Hong kong

Minimum Horizontal
Imposed Loads on
Protective Barriers to
Restrict or Control
Movement of Persons
Category

Areas where congregation of

people is not expected
Areas where people may
congregate but overcrowding
is not expected
Areas susceptible to
overcrowding

Line
Load
to be
appli
ed at
a
heig
ht of
1.1m
abov
e the
floor
level
(kN/
m)

Unif
orml
y
distr
ibute
d
load
to be
appli
ed
on
the
infill
betw
een
floor
and
top
rail
(kPa
)

Concentrated load to be applied on any part of the infill between floor and top rail
(kN)

0.75

1.0

0.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

3.0

1.5

1.5

The minimum unfactored wind load should not be less than 1.0% of unfactored dead load in
the appropriate load combinations 2 and 3 defined in clause 4.3. This load shall be applied
at each floor and calculated from the weight of that floor and associated vertical structure.
For the design of internal structures such as temporary seating in a concert hall, the design
unfactored lateral load shall be the greater of 1% of unfactored dead plus imposed loads
acting on the floors supporting the internal structures or that obtained from a lateral
pressure of 0.5 kN/m2 multiplied by the appropriate load factor. This pressure should be
applied to the enclosing elevation of the structure. If the specified loads from overhead
travelling cranes already include significant horizontal loads, it will not

horizontal forces
All practical structures contain imperfections such as lack of verticality and straightness of members. To
take into account of this, the lateral load resisting system of all structures should be capable of resisting
notional horizontal forces with a minimum of 0.5% of the factored dead and imposed loads applied at the
same level as the vertical loads. A minimum notional lateral pressure of 0.5 kN/m 2 shall be used if this
gives a higher lateral load than 0.5% of factored dead and imposed load. This pressure should be applied
to the enclosing elevation of the structure. No further partial load factor need be applied.
For certain temporary works in construction and sway ultra-sensitive structures, such as internal platform
floors, scaffolding, false work and grandstands, a larger minimum horizontal force shall be used. The
magnitude of this force shall be the greater of 1.0% of factored dead and live loads applied at the same
level or a notional lateral pressure of 1.0kN/m 2 on the enclosing elevation of the structure.

The notional horizontal forces should be assumed to act in any one direction at a time and should be
applied at each roof and floor level or their equivalent. They should be taken as acting simultaneously
with the factored vertical dead and imposed loads in load combination 1, see section 4.
The notional horizontal forces need not be applied when considering overturning, pattern loads, in
combination with other applied horizontal loads or with temperature effects. They need not be taken to
contribute to the net reactions at the foundations.
If the specified loads from overhead travelling cranes already include significant horizontal loads, the
vertical crane loads need not be included when calculating notional horizontal forces.
Reference should be made to the Code of Practice for Demolition of Buildings for the magnitude of
notional horizontal force for supporting structures used in demolition works.
As an alternative to considering notional horizontal forces, the initial imperfections of a structure may be
explicitly considered in a non-linear P- analysis as described in clause 6.4.
The following table summarises the lateral forces to be considered in design for the principle
combinations of load given in clause 4.3.
Description of load
Notional horizontal force
for normal structures

Principal load
combination
Load combination 1

Notional horizontal force

for temporary works in
construction (excluding
hoarding structures) and
sway ultra-sensitive
structures
Lateral loads from wind

Load combination 1

Lateral loads from soil and

water

Load combinations 2 and

3

Load combinations 2 and

3

Value to be used, larger

value of
0.5% of factored dead plus
live load or 0.5kN/m2
notional horizontal
pressure. The value used
need not be factored
further.
1.0% of factored dead plus
live load or a minimum
notional lateral pressure of
1.0 kN/m2. The value used
need not be factored
further.
Actual wind load, 1.0% of
unfactored dead load, or
for internal structures a
lateral pressure of
0.5kN/m2. The load used
should be multiplied by the
appropriate factor for that
combination.
Actual values as
calculated. The load used
should be multiplied by the
appropriate factor for that
combination.

US
Components and Cladding: The design wind pressure for components and cladding
of buildings shall not be less than a net pressure of 0.5 kN/m2 acting in either
direction normal to the surface.

