J3010 - Mechanics of Machines 1

1
MALAYSIAN
POLYTECHNICS
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
MODULE J3010
MECHANICS OF MACHINES 1
Zainol Hashim (POLIMAS)

Harisa Mohamad Saad (POLIMAS)
http://modul2poli.blogspot.com/
1
J3010 MECHANICS OF MACHINES 1
ii
BIODATA OF MODULE WRITERS

J3010 Mechanics Machines
Name
Address
:
:
Telephone No. :
Qualifications :
Position
Name
Address
:
:
Telephone No. :
Qualifications :
Position
Zainol Bin Hashim

Mechanical Engineering Department
Politeknik Sultan Abdul Halim
Muadzam Shah, Bandar Darulaman
06000 Jitra
Kedah Darulaman
04-9174701 ext.407
B Sc Mech. Eng.(UTM)
Diploma Mech. Eng (UTM)
Cert.Education
Polytechnic Lecturer
Harisa Bt Mohamad Saad

Mechanical Engineering Department
Politeknik Sultan Abdul Halim
Muadzam Shah, Bandar Darulaman
06000 Jitra
Kedah Darulaman
04-9174701 ext.822
B Eng. Agricultural (Food and Process)
(UPM)
Masters in Education (ITTHO)
Polytechnic Lecturer
iii
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A. FORMAT
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B. CONTENTS
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SCALE
1
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CURRICULUM GRID
The curriculum grid of this module is based on the curriculum used by Malaysian
polytechnics.
No.
TOPIC
UNIT
Total
Hours
General
Dynamics
1
( 9 H)
9 Hours
Moment
Inertia
2
( 6 H)
6 Hours
Hoisting
system
3
(6H)
6 Hours
Friction
4
(6H)
6 Hours
Screw
5
(6 H )
6 Hours
Belting
6
(9H)
9 Hours
UNIT 1
GENERAL DYNAMICS
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
UNIT 2
MOMENT OF INERTIA
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
UNIT 3
Velocity and Acceleration

Equation for linear, uniformly accelerated motion
Relationship between linear speed and angular speed
Relationship between linear acceleration and
angular acceleration
Work done by a constant force
Power
Energy and conservation of energy
Momentum and conservation of momentum
Moment of Inertia
Theorem of Parallel axes
Theorem of Perpendicular axes
Moment of Inertia in a few simple cases
Torque and Angular Acceleration
Angular Momentum
Angular impulse
Work done by a torque
Angular kinetic energy
Kinetic energy of a torque
HOISTING SYSTEM
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
Inertia Couple
Accelerated Shaft
Shaft being brought to rest
Load raised and with accelerating upward
Load falling and accelerating downwards (No driving torque
acting)
Load falling and being brought to rest
Load rising: Coming to rest under friction only
Load balancing system
UNIT 4
FRICTION
4.1
Motion up the plane: pull P parallel to plane
4.2
Motion down the plane: Pull P parallel to plane
4.3
The angle of friction and total reaction
4.4
Application of angle of friction to motion on the inclined
plane
UNIT 5
SCREW
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.2
UNIT 6
The square thread screw

The V- thread screw
Raising Load
Load being lowered
Overhauling of a screw
BELTING
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
Length of an open belt drive

Length of cross belt drive
Power transmitted by a belt
Ratio of tensions
Centrifugal tension
vi
MODULE GUIDELINES
To achieve maximum benefits in using this module, students must follow the
instructions carefully and complete all the activities.
1.
2.
This module is divided into 6 units.

Each page is numbered according to the subject code, unit and page number.
J3010 / UNIT 1 / 5
Subject Unit 1
3.
4.
Page Number 5
The general and specific objectives are given at the beginning of each unit.
The activities in each unit are arranged in a sequential order and the
following symbols are given:
OBJECTIVES
The general and specific objectives for each learning topic are stated in
this section.
INPUT
This section introduces the subject matter that you are going to learn.
ACTIVITIES
The activities in this section test your understanding of the subject
matter. You have to complete this section by following the
instructions carefully.
vii
FEEDBACK
Answers to the questions in the activity section are given here
SELF-ASSESSMENT
Self-assessment evaluates your understanding of each unit.
FEEDBACK ON SELF-ASSESSMENT
This section contains answers to the activities in the self-assessment.
5.
6.
You have to follow the units in sequence.

You may proceed to the next unit after successfully completing the unit and
you are confident of your achievement.
viii
ix
GENERAL AIMS
This module is prepared for students in the third or fourth semester who are
undergoing the Certificate/Diploma programmes in Malaysian Polytechnics. It aims to
expose students to the mechanics of machines concept in each unit and to lead them
towards self-directed learning or with guidance from their lecturers.
PRE REQUISITE SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE

The pre-requisite for this module is at least a pass in Mathematic at the SPM level
and the successful completion of the Engineering Science module in the first
semester.
GENERAL OBJECTIVES
At the end of this module, students should be able to:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
know principles and fundamental concept of general dynamics.

know method and procedures to solve problem of mechanics machines.
understand facts and principles all of these topics.
solve problem in relation to hoisting and friction.
solve problem of raising and lowering load for square and Vee threaded screw.
find the values of Belting by using a calculator.
TEACHING AIDS AND RESOURCES NEEDED

1.
Calculator
REFERENCES
1.
John Hannah and M.J. Hillier (1971). Applied Mechanics; New Zealand
Pitman: Publishing Limited.
2.
W. Madill (1984). Applied Mechanics Level 3; Longman Inc., New

York: Longman Group Limited.
3.
D Humphrey and J Topping (1971). A Shorter Intermediate Mechanics;

London: Longman Group Ltd.
4.
George E. Drabble (1971). Applied Mechanics; London: W.H. Allen & Co.
Ltd.
5.
R.S. Khurmi (1988). A Text Book Of Applied Mechanics;New Delhi:

S. Chand & Company (Pvt) Ltd.
6.
R.K. Mullis (1983). Engineering Mechanics; Longman Cheshire Pty.
7.
S.B.Mathur (1979). Applied mechanics; Delhi: Khanna Publishers.
8.
L.Bostock and S.Chandler (1979). Applied Mathematics; Scotland: Thomson

Litho Ltd.
GENERAL DYNAMICS
J3010/1/1
UNIT 1
GENERAL DYNAMICS
OBJECTIVES
General Objective
: To understand the concept of general dynamics
Specific Objectives : At the end of this unit you should be able to :

>
relate linear and angular velocity, linear and angular acceleration.
>
solve problem using equation uniformly accelerated and angular

motion.
>
describe tangent acceleration and centripetal acceleration, centripetal

and centrifugal force, work and power.
>
explain the principle conservation of energy and momentum.
GENERAL DYNAMICS
J3010/1/2
INPUT
1.0
INTRODUCTION.
A vector quantity requires a number and a direction to specify it completely; that is, a
vector has magnitude and direction. Examples of vectors are velocity, acceleration and
force.
Mechanics is the study of

object or bodies, as we
shall call them, when
subjected to force.
1.1
VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION

Velocity
The velocity of a body may be defined as its rate of change of displacement, with
respect to its surroundings, in a particular direction. As the velocity is always
expressed in a particular direction, it is also a vector quantity.
Acceleration
The acceleration of a body may be defined as the rate of change of its velocity. It is
said to be positive, when the change in velocity of a body increases with time, and
negative when the velocity decreases with time. The negative acceleration is also
called retardation.
GENERAL DYNAMICS
J3010/1/3
In general, the term acceleration is used to denote the rate at which the velocity is
changing. It may be uniform or variable.
1.2
EQUATION FOR LINEAR, UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED MOTION

Suppose a body moving in a straight line has an initial speed u and that it undergoes
uniform acceleration a for time t considering, let the final speed be v and the distance
traveled in the time t be s. The speed time curve will be show in fig.1.1
Fig. 1.1 Uniform accelerated linear motion.

Acceleration a is uniform, its magnitude is
a =
change in speed
change in time
= vuIt
or at = v u
or v = u + at
In this case, the average speed will be the speed at time tI2.
Hence average speed = 1 ( u + v)
2
Further, since distance travel = average speed x t then s = 1 2 ( u + v)t
Substituting for v from (1.1) into (1.2) gives
s = 1 ( u + u + at )I t
2
Or s = u t + 1 at2
2
(1.1)
(1.2)
GENERAL DYNAMICS
J3010/1/4
Substituting for t from (1.1) into (1.2) gives

s = 1 ( u + v ) (v - u )I a
2
2
or 2as = v - u2
or v2 = u2 + 2as
Example 1.1
A workman drops a hammer from the top of scaffolding. If the speed of sound in air is
340 mIs, how long does the workman have before shouting to another workman 60 m
vertically below him if his warning is to arrive before the hammer. Neglect air
resistance.
Solution 1.1
For hammer
Inertial speed = 0 mIs.
Acceleration = 9.81 mIs2.
Distance = 60 m
s = ut + 1 at2
2
60 = 0 + (9.81)2
t = 3.50s
60
= 0.18 to travel the same
340
distance so the workman has (3.50 0.18) = 3.32 s before shouting if the sound is to
arrive before the hammer.
The hammer takes 3.50 s to fall 60 m. The sound takes
GENERAL DYNAMICS
1.3
J3010/1/5
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LINEAR SPEED AND ANGULAR SPEED

If a point P moves round in a circle with a of radius r with constant linear speed v then
the angular speed will be constant and
=
t
(1.3)
where t is the time to move from Q to P along the arc QP of the curve. Fig 1.2
Fig. 1.2 Circular motion

However, arc length QP is r when is measured in radians and hence linear
speed v is
r
arc QP
(1.4)
V=
=
t
t
Using (1.3) and (1.4) leads to
(1.5)
V = r for circular motion.
Or linear speed = radius x angular speed.
Example 1.2
What is the peripheral speed of the tread on a tire of a motor car if the wheel spins about
the axle with an angular velocity of 6 radianl second. Diameter of tires is 0.7 m.
Solution 1.2
V = r
= 0.35 x 6
V = 2.1 mls
where r = 0.35 m and = 6 radls
GENERAL DYNAMICS
1.4
J3010/1/6
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LINEAR ACCELERATION AND ANGULAR

ACCELERATION
By equation =
d
Hence =
d
dt
=
and V = r
1 dv
since r is constant
r dt
dt

r
dv
is linear acceleration a
However
dt
a
Hence =
r
Or a = r
Or linear acceleration = radius x angular acceleration
Example 1.3
A grinding wheel is accelerated uniformly from rest to 3000 revlmin in 3 seconds.
Find it angular and linear acceleration. If the wheel diameter is 200 mm, find the final
linear speed of a point on its rim.
Solution 1.3
t = 3s
1 = 0 radls
2 = 3000 revlmin = 2N160
2 X X 3000
=
60
= 314.16 radls
t
314.16 0
=
3
= 104.72 radls2
GENERAL DYNAMICS
J3010/1/7
a = r
= 0.1 x 104.72
a = 10.47 mls2
V = r 2
= 0.1 x 314.16
= 31.42 mls
GENERAL DYNAMICS
J3010/1/8
Activity 1A
TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING BEFORE YOU CONTINUE WITH THE NEXT

INPUT!
1.1 Which of the following is a Vector quantity?.
A. density
B. speed C. area
D. acceleration
1.2 Velocity is the rate of change with time of
A. displacement B. acceleration C. speed
D. distance
1.3 When a body moVes round a circle with radius r at uniform speed V,
the angular speed is
B. Vlr
C. V2lr
D. 2V
A. Vr
1.4 A 5 kg block, at rest on a smooth horizontal surface, is acted on by a resultant
force of 2.5 N parallel to the surface. The acceleration, in mls2 is
A. 0.5
B. 2
C. 12.5
D. 2000
1.5 A car traVel along a straight road at a steady speed of 13 mls, accelerates
uniformly for 15 s until it is moVing at 25 mls. Find its acceleration.
1.6 A particle moVes from rest with an acceleration of 2 mls2. Determine the
Velocity and displacement of the particle after 20 seconds.
1.7 A parcel, starting at rest, is moVed by conVeyor belt with an acceleration of

1.5 mls2. What will its Velocity be after it has moVed 3 meters?
GENERAL DYNAMICS
J3010/1/9
S = ( u + v) t
V = u + at
V2 = u2 + 2as
S = Ut + at.
Feedback to Activity 1A
Have you tried the questions????? If YES, check your answers now
1.1
D. acceleration
1.2
A. displacement
1.3
B. Vlr
1.4
A. O.5
1.5
O.8 mls2
1.6
4O mls; 4OO m.
1.7
3 mls.
GENERAL DYNAMICS
J3010/1/10
INPUT
1.5
WORK DONE BY A CONSTANT FORCE
Work done = Force x distance.

