Bounds On Shannon Capacity

9/15/2016
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(6votes,average:4.83outof5)
BoundsonCommunicationbasedonShannonscapacity
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byK RI S HNA S A NK A R onJ UNE 1 8 , 2 0 0 8
Thisisthesecondpostintheseriesaimedatdevelopingabetterunderstandingof
Shannonscapacityequation.Inthispostletusdiscusstheboundsoncommunication
giventhesignalpowerandbandwidthconstraint.Further,thefollowingwriteupisbasedon
Section12.6fromFundamentalsofCommunicationSystemsbyJohnG.Proakis,Masoud
Salehi
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Inthefirstpostinthisseries,wehavediscussedShannonsequationforcapacityofband
limitedadditivewhiteGaussiannoisechannelwithanaveragetransmitpowerconstraint.
Thecapacityis,
bits/second
where
isthecapacityinbitspersecond,
isthenoisespectraldensity.
isthebandwidthinHertz,
isthesignalpowerand
Capacitywithincreasingsignalpower
Increasingthesignalpowerwillmeanthatwecansplitthesignallevelintomorenumberof
levelsevenwhileensuringlowprobabilityoferror.Henceincreasingsignalpowerwillleadto
morecapacity.However,astheincreaseincapacityisalogarithmicfunctionofpower,the
returnsarediminishing.
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B=1;
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N0=1;
P=[0:10^4];
C=B.*log2(1+P./(N0*B));
plot(P,C);xlabel('power,P');ylabel('bandwidth,B');ylabel('capacity,C
bit/sec');title('CapacityvsPower')
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Bandwidth
OnCapacity
NoiseLevel
Tag
2012Alamouti
AWGNBPSKCapacity
16PSK 16QAM 802.11a
CommunicationconferenceDigitalDiversity
http://www.dsplog.com/2008/06/18/boundsoncommunicationshannoncapacity/
ECEelectromagneticseyediagramfirstorder
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FSK
GATEGray
IISc interpolation
machine_learningMathMIMOMLMMSE
modulator
noiseNyquistOFDMPAMpdf
phasephase_noisePSKpulseshaping
QAMraisedcosineRayleighSICSTBC
TETRA transmitter Viterbi ZF
Ratings
SymbolErrorRate(SER)forQPSK(4QAM)
modulation
(5.00outof5)
BERforBPSKinISIchannelwithMMSE
equalization
(5.00outof5)
ChiSquareRandomVariable
of5)
(5.00out
Figure:CapacityvsPower,keepingNoiseandBandwidthtounity
UsingToeplitzmatricesinMATLAB
(5.00outof5)
Canobservethatincreaseincapacityisdiminishingaswekeepincreasethevalueofpower.
IQimbalanceintransmitter
5)
Capacitywithincreasingbandwidth
Biterrorratefor16PSKmodulationusingGray
mapping
(5.00outof5)
Thesecondvariabletoplaywithisthebandwidth.Increasingthebandwidthhastwoeffects:
Signaltoquantizationnoiseinquantizedsinusoidal
(5.00outof5)
1.Morebandwidthmeanswecanhavemoretransmissionspersecond,hencehigherthe
capacity.
BERforBPSKinISIchannelwithZeroForcing
equalization
(5.00outof5)
About
2.However,morebandwidthalsomeansthatthereismorenoisepoweratthereceiver.
(5.00outof
(5.00outof5)
NegativeFrequency
(5.00outof5)
Thelatterreducestheperformance.
Letustrytoevaluatethecapacityequationwhenbandwidth
tendstoinfinityi.e
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FromtheTaylorseriesexpansion,weknowthat
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Applyingthistotheaboveequation,
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Thismeansthatincreasingbandwidthalonewillnotleadtoincreaseofthecapacity.
Matlab/Octavescriptforplottingcapacityvsbandwidth
P=1;
N0=1;
B=[1:10^3];
C=B.*log2(1+P./(N0*B));
plot(B,C)
xlabel('bandwidth,BHz');ylabel('capacity,Cbit/sec');title('Capacityvs
Bandwidth')
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Figure:CapacityvsBandwidth,keepingsignalpowerandnoisepowertounity
Canobservethatthemaximumachievablecapacitybyincreasingbandwidthis1.44timesthe
value.