EFFECTIVE WIND AREA, A: The area used to determine GCp. For component and
cladding elements, the effective wind area in Figs. 2.4.11 through 2.4.17 and 2.4.19
is the span length multiplied by an effective width that need not be less than one

third the span length. For cladding fasteners, the effective wind area shall not be
greater than the area that is tributary to an individual fastener.

2.4.4.3 COMPONENTS AND CLADDING For the design of components and cladding
the building must meet all the following conditions: 1. The mean roof height h must
be less than or equal to 18.3 m (h 18.3 m). 2. The building is enclosed as defined
in Section 2.4.2 and conforms to the windborne debris provisions of Section
2.4.11.3. 3. The building is a regularshaped building or structure as defined in
Section 2.4.2. 4. The building does not have response characteristics making it
subject to across wind loading, vortex shedding, instability due to galloping or
flutter; and does not have a site location for which channeling effects or buffeting in
the wake of upwind obstructions warrant special consideration. 5. The building has
either a flat roof, a gable roof with 45o , or a hip roof with 27o .

Icc
For live loads not exceeding 100 psf (4.8 kPa), the design live load for any structural
member supporting 150 sq ft (14 m2 ) or more may be reduced at the rate of 0.08%
per sq ft of the area supported. Such reduction shall not exceed 40% for horizontal
members, 60% for vertical members, nor R as determined by the following formula:
R = 23.1 (1 +D/L) where: R = Reduction in percent D = Dead load per sq ft of area
supported L = Live load per sq ft of area supported

Impact loads 1604.7.1 For structures carrying live loads which induce unusual
impact, the assumed live load shall be increased sufficiently to provide for same. If
not otherwise specified, the increase shall be: 1. For supports of elevators 100% 2.
For cab operated traveling crane support girders and their connections* 25% 3. For
pendant operated traveling crane support girders and their connections* ... . 10% 4.
For supports of light machinery, shaft or motor driven, not less than 20% 5. For
supports of reciprocating machinery or power-driven units, not less than 50% 6. For
hangers supporting floors and balconies 33% *Live loads on crane support girders
shall be taken as the maximum crane wheel loads.

Minimum wind load

The design pressure for components and cladding of buildings shall not be less than
10 pounds per square foot (0.479 kN/m2 ) acting in either direction normal to the
surface. The design force for open buildings and other structures shall not be less
than 10 pounds per square foot (0.479 kN/m2 ) multiplied by the area Af

Main WindForce Resisting System: The wind load to be used in the design of the
MWFRS for an enclosed or partially enclosed building or other structure shall not be
less than 0.5 kN/m2 multiplied by the area of the Part 6 12 building or structure
projected onto a vertical plane normal to the assumed wind direction. The design
wind force for open buildings and other structures shall be not less than 0.5 kN/m2 )
multiplied by the area Af . Components and Cladding: The design wind pressure for
components and cladding of buildings shall not be less than a net pressure of 0.5
kN/m2 acting in either direction normal to the surface.

Components and Cladding Net design wind pressures, Pnet, for the components and
cladding of buildings designed using Method 1 represent the net pressures (sum of
internal and external) to be applied normal to each building surface as shown in Fig.
2.4.3. pnet shall be determined by the following equation: pnet = Kzt I Pnet30
(2.4.2) where = adjustment factor for building height and exposure
from Fig. 2.4.3 Kzt = topographic factor as defined in Section 2.4.9 evaluated at
mean roof height, h I = importance factor as defined in Section 2.4.7 pnet30 = net
design wind pressure for Exposure A, at h = 9.1 m, and for I = 1.0, from Fig. 2.4.3
Minimum Pressures : The positive design wind pressures, pnet, from this section
shall not be less than +0.5 kN/m2 , and the negative design wind pressures, pnet,
from this section shall not be less than 0.5 kN/m2 .

