Engineering e-Transaction (ISSN 1823-6379)

Vol. 5, No. 1, June 2010, pp 27-34

Online at http://ejum.fsktm.um.edu.my
Received 20 June 2010; accepted 12 July 2010

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF AUTOMATIC STREET LIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM

M. A. Wazed1, N. Nafis2, M. T. Islam2 and A. S. M. Sayem3
1
Department of Engineering Design and Manufacture
University of Malaya (UM), Faculty of Engineering
50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Chittagong University of Engineering & Technology (CUET)
Chittagong 4349, Bangladesh
3
Department of Mechanical and Intelligent System Engineering,
Hokkaido University, Japan.
Email: awazed@gmail.com

averaged over 5% growth in the GDP (Hossain and

Badr, 2007; EIA, 2007). The national currency of the
country is Taka (Tk.), its change rate is US$1 = Taka
69.04 (as on 20/08/2009).

ABSTRACT
Only one in five Bangladeshis has access to power.
Probably, it is more discouraging in the rural areas of
the Country. People living in the land are observing
serious load shedding due to the generation deficit. The
suffering of its citizen could lessen by a proper load
management system. In this paper, the authors have
designed and fabricated a circuit that can control
(on/off) distribution line of a specific region based on
the intensity of the daylight (LUX). If the light intensity
varies with seasons or some other factors, it is
adjustable. Again if there occurs any damage (short
circuit) or if any bulb/tube does not work, it could point
out the location and could provide alarm. The
functioning of the circuit is empirically experienced in
the 11-kV electric sub-station at CUET campus. It is
observed that the circuit is working reliably, and it is
possible to ameliorate the power management system
enormously. The circuit is simple in design, easy to
fabricate and require few dollars only.

Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB) was

established in 1972 as a public-sector organization. Its
responsibility includes power generation, transmission
and distribution of electricity throughout the country.
Organizational changes were subsequently introduced
to the transmission and distribution sectors. In 1977, the
Rural Electrification Board (REB) was created and in
1991 the Government of Bangladesh (GOB) established
the Dhaka Electric Supply Authority (DESA) to operate
and develop the distribution system in and around
Dhaka and bring about improvements in customer
service, collection of revenue and lessen the
administrative burden on BPDB. To increase the
efficiency of the distribution system and for better
customer service, the GOB implemented different
reform programs. As part of such programs, two
companies, the Power Grid Company of Bangladesh
(PGCB) and the Dhaka Electric Supply Company
(DESCO), were established in 1996 and 1997,
respectively (Hossain and Badr, 2007; PDB, 2008). The
distribution network area of DESA has been re-defined,
with some area being allocated to DESCO for better
management. In December 2002, all distribution
networks were transferred to PGCB, which is now the
sole authority for operation, maintenance and extension
of the distribution network in the country (Hossain and
Badr, 2007; GPPB, 2007).

Keywords: Energy; Control system; Bangladesh.

1. INTRODUCTION
The Peoples Republic of Bangladesha south-Asian
Countryis located between 2334N and 2638N
latitudes and 8801E and 9241E longitudes. The
Indian states west Bengal, Meghalaya, Assam and
Tripura are on the west, the north and the east borders
respectively (Hossain and Badr, 2007; BBS, 2008),
sharing 3715.18 km of common border (Islam et al.,
2008). Bangladesh also shares its border with Myanmar
on the southeast corner. In the south, the country has a
long coast along the Bay of Bengal (Hossain and Badr,
2007; BBS, 2008). During the last 5 years, Bangladesh

In order to develop the countrys power sector, power

generation and distribution were opened to both
national and foreign private investments in 1996. This

27

was followed by the formulation of Private Sector

Power Generation Policy of Bangladesh by the GOB.
The involvement of Independent Power Producers
(IPPs) was made effective after October 1996. The
countrys first private power plant (with 110MW
installed capacity) started feeding power to the national
grid in October 1998 (Hossain and Badr, 2007; GPPB,
2007; BP, 2006). In summary, the utilities responsible
for generation of electricity are: (i) Bangladesh Power
Development Board (BPDB), which is the largest
authority to generate electricity from the conventional
sources (like indigenous gas, hydro, diesel, furnace oil)
and (ii) Rural Electrification Board (REB), distributing
electricity in the rural areas and generating electricity
through Independent Power Producers (IPPs).
Distribution of electricity to the consumer end is
performed by BPDB, Dhaka Electric Supply Authority
(DESA), Dhaka Electric Supply Company Ltd.
(DESCO) and REB (Islam et al., 2008). The electricity
generation in Bangladesh between 1990 and 2005 is
shown in Figure 1.

