TONG QUAN

***
1- nh ngha: CAP THOAT NC (CTN) la he thong cac
cong trnh nham:
a- Cap nc cho:
(1)Sinh hoat, nh an uong, tam giat,
(2)Cong nghiep e san xuat, sinh hoat cho
cong nhan,
(3)Cha chay.
(4)Ti ng, cong vien,
(5)Thng mai, dch vu, giai tr.
Sao cho bao am u so lng va chat lng cho tng
oi tng dung nc.
b- Thoat nc:
(1)Nc thai cua cac oi tng dung
nc ben tren.
(2)Nc ma.
Sao cho khong gay ra ung ngap va bao am cac
ieu kien ve ve sinh moi trng.
Mon hoc nay ch gii han trong pham vi cap thoat
nc cho: Khu vc (o th, th tran, cum dan c, ), ben
trong nha (nha , nha may, ) va cong trng xay dng;
khong bao gom cap thoat nc cho nong nghiep (thuy
nong), thuy ien.
2- ac iem: Cac he thong CTN thay oi theo thi gian
e thch ng vi s phat trien cua xa hoi.
- Ve quy mo: Cac he thong CTN phai phat trien
theo toc o o th hoa va cong nghiep hoa khu
vc. He thong CTN cua TP Ho Ch Minh hien nay vi
5 trieu dan phai khac vi he thong CTN cua TP
Sai Gon xa vi 1,5 trieu dan. He thong CTN cua
quan Thu c ang o th hoa hien nay phai
khac vi he thong CTN cua huyen Thu c trc
ay ch co ruong rau muong, vn mai, rng cao
su,
- Ve chat lng: Xa hoi cang phat trien, mc song
cang cao th yeu cau ve chat lng nc cap va
nc thoat cang cao (ng nhien la chi ph danh
cho x ly nc cung phai rat cao). o th cac
nc phat trien, nh Tokyo, nc t cac voi cong
cong, lavabo, co the uong trc tiep, trong khi o
TP HCM, Manila, Vientian, no phai c un soi
trc khi uong. Cung cac nc phat trien he
thong thoat nc thai (cong ngam) va he thong
thoat nc ma (kenh h) tach ri ra; nc thai
phai qua nha may x ly e phuc hoi chat lng
gan giong nc thien nhien mi c phep thai
ra song.

3- Hien trang CTN Viet Nam: Ve nc cap, Viet

Nam hien nay ch mi co 14 trieu /75 trieu dan co
nc may e s dung vi tieu chuan bnh quan 50
lt/ngi-ngay (rieng TP HCM c 80 lt/ngi-ngay), so
lng nay la rat thap so vi cac nc phat trien, con
ve chat lng cung vay, nhieu th tran, th xa, cac
nha may nc ch bm nc song, nc gieng, cho
lang s bo roi a thang vao mang ng ong cung
cap cho dan ! Cho nen chat lng nc cap thay oi
theo mua nc tren song, mua kho nc trong, mua
ma nc o phu sa ! Hien nay tren toan quoc co 119
nha may nc phuc vu cho 70 thanh pho va th xa,
nha may nc ln nhat la nha may nc Thu c
co cong suat 680 000 m 3/ngay, nha may nc Ha Noi
350 000 m3/ngay. en nam 2000, lng nc may tai TP
HCM se tang len 1300 000 m3/ngay (NMN Thu c 800
000 m3/ngay, NMN Song Sai Gon 300 000 m3/ngay, NMN
Bnh An 100 000 m3/ngay, NMN Ngam Hoc Mon 50 000
m3/ngay, ). Ve nc thoat, cha co thanh pho, th xa,
th tran nao cua Viet Nam co nha may x ly nc;
nc thai va nc ma nhap chung vao cung mot
cong e a thang ra song. Trong cac t dch benh, he
thong cong a vi trung ra song, ngi dan va cac nha
may nc lay nc a chung i phan phoi cho cac
nha khac, vung khac, He thong CTN s sai tr thanh
ng dan truyen cho dch benh lay lan khap ni. Nhn
chung, he thong CTN cua Viet Nam con thieu nhieu ve
so lng, con ve chat lng th rat yeu kem, chu yeu
da vao nguon nc thien nhien va nh thien nhien
x ly ho ! Hien nay bao ve moi trng tr thanh xu
the chung cho toan cau, Viet Nam bao ve moi trng
cung a c bat au quan tam; cac d an cho cac
khu cong nghiep mi, cac khu dan c mi bat buoc
phai co nha may x ly nc thai trc khi xa ra
nguon nc thien nhien. Viec hoan thien he thong CTN
can rat nhieu kinh ph va thi gian thc hien.
*********
PHAN I