Handrail design and construction

1608.2.1.1 Handrails shall be designed and constructed
for a concentrated load of 200 lb (890 N) applied at any
point and in any direction.
1608.2.1.2 Handrails located other than within
dwelling units shall also be designed and constructed
for a load of 50 plf (730 N/m) applied in any direction.
1608.2.1.3 Loading conditions in 1608.2.1.1 and
1608.2.1.2 shall not be applied simultaneously, but
each shall be applied to produce maximum stress in
each of the respective components or any of the supporting
components.
1608.2.2 Guardrail system design and construction
1608.2.2.1 Guardrail systems shall be designed and
constructed for a concentrated load of 200 lb (890 N)

applied at any point and in any direction at the top of

the guardrail.
1608.2.2.2 Guardrail systems located other than within
dwelling units shall be designed and constructed for a
load of 50 plf (730 N/m) applied horizontally at the
FLORIDA BUILDING CODE BUILDING 16.15

1608.2.2.3 -1609.4.3

required guardrail height and a simultaneous load of

100 plf (1459 N/m) applied vertically downward at the
top of the guardrail.
1608.2.2.3 The guardrail system shall also be designed
and constructed to resist a 200 lb (890 N) concentrated
horizontal load applied on a 1 sq ft area (0.093 m2) at
any point in the system including intermediate rails or
other elements serving this purpose.

bangladesh

COMPONENTS AND CLADDING.

LowRise Buildings and Buildings with h 18.3 m: Design wind pressures on component
and cladding
elements of lowrise buildings and buildings with h 18.3 m shall be determined from the
following equation:
kNm (2.4.22)
where
qh = velocity pressure evaluated at mean roof height h using exposure defined in Section 2.4.8.5
(GCp) = external pressure coefficients given in Figs. 2.4.11 through 2.4.16
(GCpi ) = internal pressure coefficient given in Fig. 2.4.5
Buildings with h > 18.3 m: Design wind pressures on components and cladding for all
buildings with h > 18.3 m
shall be determined from the following equation:
kN/m (2.4.23)
where
q = qz for windward walls calculated at height z above the ground
q = qh for leeward walls, side walls, and roofs, evaluated at height h
qi = qh for windward walls, side walls, leeward walls, and roofs of enclosed buildings and for
negative internal
pressure evaluation in partially enclosed buildings
qi = qz for positive internal pressure evaluation in partially enclosed buildings where height z is
defined as the
level of the highest opening in the building that could affect the positive internal pressure. For
buildings sited in
windborne debris regions, glazing that is not impact resistant or protected with an impact
resistant covering,
shall be treated as an opening in accordance with Section 2.4.11.3. For positive internal pressure
evaluation, qi
may conservatively be evaluated at height h (qi = qh )
(GCp) = external pressure coefficient from Fig. 2.4.17.
(GCpi ) = internal pressure coefficient given in Fig. 2.4.5. q and qi shall be evaluated using
exposure defined in
Section 2.4.8.3.
Part 6

28
2.4.13.5 ALTERNATIVE DESIGN WIND PRESSURES FOR COMPONENTS
AND

CLADDING IN BUILDINGS WITH 18.3 M < h < 27.4 M

Alternative to the requirements of Section 2.4.13.2, the design of components and cladding for
buildings with a
mean roof height greater than 18.3 m and less than 27.4 m values from Figs. 2.4.11 through
2.4.17 shall be used
only if the height to width ratio is one or less (except as permitted by Note 6 of Fig. 2.4.17) and
Eq. 2.4.22 is
used.
Parapets: The design wind pressure on the components and cladding elements of parapets shall
be designed by
the following equation:
(2.4.24)
where
qp = velocity pressure evaluated at the top of the parapet
GCp = external pressure coefficient from Figs. 2.4.11 through 2.4.17
GCpi = internal pressure coefficient from Fig. 2.4.5, based on the porosity of the parapet envelope.
Two load cases shall be considered. Load Case A shall consist of applying the applicable positive
wall pressure
from Fig. 2.4.11A or 2.4.17 to the front surface of the parapet while applying the applicable
negative edge or
corner zone roof pressure from Figs.2.4.11 through 2.4.17 to the back surface. Load Case B shall
consist of
applying the applicable positive wall pressure from Fig. 2.4.11A or 2.4.17 to the back of the
parapet surface,
and applying the applicable negative wall pressure from Fig. 2.4.11A or 2.4.17 to the front
surface. Edge and
corner zones shall be arranged as shown in Figs.2.4.11 through 2.4.17. GCp shall be determined
for appropriate
roof angle and effective wind area from Figs.2.4.11 through 2.4.17. If internal pressure is present,
both load
cases should be evaluated under positive and negative internal pressure.