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SYNAPTIC

PULSE FOR GADGET CONTROL

Mini project report


On
Synaptic Muscle Pulse for Gadget
control
GROUP MEMBERS

GUIDED BY

ABHIJITH.K

Ms. LISS MARIYA BABY

B.PARAMESH
NANDAGOPAL.B
S.DIVAKAR BHAT
JOSEPH SEN K ROBIN

Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Govt. Model Engineering College

SYNAPTIC
PULSE FOR GADGET CONTROL

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost we would like to express our sincere gratitude to the Principal,
Dr. Prof. V P Devassia, for providing us with the college facilities that I required for the
completion of the project.

We are greatly obliged to Dr. Bindu V, Professor and Head of Department of Electrical and
Electronics, for encouragement and support that she has provided.

We are also immensely indebted to my project coordinator, Mrs. Leena T Timothy, Asst.
Professor in Electrical and Electronics Engineering, for her guidance. We thank for her being a
constant source of motivation and support.

Next, we would like to thank Ms.Liss Mariya Baby, Asst. Professor , Electrical and
Electronics for guiding us through the project with her ideas and suggestions. We extend our
gratitude to her for being a pillar of support during our tough times.

On this occasion I also thank my peer group for their support and valuable suggestion eithout
whom this project would not have been possible.

Last but not the least we thank GodAlmighty for showering his blessings upon us for the
successful completion of this project.

ABSTRACT

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Today, we are in a world that cannot live without technology. What if we could make our lives a lot
more simpler? What if our simple muscular movements could be harnessed to perform complex
actions?
It is indeed possible with our project. All the muscular movements that a person makes involves
contraction of several muscles. These movements are stimulated by electrical signals involving our
nervous systems. These electrical signals are tapped using surface electrodes and given to various
sections of amplifiers and filters. These analog signals are finally converted into digital signals for
controlling several gadgets like LEDs , stepper motors etc.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS

Page no

1. Introduction

2.

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

1.1 Timeline
1.2 Aim
1.3 Block diagram
1.4 Block diagram description
1.5 Limitations of work
Design
2.1 Circuit Diagram
2.2 Component List
2.3 Design
2.4 Component Description
Working
Implementation
Conclusion and Future Scope
5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Future Scope
Bibliography
Appendix

1
2
2
4-5
6
7
8
9-11
12-15
16
17-18
19
19
20

ABBREVIATIONS USED
EMG Electromyography
ADC- Analog to Digital Converter
LED Light Emitting Diode
BPF Band Pass Filter
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LIST OF TABLES
Page No

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Table 2.1 component list

Table 2.2 resistor values for gain calculation

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LIST OF FIGURES
PAGE NO
Fig 1.1 Principle block diagram

Fig 1.2 Block diagram of the circuit

Fig 2.1- Circuit diagram

Fig 2.2- Band pass filter

10

Fig 2.3- Differential amplifier

11

Fig2.4- Pin diagram of AD620

12

Fig2.5- Pin diagram of TLC2272

13

Fig2.6- Pin mapping of ATMEGA328

15

FIG4.1- Breadboard implementation

16

Fig 4.2- Flowchart of the program

17

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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

In todays pragmatic world where man is inevitably making technology slave to his needs, synaptic
technology is an indispensable field of concern. At a time when user friendly technology is taking a
lions share of our deeds, an alternative electrical intervention that helps man acquire his needs with
a spark of thought is pivotal.

1.1 TIMELINE
Prior to the industrial revolution when human civilization began, man lived a life devoid of
technology, Since the industrial revolution began analog devices and switches were spotted in his
life, Later on with the birth of internet, electronics and its subsidiaries became his way of life.Now
is the time of cutting edge apps, big data and cloud computing, The age to come will see a very
holistic and dynamic interaction between man and technology-Human brain interface or to put it in
other sense synaptic controlled technology.
The most interesting aspect involved in this project is that it uses common human gestures to
produce the desired outputs without straining man, avoiding his direct involvement in manipulating
technical outputs. The next generation brain mapping, psychological output synthesis is dependent
on human interfacing using synapse.
Deploying state of the art bio electronics components like electrodes, operational amplifiers,
resistors, diodes and capacitors a technical prototype that guarantees hassle free technical
intervention
This project is a humble and eloquent concern that meets the aspirations and the needs of everyday
citizen paving way for a more easier and dynamic world of hybrid interaction .