dominating. Generation of electricity from natural gas

was 81.43% of total generation in 2006 (GPPB, 2007).
Table 1 shows the total electricity generation (In
millions of kilowatt hours) and electricity generated
using natural gas (APD, 2007).
Industrial and domestic sectors are the main consumers
of the electricity (Hossain and Badr, 2007; (PDB, 2008).
Only 20% of the population (25% in urban areas and
10% in rural areas) are connected to grid electricity,
with the vast majority (80%) being deprived of
conventional supplies (Hossain and Badr, 2007; EIA,
2007). REB has been supplying electricity to rural areas
through a number of Rural Electrification Societies,
known as Polly Biddut Samity (PBS). As of December
2006, 70 of these were operating commercially in the
country. There are 71,41,324 customers (residential
60,56,150; pump for irrigation 1,99,948; commercial
7,53,727; industrial 1,17,586, others 13,913) in 46,523
villages. This required the installation of distribution
lines with a total length of 210,328-km and 328, 33/11
kV grid sub-stations (GPPB, 2007). The consumption
pattern of BPDBs electricity for fiscal year 2006 is
shown in Figure 2.

Electricity generation (tWh)

25
20

Hence energy saving has become a prime priority for

machines working round the clock to provide us various
comforts and necessities. Generation of electricity from
various sources other than thermal generation is
possible but may not be feasible for some situation and
sometimes is not sufficient to satisfy the demand of the
ever increasing population of Bangladesh. Energy
saving is equivalent to the production of energy.
Technology has been also put to work for saving energy.
Street lights have a great demand of energy of the
country. Any loss of power by street light has significant
effects on load management.

15
10
5
0
1990

1993

1996

1999

2002

2005

Year

Fig. 1 Electricity generation (Terra watt-hour) in

Bangladesh (BP, 2006)
All natural gas fields are situated in the eastern part of
the country. In this part, electricity is generated in
gas-fired thermal power stations and a small percentage
through hydropower. In the western part, imported oil is
used for the generation of electricity. The fuel cost per
kWh of the electricity generated in the western part is
much higher than that in the eastern part. Low-cost
electricity, generated in the eastern part, is transferred to
the western part through the 230kV EastWest Inter
connector transmission line. BPDB owns and operate
the high-voltage transmission network throughout
Bangladesh (Hossain and Badr, 2007; PDB, 2008).
Electricity has been generating from natural gas since
1970 and from the last two decades its share being

Fig. 2 Consumption pattern of electricity under BPDB

in FY 2006 (PDB, 2008).

28

Bangladesh is a developing country. So the energy loss

in distribution system especially in street lights in
Bangladesh must be concerned. But it is very often seen
that most of the lamppost lights remains switched-ON
at day time also. It is one of the sources of power loss
for the country. Hence the main objective of this work is
to design and fabricate an automated control system for
street lights to avoid such power loss. Additionally,
design an alert and protection circuit and cost analysis
are included in this article. Finally the functionality and
reliability of the system is tested by implementing it in
the street light distribution system of Chittagong
University of Engineering & Technology (CUET),
Chittagong 4349, Bangladesh.

This increases flow of current produced by an applied

voltage. The increase of current with increase in light
intensity and the applied voltage is constant. It means
that the resistance of semiconductors decreases with
increase the light intensity. Therefore, these
semiconductors are called photoconductive cells or
photo resistors or Light Dependent Resistors (LDR),
since incident light effectively varies their resistance
(Figure 4). In bright light the resistance of the cell can
be as low as 80 ohm. When the cell is kept in darkness
its resistance is called dark resistance. At 50 LUX
(darkness) the resistance increases to over 1M ohm. The
dark resistance may be as high as 101012 . The
sensitivity of photo resistive cell is defined as (Eq.1). A
photoconductor has a relatively large sensitive area. A
small change in light intensity causes a large change in
resistance. It is common for a photoconductive element
to exhibit a resistance change of 1000:1 for a dark to
light irradiance change of 510-3 W/m2 to 50 W/m2. The
relationship between irradiance and resistance is,
however, not linear. It is closely an exponential
relationship (Equation 2). The photoconductive cell
suffers from a major disadvantage that temperature
change causes substantial resistance changes for a
particular light intensity. Therefore, this type of
photoconductor is unsuitable for analog application.

2. DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION

The control system consists of light sensor, operational
amplifier, switching element, 220V (AC) street line
distribution system, protection circuit and alert system
for faults. The block diagram of the control system is
shown in Figure 3.

Fig. 3 Block diagram of automation of street light

Year

1999/00

2000/01

2001/02

2002/03

2003/04

2004/05

2005/06

Table 1 The total electricity generation and electricity

generated using natural gas (In millions of kilowatt
hours) (APD, 2007).

Electricity
Generation
Based on
natural gas

14,4
50
12,6
03

15,
563
13,
266

17,
021
13,
302

12,
881
11,
331

13,
342
11,
548

14,
067
12,
171

15,
542
13,
384

Fig. 4 Light Dependent Resistors (LDR)

S

R
........................................... 1
H

Rt Ri R f Ri 1 e

A transducer is a device that converts energy from one

form to another. In the control system a
photoconductive cell is used as a transducer. Electrical
conduction in semiconductor materials occurs when
free charge carrier, e.g. electrons, is available in the
material and an electric field is applied. In certain
semiconductors when light energy strike on them in
correct order of magnitude, they release charge carriers.

................................ 2

Where, R=change in resistance; , and H=change

in irradiation; W/m2, Rf = dark resistance, ; Ri= final
resistance after application of beam, ; Rt= resistance at
any time.

29

Operational amplifier has very high voltage gain, very

high input impedance (typically a few mega ohms) very
low output impedance (less than 100 ), high
bandwidth and good rejection of common-mode signal.
Typical uses of operational amplifier are to provide
voltage amplitude changes (amplitude and polarity),
oscillators, filter circuits, and many types of
instrumentation circuits. The number 741 has become
very popular among electronic engineers, technicians
and hobbyists. Often called the `industry workhorse`
because of its unlimited applications, this operational
amplifier IC is currently being manufactured by nearly
all the IC manufacturers of the world. In India it can be
bought for just a much as five rupees. Op-amps have
both voltage and current limitations. Peak-to-peak
output voltage, for example, is usually limited to
slightly less than the two supply voltages. Output
current is also limited by internal restrictions such as
power dissipation and component rating. An op-amp
contains number of differential amplifier stage to vary
voltage gain. The authors have used OP-741 Dual Input
Operational Amplifier for this research. The basic
internal arrangement of the OP-741 is shown in Figure
5.

Fig. 7 Pin diagram of op-741 amplifier

Fig. 8 Schematic diagram of op-741 amplifier

In this research the authors used two types of switching
elements, namely, electrical and mechanical switch. In
electrical switch, bipolar junction transistor 2N2219A is
used. The 2N2219A is silicon planar epitaxial NPN
transistors in metal case. It is designed for high speed
switching application at collector current up to 500mA,
low leakage currents and low saturation voltage. It is
constructed with three doped semiconductor regions
separated by two p-n junctions. The p-n junction joining
the base region and emitter region is called the
base-emitter junction and the junction unification of
base region and the collector region is called the
base-collector junction (Figure 9). In order for the
transistor to operate properly as a switch, the two p-n
junctions must be correctly biased with external dc
voltage.

A differential amplifier is the input stage for the

operational amplifier. It has two inputs and provides
amplification of the difference voltage between the two
inputs. The voltage amplifier is usually a class A
amplifier that provides additional op-gain. Some
op-amps may have more than one voltage amplifier
stage. A push-pull class B amplifier is used for the
output stage. A typical connection, pin diagram and
schematic diagram of OP-741 are shown in Figures 6, 7
and 8 respectively.

In mechanical switch, a relay is used for switching.

Relay is an electrically operated switch. Current
flowing through the coil of the relay creates a magnetic
field which attracts a lever and changes the switch
contacts. There is no electrical connection inside the
relay between the two circuits; the link is magnetic and
mechanical. A typical relay and its symbol are shown in
Figure 10.