CAP NC
CHNG 1

KHAI NIEM CHUNG VE HE THONG CAP

NC
*********
I- TOM TAT LY THUYET

1- S o he thong cap nc khu vc:

He thong cap nc la mot tap hp cac cong trnh:
(1)Thu nc t song, gieng
(2)X ly nc.
(3)D tr nc.
(4)Van chuyen nc en ni tieu thu.
(5)Phan phoi nc en tng ho.

2- Phan loai: Cac he thong cap nc c phan loai

theo:
a- oi tng phuc vu: o th, cong nghiep, nong
nghiep.
b- Chc nang phuc vu: Sinh hoat, san xuat, cha
chay, ti ng, giai tr
c- Nguon nc: Nc mat (song suoi, ao ho, ),
nc ngam (gieng).
d- Pham vi cap nc: Khu vc (thanh pho, th xa, khu
cong nghiep, ), trong nha, cong trng.
3- Tieu chuan dung nc (TCDN): ay la thong so c
ban e xac nh quy mo, cong suat cua he thong
cap nc. TCDN c nh theo nhng ieu tra, khao sat
ve lng nc tieu thu trung bnh trong mot ngay cua
cac oi tng dung nc hien nay va trong qua kh.
a- TCDN cho sinh hoat qsh (l/ngi-ngay): TCDN cho sinh
hoat tuy thuoc mc song (mc o tien nghi trong
nha) se dung nc trong tng lai theo d kien (t 1:
t 510 nam, t 2: t 15-20 nam)
Bang 1:
Tieu chuan dung nc cho sinh hoat
oi tng dung nc
n v
qsh
1- Nhakhong co he thong cap thoat
l/ngi40 - 60
nc, dung nc, nha ve sinh, nha
ngay
tam cong cong
2- Nha co voi nc, nhng dung nha
,,
80 100
ve sinh, nha tam cong cong
3- Nha co he thong cap thoat nc,
,,
120
nhng dung nha tam cong cong
150
4- Nha co he thong cap thoat nc
,,
150
+ voi tam hoa sen
200
5- Nha co he thong cap thoat nc
,,
200
+ bon tam + nc nong
300
6- Nha tap the, he thong cap thoat
,,
80 90

nc (bep, nha ve sinh, tam giat)

at ben ngoai nha
7- Nha tap the, he thong cap thoat
nc at tang tret
8- Nha tap the, he thong cap thoat
nc at cac tang (nhng ben
ngoai phong)
9- Khach san:
- Phong co voi tam
- Phong co bon tam + nc
nong
- Phong cao cap
10- Benh vien, nha an dng
11- Phong kham a khoa, tram y te
12- Nha hang
13- Nha tre
14- Trng hoc
15- C quan hanh chnh
16- Nha hat
17- Sieu th, ch
18- San van ong

,,

90 100

,,

100
110

,,

150
200
300
400
> 500
300
350
15

l/gingngay
l/benh
nhan
l/khachba
l/em-ngay
l/ngingay
,,
l/cho
ngoi
l/m2-ngay
l/khan
gia

18 25
75
15 20
10 15
10
13,5
3

Lng nc can trong mot ngay cua khu vc co

dan:
Qsh =

1
qsh N
1000

(m3/ngay)

(1)

