Hypersensitivity Reactions

(Immunologic Tissue injury

Hypersensitivity)
Hypersensitivity is defined as an
exaggerated or inappropriate state of normal
immune response
Antigen-antibody reaction form of
lesions of hypersensitivity.
Lesions - are termed as hypersensitivity
reactions/ immunologic tissue injury( of w/c
4 types are described: type i, II, III and IV.
These 4 types of hypersensitivity reactions
are grouped into immediate and delayed
type accdng to: (a) rapidity,(b) duration,
(c)type of the immune response.
1. Immediate type - reaction occurs
immediately (within seconds to
minutes).
- B cell
mediated(humoral
antibodies)
-Type I, II and III.
2. Delayed type - reaction is slower in
onset
- develops within
24-48 hours
-effect is prolonged. It is
-T cell mediated
-Type IV reaction.
4 Types of Hypersensitivity Reactions:
Type I:
Type II:
Type III:
(Arthus)
Type IV:
or

Anaphylactic (Atopic) Reaction or

Immediate Hypersensitivity
Cytotoxic (Cytolytic) Reaction
Antibody Mediated Hypersensitivity
Immune Complex Mediated
Reaction
Delayed Hypersensitivity Reaction
Cell- Mediated Hypersensitivity

Autoimmune Diseases
Autoimmunity - state in which the body's
immune
system fails to distinguish
between 'self and non-self
-loss of tolerance
-opposite of immune tolerance.
Immune tolerance - present since fetal life
- ability of an individual to
recognize
self tissue and antigens.
How immune system distinguish self
from non-self antigens:
Immune system is able to distinguish self
from non-self antigens by the ffg
mechanisms:
Clonal elimination during embryonic
development,
-T cells maturing in the
thymus (acquire the ability

to distinguish self from nonself w/c are eliminated by

apoptosis for the tolerant
individual.
Concept of clonal anergy - T lymphocytes
(acquired the
ability to distinguish self
from non-self are not
eliminated but instead
become nonresponsive
and inactive.
Suppressor T cells -tolerance is achieved
by a
population of specific
suppressor T
cells which do not allow the
antigenresponsive cells to proliferate
and
differentiate.
Pathogenesis (Theories) of
Autoimmunity
2. Genetic factors - evidence in support in
patho of Autoimmunity under:
(a) increased expression of Class ll
HLA antigens on tissues involved in
autoimmunity.
(b) increased familial incidence of
some of the autoimmune disorders.
3 .Microbial factors lacks evidence in
support
-Infection w/
microorganisms and viruses
has been implicated in the
patho of autoimmune
diseases
Ex of viruses: EBV infection, Streptococci
& Klebsiella(less often), & Mycoplasma
Types of Autoimmune Disease:
Accdg to autoantibody formation:
1. Organ specific diseases
autoantibodies react against an organ
w/c causes chronic inflammatory
destruction
-tissues affected:
]
(a)endocrineglands(thyroid,
pancreatic islets of Langerhans,
adrenal cortex),
(b) alimentary tract,
(c) blood cells
2. Organ non-specific(Systemic)
diseases
- autoantibodies react w/ antigens w/c
causes systemic lesion
-systemic collagen diseases

Organ non-specific(systemic)
1. Systemic lupus erythematosus
2. Rheumatoid Arthritis
3. Scleroderma(Progressive systemic
sclerosis)

4. POly