Fig. 5 Basic internal arrangement of OP-741

The coil of a relay passes a relatively large current,

typically 30mA for a 12V relay, but it can be as much as
100mA for relays designed to operate from lower

Fig. 6 Typical connection of operational amplifier

30

voltages. Most ICs (chips) cannot provide this current

and a transistor is usually used to amplify the small IC
current to the larger value required for the relay coil.
The maximum output current for the popular 555 timer
IC is 200mA. So these devices can supply to relay coils
directly without amplification. Relays are usually SPDT
or DPDT but they can have many more sets of switch
contacts, for example relays with 4 sets of changeover
contacts are readily available. Most relays are designed
for PCB mounting. A protection diode across the relay
coil must be connected to prevent. The relay's switch
connections are usually labeled COM, NC and NO
(COM = Common, always connect to this; it is the
moving part of the switch; NC = Normally Closed,
COM is connected to this when the relay coil is off; NO
= Normally Open, COM is connected to this when the
relay coil is on).

this protection. Current flowing through a relay coil

creates a magnetic field which collapses suddenly when
the current is switched off. The sudden collapse of the
magnetic field induces a high voltage across the relay
coil which is very likely to damage transistors and ICs.
The protection diode allows the induced voltage to
drive a current through the coil (and diode) so the
magnetic field dies away quickly rather than instantly.
This prevents the induced voltage becoming high
enough to cause damage to transistors and ICs. Street
lights are very important for human. So it should not
turn off at night. An alert system is designed using
BUZZER circuit to alarm when any fault occurs in the
system.
C (Collector)
Base Collector junction

n
B (Base)

On the basis of the magnetic system and operation, the

different types of relays are: Mechanical Relay, Solid
State Relay, Neutral Relays, Biased Relays, Polarized
Relays, Magnetic Stick Relays or Perm polarized
Relays, Slow Release Relays and Relays for AC.
Choosing of suitable relay for specific purposes
depends on the physical size and pin arrangement, coil
voltage and resistance, switch rating (voltage and
current) and switch contact arrangement (SPDT, DPDT
etc.). The authors used solid state relay for this research
for the reasons: i) take very little power to operate, ii)
switch on and off almost instantly, iii) do not have
mechanical contacts that get dirty or wear out, iv) silent,
v) capable of switching heavy loads etc.

p
n

Base Emitter junction

E (Emitter)

Fig. 9 2N2219A BJT construction

Fig. 10 (a) Typical 6V (dc) relay, (b) Circuit symbol for

relay

In street light distribution system, short circuit may

occur in many ways such as storm, fall of lamppost etc.
In short circuit condition, a very high current flow
through the relay and the relay become heated. The
control circuit may affected by this high current. So for
safety of the control circuit, the short circuit protection
is needed. A fuse is used for protection against short
circuit. Circuit breaker, magnetic contactor, etc. can be
used for protection against such fault. When high
current flow through the fuse, the fuse wire get heated,
and this heat exceeded its melting point. The fuse wire
burn out and keep the control circuit in safe. Transistors
and ICs must be protected from the high voltage
produced when a relay coil is switched off. The diagram
(Figure 11) shows how a signal diode (eg.1N4148) is
connected 'backwards' across the relay coil to provide

Fig. 11 Protection diodes for relays

The equipment needed and the detail circuits diagram
for the control system is shown in Table 2 and Figure 12
respectively. The final circuit board is shown in Figure
13.

31

Fig. 12 Circuit diagram for automation of street light

and the difference in input voltage is amplified by the

op-amp, the output will swing towards full supply
voltage (12.08V) and drive the transistor and relay. The
LDR is a regular, general purpose type. D1 serves as a
spark-arrestor when the relay contacts open. The circuit
operates from a 9-12 VDC power supply and the relay
contacts are rated at 220 Vac/2 A. A fuse is connected to
the phase of 220Vac line. When any short circuit occur
the fuse wire will cutoff and transformer primary
winding gets supply. Transformer secondary voltage is
6V. The 6V relay trip by this voltage and normally open
pin of relay and transformer positives are creates short
circuited. This voltage is enough for activated the alarm
circuit.
3. EXPERIMENTS

Fig. 13 Circuit board

The designed control system is tested in the Chittagong

University of Engineering & Technology (CUET)
campus for couple of weeks. The experiment section of
the CUET street light distribution system consists of
130 lampposts, 20 light of 80W, 10 light of 250W and
200 lights of 40W each. The total connected load in the
observed section is 12.1 kW. The light distribution
diagram of CUET is shown in Figure 14. Some
observations of the manual and automated on/off timing
in the CUET distribution system are shown in Table 3
and Table 4 respectively.