Lng nc can trong ngay dung nc nhieu nhat:

Qshn = Qsh Kng
(m3/ngay)
(2)
Trong o: Kng la he so khong ieu hoa ngay, nham
ke en ngay dung nc cao nhat, vt qua mc bnh
quan Qsh tren. Kng c xac nh t ieu tra qua trnh
dung nc cua ngi dan trong khu vc. Thong thng: K ng
= 1,4 1,5
Lng nc can trong gi cao iem cua ngay dung
nc nhieu nhat:

Hay:

1
Qshn Kh
24
1
=
Qsh Kc
24

Qshh =

(m3/gi)

(3)

Qshh

(m3/gi)

(4)

Trong o: Kh la he so khong ieu hoa gi, nham

ke en gi cao iem dung nc trong ngay. K c = Kng Kh . Kh

va Kc cung c xac nh t ieu tra (bang 3). Trong trng

hp khong co so lieu, co the tham khao bang sau:
Qsh (l/s) 5 15 30 50 10 20 300 500 80 125
0
0
0
0
Kc
3,
2,
1, 1, 1,6 1,4 1,3 1,2 1,2 1,15
1
2
8
7
5
5
b- TCDN cho cong nghiep: Bao gom:
- Nc cho san xuat:
Qsxca = n qsx
(m3/ca)
(5)
3
Qsxn = C Qsxca
(m /ngay)
(6)
Qsxh = Qsxca/T
(m3/gi)
(7)
Trong o: n So san pham lam ra trong mot ca.
qsx TCDN e lam ra 1 n v san pham
3
(m /san pham)
Th du trong NM san xuat be tong q sx = 2,23
3
3 m /m be tong.
C So ca lam viec trong ngay.
T So gi lam viec trong ca.
- Nc cho sinh hoat cua cong nhan (an uong, ra
ray):
QshcaCN =

1
qshCN NCN
1000

(m3/ca)

(8)

QshnCN = C QshcaCN
(m3/ngay)
(9)
CN
Trong o: N So cong nhan lam viec trong 1 ca.
qshCN TCDN sinh hoat cua cong nhan:
qshCN = 35 (l/ngi-ca)
/v phan xng
nong (nau thep)
25
/v cac phan xng
khac.
- Nc tam cho cong nhan sau gi lam viec:
QtcaCN = 0,009375 NCN (m3/ca)
(10)
CN
CN
3
Qtn = C Qtca
(m /ngay)
(11)
c- TCDN cho ti ng, cong vien, san vn:
Qt = 10 qt Ft
(m3/ngay)
(12)
qt = 0,5 1
(l/m2-ngay)
Ft Dien tch ti
(ha)
d- TCDN cho cu hoa:
Bang 2:
So dan (1000
5
25
50 100 200 300 400 500
dan)
So am chay
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
ong thi: n
qcc (l/s-1 am
10
15
20
30
30
40
50
60
chay)

4- Cong suat cap nc: La lng nc ma nha may

nc phai cung cap cho cac oi tng trong ngay dung
nc nhieu nhat (m3/ngay).
Q = (aQshn + Qt + QshnCN + QtnCN + Qsxn) b c
(m3/ngay)
(13)
Trong o:
a = 1,1
: He so ke en lng nc dung
them do tieu thu cong
nghiep trong khu dan c.
b = 1,1 1,15
: He so ke en lng nc ro r
trong he thong ( TP HCM
he so nay hien nay len ti 1,4).
c = 1,05 1,1
: He so ke en lng nc dung cho
ban than nha may nc
(ra be lang, be loc, ).
Th du 1: Xac nh cong suat cap nc cho mot khu dan c
mi co N = 10 000 dan vi tieu chuan dung nc qsh = 150
l/ngi-ngay. Dien tch ng va cay xanh trong khu d an
la Ft = 10 ha.
Giai:
Theo (13): Q = (aQshn + Qt + QshnCN + QtnCN + Qsxn) b c
= (aQshn + Qt ) b c
Theo (1):

