Professional Documents
Culture Documents
of Polymers
Objectives
Introduction
Polymers
Polymers Classification
Thermoplastics (linear)
Thermosets (crosslinked)
Polymers Definitions
Structure
A reversible transition from a hard and relatively brittle state into a soften or
rubber like state
Cross-linking
A bond that links one polymer chain to other. Once cross linking takes place, the
material can no longer be shaped.
Curing
Stiffness of Polymers
Designer aims to keep the elastic deflections below some critical limit
This is not true for polymers. Polymers have time and temperature
dependent modulus
Glass-transition regime,
in which the modulus
drops steeply from 3
GPa to around 3 MPa
Rubbery
regime, with a
low modulus,
around 3 MPa
Regime of
decomposition in
which chemical
breakdown starts
Viscoelasticity
Elastic solid
Stored energy restores the original shape once the force is removed
Viscous liquid
No definite shape
Viscoelasticity
Material response which combines both liquid and solid like features
is termed Viscoelasticity
Linear
Viscoelastic
Behaviour
Since
=
=
Thus
=
+
= +
The equation represents the Kelvin or Voigt model for linear viscoelastic
solid
Creep
Stress Relaxation
Creep
Creep
Creep
Creep
3 Newtonian flow
Creep
()
= 1 + 2 + 3
At intermediate
times, compliance
is time dependent
and behaviour is
viscoelastic
Recovery
Stress Relaxation
Stress Relaxation
()
At very short
times, Relaxation
Modulus is that of
a glassy solid and
is independent of
time
At intermediate
times, Relaxation
Modulus is time
dependent and
behaviour is
viscoelastic
Mathematical
Modelling of
Linear
Viscoelasticity
Mathematical Modelling
Mathematical Modelling
Boltzmann Superposition Principle
Creep behaviour
of a viscoelastic
solid under multistep loading
Mathematical Modelling
= 1 ( 1 )+2 ( 2 )+3 ( 3 )+
Creep
compliance
( ) ()
1
=
+
( T)
()
= 1 ( 1 )+2 ( 2 )+3 ( 3 )+
Answer
= 1 ( 1 )+2 ( 2 )+3 ( 3 )
2
0 + 1
+ 2 2 + = 0 + 1
+ 2 2 +
Mechanical
Models
Mechanical Models
1 , 1
2 , 2
No instantaneous retraction
2
2 =
Total stress
= 1 + 2
Total strain
= 1 = 2
Thus
= +
Recovery
where
By Integration
=
[1 exp ]
In terms of compliance
= [1 exp
The retardation time is the time after loading for the strain to reach
Limitations
= 0
= +
=
Maxwell Model
Total stress
= 1 = 2
Total strain
= 1 + 2
, 1 , 1
1
1 = 1
=
=
+
= 0 0 =
+
, 2 , 2
Strain
Time
Maxwell Model
, 1 , 1
= 0 exp
, 2 , 2
Maxwell Model
Limitations
= 0
, 1 , 1
, 2 , 2
Maxwell Model
2
0 + 1
+ 2 2 + = 0 + 1
+ 2 2 +
0 + 1
= 0 + 1
0 + 1
= 0 + 1
Kelvin and Maxwell models can not define the general behaviour of
viscoelastic solid completely
1
1
+
+
= + ( + )
How would this model predict the creep and relaxation response?
Dynamical
Mechanical
Measurements
For linear viscoelastic behaviour, stress and strain will vary sinusoidally
For an ideal elastic material, stress and strain are in phase i.e. phase
shift = 0
For an ideal viscous material, stress and strain are 90 out of phase
= 90
1 =
0
cos
0
2 =
0
sin
0
1
Phasor diagram
If
= 0 exp
Thus
0
0
= = exp = (cos + sin ) = 1 + 2
0
0
= 0 exp[ + ]
2 , which is
2/
02
= 2 02
02
1 sin cos
0
1
= 1 02
2
= tan =
1
2
= 2 tan
The ratio
Typical values of 1 , 2 and tan for a polymer are 109 Pa, 107 Pa
and 0.01
Where
= 1
Response of a Sample to
Sinusoidal Shear Strain
1 is stress measured at
maximum strain divided by
applied strain amplitude
1 =
0
cos
0
2 =
0
sin
0
Response of a Sample to
Sinusoidal Shear Strain
Relationship between
creep compliance and
stress relaxation modulus
Example
Problems
Problem 1
And has the values 2.0 GPa and 1.0 GPa at t=0 and 104 sec
respectively. Calculate the form of the creep compliance and so
evaluate the strain 1000 sec after the rapid application of a stress of 100
MPa.
SOLUTION
=
= /
Problem 1
At t=0
= / = = 2.0
At t=104
= / = 2 10
4 /
= 1.0
104
=2
= 2 = 0.693
104
2 104
=
= =
0.693
0.693
(given)
(given)
104 /
Total strain
= +
1
+
=
+
Problem 1
Putting 0 = 1/
= 0 +
1 103 0.693
1000 = 0.1
+
= 0.1(0.5 + 0.0347)
2
2 104
1000 = 5.35
Problem 2
=
+
[1 exp
]
2 1
1
Problem 2
Immediately after applying stress, the strain is 0.002; after 1000 sec the
strain is 0.004; after a very long time the strain tends to 0.006. What is the
retardation time 1 ?
Note: It is not necessary to know the stress or the values of 1 , 2 and
SOLUTION
= =
= +
Problem 2
= 1 +
=+
1
1
Thus
Rearranging
= 1
1
=
( )
1
where
1 is
1
=
1
ln 1
=
1
= exp 1 =
[1 exp 1 ]
1
1
Problem 2
=
+
[1 exp 1 ]
2 1
At time t=0
As t tends to infinity
0.006 = 0.002 +
= 0.002
2
1 exp 1 = 0.5
1 = 2 = 0.693
()
= 0.004
1 1
exp 1 = 0.5
1 =
exp 1 = 2
1000
= 1440
0.693
Problem 3
At 20C and 5 Hz the phase lag between stress and strain is 0.1 rad.
Calculate the maximum stress developed, the elastic energy stored
during the positive quarter cycle and the work dissipated per cycle
Problem 3
SOLUTION
0 = 10
0 =
1
= 0.005
200
1
0 0 cos = 0.005
2
= = 0.2
Problem 3
Phase lag
1
105 0.2 107 5 103 0.995 5 102
2
0.2
=
= 0.064
(Phase lag)
Measurement
of
Viscoelasticity
Measurement of Viscoelasticity
Creep Experiment
()
0
Creep Measurement
Measurement of Viscoelasticity
()
0
0
()
Dual Cantilever
Single Cantilever
Compression
Sample
Clamp / Support
Shear
Tension
References
(Ch 4, Ch 5, Ch 6)
(Ch 2.12)