Unit of work is joule (J) or
Kilojoule (kJ)
When the point at which a force acts moVes, the force is said to haVe done work. When
the force is constant, the work done is defined as work done = force x distance moVed
in the direction of the force. It is a scalar qUantity.
If a constant force F moVes a body from A to B then distance moVed in the direction
of F is s cos 0 fig.1.3. The work done by a constant force is thUs:
Work done = F s cos 0
fig. 1.3 Notation for the work done
GENERAL DYNAMICS
J3010/1/11
If the body moVes in the same direction as the force, where by = 00 and
work done is Fs. Work done is zero if direction force = 900. If F is in Newton and
s is in meters, the work done will be measUred in joUles (J)
Example 1.4
How mUch work is done when a force of 5 KN moVes its point of application 600 mm
in the direction of the force.
SolUtion. 1.4
Work done =
=
=
=
1.6
force x distance
5 X 103 X 600 X10-3
3000 J
3 KJ.
POWER
Power is the rate of doing work, i.e. the work done in Unit time. The SI Unit of power
is the watt; it is 1 joUle per second and is written 1 W. The British Unit of power Use
earlier was the Horse- Power, and is eqUiValent to aboUt 746 watts . If a force of F
Newton keeps its point of application moVing in the direction of the force with
Uniform speed v meters per second, the work done per second is Fv joUles, and is the
power is Fv watts.
Example 1.5
The total mass of an engine and train is 200 Mg; what is the power of the engine if it
can jUst keep the train moVing at a Uniform speed of 100 kmlh1 on the leVel, the
1
resistances to friction, amoUnting to
of the weight of the train.
200
GENERAL DYNAMICS
J3010/1/12
SolUtion 1.5
Since the speed is Uniform, the pUll of the engine is eqUal to the total resistance,
i.e. 1000g N.= 1000 x 9.81 = 9810 N.
The speed is
100 km1h1 = 1000136 m1s
The work per second
= 1000 x 9.8 x 1000136 J
Power = 105 x 2.72 W
= 272 kW
1.7
ENERGY
The energy may be defined as the capacity to do work. It exists in many form e.g.
Mechanical, electrical, chemical, heat, light etc. BUt in applied Mechanics, we shall
deal in Mechanical Energy only. The Unit for energy is the same as those of work
i.e. example joUles.
1.7.1 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

Energy cannot be created or destroyed bUt can be transformed from one to
another form of energy. For instance water stored in a dam possesses
potential energy which changes to kinetic energy as it flows downwards
throUgh a tUnnel to tUrn tUrbines, which in tUrn changes to electric energy
which can be Used to prodUce heat energy.
1.7.2
POTENTIAL ENERGY
The potential energy of a body may be defined as the amoUnt of work it can do
when it moVes from its actUal position to the standard position chosen.
The work done lifting a load of mass M and weight W = Mg
throUgh a height h is Wh. This is known as the potential energy of the load
referred to its original position and its Unit in that energy,
i.e. the basic Unit is the joUle (J).
Potential energy = Wh = Mgh (zero at earths surface)
GENERAL DYNAMICS
J3010/1/13
Example 1.6
What is the potential energy of a 10 kg mass?
(a) 100 m aboVe the sUrface of the earth.
(b) at the bottom of a Vertical mine shaft 1000 m deep.
SolUtion 1.6
(a)
(b)
Potential energy =
=
=
Potential Energy =
=
=
mgh
10 x 9.81 x 100 J
9.81 KJ.
-10 x 9.81 x 1000 J
-9.81 x 104
-98.1 KJ.
1.7.3 KINETIC ENERGY

A body may possess energy dUe to its motion as well as dUe to its position. For
example, when a hammer is Used to driVe in a nail, work is done on the nail by
the hammer, hence it mUst haVe possessed energy. Also a rotating flywheel
possess energy dUe its motion. These are example of the form of energy
call kinetic energy.
Kinetic energy may be described as energy dUe to motion. Only linear motion
will be considered. The kinetic energy of a body may be defined as the amoUnt
of work it can do before being broUght to rest.
1.7.4 FORMULA FOR KINETICS ENERGY

Let a body of mass m moVing with a speed V be broUght to rest with a Uniform
retardation by constant force P in a distance s.
GENERAL DYNAMICS
J3010/1/14
v2 = u2 + 2 as
0 = v2 - 2 as since a is negatiVe
2
or s = v
2a
work done = force x distance

= Ps
2
= Ps
2a
HoweVer P = ma
And Hence
Work done = mav2l2a
= Y mv2
The kinetic energy is thUs giVen by
Kinetic energy = Y mv2
1.7.5 STRAIN ENERGY

The work done in compressing or stretching a spring is stored as strain energy
in the spring proVided that there is no permanent deformation (oVer stretching).
The stiffness of a spring is the load per Unit extension and is approximately
constant within the working range of the spring; thUs if S is the stiffness, the
load P reqUired to prodUce an extension X is giVen by
P=SX
SUppose a load is gradUally applied to a spring so that it Varies from zero to
maximUm ValUe P and prodUce a maximUm extension X. Then
Work done = aVerage load x extension
=YPxX
= Y SX x X
= Y SX2
since strain energy
U = Work done
ThUs
U= YPx
= Y SX2
The Units of strain energy are same as those of work, i.e. joUles (J)
GENERAL DYNAMICS
J3010/1/15
Example 1.7
A wagon of mass 12 tone traVeling at 16 kmlh strikes a pair of parallel
spring-loaded stops. If the stiffness of each spring is 600 KNlm, calcUlate the
maximUm compression in bringing the wagon to rest.
SolUtion 1.7
16 m
3.6 s
Kinetic energy of wagon = Y Mv2
V = 16 kmlh =
16
= Y x 12 x 1000 x
3.6
= 118,500 J
This kinetic energy may be assUmed to be absorbed eqUally by the two

springs. Strain energy stored per spring is
Y x 118,500 = 59,250 J
ThUs X is the maximUm compression of the springs,
Y SX2 = 59,250
Or Y x 600 x 1,000 X2 = 59,250
X = 0.446 m = 446 mm
1.8 MOMENTUM AND CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM

1.8.1 MOMENTUM
The momentUm of a particle is the prodUct of the mass of the particle and its Velocity.
If m is the mass of the particle and v its Velocity the momentUm is m v. The Unit of
momentUm is eqUiValent, i.e. Ns = kg mls.
GENERAL DYNAMICS
J3010/1/16
1.8.2 CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM

If two bodies collide then the sUm of the momentUm before the collision is eqUal to the
sUm of the momentUm after collision measUred in the same direction.
m1U1 + m2U2 = m1V1 + m2V2
Where m1
mass of the first body

m2 = mass of the second body
U1 = initial Velocity of the first body
U2 = initial Velocity of the second body
V1 = final Velocity of the first body
V2 = final Velocity of the second body
=
Example 1.8
A 750 kg car collided head on with a 1 tone car. If both cars are traVel at 16 kmlh at
the time of impact and after impact the second car reboUnds at 3 kmlh, find the
Velocity of the first car after collision (assUme perfect elastic collision)
SolUtion 1.8
By the conserVation of momentUm and assUming that the first car also reboUnd.
+
m1U1 + m2U2 = m1V1 + m2V2
750 x (+16) + 100 x (-16) ) = 750 x (-V1) + ( 1000 + ( +3) )
12 x 103 16 x 103 = -750 V1 + 3 x 103
(12 16 3) x 103 = -750 V1
-7 x 103 = -750 V1
7000
V1 =
750
V1 = 9.333 kmlh
Where m1= 750 kg ; m2 = 1 tone = 1000 kg ; U1= + 16 kmlh ; U2 = -16 kmlh; V2 = + 3kmlh
GENERAL DYNAMICS
J3010/1/17
Activity 1B

INPUT!
1.8
A flywheel rotating at 1200 reVlmin slow down at a constant rate of 900 reVlmin in
30 seconds. Find:
a. the initial angUlar speed
b. the final angUlar speed
c. the angUlar acceleration
d. the initial speed of a point on the rim of the flywheel if its diameter is 1.1 m.
1.9
A constant force of 2 kN pUlls a crate along a leVel floor for a distance of 10 m in

50 seconds. What power was Used?.
1.10
A car of mass 1000 kg traVeling at 30 mls has its speed redUced to 10 mls by constant
breaking force oVer a distance of 75 meter. Find the initial and final kinetic energy and
the breaking force.
GENERAL DYNAMICS
J3010/1/18
Power =
work done
= Fv
time taken
Feedback to Activity 1B
1.8
a.
125.7 radis
b.
94.2 radis
c.
-1.05 radis2
d.
69.1 mis
1.9
400 W
1.10
0.5 x 105 J, 5333 N
GENERAL DYNAMICS
J3010/1/19
SELF-ASSESSMENT 1
YoU are approaching sUccess. Try all the questions in this self-assessment section and check
yoUr answers with those giVen in the Feedback on Self-Assessment 1 giVen on the next page. If
yoU face any problems, discUss it with yoUr lectUrer. Good lUck.
1.
The spin drier in a washing machine is a cylinder with a diameter of 500 mm. It spins
at 900 reVimin. Find the speed and acceleration of a point on the side of the drUm.
2.
Find the work done in raising 100 kg of water throUgh a Vertical distance of 3 m.
3.
A cyclist, with his bicycle, has a total mass 80 kg. He reaches the top of the hill, with a
slope 1 in 2 measUred along the slope, at a speed of 2 mis. He then free-wheels to the
bottom of the hill where his speed has increased to 9 mis. How mUch energy has been
lost on the hill which is100 m long?
4.
An electric motor is rated at 400 W. If its efficiency is 80%, find the maximUm torqUe
which it can exert when rUnning at 2850 reVimin.
5.
The engine of a car has a power oUtpUt of 42 KW. It can achieVe a maximUm speed of
120 kmih along the leVel. Find the resistance to motion. If the power oUtpUt and
resistance remained the same, what woUld be the maximUm speed a car coUld achieVe
Up an incline of 1 in 40 along the slope if the car mass is 900 kg?
GENERAL DYNAMICS
J3010/1/20
Feedback to Self-Assessment 1
Have you tried the questions????? If YES, check your answers now.
1.
23.6 mis; 2230 mis2
2.
2943 J
3.
844 J
4.
1.07 Nm
5.
1260 N; 102 kmih
CONGRATULATIONS!!!!..
May success be with you
always.
MOMENT OF INERTIA
J3010/2/1
UNIT 2
MOMENT OF INERTIA
OBJECTIVES
General Objective
: To understand the concept of moment inertia
define moment inertia of mass
describe definition torque and angular acceleration
explain moment inertia for thin ring and rectangular.
explain the moment of couple and kinetic energy.
MOMENT OF INERTIA
J1
INPUT
2.0
INTRODUCTION.
The moment of inertia of a body, about a given axis, is a measure of its resistance to
Angular. An acceleration and is given by the product of its mass times radius squared.
The second moment of area or

second moment of mass is also
called moment of inertia
2.1
MOMENT OF INERTIA:
Moment of inertia is the product of mass and the square of a distance. The unit which
it is measured is one kilogram meter squared (kgm2). It should also be noted that
m r2 is a scalar quantity.
The moment of inertia is also called the second moment of area of the body.
If the moment of inertia be equal to Mk2, then k is called the radius of gyration of the
body about the axis.
2.1.1 UNIT OF MOMENT INERTIA (M.I).