Qsh =

1
1
qsh N =
150 . 10 000 = 1500 m3/ngay
1000
1000

Theo (2): Qshn = Qsh Kng = 1500 . 1,5 = 2250 m3/ngay

Theo (12): Qt = 10 qt Ft = 10 . 1 . 10 = 100 m3/ngay
Vay:
Q = (1,1 . 2250 + 100). 1,15 . 1,1 = 3257,375 m3/ngay
Th du 2: Tng t th du 1 vi N = 75 000 dan, qsh = 200
l/ngi-ngay, Ft = 120 ha.
Th du 3: Xac nh cong suat cap nc cho mot nha may
san xuat be tong ti co qsx = 3 m3/m3be tong. Nha may
lam viec C = 2 ca/ngay, so cong nhan trong 1 ca N CN = 150
ngi. Moi ca nha may san xuat c n = 500 m3 be tong.
Giai:
Theo (13): Q = (aQshn + Qt + QshnCN + QtnCN + Qsxn) b c
= (QshnCN + QtnCN + Qsxn) b c
Theo (5) va (6):
Qsxca = n qsx
= 500 . 3 = 1500 m3/ca
Qsxn = C Qsxca= 2 . 1500
Theo (8) va (9):
QshcaCN =

1
qshCN NCN
1000

= 3000 m3/ngay
=

1
. 25 . 150 =
1000

3,75

m3/ca
QshnCN = C QshcaCN
= 2 . 3,75
=
3
7,5 m /ngay
Theo (10) va (11):
QtcaCN = 0,009375 NCN = 0,009375 . 150 = 1,4 m3/ca
QtnCN = C QtcaCN
= 2 . 1,4
=
2,8
3
m /ngay

Vay: Q = (QshnCN + QtnCN + Qsxn) b c = (7,5 + 2,8 + 3000). 1,15 . 1,1

= 3808 m3/ngay
Th du 4: Xac nh cong suat cap nc cho 1 khu cong
nghiep che bien thuy hai san. Biet khu cong nghiep lam
viec C = 2 ca/ngay, NCN = 8000 cong nhan/ca, n = 3000 tan
san pham/ca, qsx = 5 m3/tan san pham, dien tch ng va
cay xanh trong khu cong nghiep la F t = 25 ha. Trong khu cong
nghiep co 1 c xa cho N =2000 ngi vi q sh = 80 l/ngingay.
5- Lu lng tnh toan: La lu lng dung e xac nh quy
mo cac cong trnh trong he thong cap nc (m3/gi) hay
(m3/s).
a- Lu lng tnh toan cho tram bm cap 1 va khu x ly:
Q1 = Q/24
(m3/gi) (14)
b- Lu lng tnh toan cho tram bm cap 2 va mang li
ng ong:
Khac vi tram bm cap 1 hoat ong ieu hoa suot 24
gi, tram bm cap 2 thong thng van hanh theo yeu cau
nc ni tieu thu. e de dang tm c lng nc tieu
thu trong gi cao iem ngi ta thng lap bang tong hp
lu lng nc tieu thu nh sau:
Bang 3:
Tong hp lu lng nc tieu thu
(m3)
Gi
Sinh hoat T
Cong nghiep

Ro
Tong

i
r
cong
%Qshn Qshh
Qsxh QshhCN QthCN
Qh
%Q
0
1
2
3
.
.
.
23
24
100%
100%

max
min
T bang tong hp nay se xac nh c Q h , Qh cua
he thong.
Neu he thong cap nc bao am luon nhiem vu cha
chay th lu lng tnh toan ng ong chnh khi co chay
la:
Qcmax = Qhmax + 3,6 n qcc
(m3/gi) (15)
(Gia thiet la am chay xay ra trung vi gi cao iem
dung nc)
Tram bm cap 2 se lam viec theo dien bien Q h bang
2. Lu lng tnh toan cua tram bm nay tuy thuoc vao he
thong co ai nc hay khong. Trong trng hp khong co
ai nc th lu lng tnh toan cua tram bm se la Q hmax