The circuit depends on a light sensitive device called

LDR (light dependent resistor). The resistance of the
LDR depends on the amount of light falling on it. The
snake-like track on the face of the LDR is a cadmium
sulphide (CdS) film. Each side is a metal film which is
connected to terminal leads. The light sensor used is
photocell. In bright light the resistance of the photocell
can be as low as 200 ohm and at 50-lux (darkness) the
resistance increases to over 1M ohm. The 1M control
should provide a wide range for light intensities. The
op-amp senses the voltage difference between pins 2
and 3. Triggers pin 2 high which biases the base of Q1
via pin 6 and R5 and in turn activates the relay. The
control R3 is adjusted so that the relay is off, the output
of the op-amp will be around 2 Volts at light condition.
When it is dark, the resistance of the photocell increases

For manual control of street light, at least one employee

is needed. The salary depends of the geographic
location and skill of the employee. For automated
system no employee is need for ON/OFF the system.
Ignoring the employee cost, in terms of energy saving
32

the automated system is more beneficial. This design is

so simple, easy to maintain, low cost, high Sensitive,
Fast acting, and Reliable. The energy consuming time
for manual and automated system are shown in Table 3
and Table 4 respectively. The item wise cost of the
control system is shown in the Table 2. From the tables
it is obvious that huge energy consuming times may be
reduced using the automated system. Additionally the
unit costs vary as much as few dollars only.

the light, should keep in a place so that the daylight

strikes on it etc.
Table 2 List of equipments needed for fabrication, their
model/value, quantity and cost in Tk.
Name

Model / Value

Quantity

LDR
Light sensor
1
Transformer 220Vac/12Vac
1
Transformer 220Vac/6Vac
1
Operational
LM-741
1
amplifier
LED
6V
2
Variable
50k
1
Resistance
Variable
10k
1
Resistance
Resistance
1.4k
1
Resistance
100k
1
Resistance
1k
4
Capacitor
1000F
2
Transistor
2N2219A
1
Diode
IN 4001
5
Relay
12V
1
Relay
6V
1
Buzzer
12 V
1
Light (lamp)
100W
1
CUET
model &
Other
Total cost (in Bangladeshi currency)=

Fig. 14 Circuit diagram of lighting system of CUET

model
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
However the control system is light sensitive, in
authors observation the circuit is able to work reliably
and thereby could reduce the loss of energy by
maintaining the appropriate timing for ON/OFF the
system. Though the system is a good design output of
this research, it has few limitations like circuit is light
sensitive, should be adjusted at least twice in a year for

Purchase
Price Tk
20
60
60
15

Table 3 Manual ON/OFF timing the test section of the CUET street light distribution system