The moment of inertia of an area is measured in metre4 or ft4. If the body is
measured in kilograms and distances in meter, the M.I of mass will be
kg- metre2 units.
MOMENT OF INERTIA
2.2
J2
THEOREM OF PARALLEL AXES

The moment of inertia of a lamina about any axis in the plane of the lamina equals the
sum of the moments of inertia about a parallel centrically axis in the plane of lamina
together with the product of the area of the lamina and the square of the distance
between the two axes.( fig. 2.1)
Let A = Area of the plane figure.
Ix = moment of inertia of the area A about an axis XX in the plane of the
area passing through G, the C.G ( Centre of Gravity) of the area.
Iy = moment of inertia of the area A about an axis YY in the plane of the area
parallel to XX.
r = distance between XX and YY.
Iy = Ix + Ar2
Then
.P
Y
x
r
X
Fig. 2.1
Example 2.1
Find the moment of inertia of the uniform rod in the fig.2.2 about axis XY and XY.
Y
Y
1
1
M
X
Fig.2.2
Solution 2.1
M = mass of rod
M1 2
IXY =
3
and
12
4M1 2
IXY = M + 1 2 =
3
3
,
MOMENT OF INERTIA
J3
Example 2.2
Find the moment of inertia for the rectangular section shown in fig.2.3 about (i) the
axis XX, (ii) axis YY, (iii) the value of Izz
Y
B
600 mm
X
200 mm
D
300 mm
Y
Fig. 2.3
Solution 2.2
IXX
bd 3
=
12
600 x 200 3
=
12
= 4 x 104 mm4.
db 3
12
200 x 600 3
=
12
= 3.6 x 109 mm4
IYY =
Izz = I CG + Ac2
In this case I CG = IXX = 4 x 104 mm4 and c = 300 mm
Thus Izz = 4 x 104 + 200 x 600 x 3002
= 1.12 x 106 mm4
MOMENT OF INERTIA
2.3
J4
THEOREM OF PERPENDICULAR AXES

If the moments of inertia of lamina about two perpendicular axes in its plane which
meet at O are A and B the moment of inertia about an axis through O perpendicular
to the plane of the lamina is A + B.
Let OX, OY (figure 2.4) be the two perpendicular axes n the plane of the
lamina, and Oz an axis perpendicular to the lamina.
If m is the mass of a particle of the lamina at P, where as OP = r, the moment of
inertia of the lamina about Oz is mr2.
x
r
Figure 2.4
But if (x, y) are the coordinates of P referred to OX, OY as axes,
r2 = x2 + y2
Mr2 = mx2 + my2
Now mx2 is the moment of inertia about OY (=B), and my2 is the moment of inertia
about OX (=A); therefore the moment of inertia about Oz = A + B.
MOMENT OF INERTIA
J5
Example 2.3
Find the moment of inertia of a uniform disc of radius a about an axis perpendicular to
its plane passing through a point on its circumference fig.2.5.
a
x
Y
Fig.2.5
Solution 2.3
m = mass of uniform disc
Ixx = ! ma2
IYY = I ( d 2x + dy2 )
= ! m ( a2 + a2)
= !ma2
MOMENT OF INERTIA
2.4
J6
MOMENT OF INERTIA IN SIMPLE CASES:

Type of form
Model
M.I
Rectangular/square
bd 3
12
Thin rod
13
3
M = mass
Thin ring
Solid sphere
Triangle
Mr2
2
Mr 2
5
b 3
h
12
h
b
MOMENT OF INERTIA
2.5
J7
TORQUE AND ANGULAR ACCELERATION

2.5.1 TORQUE
Torque is the turning moment of tangential applied force (F) acting at distance (r)
from the axis rotation. The unit of torque is the Newton meter (Nm)
F
d
O
Fig.2.6 Moment of a force.
In the fig.2.6 the moment of F about the point 0 is Moment of a force = F d
A couple is a pair of equal and parallel but unlike forces as shown in fig 2.7.
F
Fig.2.7 Moment of a couple
It can easily be proved that the moment of a couple about any point in its plane is the
product of one force and perpendicular distance between them, that is
Moment of couple = F p
Examples of a couple include turning off a tap with finger and thumb and winding up a
clock with a key. The moment of a force or couple may be measured in Newton meter
(Nm). In engineering, the moment of a force or couple is called a torque.
MOMENT OF INERTIA
J8
Example 2.4
Determine the torque created by the 225 N force acting on the gear teeth as shown.
Pitch Circle Diameter (P.C.D) 300 mm.
Solution 2.4
T=Fr
Where F = 225N
300
r =
2
= 150 mm
= 0.15 m
= 225 x 0.15
= 33.75 Nm.
2.5.2 ANGULAR ACCELERATION

If the angular velocity of the point P in fig. 2.8 is changing with time,
then the angular acceleration a of P is the rate of change of its angular
velocity, that is
a =
d
dt
Fig.2.8 Angular Motion
MOMENT OF INERTIA
J1
in the sense of increasing 0.

Angular acceleration may be measured in rad/s2.
If the angular acceleration is uniform, then its magnitude is
1
= 2
t
if the angular speed changes from 1 to 2 in time t.
Example 2.5
The speed of flywheel is increased from 120 r/min to 300r/min in 30 seconds.
Calculate the angular acceleration of the flywheel before coming to rest.
Solution 2.5
2
t
31.43
Where = 300 r/min
12.57
30
18.30
= 30
= - 0.6287 rad/s2
(300 x 2 x22)
60 x 7
rad/s
= 31.43 rad/s
o = 120 r/min
(120 x 2 x22)
60 x 7
= 12.57 rad/s
rad/s
MOMENT OF INERTIA
J2
Activity 2A
TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING BEFORE YOU CONTINUE WITH THE NExT

INPUT!
2.1
A pulley attached to the motor shaft revolves at 1435 r/min. Determine the linear
velocity of pulley belt given the effective diameter of the pulley is 100 mm.
2.2
The angular velocity of a gear wheel uniformly increase from 15 r/min to 15 r/min in
20 seconds. Determine the angular acceleration and angular displacement of the
gear teeth.
2.2
Calculate the moment of inertia, about the axis of rotation of the flywheel shown if the
density of the flywheel material is 7600 kg/m3.
dimensions in millimeter
2.4 A wheel and axle has the 8 kg mass attached to the axle by a light cord as show. The
mass is allowed to fall freely a vertical distance of 2 meters in 10 seconds. Calculate the
moment of inertia for the wheel and axle.
MOMENT OF INERTIA
J3
The moment of inertia of a body, about a

given axis is
I = m r2
Where I = moment of inertia (kg.m2)
2.1
7.515 mIs
2.2
O.O524 radIs2; 41.9 radians
2.3 11.8 kgm2

2.4 1.22 kgm2
MOMENT OF INERTIA
J4
INPUT
2.6
ANGULAR MOMENTUM
Momentum = mass x velocity.

= mxv
Angular momentum of a solid is given as the product of the moment of inertia of the
solid about axis of rotation and angular velocity.
When a body has motion of rotation, the momentum of the body is the product of the
moment of inertia of the body and its angular velocity.
momentum of rotating body = I
and momentum of a body having a motion of translation = m v
( v = r)
= (mr2)
M = I
(I = mr2)
2.7
ANGULAR IMPULSE
This is the change in momentum produced by the action of a force applied on a body
within an infinitely short interval of time. Donating impulse by I, we have
Impulse = Force x Time
I =Fxt
(2.1)
Let a be the acceleration generated by the force, then by Newtons second law, we
have F = ma
Equation (2.1) becomes I = mat = m(v u) or Ft = m(v u)
( v = u + at )
Hence, when a force is constant, its impulse can be measured by the change in
momentum produced by it The unit of impulse is the same as that of momentum,
i.e. kg sec (kgs).
MOMENT OF INERTIA
2.8
J5
WORK DONE BY A TORQUE

Let a force F turns a light rod OA with length r through an angle to OB as shown in
fig. 2.9.
Fig.2.9 Work done by a torque
The torque TQ exerted about O is force times perpendicular distance from O or TQ = Fr

Now work done by F is F times distance moved. Hence Work Done = Fs
But s is the arc of a circle radius r. Hence
S = r
Where must be measured in radians.
Thus work done = Fr
Or work done = TQ
The work done by constant torque TQ is thus the product of the torque and the angle
turned through in radians. The work done will be in joules if TQ is in Nm.
Example 2.6
The force exerted on the end of a spanner 300 mm long used to tighten a nut is
constant 100 N. Find the torque exerted on the nut and the work done when the nut
turns through 300.
MOMENT OF INERTIA
J6
Solution 2.6
Torque TQ = Pr
= l00 x 300 x l0-3
= 30 Nm.
Work Done = TQ
= 30 x l6 ( in radians)
= l5.7 J.
Example 2.7
An electric motor is rated 400 W. If its efficiency is 80 %, find the maximum torque
which it can exert when running at 2850 revlmin.
Solution 2.7
Power = 2N TQ
N = 2850l60 = 47.5 revls
Power = 400 x 0.8 = 320 W
Torque TQ = 320l2 x 47.5
= l.07 Nm.
2.9
ANGULAR KINETIC ENERGY

When a body has motion of rotation, it will have an energy due to this rotation. This
I 2
kinetic energy of a body due to its motion of rotation is given by =
or
2g
I 2
, where I = mass moment of inertia of the rotating body about the
2
axis of rotation and in the angular velocity of the body.
FxS
Work done
Power is rate doing work. Power =
=
t
Time taken
S
but
= v Power = F x r
t
Power of any times is equal to the product of the force and the velocity of the point of
application is the direction of force.
MOMENT OF INERTIA
J7
Example 2.8
A wheel has a 5.4 m long string wrapped round its shaft. The string is pulled with a
constant force of 10 Newton, and it is observed that the wheel is rotating at 3
revolutions per second when the string leaves the axle. Find the moment of inertia of
the wheel about its axis.
Solution 2.8
Given, length of string
= 5.4 m
Force
P = 10 N
Speed of wheel, = 3 revisec = 2 x 3 = 6 radisec
Let
I = moment of inertia of the wheel about it axis.
We know that work done in pulling the string
= Force x Distance
= 10 x 5.4 = 54 Nm
and kinetic energy of the wheel,
I 2
I ( 6 )
Nm
E =
=
2g
2 x 9.81
= 18.1 I Nm
Now equating work done and the kinetic energy,
18.1 I = 54
54
I =
= 2.98 Nm2
18.1
2
Example 2.9
A fly wheel weighing 8 tones starts from rest and gets up a speed of 180 rpm in 3
minutes. Find the average torque exerted on it, if the radius of gyration of the fly
wheel is 60 cm. Take
g = 9.81 misec2.
MOMENT OF INERTIA
J8
Solution 2.9
Given, weight of the fly wheel
= 8 t = 8,000 kg
mass of the fly wheel, m
= 8,000 kg
Initial revolution, No = 0
Initial velocity,
o = 0
Final revolution = 180 rpm.
2 x 180
Final velocity, =
= 6 radisec
60
Time taken,
t = 3 min = 3 x 60 = 180 sec
Radius of gyration,
K = 60 cm = 0.6 m
Let
= Constant angular acceleration, and
T = Average torque exerted on the fly wheel.
We know that the mass moment of inertia of the fly wheel,
I = mK2 = 8,000 x 0.62 = 2,880 kgm2.
Using the relation,
= o + t with usual notations.
6 = 0 + x 180
=
radisec2
=
180
30
Now using the relation,
I
T =
with usual notations.
g
2,880
= 30.7 kg m
=
x
9.81 30
Example 2.10
A machine gun bullet of mass 25 gm is fired with a velocity of 400 misec. The bullet
can penetrate 20 cm in a given target. If the same target is 10 cm thick, what will be
the velocity of the bullet, when it comes out of the target?
Solution 2.10
Given, Mass of bullet,
M = 25 gm = 0.025 kg
Velocity of bullet, v = 400 misec
Penetration of bullet,
MOMENT OF INERTIA
J9
s = 20 cm = 0.2 m
let, v1 = velocity of the bullet after coming out from 10 cm thick target,
E = kinetic energy of the bullet, and
R = Resisting force of the target
Using the relation,
my 2
with usual notations.
E=
2g
0.025 x 400 2
= 204 kgm
2 x 9.81
A little consideration will show, that the total kinetic energy is spent in penetrating
20cm into the target.
P x 0.2 = 204
204
or
P =
= 1020 kg.
0.2
The energy spent in penetrating 10 cm (i.e. 0.1 m) thick target
= P x s = 1020 x 0.1 = 102 kg m
Balance kinetic energy in the bullet after coming out from 10 cm thick target
= 204 102 = 102 kg m
Again using the relation,
my 2
with usual notations
E =
2g
0.025 x y12
= 0.00128 y 12
102 =
2 x 9.81
=
2.10
R =
102
= 282.3 m i sec
0.00128
KINETIC ENERGY OF A TORQUE

Kinetic energy K.E = m
y2
= m (r )2
= (m r2)
2
= I 2
i.e. kinetic energy K.E = I
2
Where KE = Kinetic energy (J)
I = moment of inertia (kg.m2)
= angular velocity ( radisec)
( v = r )
( I = m r2 )
MOMENT OF INERTIA
J10
Example 2.11
A flywheel whose moment of inertia is 50 kg m2 is rotating at 4 radis. Find its kinetic
energy.
Solution 2.11
Given,
I = 50 kg m2 and = 4 radis
Kinetic Energy = I 2
= x 50 x 42
= x 800
= 400 J
MOMENT OF INERTIA
J11
Activity 2B
TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING BEFORE YOU CONTINUE WITH THE NExT

INPUT!
2.5. Calculate the moment of inertia, taken around the axis of rotation of the flat metal disc.
If the 11 kg disc revolves around its axis of rotation with an angular acceleration of
10 radis2, what torque is acting?.
2.6. A 45 kg flywheel, revolving at 50 rimin, has a radius of gyration of one meter. Calculate
the moment of inertia and torque which must be applied to bring the flywheel to rest in
10 seconds.
2.7 A 20 kg flywheel is revolving at 450rimin. If the radius of gyration is 0.65 meter,
calculate the torque which must be applied to the flywheel to bring it to rest in 20
seconds.
2.8. Calculate the kinetic energy stored in a 2.5 tones flywheel which is rotating at180 rimin.
The radius of gyration of the flywheel is 0.8 meter. If the velocity of the flywheel is
reduced to 15 rimin in one minute find the rate at which the flywheel gives out energy
(i.e. the power output).
2.9 A flywheel loses kinetic energy amounting to 640 J when its angular speed falls from 7
radis to 3 radis. What is the moment of inertia of the flywheel?
MOMENT OF INERTIA
J12
Kinetic energy ( K.E) = mv2

Potential energy (P.E) = mgh
2.5 0.3438 kg m2; 2.438 Nm

2.6 45 kg m2; 23.57 Nm
2.7 19.9 Nm.
2.8 284.5 k J; 4.708 k W.
2.9 32 kg m2
MOMENT OF INERTIA
J13
SELF-ASSESSMENT 2
You are approaching success. Try all the questions in this self-assessment section and
check your answers with those given in the Feedback on Self-Assessment 2 given on the
next page. If you face any problems, discuss it with your lecturer. Good luck.
1. A 75 kg flat disc, with a diameter of 0.5 meter revolves about an axis perpendicular to its
circular surface at10 rimin. What is the angular momentum of the disc and the retarding
torque needed to bring the disc to rest in 5 seconds?
2. Calculate the time taken to bring a flywheel from rest to velocity of 450 rimin given the
moment of inertia is 8 kg.m2 and the applied torque is 24 N m.
3. A 7 kg gear wheel with radius of gyration of 0.3 meter is rotating at 200rimin. This gear
wheel meshes with a stationary 4.5 kg gear wheel. If the radius of gyration of the second
gear wheel also 0.3 meter, calculate the common speed of rotation after connection and
loss in kinetic energy of the system.
= 200 rimin
= 0 (stationary)
2
MOMENT OF INERTIA
J14
1. 2.456 kg m2is; 0.4912 Nm.