hay Qcmax . Theo kinh nghiem, chi ph xay ai nc kha cao do

o neu dung may bm ly tam vi ieu khien t ong th
van co the cap nc theo sat vi yeu cau dung nc
khong phai qua trung gian ai nc (hau het cac ni TP
HCM ang theo giai phap nay) tuy nhien an toan cap nc
se khong cao khi b cup ien, h may bm, Khi he thong
co ai nc th lu lng tnh toan tram bm co the giam
xuong, tuy nhien cung nen chon che o bm gan sat vi
yeu cau tieu thu e dung tch ai nc be nhat.
6- Dung tch cua be cha va ai nc:
Do tram bm cap 1 lam viec ieu hoa suot ngay em
va tram bm cap 2 lam viec khong ieu hoa nen gia
chung phai co mot cong trnh trung gian la be cha e
cha nc khi QTB1 > QTB2 va e cap them nc khi Q TB1 <
QTB2 . Dung tch be e cha nc do hoat ong khong ong
bo cua tram bm cap 1 va tram bm cap 2 c goi la
dung tch ieu hoa cua be: Wbh. Ngoai ra be cha con
danh them mot phan dung tch d tr nc cha chay va
nc dung cho ban than tram x ly.
Cung nh vay, s khac nhau gia che o bm cap 2 va
yeu cau tieu thu oi hoi phai co ai nc: Trong gi
dung nc t QTB2 > Qh , nc tha d tr len ai. Trong
gi dung nc nhieu QTB2 < Qh , nc t ai se bo sung
them cho he thong. Dung tch ai e cha nc do hoat
ong khong ong bo cua tram bm cap 2 va ni tieu thu
c goi la dung tch ieu hoa cuaai: W h. Ngoai ra ai
nc con danh them mot phan dung tch d tr nc
cha chay. ai con them nhiem vu la at ni u cao
e tao ap lc a nc ti ni tieu dung.
Dung tch be cha:
Wb = (1,05 1,10)(Wbh + Wcc3h)
(m3)
(16)
Dung tch ai nc:
W = Wh + Wcc10
(m3)
(17)
Trong o:
1,05 1,10 He so nham ke en lng nc dung
cho ban than nha may. Wcc3h Lng nc cha chay
trong 3 gi:
Wcc3h = 10,8 n qcc
(m3)
(18)
(n va qcc (l/s) xem bang 2)
Wcc10 Lng nc cha chay trong 10 phut:
Wcc10 = 0,6 n qcc
(m3)
(19)
Th du 5: Xac nh dung tch ieu hoa W h cua ai nc
theo Q (Q Lng nc can trong ngay cua ni tieu thu).
Phan phoi nc tieu thu (theo %Q) theo tng gi (cot (2))
c cho trc da theo ieu tra nhng khu vc tng t.
Phan phoi lng nc bm (theo %Q) theo tng gi cua TB2

(cot (3)) do nha quan ly tram bm chon; trong th du nay

tram bm van hanh ieu hoa trong 2 ca/ngay.
Giai:
Cot (4) va cot (5) trong bang c ien nh sau:
Cot (4)i = cot (3)i cot (2)i
Cot (5)i = cot (5)i-1 + cot (4)i
Chu y: Cot (5) luc 0 gi co the chon 0 hay mot gia tr
tuy y, nhng sau khi tnh toan no phai bang vi gia tr
cot (5) luc 24 gi.
Dung tch ieu hoa cua ai nc:
[max(5) min(5)]
Wh =
Q
100
= [17,2 (-11,3)] Q/100
= 0,285 Q
Gi
[1]
0
1

Nc
tieu thu
%
[2]

Nc DW W %
bm % %
[3]

3.2

2.5

2.6

5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

3.5
4.1
4.5
4.9
4.9
5.6
4.9
4.7
4.4
4.1
4.1
4.4
4.3
4.1
4.5
4.5
4.5

22

4.8

6.25
6.25
6.25
6.25
6.25
6.25
6.25
6.25
6.25
6.25
6.25
6.25
6.25
6.25
6.25
6.25

[4]