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1.2 AIM
The basic aim of the project is to control gadgets using human actions , so that our life becomes
more easy and simple. The muscle pulses are tapped from our arm and converted into digital signals
which are then given to various gadgets for their control.

1.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM


To make the understanding of this project more easier a basic functional block diagram of this
system is shown below. The block diagram helps to understand the work flow of the system easily.

E
le c tric
Electric
a
all
im
p u ls
impuls
e
of
e of
n
e u ro n
neuron

S
y n a p ti
Synapti
c
c
C
o n tro l
Control
c
irc u it
circuit

E
le c tro
Electro
d
e
de
ta
p p in g
tapping

O u tp u t
Output

Fig1.1- Principle Block Diagram

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Input

Band Pass Filter

Instrumentation
Amplifier

Differential
Amplifier

Rectifier

Analog to
Digital
Converter

Digital
O/P
Fig 1.2- Block diagram
of the
circuit

1.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION


1.4.1 INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
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The instrumentation amplifier is a type of differential amplifier that has been outfitted with input
buffer amplifiers. It helps to eliminate the need for input impedance matching. The basic function of
the instrumentation amplifier in this system is two:
1) It amplifies the weak muscle pulses tapped by the electrodes.
2) It filters out the myosignals from rest of the signals and amplifies it alone after rejecting the noise
signals.

Here the instrumentation amplifier is implemented using AD620.The instrumentation amplifier


designed here has a gain of 2.5 . The output of instrumentation amplifier will be in mill volts range.
This output is then fed into the band pass filter.

1.4.2 BAND PASS FILTER


A band-pass filter is a device that passes frequencies within a certain range and rejects (attenuates)
frequencies outside that range. The filter is designed such that it produces an output with a
frequency range of 5Hz to 500Hz.The band pass filter also amplifies the signals in this range.
The band pass filter is implemented using TLC2272.

1.4.3 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER


A differential amplifier is a type of electronic amplifier that amplifies the difference between two
input voltages but suppresses any voltage common to the two inputs. Due to this characteristic
feature of the differential amplifier, it is used to remove the noise that remains in the signals
obtained after filtering. It improves the quality of signals obtained.
The gain of the differential amplifier is .It is implemented using TLC 2272

1.4.4 RECTIFIER

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A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically reverses
direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction. The ac input given to the
rectifier is converted to dc. A half wave rectifier is implemented using 1N4007 and capacitor.

1.4.5 ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER (ADC)


An analog-to-digital converter is a device that converts a continuous physical quantity to a digital
number that represents the quantity's amplitude.The conversion involves quantization of the input.
The rectified signal obtained is converted to digital signals for the purpose of controlling gadgets.
Each specific human gesture has a specific threshold value which is used to control each movement
of the controlled gadget. The ADC is implemented using ATMEGA 328 which has an inbuilt ADC
module.

1.5 LIMITATIONS OF THE WORK


Like the sides of a coin , any technology has its own good and bad. The major disadvantage of this
system is that it cannot control multiple gadgets simultaneously. Another disadvantage that involves
the components used is that the disposable electrodes used for tapping pulses. The disposable
electrodes has to be replaced with permanent electrodes for efficient working of the system. Like
any other growing technology, this technology too has many limitations since it is yet under
research. Further application of this technology is possible only after research by promising minds
leads to path breaking innovations.

Chapter 2
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Design of Proposed System


2.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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Fig 2.1-Circiut Diagram

2.2 COMPONENTS LIST


Table 2.1 Components list
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Sl

COMPONENTS

NO

QUANTITY

AD 620

TLC2272

RESISTORS

47k

33k

10k

100k

CAPACITORS
10microfarad

33microfarad

.47microfarad

Ag/AgCl Electrodes

Diode (1N4007)

LED

2.3 DESIGN
2.3.1 Instrumentation Amplifier.
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We use AD620 IC as Instrumentation Amplifier. The same was chosen because it is specifically
designed for medical instrumentation.
From the data sheet,
RG=49.4k/ (G-1)
Where G is chosen according to the requirement of the user.
The input resistances where chosen as 47k in order to limit the input bias current to
the range specified by the manufacturers.
Table 2.2

AD 620 family is very specifically manufactured by Analog devices for Medical instrumentation.
Its gain can be resistor programmed as shown above.