2. 15.7 s.
3. 121.7 rimin; 54.47 J
always.
HOISTING
J3010/3/1
UNIT 3
HOISTING
OBJECTIVES
General Objective
: To understand the concept of dynamics of rotation.
Specific Objectives : At the end of this unit you should be able to:
> apply basic principle on which all these machines are based.
> recognize the effect of combining a hoist drum of moment inertia
I with a hanging load of mass M and weight W = mg.
> sketch and recognize all force and torque that involve on these
machines.
> use suitable concepts to solve related problem.
> calculate all these topic questions correctly.
HOISTING
J1
INPUT
3.0
INTRODUCTION
We study the effect of combining a hoist drum of moment of inertia with a
hanging load of mass M and Weight W = Mg.
In this topic we are

concerned in dynamics of
rotation.
3.1
INERTIA COUPLE
Comparing the formulae P = Ma and T = I , it is seen that moment of inertia
I plays the same part in a change of angular motion as mass M does in
change of linear motion. By analogy with the idea of inertia force we may
regard the torque T as being balanced by inertia couple, I , which sense is
opposite to that of the angular acceleration , (Fig. 3.1). The problem is then
in effect reduced to a static one.
The reality of the effect of an inertia couple will be appreciated by anyone
who has tried to accelerate a bicycle wheel rapidly by hand. Although the
weight may carried wholly by the bearings an effort is required to set the
wheel spinning. An inertia couple is, of course, reactive.
HOISTING
J2
Fig. 3.1
Example 3.1
A 30 kg flywheel, revolving at 5.24 radls has a radius of gyration of one
meter. Calculate the torque which must be applied to bring the flywheel to
rest in 10 seconds.
Solution 3.1
Moment of inertia of the flywheel,
I = mk 2
= 30x12
I = 30kgm2
Deceleration,
1 = 0 + t
0 = 5.24 + ( )10
= 0.524rad l s 2
Torque,
T = I
= 30x0.524
T = 15.72Nm
HOISTING
3.2
J3
ACCELERATED SHAFT
Consider a shaft (Fig. 3.2) carrying a rotor having a moment of inertia about
the shaft axis.
Fig. 3.2
If the bearing friction is equivalent to a couple Tf .
Then, in order to accelerate the shaft and rotor the driving torque T must
balance both the inertia couple I and the friction couple Tf .
Thus,
T = I + T f
Example 3.2
A flywheel has a moment of inertia of 10 kg.m2 . Calculate the angular
acceleration of the wheel due to a torque of 8 Nm if the bearing friction is
equivalent to a couple of 3 Nm.
Solution 3.2:
Given:
I = 10 kgm2
T = 8 Nm
T = I + T f
I = T
Tf
I = 8 3 Nm
I = 5 Nm
5
radls2
10
Tf = I = 3 Nm
HOISTING
3.3
J4
SHAFT BEING BROUGHT TO REST

If the shaft is being brought to rest by a braking torque T the friction couple
Tf assist the braking action so that T and Tf together must balance the inertia
couple I ; is now a retardation its sense being opposite to that of the
motion (Fig.3.3).
Fig. 3.3
Thus,
T + T f = I
If there is no braking torque, the friction couple alone brings the shaft to rest.
Then,
T f = I
Note, in both cases, that

(a)
the friction couple T f opposes the motion.
(b)
the inertia couple I opposes the change of motion.
HOISTING
J5
Example 3.3
A flywheel together with its shaft has a total mass of 300 kg and its radius of
gyration is 900 mm. If the effect of bearing friction is equivalent to a couple
of 70 Nm, calculate the braking torque required to bring the flywheel to rest
from a speed of12 revis in 8 s.
Solution 3.3
Given:
Thus,
N = l2 rev/s = l2 x 2 = 75.4 rad/s

Retardation,
t
75.4
8
= 9.42 radis2
I of flywheel and shaft = Mk2
= 300 x 0.92
= 243 kg m2
Inertia Couple
= 1
= 243 x 9.42
= 2290 Nm
HOISTING
J6
Activity 3A
TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING BEFORE YOU CONTINUE WITH THE

NEXT 1NPUT!
3.1
A drum rotor has the moment of inertia 31.8 kg.m2 . Find the time taken for
the rotor to reach a speed of 3600 revimin from rest if the driving force
torque is 55 Nm and the friction torque is 5 Nm.
3.2
The rotating table of the vertical boring machines has a mass of 690 kg and a
radius of gyration of 700 mm. Find the torque required to accelerate the table
to 60 revimin in three complete revolutions from rest.
3.3
A light shaft carries a turbine rotor of mass 2 tonnes and a radius of gyration
of 600 mm. The rotor required a uniform torque of 1.2 kNm to accelerate it
from rest 6000 revimin in 10 min. Find:
(i)
(ii)
3.4
the friction couple,

the time taken to come to rest when steam is shut off.
A winding drum of mass 200 tonne has a radius of gyration of 3 m. Find the
constant torque required to raise the speed from 40 to 80 revimin in 60
seconds if the friction torque is 15 kNm. If the wheel is rotating freely at 80
revimin and a brake is applied bringing it to rest in 120 rev. Find the brake
torque assuming uniform retardation.
HOISTING
J7
Feedback To Activity 3A
3.1
240s
3.2
354 Nm
3.3
(i)
3.4
140.5 kNm, 68.8 kNm.
446 Nm,
(ii)
16.9 min
HOISTING
J8
INPUT
THE HOIST
Four cases will be considered: the load is rising or falling, being accelerated or
brought to rest. In every case two equations can be written down:
(a)
the equation for the balance of couples at the hoist drum
(b)
the equation for the balance of forces at the load.
In every case we recall that the friction couple at the bearing or rope will oppose the
rotation and the inertia couple will oppose the change of rotation.
For acceleration, a is upwards, hence the inertia force is downwards. If angular
acceleration, is anticlockwise, the inertia couple is clockwise. If rotation of the
drum is anticlockwise the friction couple acts clockwise.
3.4
LOAD RAISED AND WITH ACCELERATING UPWARD

For rotation of the hoist drum the driving torque T must balance the friction
couple Tf, , the inertia couple I and the torque Pr due to the tension P in the
rope at the drum.
Fig. 3.4
HOISTING
J1
Thus,
Angular Motion:
T = I + Pr + Tf
For Linear motion of the load, the tension P in the rope at the load must
balance both the dead weight and the inertia force Ma.
Thus,
Linear Motion:
P = Mg + Ma
Example 3.4
A hoist drum has a moment of inertia of 85 kgm2 and is used to raised a lift of
mass 1 tonne with an upward acceleration of 1.5 mis2. The drum diameter is
1 m.
Determine:
(a)
the torque required at the drum
(b)
the power required after accelerating for 3 seconds from rest.
Solution 3.4
(a)
The torque required at the hoist drum is made up of three parts.

1.
2.
3.
torque I required to accelerate the drum

torque Wr required to hold the dead weight of the lift.
torque Mar required to accelerate the lift.
M = 1000kg
W = Mg
= 1000 x 9.8
= 98000 N
a 1.5
=
= 3rad i s 2
r 0.5
I = 85 kgm2
HOISTING
J2
Thus,
Total torque = I + Wr + Mar
= (85 x 3) + (9800 x 0.5) + (1000 x 1.5 x 0.5)
= 5905 Nm
(b)
After 3 seconds, the lift speed.

v = at
= 1.5 x 3
= 4.5 mis
(This is the speed of the drum circumference)
Therefore angular velocity of the drum,
v 4.5
=
= 9rad i s
r 0.5
Power required = torque x angular velocity

=T
= 5905 X 9
=53.15 Kw
This the power required at the instant after 3 seconds.
HOISTING
J3
3.5
LOAD FALLING AND ACCELERATING DOWNWARDS (NO

DRIVING TORQUE ACTING)
The load is allowed to fall freely, resisted only by friction and inertia force
and couples. The rotation of the hoist drum, the accelerating torque Pr due to
rope tension must balance both the friction couple Tf and the inertia couple
I.
Fig. 3.5
Thus,
Angular Motion:
Pr = Tf + I
For linear motion of the load the accelerating force due to the weight must
balance the upward tension P in the rope and the inertia force Ma.
Thus,
Linear Motion:
P = Mg - Ma
HOISTING
J4
Example 3.5
A hoist drum has a mass of 360 kg and a radius of gyration of 600 mm. The
drum diameter is 750 mm. A mass of 1 tonne hangs from a light cable
wrapped round the drum and is allowed to fall freely. If friction couple at the
bearings is 2.7 k Nm. Calculate the runaway speed of the load after falling
for 2 seconds from rest.
Solution 3.5
Given:
Md = 360 kg
k = 600 mm = 0.6 m
Dd = 750 mm = 0.75 m
Rd = 0.375 m
M = 1 tonne = 1000 kg
0 = 0 radis
Tf = 2700 Nm
t=2s
I = Mk2 = 360(0.6)2 = 129.6 kgm2

Linear Motion:
P = Mg - Ma = M(g - a)
P = 1000(9.81 - r) = 9810 - 75
Angular Motion:
Pr = Tf + I = 2700 + 129.6
P=
2700 + 129.6
0.375
= 3.62 radis2
Then,
1 = 0 + t = 0 + 3.62 (2)
= 7.24 radis
v = r 1
= (0.375) 3.62
= 2.71 mis
a = r
HOISTING
3.6
J5
LOAD FALLING AND BEING BROUGHT TO REST

We now consider the braking of the hoist drum as the load falls. The
accelerations are therefore reversed as compared with the previous case. For
rotation of the drum the braking torque T is assisted by the friction couple to
balance the accelerating torque Pr due to the rope tension and the inertia
couple I.
Fig. 3.6
Thus,
Angular Motion:
T + Tf = Pr + I
Linear Motion:
P = Mg + Ma
Example 3.6
The maximum allowable pull in a hoist cable is 200 kN. Calculate maximum
load in tones which can be brought to rest with a retardation of 5 mis2 . The
hoist drum has a moment of inertia of 840 kgm2 and a diameter of 2.4 m.
What is the corresponding braking torque on the drum?
HOISTING
J6
Solution 3.6
Given:
Pmax = 200 x 103 Nm

I = 840 kgm2
a = - 5 mis2
Dd = 2.4 m
rd = 1.2 m
a = r
=
a
5
=
= 4.16 radis2
r
1.2
Linear Motion:
P = Mg + Ma
200 x 103 = M (g + a)
= M (9.81 + 5)
M =
200x10 3
kg
14.81
M = 13.5 tonne
Angular Motion:
T + Tf = Pr + I
T = Pr + I - Tf = 200 x 103 (1.2) + 840 (4.16) Tf
There is no braking torque, Tf = I
T = 200 x 103 (1.2) + 3494.4 3494.4
T = 240 k Nm
HOISTING
3.7
J7
LOAD RISING: COMING TO REST UNDER FRICTION ONLY