[5]

0
- -3.00
3.00
- -6.20
3.20
- -8.70
2.50
- -11.30
2.60
2.75 -8.55
2.15 -6.40
1.75 -4.65
1.35 -3.30
1.35 -1.95
0.65 -1.30
1.35 0.05
1.55 1.60
1.85 3.45
2.15 5.60
2.15 7.75
1.85 9.60
1.95 11.55
2.15 13.70
1.75 15.45
1.75 17.20
- 12.70
4.50
- 7.90
4.80

Nc DW %
bm %
[3]

[4]

W%
[5]
0

4.17
4.17
4.17
4.17
4.17
4.17
4.17
4.17
4.17
4.17
4.17
4.17
4.17
4.17
4.17
4.17
4.17
4.17
4.17
4.17
4.17
4.17

23

4.6

24

3.3

4.60
3.30
0.00

3.30

4.17

0.00

4.17

nga
100
100
100
y
Th du 6: Tng t nh th du 5 tren nhng tram bm van
hanh ieu hoa suot 3 ca/ngay. Tm dung tch ieu hoa cua
ai theo Q.
ap so: Wh = 0,0697 Q
7. Chieu cao ai nc va cot nc bm:
a. Chieu cao ai nc:
e nc co the ti moi ni dung nc trong khu d an
th ai nc phai u cao e nc co the t chay.

H + Z = Hctnh + Znh + h3
H = Hctnh + Znh + h3 Z

(20)
Trong o:
H Chieu cao ai nc (m)
Z Cao trnh mat at tai ni at ai nc (m)
Znh Cao trnh mat at tai ngoi nha bat li nhat
trong khu d an (m)
(cao nhat va xa nhat so vi ai nc)
h3 Ton that cot nc doc ng ong t ai
nc ti ngoi nha bat
li nhat (m) (xem chng 3)
nh
Hct Ap lc can thiet cho ngoi nha bat li
nhat (m):
Hctnh = 10
(m) /v nha 1 tang
= 4 n + 4 (m) /v nha co n tang ( n = 2, 3,
4, 5, )
b. Cot nc bm cua tram bm cap 2:
Hb2 + Zb2 = Z + H + h + h2

Hb2 = Z + H + h + h2 Zb2
(21)
Trong o:
Hb2 Cot nc bm cua tram bm cap 2 (m)
Zb2 Cao trnh mc nc thap nhat trong be cha
(m)
h Chieu cao bon nc tren ai (m)
h2 Ton that cot nc doc theo ong hut va ong
ay cua bm 2 (m)

c. Cot nc bm cua tram bm cap 1:

Hb1 + Zb1 = Zxl + h1

Hb1 = Zxl + h1 Zb1

(22)
Trong o:
Hb1 Cot nc bm cua tram bm cap 1 (m)
Zb1 Cao trnh mc nc thap nhat cua nguon
nc (song, gieng, )
(m)
Zxl Cao trnh mc nc cao nhat trong khu x ly
(m)
h1 Ton that cot nc doc theo ong hut va ong
ay cua bm 1 (m)
Th du 7: Xac nh chieu cao ai nc H va cot nc bm
Hb2, neu biet:
Znh = 27 m, Hctnh = 10 m (nha 1 tang), Z = 30 m, Zb2 = 25 m, h =
2 m. Gia s a tnh c h3 = 3 m, h2 = 2 m.
Giai:
Theo (20): H = Hctnh + Znh + h3 Z = 10 + 27 + 3 30 = 10 m
Theo (21): Hb2 = Z + H + h + h2 Zb2 = 30 + 10 + 2 + 2 25 =
19 m.
Th du 8: Tng t th du 8, neu biet:
Znh = 17 m, nha 5 tang, Z = 18,5 m, Zb2 = 5 m, h = 4 m. Gia
s a tnh c h3 = 5,2 m, h2 = 1,6 m.