p, ngoi ra do c tnh dit khun m thc n c gi lu hn trong iu
kin bnh thng khng c tc dng nhit (lm lnh). Tuy nhin mt iu khin cc
nh khoa hc quan tm l thc phm c lin quan cng ngh nano c nh hng n
sc kho ngi tiu dng. Thc t cho thy, mt khi thm nhp vo c th th cc
ht nano rt kh b c th o thi ra ngoi v chng khng b bt k b lc no
trong c th pht hin. Do vic kim sot chng l mt iu ht sc kh khn.
- R rng l cuc cch mng cng ngh nano to ra vn mi v an ninh
tng hp. N i hi mi quc gia cng nh mi x nghip phi c nhng chuyn
gia th h mi nm vng kin thc su rng v khoa hc, v kh nng ca cc
phng tin k thut hin i v phi c cp nht thng xuyn.

52

PHN KT LUN

1. NHN XT
Graphene l vt liu mi mang tnh cch mng trong vt liu nano vi nhiu
tnh cht quan trng. Khai thc c tnh vt liu ng dng vo thc t l tht s
cn thit v th gii hin nay ang phi i mt vi nhiu thch thc t ra. V vin
thng, s b tc ca cc nh khoa hc khi gim kch thc cc transistor xung kch
thc 10nm l iu khng th v s r r xut hin kch thc ny. S cn kin
ngun nhin liu ho thch dn n s u t khai thc ngun nng lng sch t
mt tri ang dn c ch trng. Vn khai thc v s dng hp l cc ngun
nng lng nh in nng, nhit nng nhm gim thiu n mc thp nht hao ph
in, nhit cng rt quan trng v.v. V tt nhin, siu vt liu s m nhn tt
c cc thch thc v ha hn s lm tt nhng nhim v .
c th to nn c cuc cch mng khoa hc mi ny th s n lc ca
cc nh khoa hc rt xng ng c tuyn dng v gii thng Nobel vt l
cho 2 nh khoa hc tm ra graphene tht s l rt xng ng. Tuy nhin t c
nhng thnh tu nh vy th s u t, s hp tc gia cc nghin cu cng mt
phn no lm nn nhng thnh tu , i vi graphene ni ring v vt liu
nano ni chung, ngoi nhng mt tch cc th vn cn nhiu hn ch, tiu cc c th
lm nh hng n s sng cn ca con ngi v cc sinh vt trn tri t. Do
gio dc kin thc phi gn lin vi gio dc nhn cch. iu ny cng nhn mnh
vai tr ca gio dc trong nghin cu khoa hc.
2. KT LUN CHUNG
Trong thi gian thc hin ti, ti c c hi tip cn vi nghin cu
khoa hc, ng thi c thm thi gian cng c kin thc hc trng cng nh
vn dng c cc k nng tnh ton, suy lun, lp lun.
ti nu khi qut c cc vn c bn ca cng ngh nano, con
ng tm kim vt liu mi, xy dng cch tip cn cc nghin cu vt liu
graphene. ng thi cng tm hiu c tnh cht ca n v mt s ng dng rt
thc t. Thng qua m hnh Pronig-Penney c th kho st tnh cht vng nng
lng ca cc loi vt liu ng thi thng qua phng php Tight-binding c th
kho st cu trc vng nng lng ca graphene t c c s so snh vi thc
nghim. Tuy nhin ti vn c mt s hn ch nht nh nh cha i su tm hiu
cu trc vt liu, cha gii c chi tit bi ton vng nng lng graphene, mt s
l lun v phng php vn cn mang tnh nghin cu, cha mang tnh thc t nh
53

xem tng tc electron trong mng tinh th l t do m cha xem xt tng tc spin
ca electron, tng tc gia cc electron, gia electron vi nt mng v.v m iu
l tht s quan trng trong nghin cu vt liu mi. Hi vng sau khi tt nghip s
c iu kin nghin cu su hn cc vn nu trn. Sau khi nghin cu v
ti ny, ti thy c th khai thc mt s phc v cho cng tc ging dy
trng ph thng sau ny nh:
- Bit c xu th th gii hin nay l nghin cu v cng ngh nano, cc vt
liu mi, cng ngh, k thut mi.
- C th s dng mt s t liu khi ging dy cc bi v in tr, dng in
trong kim loi, hay cc hiu ng quang in v.vcng nh ti liu nhm lin h
thc t.
- Cc thch thc t ra khi cng ngh nano dn dn chim lnh th trng t
nh hng cho cc em hc sinh bin php nm bt, hiu r bn cht c th
ng ph kp thi nu cng ngh nano b li dng cho mc ch khng mong mun.

54

TI LIU THAM KHO

Ti liu tham kho: Ting Vit
1. o Khc An, Cng ngh micr v nan in t - NXBGD Vit Nam, 2010.
2. Hong Dng, Nhp mn c hc lng t - NXBGD, 1999.
3. Jack Uldrich Deb Newberry, Cng ngh nano u t v u t mo him,
NXB Tr, 2006.
4. L Khc Bnh, C s vt l cht rn - NXB i hc Quc gia Thnh Ph H Ch
Minh, 2006.
5. Nguyn Anh Tun, Vt liu cu trc nano, NXB Bch khoa HN, 2012.
6. Nguyn Huy Sinh, Vt l siu dn, NXBGD, 2005.
7. Thn c Hin, Nhp mn v siu dn (Vt liu, tnh cht v ng dng),
NXB Bch khoa HN, 2008.
8. Trng Vn Tn, Khoa hc v Cng ngh nano, NXB Tri Thc, 2009.
Ti liu tham kho: Ting nc ngoi
9. A. K. Geim and K. S. Novoselov, 2007. Nature Mater. (6) page 183.
10. Jean-Christophe Charlier, Xavier Blas, Stephan Roche, 2007. Electronic and
transport properties of nanotubes-Rev. Mod. Phys 79 (2) page 667
11. J. C. Slonczewski and P. R. Weiss, August 13-1957. Band structure of GraphiteSWM.1958.PhysRev.109.272
12. Pierre E. Allain and Jean-Noel Fuchs, August 18-2011. Klein tunneling in
graphene: optics with massless electrons.
Ti liu trc tuyn
13. http://360.thuvienvatly.com/bai-viet/vat-ly-ung-dung/1070-graphene.
14. http://vietsciences.free.fr/thuctap_khoahoc/thanhtuukhoahoc
/graphenethegioiphang.htm.
15. http://Wikipedia/
16. Mng internet

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