Since there is no braking torque applied, the drum is retarded by the torque Pr
due to the rope tension and the friction couple Tf . These two couples must
balance the inertia couple of the drum.
Fig. 3.7
Thus,
Angular Motion:
I = Tf + Pr
Linear Motion:
P + Ma = Mg
HOISTING
J8
Example 3.7
In an experiment, a hoist drum has a diameter is 500 mm. It is used to raised
load 50 kg and coming to rest under friction. The upward acceleration is 3.0
mis2 . The friction couple is 0.35 Nm. Find the moment of inertia of the
drum.
Solution 3.7
a = r
For the linear motion,
a
r
3
0.25
= 12 radis2
P + Ma = Mg
P = Mg Ma
P = M (g - a)
P = 50 (9.81 3)
P = 340.5 N
For the angular motion,
I = Tf + Pr
I = 0.35 + 340.5 (0.25)
I = 0.35 + 85.12
I = 85.47
I =
85.47
12
I = 7.12 kgm2
NOTE:
Students are required to grasp firmly the following rules:
1.
2.
3.
the friction couple opposes the rotation

the inertia couple opposes the change of rotation
the inertia force opposes the change of linear motion.
It may remarked also that in every case the direction of the rope tension P
and the load weight W is unaltered, although their effect may be to accelerate
or to retard the load.
HOISTING
J9
Activity 3B

NEXT INPUT!
3.5
A load of mass 8 tonne is to be raised with a uniform acceleration of 1.1 mis2

by means of a light cable passing over a hoist drum of 2 m diameter. The
drum has a mass of 1 tonne and a radius of gyration of 750 mm. Find the
torque required at the drum if friction is neglected. What is the power exerted
after 4 seconds from rest.
3.6
A mine cage of mass 4 tonne is to be raised with an acceleration of 1.5 mis2

using a hoist drum of 1.5 m diameter. The drums mass is 750 kg and its
radius of gyration is 600 mm. The effect of bearing friction is equivalent to a
couple of 3 kNm at the hoist drum. What is the power required when the load
has reached a velocity of 6 mis? What is the power required at a uniform
velocity of 6 mis?.
3.7
A hoist has a winding drum 0.9 m effective diameter and a radius of gyration
of 0.35 m, the mass of the drum being 100 kg. A load of 320 kg is to be
raised 36 m, the mass of the lifting rope being 1 kgim. If the acceleration is
1.8 mis2 until a constant velocity of 6 mis is reached, find the power
necessary just at the end of the acceleration.
3.8
A winding drum raises a cage of mass 500 kg through a height of 120 m. The
winding drum has a mass of 250 kg and an effective radius of 0.5 m and a
radius of gyration of 0.36 m. The mass of the rope is 3 kgim. The cage has at
first an acceleration of 1.5 mis2 until a velocity of 9 mis is reached after hich
the velocity is constant until the cage nears the top, when the final retardation
is 6 mis2 . Find :
(i)
the time taken for the cage to reach the top
(ii)
the torque which must be applied to the drum at starting
(iii) the power at the end of the acceleration period.
HOISTING
J10
Feedback To Activity 3B
3.5
87.8 kN m, 386.4 kW
3.6
299.5 kW, 259 kW
3.7
25.45 kW
3.8
(i)
17.08 s
(ii)
4957 Nm
(iii)
82.2 kW
HOISTING
J11
INPUT
3.8
LOAD BALANCING SYSTEM

We shall now consider some simple cases of the motion of two masses
connected by a light inextensible string. We note that a string connecting two
masses in motion is in a state of tension and that the string exerts forces on
the masses equal to the tensions at its ends.
If the string is light (that is, if its weight is neglected) the tension is the same
throughout its length. On the other hand, if the string is heavy the tension will
in general vary from point to point, depending upon the weight per unit
length. If the string is extensible the tension will vary with the extension.
Also, if the string passes round a pulley the tension is only the same on the
two sides if the pulley is smooth and the string is light. Otherwise the tension
in the string where it leaves the pulley depends upon the coefficient of
friction and the length of string in contact. In such an ideal case the tension
throughout the string will be constant.
Example 3.8
A load of mass 230kg is lifted by means of a rope which is wound several
times round a drum and which then supports a balance mass of 140 kg. As
the load rises the balance mass falls. The drum has a diameter of 1.2 m and a
radius of gyration of 530 mm and its mass is 70 kg. The frictional resistance
to the movement of the load is 110 N, and that to the movement of the
balance mass 90 N. The frictional torque on the drum shaft is 80 Nm.
Find the torque required on the drum, and also the power required at an
instant when the load has an upward velocity of 2.5 mis and an upward
acceleration of 1.2 mis2 .
HOISTING
J12
Solution 3.8
1.2 mis2
T1
T2
230 kg
140 kg
Fig. 3.8.
Let T1 and T2 be the tensions in the rope (Fig. 3.8).
Then,
T1 = m1 g + m1a + R f (frictional resistance)

T1 = 230x9.81 + 230x1.2 + 110
and
T2 = m2 g
m2 a + mb (balance mass)
T2 = 140x9.81 140x1.2 110
T1
T2 = 1527N
Torque to accelerate loads = 1527 x 0.6

= 916.2 Nm
Torque to accelerate drum = 70 x 0.532 x
1.2
+ 80
0.6
= 119.3 Nm
Total torque,
= 916.2 + 119.3
= 1035.5 Nm
Power,
= 1035.5 x
2.5
W
0.6
= 4.32 kW
HOISTING
J13
Activity 3C

NEXT INPUT!
3.9
Two particles of masses m1 and m2 kg are connected by a light inextensible

string passing over a small smooth fixed pulley. Find the resulting motion of
the system and the tension in the string.
3.10
Two particles of masses 6 and 10 kg are connected by a light string passing

over a smooth pulley.
(i)
their common acceleration
(ii)
the tension in the string
(iii) the force on the pulley.
3.11
A lift of mass 900 kg is connected to a rope which passes over a drum of 1 m

diameter and a balance mass of 450 kg is attached to the other end of the
rope. The moment of inertia of the drum is 100 kgm2 and it is driven by a
motor through a reduction gear (25 to 1) of 90 percent efficiency. Neglecte
the inertia of the gears, calculate the motor torque for a lift acceleration of 3
mis2. If the maximum output of the motor is 15 kW, what will be the
maximum uniform speed of the lift?
HOISTING
J14
Feedback To Activity 3C
2m1 m2
g
m1 + m2
3.9
T=
3.10
(i)
3.11
215 Nm, 3.06 mis
2.45 ms-2
(ii)
1
7 gN
2
(iii)
15 g N
HOISTING
J15
SELF-ASSESSMENT 3
You are approaching success. Try all the questions in this self-assessment section
and check your answers with those given in the Feedback on Self-Assessment 3
given on the next page. If you face any problems, discuss it with your lecturer.
Good luck.
1.
The rotor of an electric motor of mass 200 kg has a radius of gyration of 150
mm. Calculate the torque required to accelerate it from rest to 1500 revimin
in 6 seconds. Friction resistance may be neglected.
2.
The flywheel of an engine consists essentially of a thin cast-iron ring of mean

diameter 2 m. The cross-section of the ring is 50 mm by 50 mm. Calculate
the moment of inertia of the flywheel and find the change in speed of the
flywheel if a constant torque of 110 Nm acts on it for 5 seconds. Density of
cast iron = 7850 kgim3 .
3.
The flywheel of an engine has a mass of 80 kg and a radius of gyration of

220 mm. If the engine rotating parts have a moment of inertia of 4.2 kg m2 .
Find the torque necessary to accelerate the engine and flywheel from rest to
1500 revimin in 20 seconds. Assume a constant friction torque of 6 Nm.
4.
A loaded mine skip has a mass of 13.5 Mg. When at rest at the bottom of the
pit, it is supported by a length of 1.5 km of rope of mass 10 kgim. The
moment of inertia of the rotating parts of the winding gear is 500 Mg m2 and
the radius of the winding drum is 2.4 m. During winding, the skip has a
constant acceleration of 0.9 mis2 at the beginning and the same retardation at
the end, with a constant velocity of 15 mis between these periods. Find the
maximum power required from the driving motor.
HOISTING
J16
1.
118 N m
2.
123.5 kgm2, 42.4 revimin
3.
69.4 Nm
4.
5.36 MW.
If all your answers are

correct,
CONGRATULATIONS!!!!.
FRICTION
J3010/4/1
UNIT 4
FRICTION
OBJECTIVES
General Objective
: To understand the concept of friction.

> recognize the difference between Coefficient of friction and
Angle of friction.
> illustrate these forces involved in motion on the inclined plane
and horizontal plane by diagram.
> use the formulae to solve of problem on friction.
> calculate the answers using the concept of friction.
FRICTION
J1
INPUT
4.0
INTRODUCTION
When two bodies are in contact with one another, due to gravitational or
external forces, a force called the frictional force is exerted between the
contacting surfaces which tends to prevent movement between them. This
tendency to prevent sliding is called friction.
When a person is walking there is a

tendency for the feet to slip backwards.
Friction between the feet and the ground,
which acts in the forward direction
prevents the feet from slipping backwards.
Coefficient of Friction
It is the ratio of the limiting friction to the normal reaction, between the two
bodies and generally denoted . Mathematically:
F = RN
where is the term coefficient of friction and it is constant.
Fig. 4.1
FRICTION
4.1
J2
MOTION UP THE PLANE: PULL P PARALLEL TO PLANE

The friction force F opposes the motion of the body up the plane.
Fig. 4.2
The angle between W and RN is , the angle of the plane.
Resolving perpendicular to the plane:
RN = W cos
Resolving parallel to the plane:
P = F + W sin
and for limiting friction:
F = RN
Example 4.1
Find the pull required to move a load of 30 kg up a rough plane, the pull
being applied parallel to the plane. The inclination of the plane at 300 and
pull of 6 kg to a similar smooth inclined plane, would keep the same load in
equilibrium. The coefficient of friction is 0.3.
FRICTION
J3
Solution 4.1
Fig. 4.3
Given:
W = 30 kg
= 0.3
Force of friction, F = 0
Pull, P = 6 kg = 300
(smooth surface)
Let angle of inclination =

Resolving the force along the inclined plane,
cos 300 = 30 sin
6 cos 30 0
sin =
30
6x0.866
=
30
= 0.1732
= 90 58
Resolving the forces along the inclined plane,
P = F + 30 sin 90 58
= 0.3 R + 30 sin 90 58 ----- (i)
Resolving the forces at right angle to the plane,
P = 30 cos 90 58 ----- (ii)
Substituting the value of R in equation (i)
P = 0.3 x 30 cos 90 58 + 30 sin 90 58
= 0.3 x 30 (0.9849) + 30 (0.1732)
= 14.06 kg
FRICTION
4.2
J4
MOTION DOWN THE PLANE: PULL P PARALLEL TO PLANE
Fiq. 4.4
When the body is pulled down the plane by the pull P the component of the
weight down the slope assist the pull.
Resolving down parallel and perpendicular to the plane:
P + W sin = F = RN
and
RN = W cos
If the pull P is acting up the plane (Fiq. 4.5) and resisting the downward
motion of the body, then when the body is just about to move down,
Fiq. 4.5
we have,
and
P + F = W sin
RN = W cos
F = RN
FRICTION
J5
When P = 0, the component of the weight down the slope is just able to
overcome the friction force F,
F = W sin
and since,
therefore,
RN = W cos
F W sin
= tan
=
RN W cos
but,
F
=
RN
thus,
tan =
Example 4.2
The pull required to haul a load of 500 kg along a horizontal surface is 1.2
kN. Find the pull parallel to a track of slope 200 that is required to haul the
load up the inclined plane. Assuming the coefficient of friction to be the
same in all cases.
Solution 4.2
Fiq. 4.6
Given:
M = 500 kg
P=F
P = 1200 N
(for horizontal surface)
Resolving parallel to the plane:

P = F + W sin
P = 1200 + 500(9.81) sin 20 0
P = 1200 + 1677.6
P = 2.87kN
= 200
P = 1200 N
FRICTION
J6
Activity 4A