2.3.2 Band Pass Filter


The myoelectric signals have an approximate range of 5 to 450 Hz. Here the band pass filter
is designed to filter out unnecessary frequency components and obtain the myoelectric
signal of required range. The band pass filter used here utilizes the basic concept of active
band pass filter. Formulas used and values obtained are specified below.
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Fig 2.2-Band Pass Filter

Here again a gain of 100 is assumed. Now the values so obtained are,
R1=1k
R2=100k
C1=33uF
C2=4.4nF

2.3.3 Differential Amplifier


The differential amplifier is utilized to introduce an overall gain to the filtered
output. It is a non-inverting amplifier with a gain of 100.
Gain= -R2/R1
R2= 100k
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R1= 1k

FIG 2.3- Differential Amplifier

2.4 COMPONENT DESCRIPTION


2.4.1 AD620

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FIG 2.4- Pin diagram of AD620

AD620 is a low cost, high accuracy instrumentation amplifier that requires only one external
resistor to set gains of 1 to 100000.
Features of AD620 are :
1)
2)
3)
4)

High accuracy of 40ppm maximum nonlinearity


Low offset voltage of 50V
Offset drift of .6V/ C max
Low input bias current of 1nA max

The low noise , low input bias current and low power of AD620 makes it well suited for medical
applications such as ECG and non-invasive blood pressure monitor.

2.5.1

TLC 2272

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FIG 2.5- Pin diagram of TLC2272

FEATURES

Output Swing Includes Both Supply Rails

Low Noise: 9 nV/Hz Typical at f = 1 kHz

Low-Input Bias Current: 1-pA Typical

Fully-Specified for Both Single-Supply and SplitSupply Operation

Common-Mode Input Voltage Range Includes


Negative Rail

High-Gain Bandwidth: 2.2-MHz Typical

High Slew Rate: 3.6-V/s Typical

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Low Input Offset Voltage: 950 V Maximum at


TA = 25C

Macromodel Included

Performance Upgrades for the TLC272 and


TLC274

Available in Q-Temp Automotive

The TLC227x family offers 2 MHz of bandwidth and 3 V/s of slew rate for higher-speed
applications. These devices offer comparable AC performance while having better noise, input
offset voltage, and power dissipation than existing CMOS operational amplifiers. The TLC227x has
a noise voltage of 9 nV/Hz, two times lower than competitive solutions.
The TLC227x family of devices, exhibiting high input impedance and low noise, is excellent for
small-signal conditioning for high-impedance sources such as piezoelectric transducers. Because of
the micropower dissipation levels, these devices work well in hand-held monitoring and remotesensing applications. In addition, the rail-to-rail output feature, with single- or split-supplies, makes
this family a great choice when interfacing with analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). For precision
applications, the TLC227xA family is available with a maximum input offset voltage of 950 V.
This family is fully characterized at 5 V and 5 V.

2.5.2 ATMEGA 328

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FIG 2.6- Pin diagram of ATMEGA 328

The Atmel 8-bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller combines 32 KB ISP flash memory with readwhile-write capabilities, 1 KB EEPROM, 2 KB SRAM, 23 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general
purpose working registers, three flexible timer/counters with compare modes, internal and
external interrupts, serial programmable USART, a byte-oriented 2-wire serial interface, SPI serial
port, 6-channel 10-bit A/D converter (8-channels in TQFP and QFN/MLF packages),
programmable watchdog timer with internal oscillator, and five software selectable power saving
modes. The device operates between 1.8-5.5 volts. The device achieves throughputs approaching
1 MIPS per Mhz.[1] Here we use Atmega 328 as a multipurpose microcontroller. It is inbuilt with an
ADC circuit which is used to convert the analog myoelectric signal into corresponding digital
output. The micro controller then evaluates the digital out depending on the program stored in the
memory. The program basically evaluates the output and compares it with the threshold values set
and performs specific functions.