Date
07/07/2008

Light-O
N
6:22 PM

08/07/2008
12/07/2008
13/07/2008

6:47 PM

Access time before

darkness (minutes)
25

Light-O
FF
5:59 AM

5:14 AM

Access time after

daylight (minutes)
45

6:20 PM
6:16 PM
6:30 PM

6:47 PM
6:46 PM
6:46 PM

27
30
16

5:44 AM
5:46 AM
6:11 AM

5:14 AM
5:16 AM
5:16 AM

30
30
55

14/07/2008
15/07/2008
16/07/2008
17/07/2008
18/07/2008
19/07/2008
21/07/2008

6:26 PM
6:15 PM
6:35 PM
6:40 PM
6:40 PM
6:19 PM
6:23 PM

6:46 PM
6:45 PM
6:45 PM
6:45 PM
6:45 PM
6:44 PM
6:43 PM

20
30
10
05
05
25
20

6:02 AM
5:32 AM
5:53 AM
6:13 AM
5:34 AM
5:54 AM
5:55 AM

5:17 AM
5:17 AM
5:18 AM
5:18 AM
5:19 AM
5:19 AM
5:20 AM

45
15
35
55
15
35
35

22/07/2008
23/07/2008
24/07/2008

6:33 PM
6:31 PM
6:17 PM

6:43 PM
6:43 PM
6:42 PM

10
12
25

5:55 AM
6:06 AM
5:47 AM

5:20 AM
5:21 AM
5:21 AM

35
45
26

Total access time

Sunset

260 Minutes

33

Sunrise

501 Minutes

2
10
10
1
1
4
8
60
5
25
25
30
24
200

560

Table 4 Automatic ON/OFF timing using the control system of the test section
Light-ON
Date
time
25/07/2008 6:38 PM
26/07/2008 6:39 PM
27/07/2008 6:36 PM
28/07/2008 6:38 PM
29/07/2008 6:35 PM
30/07/2008 6:36 PM
31/07/2008 6:35 PM
01/08/2008 6:36 PM
02/08/2008 6:35 PM
03/08/2008 6:30 PM
04/08/2008 6:32 PM
05/08/2008 6:31 PM
06/08/2008 6:30 PM
07/08/2008 6:31 PM
Total access time

Sunset
6:42 PM
6:41 PM
6:41 PM
6:40 PM
6:40 PM
6:39 PM
6:39 PM
6:38 PM
6:38 PM
6:37 PM
6:36 PM
6:36 PM
6:35 PM
6:35 PM

Access time before

darkness (minutes)
04
03
05
02
05
03
04
02
03
07
04
05
05
04
56 minutes

Light-O
FF
5:25 AM
5:26 AM
5:28 AM
5:27 AM
5:30 AM
5:28 AM
5:30 AM
5:28 AM
5:29 AM
5:30 AM
5:29 AM
5:30 AM
5:31 AM
5:30 AM

Sunrise
5:22 AM
5:22 AM
5:23 AM
5:23 AM
5:24 AM
5:24 AM
5:24 AM
5:25 AM
5:25 AM
5:26 AM
5:26 AM
5:27 AM
5:27 AM
5:27 AM

Access time after

daylight (minutes)
03
04
05
04
06
04
06
03
04
04
03
03
04
03
56 minutes

5. CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

This paper elaborates the design and construction of a

control circuit for automatically ON/OFF the street light
distribution system. The functionality of the system is
tested in the distribution system of Chittagong
University of Engineering & Technology (CUET) for its
campus for couple of weeks. On the basis of experiments
and observations authors would like to conclude that

APD, 2007. Bangladesh: Statistical Appendix, Prepared

by Wafa Abdelati and Erik Lueth (APD), Approved by
the Asia and Pacific Department, International Monetary
Fund.

i.

ii.

iii.

iv.

BBS, 2008. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. National

data bank statistics. www.bbs.gov.bd (accessed on
August 19, 2008).
BP, 2006. British Petroleum. BP Statistical review of
world energy 2006. BP Plc.

The automated control system is working reliably

so far, though it has few limitations. The
limitations can be controlled by placing the
system in an appropriate location.

EIA, 2007. Energy Information Administration. Country

analysis
briefs:
Bangladesh,
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Bangladesh/Backgro
und.html (accessed on August 2007).

The unit is fabricated using very cheap, simple

and available items. The construction is so simple
thus can be reproduced and maintained locally. It
requires only few dollars to fabricate.

GPPB, 2007. Government of the Peoples Republic of

Bangladesh, Bangladesh economic review 2007.
Hossain, A. K. and Badr, O. 2007. Prospects of
renewable energy utilisation for electricity generation in
Bangladesh. Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews, 11(8), 1617-49.

The unit can pin-point the place if there occurs

any damage (short circuit) or if any bulb/tube does
not work and thereby provide better service for
the mankind. It is possible to ameliorate the power
management system enormously.

Islam M. R., Rabiul, M. I. and Beg, M. R. A. 2008.

Renewable energy resources and technologies practice in
Bangladesh, Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews, 12(2), 299-343.

This circuit can be converted with power

electronic devices which makes easier for
implementation and the load carrying capacity
can be increased for implementation for higher
capacity distribution system.

PDB, 2008. Bangladesh Power Development Board.

www.bpdb.gov.bd (accessed on August 10, 2008).

34