NEXT INPUT!
Fiq. 4.7
4.1
Determine the magnitude of the push P (Fig.4.7) that will have the wooden
crate on the point of sliding. Coefficient of friction between the crate and the
floor is 0.55. Wooden crate = 20.41 kg.
4.2
A 2 tonne truck is pulled at uniform speed up an inclined of 1 in 10 along the

slope by a rope, parallel to the inclined. The rope passes over a frictionless
pulley at the top of the inclined and has a 275 kg mass hanging freely at its
end. Find the resistance to motion parallel to the inclined.
4.3
A pull of 550 N parallel to an inclined plane is required to just move a mass

of 50 kg up the plane. If a pull is applied parallel to the plane to drag the
mass down at a steady speed of 4 m/s, what is the power required? The plane
is inclined at 30 to the horizontal.
4.4
A load of mass 1350 kg lies on a gradient of 60 to the horizontal. If static

friction 1s = 0.5 and kinetic friction, 1k = 0.4. Calculate:
(i)
(ii)
the pull parallel to the gradient required to prevent the load from
sliding down,
the pull required to haul the load up the gradient at uniform speed.
FRICTION
J7
Feedback To Activity 4A
4.1
186 N
4.2
736 N
4.3
240 W
4.4
(i)
8.14,
(ii)
14.1 kN
FRICTION
J8
INPUT
4.3
THE ANGLE OF FRICTION AND TOTAL REACTION
Fiq. 4.8
Consider a body that is about to move to the right (Fiq. 4.8). The force R is
the resultant of RN and F. Since the latter are at right angles, the angle
between R and RN is given by,
tan =
=
ab
oa
F
RN
1RN
RN
=1
=
FRICTION
4.4
J1
APPLICATION OF ANGLE OF FRICTION TO MOTION ON THE

INCLINED PLANE.
Fiq. 4.9
Fig. 4.9 shows a body being moved up a plane by means of a horizontal pull
P. Since motion is up the plane, R must have a component down the plane to
provide the resisting friction force and is therefore directed as shown. The
pull P, weight W and resultant R form a triangle of forces and since P and W
are at right angles, thus
P = W tan( + )
Fiq. 4.10
Figure 4.10 shows the case whose body is just about to move down the plane
against a resisting horizontal force P.
From the triangle of forces:
P = W tan( )
In this case the angle of the plane is greater than the angle of friction .
FRICTION
J2
Example 4.3
A casting of mass 2 tonnes is to be pulled up a slope inclined at 30 by a pull
at an angle to the slope. If the coefficient of friction is 0.3. Find the least
force required and its direction to the horizontal.
Solution 4.3
Fiq. 4.10
Hence, the minimum value of P is given by:
P = W sin (30 + )
where tan = 0.3 or = 16 42
W = Mg
= 2 x 9.8
= 19.6 kN
hence,
P = 19.6 sin 46 42
= 14.25 kN
FRICTION
J3
Activity 4B

NEXT INPUT!
4.5
A body of weight of 50 kg is hauled along a rough horizontal plane, by a pull

of 18 kg acting at an angle of 14 with the horizontal. Find the coefficient of
friction.
4.6
Find the horizontal force required to drag a body weighing 10 kg along a

horizontal plane, if the plane when gradually raised up to 15 the body will
begin to slide down.
4.7
A crate with a mass of 50 kg will just slide with uniform speed down a rough
ramp at 300 to the horizontal. Find the coefficient of friction.
4.8
A load of mass 1 Mg is to be hauled slowly at constant speed up an inclined

of 1 in 2 (sine). If the coefficient of sliding friction is 0.6. What pull parallel
to the inclined would required? If the load is placed on a trolley of mass 200
kg what would then be the pull? The coefficient of rolling resistance is 0.12
and friction at the bearing journals may be neglected
FRICTION
J4
4.5
0.382
4.6
2.68 kg
4.7
0.576
4.8
l0 kN, 7.l kN.
FRICTION
J5
SELF-ASSESSMENT 4
Good luck.
Fiq. 4.11
1.
The force F (Fig.4.11) just prevents the wooden crate of 100 kg from sliding
down the steel chute. Find F if s for the mating surface = 0.1.
2.
A load of 300 kg will just start to slide down a 25o slope. What horizontal
force will be required to haul the load up the slope at constant speed? What is
the least force required to haul the load up the incline?. State the direction of
this least force.
3.
A body, resting on a rough horizontal plane, requires a pull of 18 kg inclined

at 30 0 to the plane just to remove it. It was found that a push of 22 kg
inclined at 30 0 to the plane just removed the body. Determine the weight of
the body and the coefficient of friction.
4.
Find the force required to move a load of 30 kg up a rough plane, the force
being applied parallel to the plane. The inclination of the plane is such that a
force of 6 kg, inclined at 30 0, to a similar smooth inclined plane, would keep
the same load in equilibrium. The coefficient is 0.3.
FRICTION
J6
Feedback To Self-Assessment 4
1.
303 N
2.
3.5 kN, 2.25 kN at 50o to the horizontal
3.
99.4 kg ; 0.1726
4.
14.06 kg.
If all your answers are

correct,
CONGRATULATIONS!!!!
J1
SCREW
UNIT 5
SCREW
OBJECTIVES
General Objective
: To understand the concept of the working of a screw.
state the terms that are important for the study of screw.
match the principle of screw working to that of friction on an inclined plane.
use these suitable concepts to solve problem involve.
calculate the answer using these concepts correctly.
J2
SCREW
INPUT
5.0
INTRODUCTION
The screws, bolt, studs, nuts etc. are widely used in various machines and structures for
fastenings. These fastenings have screw threads, which are made by cutting a continuous
helical groove on cylindrical surface. If the threads are cut on the outer surface of a solid
rod, these are known as external threads. But if the threads are cut on
the internal surface of a hollow rod, these are known as internal threads.
We use The principle of the

inclined plane in the screw thread
concept/applications.
5.1
THE SQUARE-THREADED SCREW

(a)
A Single-Start Thread
Let W be the axial force against which the screw is turned, Fig. 5.1, and P the
tangential force at the mean thread radius necessary to turn the nut. The
development of a thread ia an inclined plane, Fig. 5.2, and turning the nut against
the load is equivalent to moving this load up the plane by the horizontol
force P applied at the mean radius of the thread.
J3
SCREW
Fig. 5.1
Fig. 5.2
The angle ,
Tan =
(b)
p
D
A Two-Start Thread
For a two-start thread the distance moves axially by the screw in its nut in one
revolution is the lead , which is twice the pitch.
Tan =
Tan =
2p
D
J4
SCREW
5.2
THE VEE-THREADED SCREW

For a V-thread, the normal force between the nut and the screw is increased since the
axial component of this force must equal W. Thus, if the semi-angle of the thread is ,
Fig. 5.3., then normal force = W sec .
The friction force is therefore increased in the ratio sec : 1, so that the V-thread is
equivalent to a square thread having a coefficient of friction v sec
Fig. 5.3
J5
SCREW
INPUT
Turning the screw is equivalent to moving a mass of weight W along the inclined plane by a
horizontal force P.
5.3
RAISING LOAD
When the load is raised by the force P the motion is up the plane.(Fig.5.4).
Motion
R
R
P
+
W
Fig. 5.4
Tan ( + ) =
P
w
P = W tan ( + )
J6
SCREW
Torque
The torque T required to rotate the screw against the load is:
T = P(
1
D)
2
0
+
1
T = PD
2
T =
1
WD tan ( + )
2
1
D
2
Fig. 5.5: Cross-section of Screw
Efficiency
The efficiency of the screw is equal to:
Forward efficiency :
1forward = force P required without friction ( = 0)
force P required with friction
1 =
w tan
w tan( + )
1=
tan
tan( + )
or,
1 = work done on load W in 1 revolution
work done by P in 1 revolution
1=
we
P(D)
1=
w e
x
P D
J7
SCREW
But,
w
1
=
P tan( + )
and
1=
tan =
tan
tan( + )
Maximum Efficiency
1mak =
1 sin
1 + sin
Example 5.1
The helix angle of a screw tread is 100. If the coefficient of friction is 0.3 and the mean
diameter of the square thread is 72.5 mm,
calculate: (a) the pitch of the tread,
(b)
the efficiency when raising a load of 1 kN, (c)
the torque required.
Solution 5.1
Given:
= 100
(a)
= 0.3
p
D
p = tan 100 (3.14)(72.5)
= 40.1
mm
tan =
Dmean = 72.5 mm
J8
SCREW
(b)
= tan
= tan-1 0.3
= 16.70
Efficiency for raise load,
=
tan
tan( + )
1=
tan10 0
tan(10 0 + 16.7 0 )
1=
0.1763
0.5027
1 = 0.35 x 100%
1 = 35%
(c)
Torque, T =
1
WD tan ( + )
2
1
(1000)(72.5) tan (100 + 16.70)
2
1
(1000)(72.5)(0.5027)
T =
2
T =
T = 18.22 x 103 kN mm
T = 18.22 Nm
J9
SCREW
5.4
LOAD BEING LOWERED

(i)
When >
P is applied to resist the downward movement of the load. Under
this condition the load would just about to move downwards. If P
were not applied in this direction the load would overhaul, that is move
down on its own weight.
R
P
P
Motion
Fig. 5.6
Tan ( - ) =
P
w
P = W tan ( - )
Efficiency
Downward efficiency :
1downward =
1=
1=
work done by P in 1 revolution

work done on load W in 1 revolution
P(D)
w
tan( )
tan
J1
SCREW
Example 5.2
Calculate the pitch of a single-start square threaded screw of a jack which will just
allow the load to fall uniformly under its own weight. The mean diameter of the
threads is 8 cm and = 0.08. If the pitch is 15 mm, what is the torque
required to lower a load of 3 kN?
Solution 5.2
If the load is to fall uniformly under its own weight, =
Given :
= tan
= 0.08
Tan =
p
D
Tan 4.57 =
= 4.57
then, =
p
(3.14)(8)
p = 20
mm
If the pitch is 15 mm,
Tan =
p
D
Tan =
15
(3.14)(8)
Tan = 5.97
= 80.49
Torque,
1
WD tan ( - )
2
1
T =
(3000)(8)tan (80.49- 4.57)
2
T =
T =
1
(3000)(8)(tan 75 92)
2
T = 2.4
Nm
J2
SCREW
(ii)
When >
If the angle of friction is greater than the angle of the plane, then it can be seen
from the triangle of force, that force P must be applied to help lower
the load.
R
Motion
c
Fig. 5.7
Tan ( c ) =
P
w
P = W tan ( c )
Efficiency
1terbalik =
tan( )
tan
J3
SCREW
Example 5.3
The mean diameter of a squarecthreaded screw jack is 5 cm. The pitch
of the thread is 1 cm. The coefficient of friction is 0.15. What force must
be applied at the end of a 70 cm long lever, which is perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis of the screw to lower a load of 2 tonnes?
Solution 5.3
Given:
Mean diameter, d = 5 cm
Pitch, p = 1 cm
Coefficient of friction, = 0.15 = tan 4

Length of lever, L = 70 cm
Force required to lower the load,
P = W tan (4 )
= 2000 tan (8. 32c3.39)
= 2000 tan 4. 53
= 2000 x 0.0854
= 170.8 kg
Then,
4 = 8.32
Load W = 2 t = 2000 kg
J4
SCREW
Activity 5A

INPUT!
5.1
A nut on a singlecstart square thread bolt is locked tight by a torque of 6 Nm. The
thread pitch is 5 mm and the mean diameter 6 cm. Calculate :
(a)
the axial load on the screw in kilogrammes
(b)
the torque required to loosen the nut. = 0.1.
5.2
The total mass of the table of a planning machine and its attached work piece is 350
kg. The table is traversed by a singlecstart square thread of external diameter 45
mm and pitch 10 mm. The pressure of the cutting is 600 N and the speed of
cutting is 6 meters per minute. The coefficient of friction for the table is 0.1 and for the
screw thread is 0.08. Find the power required.
5.3
The mean radius of a screw of a square thread screw jack is 2.5 cm. The pitch of the
thread is 7.5 mm. If the coefficient of friction is 0.12, what effort applied at the end of a
lever 60 cm length is needed to raise a weight of 2000 kg?.
5.4
A screw press is used to compress books. The thread is double thread (square head)
with a pitch of 4 mm and a mean radius of 25 mm. The coefficient of friction for
the contact surfaces of the threads is 0.3. Determine the torque required for a pressure
of
500 N.
J5
SCREW
5.1
161 kg, 3.47 Nm
5.2
191 W
5.3
14.07 kg
5.4
4450 Nmm
J6
SCREW
INPUT
5.5
OVERHAULING OF THE SCREW

When the load moves down and overcomes the thread friction by its own weight, it is said
to overhaul. When it moves down against a resisting force P we found that
P = W tan ( c )
When the load overhauls, P = 0
Therefore,
tan ( c ) = 0
c =0
=
Hence,
when the angle of the inclined plane is equal to the angle of the friction the load will
overhaul.
The efficiency of such a screw when raising a load is given by:
1=
tan
tan( + )
but =
1=
tan
tan 2
J7
SCREW
Example 5.4
A load of 6 kN is lifted by a jack having a singlecstart square thread screw of 45
mm core diameter and pitch 10 mm. The load revolves with the screw and
the coefficient of friction at the screw thread is 0.05. Find the torque required to lift the load.
Show that the load will overhaul.
Solution 5.4
Given:
W = 6000 N
+
D mean = 45
x 10 = 50 mm = 0.05
mm
2
Then,
tan =
tan =
tan = 0.05
tan =
10
(3.14)(50)
tan = 0.0637
= 3.64
= 2.86
Torque required, T =
p
D
1
WD tan ( + )
2
1
(6000)(50) tan (3.64 + 2.86)
2
= 3000(50) tan (6.50)
=
= 3000(50) (0.114)
= 17.1 Nm
Efficiency,
tan
tan( + )
tan 3.64 0
tan(3.64 0 + 2.86 0 )
0.0636
=
0.114
= 0.558
= 56%
>
50%
(overhauling)
p = 10
J8
SCREW
Activity 5B