Capacity(inbit/sec/Hz)vsBittonoiseratio(Eb/No)
Fromourdiscussiontillnow,wehaveunderstoodthatapracticalcommunicationshouldhave
arate whichislowerthancapacity ,i.e.
bits/second.
Dividingbothsidesoftheequationbybandwidth
Comment
KrishnaSankaronDownloadfreeebookonerror
probabilityinAWGN
bits/second/Hz.
Further,fromourdiscussiononBiterrorratefor16PSKmodulationusingGraymapping,we
knowthatsymboltonoiseratiois timesthebittonoiseratio,i.e.
.
rohinionDownloadfreeebookonerrorprobability
inAWGN
yousifonAlamoutiSTBCwith2receiveantenna
KrishnaSankaronMIMOwithZeroForcing
equalizer
Substitutingthisintothecapacityequation,
KrishnaSankaronBitErrorRate(BER)forBPSK
modulation
bits/second/Hz.
KrishnaSankaronMIMOwithMMSEequalizer
Fornotationalconvenience,letusdefine asthespectralefficiencyinbits/second/Hertz.
KrishnaSankaronBERforBPSKinISIchannel
withZeroForcingequalization
Theaboveequationcanbeequivalentlyrepresentedas,
TopRatedposts
.
Intheaboveequation,when tendstozero,thebittonoiseratioshouldbe,
BitErrorRate(BER)forBPSKmodulation54
votes
BERforBPSKinRayleighchannel33votes
BERforBPSKinOFDMwithRayleighmultipath
channel32votes
AlamoutiSTBC29votes
MaximalRatioCombining(MRC)29votes
(ThankstoLHospitalsrule).
UnderstandinganOFDMtransmission21votes
Thismeansthatforreliablecommunication,weneedtohave
orequivalently
DownloadfreeebookonerrorprobabilityinAWGN
21votes
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expressingindecibels,
PeaktoAveragePowerRatioforOFDM20votes
MIMOwithMMSEequalizer19votes
MIMOwithZeroForcingequalizer19votes
Matlab/OctavescriptforplottingthecapacityinBits/sec/HzvsBittonoiseratio
r=[0:.001:10];
Eb_No_lin=(2.^r1)./r;
Eb_No_dB=10*log10(Eb_No_lin);
semilogy(Eb_No_dB,r)
axis([2200.110]);gridon
xlabel('Bittonoiseratio,Eb/NodB');ylabel('Spectralefficiency,R/W
bit/sec/Hz')
title('SpectralefficiencyvsBittoNoiseratio')
Figure:Spectralefficiencyvsbittonoiseratio
Theaboveplotcapturestheequation,
Itdividestheareaintotworegions:
(a)Intheregionbelowthecurve,reliablecommunicationispossibleand
(b)intheregionabovethecurve,reliablecommunicationisnotpossible.
Closertheperformanceofacommunicationsystemistothecurve,moreoptimalisthe
system.
Inthenextpostinthisseries,wewilldiscusstheperformanceofvariousmodulationschemes
likeBPSK,QPSK,QAMetcbymappingthemintovariouspointsintheaboveplot.
Reference
[COMMSYSPROAKISSALEHI]FundamentalsofCommunicationSystemsbyJohnG.
Proakis,MasoudSalehi
Relatedposts:
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Understanding
Shannons
capacityequation
ComparingBPSK,
QPSK,4PAM,
16QAM,16PSK,
Oscillatorphase
noise
Thermalnoiseof
RClowpassfilter
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Taggedas:AWGN,Capacity
idyoulikethisarticle?Makesurethatyoudonotmissanewarticlebysubscribing
to RSS feed OR subscribing to email newsletter. Note: Subscribing via email
entitlesyoutodownloadthefreeeBookonBERofBPSK/QPSK/16QAM/16PSKinAWGN.
{19commentsreadthembeloworaddone}
Sam
April28,2011at10:30am
HiKrishna,
Intheendofthistutorialyoutellthatinthenextpostwewilldiscusstheperformanceof
variousmodulationschemesonthecapacityvsbiterrorratiocurve.Haveyouwrittena
postonthat?IfnotIamneedlinghelptocalculatethecapacityoftheAWGNchannelfor
variousmodulationschemeslikeMPSKandMQAM.Canyoutellmehowtocalculatethat?