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CHAPTER 3
WORKING OF PROPOSED SYSTEM
Working
Every deliberate movement a person makes involves contraction of several muscles in the body.
Skeletal muscles do not normally contract on their own; rather they are excited through a sequence
of electrical events involving the central and peripheral nervous systems. The very first step
involved is the tapping of muscle pulse from the forearm of the user with the help of surface
electrodes. Three electrodes are used simultaneously to tap the pulses, of which one of the electrode
acts as the reference electrode, other two electrodes act as the phase and neutral of the system
respectively. The surface electrode is generally made of Ag/Ag Cl. This conductive material is 3
times as thick as that of almost disposable electrodes, significantly improving the quality of the
recording.
The tapped signals will be of very feeble nature which should be further amplified.The signal is
therefore passed through an Instrumentation Amplifier both amplifying the signal and removing the
noise from it. The EMG signals are found to be in the frequency range 5 to 450 Hz and a BPF is
used to obtain required frequency components alone. Again a differential amplifier is used to
amplify the signals finally compensating for the losses in the BPF. The amplified signal is then
rectified to convert alternating signals from the forearm to dc. This dc is fed into an ADC from
which the digital signal corresponding to the real time EMG signals are obtained .These digital
signals can be used for control of several systems.

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Chapter 4
IMPLEMENTATION
4.5.1 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

Fig 4.1-Breadboard implementation

The above shown is the hardware implementation of our project. The programming is done using
arduino. Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and
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software. Its intended for anyone making interactive projects. Arduino senses the environment by
receiving inputs from many sensors, and effects its surroundings by controlling lights , motors and
other actuators.

4.5.2 SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION

Fig 4.2 Flowchart of the program

The software implementation begins with the initialising of variables used. The output and input
pins are defined. The signals that are continuously harnessed from the forearm of the user is
sampled and averaged. The serial communication begins. The obtained reading has to be
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constrained to the available data space and requirement. The final reading is mapped to the number
of LEDs that has to glow simultaneously. The corresponding output pins are made high depending
upon the program logic.

4.5.3 RESULT
EMG signals are tapped from the forearm of the user. These analog signals are converted to
digital signals using ADC after the required signal processing has been carried out. These signals
are then given to the required gadget that has to be controlled. For example, the output can be given
to a series of LEDs. The strength of muscle pulse obtained decides the number of LEDs that glow
simultaneously. The output can also be given to a stepper motor. In that case, the angular
displacement of the stepper motor is decided by the strength of the muscle pulse.

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Chapter5
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

5.1 CONCLUSION
The world is fast growing. There are still more technologies to be explored. The project proposed
here helps to make our lives simpler and easier. Its applications are widespread. It can be used in
medical applications for prosthetic limbs to make the life of the differently abled easier and helps
them to come to the forefront of the society. It can be used in space technology to repair and
position satellites. It can be used in electronic braking systems. The further enhancement of this
project will be a great boon to mankind in the years to come. Lets hope this project throws light
into the minds of all of mankind.

5.2 FUTURE SCOPE


With creative interface design any discrete response system can be performed using EMG systems.
It can be used to replace the physical movement of conventional control. The pattern recognition
approaches offer the greatest potential for discriminating signal from noise and for controlling
multiple degree-of-freedom systems. EMG signals may be most useful when applied in a manner
that combines aspects of system control and operator state monitoring. Moreover this system
employs an intelligent interpreter that monitors a range of system outputs. While such a system has
not been demonstrated, it may well represent the path to optimal utilization of human physiological
signals for control.

BIBILOGRAPHY
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1.

Waldemar Karwowski (2006). " International Encyclopedia for Ergonomics and Human
Factors

2.

Takuya Isho , Saitama Prefectural University , Japan. "Location of electrodes in surface


EMG ". IEEE transactions on rehabilitation engineering : a publication of the IEEE
Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society

APPENDINCES
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APPENDIX A

PCB LAYOUT

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APPENDIX B

Program for series LEDs


#define NUM_LED 2 //sets the maximum numbers of LEDs
#define MAX 150

//maximum posible reading. TWEAK THIS VALUE!!

int reading[10];
int finalReading;
byte litLeds = 0;
byte multiplier = 1;
byte leds[] = {8, 9};
void setup(){
Serial.begin(9600); //begin serial communications
for(int i = 0; i < NUM_LED; i++){ //initialize LEDs as outputs
pinMode(leds[i], OUTPUT);
}
}
void loop(){
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for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) //take ten readings in ~0.02 seconds


{ reading[i] = analogRead(A0) * multiplier;
delay(2); }
Serial.print(finalReading);
Serial.print("\t");
finalReading = constrain(finalReading, 0, MAX);
litLeds = map(finalReading, 0, MAX, 0, NUM_LED);
Serial.println(litLeds);
for(int k = 0; k < litLeds; k++){
digitalWrite(leds[k], HIGH);
}
//for serial debugging, uncomment the next two lines.
Serial.println(finalReading);
delay(100);
}

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