INPUT!
5.5
The drum of a windlass is 10 cm in diameter and the effort is applied to the handle 60
cm from the axis. Find the effort necessary to support a weight of mass 120 kg.
5.6
A wheel and axle is used to raise a load of mass 50 kg. The radius of the wheel is 50
cm and while it makes seven revolutions the load rises 3.3 m. What is the smallest
force that will support the load?.
5.7
A table carrying a machine tool is traversed by a threecstart screw of 6 mm pitch

and external diameter 23 mm. The mass of the table is 200 kg and the coefficient
of friction between the table and its guides is 0.1. The screw is driven by a motor at 12
rev/s. Find the speed of operation of the tool, the power required and the coefficient of friction
for the thread if the efficiency is 70 percent.
5.8
A differential pulley, the two parts of which have respectively twenty four and twenty five
teeth, is used to raise a weight of mass 500 kg. Show by sketch how the apparatus is
used, and determine its velocity ratio. Find also what effort must be exerted if the efficiency is
60 percent.
J9
SCREW
Feedback To Activity 5B
5.5
10 gN
5.6
5.7
12.96 rnrmm, 60.5 W, 0.11
5.8
50, 16
1
gN
2
2
gN.
3
J10
SCREW
SELF-ASSESSMENT 5
You are approachmmg success. Try all the questions mm thms selfcassessremt sectmom amd check
your amswers wmth those gmvem mm the Feedback om SelfcAssessremt 5 gmvem om the mext page.
If you face amy problers, dmscuss mt wmth your lecturer. Good luck.
1.
Fmmd the torque to ramse a load of 6 kN usmmg a screw jack wmth a doublecstart square
thread, comtammmmg two threads per centimeter and a mean diameter of 60 mm. =
0.12. What ms the torque requmred to lower the load?
2.
A lathe saddle of rass 30 kg ms traversed by a smmglecstart squarecthread screw of 10

rr pmtch amd ream dmareter 40 rr. If the vertmcal force om the cuttmmg tool ms 250 N,
fmmd the torque at the screw requmred to traverse the saddle. The coeffmcmemt of frmctmom
betweem saddle amd lathe bed amd for the screw thread ms 0.15.
3.
A doublecstart squarecthread screw has a pmtch of 20 rr amd a ream dmareter of 100

rr, = 0.03. Calculate mts effmcmemcy whem ramsmmg a load.
4.
A load of 2500 N ms to be ramsed by a screw jack wmth ream dmareter of 75 rr amd

pmtch of 12 rr. Fmmd the effmcmemcy of the screw jack, mf the coeffmcmemt of frmctmom
betweem the screw amd mut ms 0.075.
J11
SCREW
1.
31.4 Nr , 12 Nr
2.
0.376 Nr
3.
80.5 %
4.
41.5 %
always.
BELTING
J 3010/6/1
UNIT 6
BELTING
OBJECTIVES
General Objective
: To understand and apply the concept of belting
Specific Objectives : At the end of this unit you will be able to:
>
state the difference between open and close belt.
>
explain that power transmitted by the flat belt and V belt.
>
explain that ratio tension for flat and V belt.
>
calculate power transmitted by the belt with consider

centrifugal force.
BELTING
J 3010/6/2
INPUT
6.0
INTRODUCTION
In factories, the power has to be

transmitted from one shaft to another,
then belt driving between pulleys on
the shafts may be used.
The pulley rotating shaft is called driver. The pulley intended to rotate is
known, as follower or driven. When the driver rotates, it carries the belt that
grip between its surface and the belt. The belt, in turn, carries the driven
pulley which starts rotating. The grip between the pulley and the belt is
obtained by friction, which arises from pressure between the belt and the
pulley.
(a)
Types of belts
The flat belt is mostly used in the factories and work shops,
where a moderate amount of power is to be transmitted, from one
pulley to another, when the two pulleys are not more than 10 m a
part.
The V-belt is mostly used in the factories and work shops
where a great amount of power is to be transmitted, from one pulley
to another, when the two pulleys are very near to each other.
BELTING
J 3010/6/3
The types of belts:a. flat belt

b. V belt
6.1
LENGTH OF AN OPEN BELT DRIVE
K
F
01
02
r2
r1
D
E
Fig.6.1 0pen belt drive

01 and 02 =
r1 and r2 =
d
=
L
=
Angle A0102
Angle B02C
Angle AFE
Angle BCD
Centers of two pulleys

radius of the larger and smaller pulleys
Distance between 01 and 02
Total length of the belt.
= 1
= 2
= 1 (radian)
= 2 (radian)
BELTING
J 3010/6/4
We know that the length of the belt,

L = Arc AFE + ED + Arc DCB + BA
Cos 1 =
r1
r2
d
r
1 = cos-11
r2
d
= 2 - 21
= 2 ( - 1) (radian)
= 1 = 2 2
(radian) Arc AFE = r1

1
Arc DCB = r2
And ED = BA = K02
KO2
Sin 1 =
d
K02 = d Sin 1
Finally the total of length of belt,
= r1 1 + d Sin 1 + r2 2 + d Sin 1
= r1 1 + r2 2 + 2d Sin 1
BELTING
J 3010/6/5
Example 6.1
Find the length of belt necessary to drive a pulley of 480 cm diameter running
parallel at a distance of 12 meter from the driving pulley of diameter 80 cm.
This system is an open belt drive.
Solution 6.1
A
B
K
1
02
01
r2
r1
E
d
Fig.6.2 0pen belt drive

01 and 02 = Centers of two pulleys
r1 and r2 = radius of the larger and smaller pulleys
d = Distance between 01 and 02
L = Total length of the belt.
Angle A0102 = 1
Angle B02C
= 2
Angle AFE
= 1 (radian)
Angle BCD
= 2 (radian)
Radius of smaller pulley = 80/2 = 40 cm. Radius
of larger pulley
= 480/2 = 240 cm.
Distance between the pulleys, d = 12m = 1 200
cm
We know that the length of belt is,

Cos 1 =
r1
r2
d
240 40
1200
BELTING
J 3010/6/6
1 = cos1
240 40
1200
= cos-1 0.16667
= 800
1 = 1.396
radian
1
= 2 - 21
= 2 ( - 1.396 ) (radian)
= 3.491 radian
= 21 = 2 2 (radian)
= 2 (1.396 )
= 2.792 radian
Arc AFE = r1
1
= 240 x 3.491
= 837.84 cm
Arc DCB = r2 2
= 40 x 2.792
= 111.68
cm
And ED = BA = K02
KO2
Sin 800 =
d
K02 = d Sin 1 = 1 200 x 0.98481
= 1181.77
m
Finally the total of belt length is
= r1 1 + d Sin 1 + r2 2 + d Sin 1
= r1 1 + r2 2 + 2d Sin 1
= 240 x 3.491 + 40 x 2.792 +2 x 1181.77
= 837.84 + 111.68 + 2363.54
= 3313.06 cm
= 33.13 m
BELTING
6.2
J 3010/6/7
LENGTH OF CLOSE BELT DRIVE
K
A
D
01
02
r2
r1
E
d
Fig.6.3 Cross belt drive

01 and 02 =
r1 and r2 =
d
=
L
=
Angle A0102
Angle D0201
Angle AFE
Angle BCD

Distance between 01 and 02
= 1
= 2
= 1 (radian)
= 2 (radian)
We know that the length of the belt is

r1 + r2
d
r +r
1 = cos-1 1 2
d
Cos 1 =
= 2 - 21
= 2 ( - 1) (radian)
=
BELTING
J 3010/6/8
Arc AFE = r1
1
Arc DCB = r2
And ED = BA = K02
KO2
Sin 1 =
d
K02 = d Sin 1
Finally the total of length belt,
= r1 1 + d Sin 1 + r2 2 + d Sin 1
= r1 1 + r2 2 + 2d Sin 1
Example 6.2
Find the length of belt for a cross belt drive system. The diameter of
the drive pulley is 480 cm which running parallel at a distance of
12 meter from the driving pulley which has a diameter of 80 cm.
Solution 6.2
K
A
D
01
02
r2
r1
B
E
d
Fig.6.4 Cross belt drive
BELTING
J 3010/6/9
01 and 02 =
r1 and r2 =
d
=
L
=
Angle A0102
Angle D0201
Angle AFE
Angle BCD

distance between 01 and 02
= 1
= 2
= 1 (radian)
= 2 (radian)
Radius of smaller pulley

= 80/2
= 40 cm.
Radius of larger pulley
= 480/2 = 240 cm.
Distance between the pulleys, d = 12m = 1 200
cm
We know that the length of the belt,
r1 + r2 240 + 40
=
d
1200
240
+
40
1 = cos-1
1200
= cos-1 0.23333
= 76.50
1 = 1.335
radian
Cos 1 =
= 2 21
= 2 ( - 1) (radian)
= 2 ( - 1.335) (radian)
= 3.613 radian
Arc AFE = r1
1
= 240 x 3.613
= 867.12 cm
Arc DCB = r2 2
= 40 x 3.613
= 144.52 cm
And
ED = BA = K02
KO2
Sin 1 =
d
K02 = d Sin 76.50 =1 200 x 0.9724
ED = BA = K02 = 1166.88 cm
BELTING
J 3010/6/10
Finally the total of length belt,

L=
=
=
=
=
=
L =
Arc AFE + ED + Arc DCB + BA

r1 1 + d Sin1 + r2 2 + d Sin 1
r1 1 + r2 2 + 2d Sin 1
240 x 3.613 + 240 x 3.613 + 2 x 1 200 Sin 76.50
867.12 + 144.52 + 2333.76
3345.4 cm
33.45 m
BELTING
J 3010/6/11
Activity 6A

NEXT INPUT!
6.1
Two pulleys, one with a 450 mm diameter and the other with a 200 mm
diameter are on parallel shaft of 1.95 m apart and are connected by a
cross belt. Find the length of the belt required and the angle of contact
between the belt and each pulley.
6.2
It is required to drive a shaft B at 620 rpm by means of a belt from a parallel

shaft A. A pulley of 30 cm diameter on shaft A runs at 240 rpm. Determine
the size of pulley on the shaft B.
6.3
Find the length of belt necessary to drive a pulley of 1.4 m diameter

running parallel at a distance of 1.7 meter from the driving pulley of
diameter 0.5 m. It is connected by an open belt.
N1 d 2
=
N 2 d1
N1 = speed diver in rpm
N2 = speed follower in rpm
d1 ,d2 = diameter pulley driver and
follower.
BELTING
J 3010/6/12
6.1
4.975 m; 199 or 3.473 radian.
6.2.
11.6 cm
6.3
6.51 m
BELTING
J 3010/6/13
INPUT
6.3
POWER TRANSMITTED BY A BELT
Power = (Ti T2) v

Where, Ti =Tension in tight side
in Newton.
T2 = Tension in slack side.
V = velocity of belt
Fig. 6.5, shows the driving pulley (i.e., driver) A and the follower B.
The driving pulley pulls the belt from one side, and delivers the same to the
other.The maximum tension in the tight side will be greater than that
slack side.
Fig. 6.5
Torque exerted on the driving pulley
= ( Ti - T2) ri
Torque exerted on the driven or follower
= ( Ti - T2) r2
Power transmitted = Force x distance
= ( Ti - T2) v
BELTING
J 3010/6/14
Example 6.3
The tension in the two sides of the belt are iOO N and 8O N respectively.
If the speed of the belt is 75 meters per second. Find the power transmitted
by the belt.
Solution 6.3
Given,
Tension in tight side,
Ti = iOO N
Tension in slack side,
T2 = 8O N
Velocity of belt, v = 75 mIs
Let P = Power transmitted by the belt
Using the relation,
Power = (Ti T2) v
= ( iOO 8O) 75
= i5OO watt
= i.5 kw.
BELTING
J 3010/6/15
Activity 6B

NEXT INPUT!
6.4.
Find the tension in the tight side, if the tension in slack side i50 N. The speed
of the belt is 58 meters per second and the power transmitted by this
belt is 2 kw.
6.5
Diameter of driver is 50 mm. If the driver transmits 8 kw when it is rotating

at 300 revl min. Calculate velocity of driver.
6.6
The tension in the two sides of the belt are 300 N and i80 N respectively. If
the speed of the belt is 50 meters per second, find the initial tension and
power transmitted by the belt.
6.7
A i00 mm diameter pulley is belt-driven from a 400 mm diameter pulley.