Thanksinadvance.
REPLY
KrishnaSankar
May26,2011at5:34am
@Sam:Yes,thearticleis@http://www.dsplog.com/2008/07/08/comparebpsk
qpsk4pam16qam16psk64qam32psk/
REPLY
ule
August18,2010at5:11pm
hikrishinathisisveryhelpfullblog
thankyou
REPLY
communications_engineer
February6,2010at9:13pm
HelloKrishna,howtoplotthethroughputagainstber?
Anunverifiablesourcetoldmethat
5/8
9/15/2016
IsitThroughtput=(1BER)*Capacity?
REPLY
KrishnaSankar
April4,2010at4:17am
@communications_engineer:Amnotsure.Whentalkingaboutthroughput(for
eg.inwirelesslancaseetc),weneedtoaccountforpreamble,mediaaccessoverheads
etc.But,ingeneraltheaboveequationseemstoberight
REPLY
Asad
December29,2009at1:45pm
HiKrishna,Iwanttoaskyouwhetherthereisawaytosimulatechannelcapacity.
MeaningifiwantedtoactuallyseehowmuchcapacitythechannelhasbasedontheBER
simulationofanysystem?
REPLY
donghak
November18,2009at5:51pm
sir.
Isawyour64QAMmatlabcode.suprisedyourability
Ifeelheavy,nottosove64QAMSER,BER..
Pleasecanyoupostme64QAMmatlabcode?
REPLY
KrishnaSankar
@donghak:Pleasechecktheposts
http://www.dsplog.com/2008/07/08/comparebpskqpsk4pam16qam16psk64qam
32psk/
http://www.dspdesignline.com/howto/208801783jsessionid=KQBZX4ZJRFCX0QSNDLRSKHSCJUNN2JVN?
pgno=1
IhavediscussedtheMQAMcase,whichyoucanadaptto64QAM.
REPLY
Arunkumar
January19,2010at2:10pm
sir,
Canyoupleasetellmesomethingaboutoutageandergodiccapacity.Iamdoing
projectinphysicallayernetworkcodingwithdiversity.
REPLY
SUBHA
September10,2009at1:56pm
Sir,
1.HowtofindtheSNRofWiMAX?
2.RelationbetweencapacityandPAPRofWiMAX?
REPLY
KrishnaSankar
September11,2009at5:22am
@SUBHA:
1/SNRdependsonthereceivedsignalpowerandthebandwidthofthereceiver.Foreg,
6/8
9/15/2016
ifthereceivedsignalpoweris80dBmandthereceivedbandwidthis20MHz(noisefloor
of101dBm),thentheSNRis21dB
2/Norelation.Capacitycorrespondstobits/seconds/Hz.PAPRisthepeaktoaverage
powerratio
REPLY
Jack
October22,2010at8:51am
Sir,whytheSNRisrelatedwiththereceivedbandwidth?
REPLY
carlos
August29,2009at9:48am
Hello.CanyouexplainmehowtoplotNyquistchannelcapacitywithMatLabor
Octave?
Ineedsomeexamplesofififyoucan=)
Thanks
REPLY
KrishnaSankar
September7,2009at5:19am
@carlos:NyquistcapacityORShannoncapacity?
REPLY
carlos
September11,2009at3:49pm
Nyquist=)
REPLY
basma
May13,2009at4:55am
iwouldliketoaskifiwanttodrawarelationbetweenR/WandEb/No
acordingtothisequation:R/W=log2(1+((R/w)*(Eb/No))
REPLY
KrishnaSankar
May20,2009at5:08am
@basma:ThisplotiscapturedintheplotFigure:CapacityvsPower,keeping
NoiseandBandwidthtounity.Agree?
REPLY
communicaitonsengineer
Krishnastartcodingtheoryforum,itdbeasuccess
MYemailiscommunications(underscore)engineer(at)yahoo(dot)com
REPLY
KrishnaSankar
December16,2008at6:18am
@communicaitonsengineer:Yeah,IhopetointegrateaforumtodspLogsome
timenextyear.
REPLY
7/8
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Bounds On Shannon Capacity

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9/15/2016

byK RI S HNA S A NK A R onJ UNE 1 8 , 2 0 0 8

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