The 400 mm pulley rotates at 480 revlmin. The number of revlsec of the
i00 mm diameter pulley is
A. 2
B. 32
C. i20
D. i920
T0 =
Where,
Ti + T2
2
T0 = Initial tension in the belt.
BELTING
J 3010/6/16
6.4
ii5.5 N
6.5
0.785 mis
6.6
6 000 watt or 6 kw; 240 N
6.7
B. 32
BELTING
J 3010/6/17
INPUT
6.4
RATIO OF TENSIONS.
Fig. 6.6
Consider a driven pulley rotating in the clockwise direction as in fig 6.6.
Let Ti = Tension in the belt on the tight side.
T2 = Tension in the belt on the slack side.
= An angle of contact in radians (i.e , angle subtended by the arc
AB, along which the belt touches the pulley, at the centre)
Now consider a small position of the belt PQ, subtending an angle at the
centre of the pulley as shown fig 6.6. The belt PQ is in equilibrium under the
following force:
i. Tension T in the belt at P.
ii. Tension T + T in the belt at Q.
iii. Normal reaction R, and
iv. Frictional force F = x R
Where is the coefficient of friction between the belt and pulley.
Resolving all the forces horizontally and equating the same,
BELTING
J 3010/6/18
+ T sin
(6.i)
2
2
Since the is very small, therefore, substituting,
sin
=
in equation 6.i
2
2
+T
R = ( T + T)
2
2
T
T
T .
=
+
+
2
2
2
T
)
(6.2)
= T. ( neglecting
2
Now resolving the forces vertically,
x R = (T + T) cos
- T cos
(6.3)
2
2
R = ( T + T) sin
Since the angle . is very small, therefore substituting cos

equation 6.3 or,
x R = T + T T = T
T
R =
(6.4)
Equating the values of R from equation 6.2 and 6.4,

T
Or
T. =
T
= .
T
Integrating both sides from A to B,
Or
T
=
1T
10
T
Ti
or
loge
Ti
=
T2
Ti
= e
T2
ration of tension for flat belt
Ti
= e isin
T2
ration of tension for V belt
where = half angle of groove
= i in
2
BELTING
J 3010/6/19
Example 6.4
Find the power transmitted by a belt running over a pulley of 60 cm diameter
at 200 rpm. The coefficient of friction between the pulley is 0.25, angle of lap
i600 and maximum tension in the belt is 250 KN.
Solution 6.4
Given,
Diameter of pulley, d = 60 cm = 0.6 m
Speed of pulley
N = 200 rpm
x 0.6 x 200
dN
= 2 = 6.28 mi sec
Speed of belt, v =
=
60
60
Coefficient of friction,
= 0.25
i60 x
= 2.7926 radian.
Angle of contact, 0 = i600 =
i80
Maximum tension in the belt,
Ti = 250 kN
Let
P = power transmitted by the belt.
Using the relation,
Ti
= e1 0
T2
= e 0.25 x 2.7926
Ti
T2
= 2.0i
Ti
250
=
= i24.38 kN
2.0i
2.0i
Now using the relation,
P = (Ti T2 ) v
= ( 250 - i24.38 ) 6.28
= 788.89 watt
P = 0.79 kw
T2 =
BELTING
J 3010/6/20
INPUT
6.5
CENTRIFUGAL TENSION.
Fig.6.7
The tension caused by centrifugal force is called centrifugal tension. At lower

speeds the centrifugal tension is very small, but at higher speeds its effect is
considerable, and thus should be taken into account.
Consider a small portion PQ of the belt subtending an angle d at the centre
of the pulley as show in fig 6.7.
Let
M = mass of the belt per unit length,

V = linear velocity of the belt,
r = radius of the pulley over which the belt runs,
Tc = Centrifugal tension acting tangentially at P and Q.
Length of the belt PQ,
= r d
Mass of the belt PQ,
M = M r d
We know that centrifugal force,
= M v2ir
BELTING
J 3010/6/21
Centrifugal force of the belt PQ

=
M x r.d v
r
= M x d v 2
The centrifugal tension (Tc) acting tangentially at P and Q keeps the belt in
equilibrium.
Now resolving the force (i.e, centrifugal force and centrifugal tension)
horizontally and equating the same,
d
2 Tc sin
= M x d v 2
2
since angle d is very small, therefore, substituting
d
d
=
sin
2
2
d
2 Tc
= M x d v 2
2
Tc
= M x d v 2 i d
Tc
= M v2
Ti
T2
Tc
= e1
Tc
Ti
T2
Tc
= e 1 i sin ratio tension for V belt
Tc
ratio tension for flat belt.
6.5.1 Condition for the transmission of maximum power

The maximum power,
When T c = !Ti
It shows that the power transmitted is maximum ! of the maximum tension
is absorbed as centrifugal tension.
The velocity of belt for maximum transmission of power may be
obtained from equation Ti = 3Tc = M v2.
BELTING
J 3010/6/22
v2 =
v =
3 Ti
M
Ti
3M
Example 6.5
An open belt drive connects two pulleys i.2 m and 0.5 m diameter, on
parallel shafts 3.6 m apart. The belt has a mass of 0.9 kgim length and the
maximum tension in it is not exceed 2 kN. The larger pulley runs at 200
revimin. Calculate the torque on each of the two shafts and the power
transmitted. Coefficient of friction is 0.3 and angle of lap on the smaller
pulley is i68 ( 2.947 radian ).
Solution 6.5
Given
Diameter of larger pulley,
di = i.2 m
Radius of the larger pulley,
ri = 0.6
Diameter of smaller pulley,
d2 =0.5 m
Radius of the smaller pulley,
r2 = 0.25 m
Distance between two shaft,
D = 3.6 m
Mass of the belt per meter length,
M = 0.9 kgim
Maximum Tension, Ti = 2 kN = 2 000 N
Speed of the larger pulley
= 200 rpm
Velocity of the belt,
x i.2 x 200
= i2.57 mis
V=
60
T c = Mv2
= 0.9 x i2.572
= i42.2 N
BELTING
J 3010/6/23
e i = e 0.3 x 2.947
= 2.42i
Using the relation,
Ti TC
= e1
T2 TC
2000 i42.2
= 2.42i
T2
i42.2
(T2 i42.2) 2.42i = i857.8
i857.8
= 767.37
(T2 i42.2) =
2.42i
T2 = 767.37 + i42.2
T2 = 909.57 N
We know that the torque on the larger pulley shaft (TL),
TL = ( Ti T2) ri
= ( 2000 909.57) 0.6
= 654.26 Nm.
Torque on the smaller pulley shaft (Ts),
Ts = ( Ti T2) r2
= (2000 909.57) 0.25
= 272.6i Nm.
Power transmitted, P = ( Ti T2)v
= ( 2000 909.57) i2.57
= i3706.7i watt
= i3.7i kw
BELTING
J 3010/6/24
Activity 6C
TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING BEFORE YOU CONTINUE TO THE NEXT

INPUT!
6.8
Two pulleys, one with a 450 mm diameter and the other with a 200 mm
diameter are on parallel of shafts i.95 m apart. What power can be
transmitted by the belt when the larger pulley rotates at 200 revimin, if the
maximum permissible tension in the belt is i kN and the coefficient of
friction between the belt and pulley is 0.25. Angle of contact between the belt
and larger pulley is 3.477 radian.
6.9 Find the power transmitted by a V drive from the following data:
Angle of contact
Pulley groove angle
Coefficient of friction
Mass of belt per meter length
Permissible tension
Velocity of V belt
6.i0
=
=
=
=
=
=
840
450
0.25
0.472 kgim
i39 N
i2.57 mis.
An open belt drive connects two pulleys i.2 m and 0.6 m, on parallel shafts 3
m apart. The belt has a mass 0f 0.56 kgim and maximum tension is i.5 kN. The
driver pulley runs at 300 revimin. Calculate the inertial tension, power
transmitted and maximum power. The coefficient of friction between the belt
and the pulley surface is 0.3.
BELTING
J 3010/6/25
Feedback to Activity 6C
6.8
2 740 watt or 2.74 kw
6.9
59i watt.
6.i0
i074.5 N ; 8.0 kw ; i7.54 kw.
BELTING
J 3010/6/26
SELF-ASSESSMENT 6
Good luck.
i.
A pulley is driven by a flat belt running at speed of 600 mimin. The

coefficient of friction between the pulley and the belt is 0.3 and the angle lap
is i60. If the maximum tension in the belt is 700 N, find the power
transmitted by a belt.
2.
A leather belt, i25 mm wide and 6 mm thick, transmits power from a pulley
of 750 mm diameter which run at 500 rpm. The angle of lap is i50 and
i = 0.3. If the mass of i m3 of leather is i Mg and the stress in the belt does
not exceed 2.75 MNim2, find the maximum power that can be transmitted.
3.
A flat belt, 8 mm thick and i00 mm wide transmits power between two
pulleys, running at i 600 mimin. The mass of the belt is 0.9 kgim length. The
angle of lap in the smaller pulley is i65 and the coefficient of friction
between the belt and pulleys is 0.3. If the maximum permissible stress in the
belt is 2 MNim2, find
(i)
Maximum power transmitted; and
(ii)
Initial tension in the belt.
4.
The moment on a pulley, which produces the rotation of the pulley is called:
A. Momentum
B. Torque
C. Work
D. Energy
5.
If Ti and T2 are the tension in the tight and slack sides of a belt and is the
angle of contact between the belt and pulley. Coefficient of friction is , then
the ratio of driving tension will be:
T
T
T
T
D. logi0 i = 1
A. 2 = e 1 B. i = e 1 C. i = 1
T2
T2
Ti
T2
BELTING
J 3010/6/27
i. 3.974 kw ( see example 6.4)
2. i8.97 kw
3. (i) i4.28i kw
(ii) i.322i kN
4.
B. Torque
5.
B.
Ti
= e1
T2
always.

J3010 - Mechanics of Machines 1

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1

Zainol Hashim (POLIMAS)

J3010 MECHANICS OF MACHINES 1

BIODATA OF MODULE WRITERS

Zainol Bin Hashim

Harisa Bt Mohamad Saad

J3010 MECHANICS OF MACHINES 1

What Do You Think Of This Module?

Instruction : Please I on the space provided.

How much do you agree with the following statements?

J3010 MECHANICS OF MACHINES 1

J3010 MECHANICS OF MACHINES 1

Velocity and Acceleration

J3010 MECHANICS OF MACHINES 1

The square thread screw

Length of an open belt drive

J3010 MECHANICS OF MACHINES 1

This module is divided into 6 units.

J3010 MECHANICS OF MACHINES 1

You have to follow the units in sequence.

J3010 MECHANICS OF MACHINES 1

PRE REQUISITE SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE

At the end of this module, students should be able to:

know principles and fundamental concept of general dynamics.

TEACHING AIDS AND RESOURCES NEEDED

J3010 MECHANICS OF MACHINES 1

W. Madill (1984). Applied Mechanics Level 3; Longman Inc., New

D Humphrey and J Topping (1971). A Shorter Intermediate Mechanics;

R.S. Khurmi (1988). A Text Book Of Applied Mechanics;New Delhi:

R.K. Mullis (1983). Engineering Mechanics; Longman Cheshire Pty.

S.B.Mathur (1979). Applied mechanics; Delhi: Khanna Publishers.

L.Bostock and S.Chandler (1979). Applied Mathematics; Scotland: Thomson

: To understand the concept of general dynamics

Specific Objectives : At the end of this unit you should be able to :

relate linear and angular velocity, linear and angular acceleration.

solve problem using equation uniformly accelerated and angular

describe tangent acceleration and centripetal acceleration, centripetal

explain the principle conservation of energy and momentum.

Mechanics is the study of

VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION

EQUATION FOR LINEAR, UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED MOTION

Fig. 1.1 Uniform accelerated linear motion.

Substituting for t from (1.1) into (1.2) gives

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LINEAR SPEED AND ANGULAR SPEED

Fig. 1.2 Circular motion

where r = 0.35 m and = 6 radls

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LINEAR ACCELERATION AND ANGULAR

TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING BEFORE YOU CONTINUE WITH THE NEXT

1.7 A parcel, starting at rest, is moVed by conVeyor belt with an acceleration of

WORK DONE BY A CONSTANT FORCE

Work done = Force x distance.

fig. 1.3 Notation for the work done

1.7.1 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

1.7.3 KINETIC ENERGY

1.7.4 FORMULA FOR KINETICS ENERGY

work done = force x distance

1.7.5 STRAIN ENERGY

This kinetic energy may be assUmed to be absorbed eqUally by the two

1.8 MOMENTUM AND CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM

1.8.2 CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM

mass of the first body

TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING BEFORE YOU CONTINUE WITH THE NEXT