QUESTIONS

1.

The horizontal component of the earths magnetic field at a place is B and angle of dip is 60.
What is the value of vertical component of earths magnetic field at equator?

A rectangular loop of wire is pulled to the right, away from the long straight
wire through which a steady current I flows upwards. What is the direction
of induced current in the loop?

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.
7.

8.

9.

Name the EM waves used for studying crystal structure of solids. What is its frequency
range?
11

For the same value of angle incidence, the angles of refraction in three media A, B and C are 15,
25 and 35 respectively. In which medium would the velocity of light be minimum?

Define the term threshold frequency in relations to photoelectric effects.

What is sky wave propagation?

How does focal length of a lens change when red light incident
on it is replaced by violet light? Give reason for your answer.

What is the function of a transmitter in a communication system?

Define the resolving power of a microscope. How is this affected when

(i) the wavelength of illuminating radiations is decreased, and
(ii) the diameter of the objective lens is decreased?
Justify your answer.

10.
A

In the figure given below, light rays of blue, green, red wavelengths are incident on an isosceles
right-angled prism. Explain with reason, which ray of light will be transmitted through the face
AC. The refractive index of the prism for red, green, blue light are 1 39, 1 424, 1 476 respectively.

Red
Green
2
Blue

90
B

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

The sum of two point charges is 7 m C. They repel each other with a force of 1 N when kept 30
cm apart in free space. Calculate the value of each charge.
2

The relative magnetic permeability of a magnetic material is 800. Identify the nature of magnetic
material and state its two properties.

Current in a circuit falls steadily from 5.0 A to 0.0 A in 100 ms. If an average e.m.f. of 200 V is
induced, calculate the self-inductance of the circuit.

Name the elecromagnetic radiations having the wavelength range from 1 nm to 10 -3 nm.
Give its two important applications.
2

Explain how a depletion region is formed in a junction diode.

16.
Write the truth table for the logic circuit shown below and identify the logic operation performed
by this circuit.
A

Y
B

17.

18.

19.

20.

A spherical conducting shell of inner radius r1 and outer radius r 2 has a charge Q. A charge q
is placed at the centre of the shell.
(a) What is the surface charge density on the (i) inner surface, (ii) outer surface of the shell?
(b) Write the expression for the electric field at a point x > r 2 from the centre of the shell.

State the principle on which the working of a meter bridge is based. Under what condition is the
error in determining the unknown resistance minimized?

How is a wavefront defined ? Using Huygens construction draw a figure showing the
propagation of a plane wave reflecting at the interface of the two media. Show that the angle of
incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

(a) Plot a graph comparing the variation of potential V and electric field E due to a point
charge Q as a function of distance R from the point charge.
(b) Find the ratio of the potential differences that must be applied across the parallel and the
series combination of two identical capacitors so that the energy stored, in the two cases,
becomes the same.

21.
X

Two parallel plate condition X and Y, have the same area of

plates and same separation between them. X has air between
the plates while Y contains a dielectric medium of r = 4.
(i) Calculate capacitance of each capacitor if equivalent
capacitance of the combination is 4 mF.
(ii) Calculate the potential difference between the plates of X
and Y.
(iii) What is the ratio of electrostatic energy stored in X and Y?

3
12 V

22.
A resistance R = 4 W is connected to one of the gaps in a
metre bridge, which uses a wire of length 1 m. An
unknown resistance X > 4 W is connected in the other
gap as shown in the figure. The balance point is noticed
at l from the positive end of the battery. On
interchanging R and X, it is found that the balance point
further shifts by 20 cm (away from end A). Neglecting
the end correction, calculate the value of unknown
resistance X used.

23.

24.

25.

X
R

G
3

J
A

l cm

(100l) cm

A proton and an alpha particle are accelerated through the same potential. Which one of the
two has (i) greater value of de-Broglie wavelength associated with it, and (ii) less kinetic
enrgy? Justify your answers.

In a Geiger Marsden experiment, calculate the distance of closest approach to the nucleus of
Z = 75, when an a-particle of 5 MeV energy impinges on it before it comes momentarily to rest
and reverses its direction.
How will the distance of closest approach be affected when the kinetic energy of the a-particle is doubled?
OR

(i) With the help of circuit diagrams distinguish between forward biasing and reverse
biasing of a p-n junction diode.
(ii) Draw V-I characteristics of a p-n junction diode in (a) forward bias, (b) reverse bias.
3

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

Which mode of propagation is used by short wave broadcast services having frequencies range
from a few MHz upto 30 MHz? Explain diagrammatically how long distance communication can
be achieved by this mode. Why is there an upper limit to frequency of waves used in this mode?

Draw a plot showing the variation of binding energy per nucleon versus the mass number A.
Explain with the help of this plot the release of energy in the processes of nuclear fission and
fusion.
3

Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the image formation by an astronomical telescope.
Derive the expression for its magnifying power in normal adjustment. Write two basic
features which can distinguish between a telescope and a compound microscope.
5

(a) Draw a schematic sketch of a cyclotron, explain its working principal and deduce the
expression for the kinetic energy of the ions accelerated.
(b) Two long and parallel straight wires carrying currents of 2 A and 5 A in the opposite
directions are separated by a distance of 1 cm. Find the nature and magnitude of the magnetic
force between. them.

(i) With the help of a labelled diagram, describe briefly the underlying principle and working of
a step up transformer.
(ii) Write any two sources of energy loss in a transformer.
(iii) A step up transformer converts a low input voltage into a high output voltage. Does it violate
law of conservation of energy? Explain.

ANSWERS

1.
2.

3.

No.
Zero

Direction of induced current in loop is clockwise.

Reason: Induced current opposes the motion of loop away from wire; as similar currents attracts,
so in nearer side of loop the current will be upward i.e., in loop current in clockwise.

X-Rays
Frequency range : 3 10 16 Hz 3 10 19 Hz.

4.

5.

6.

7.

sin i c
=
sin r v
For given i, v sin r ; r is minimum in medium A, so velocity of light is minimum in medium A.

From Snell's law n =

Threshold frequency is defined as the minimum frequency of incident radiation which can cause
photoelectric emission. It is different for different metal .

Skywave propagation is a mode of propagation in which communication of radiowaves (in

the frequency range 30 MHz40 MHz) takes place due to reflection from the ionosphere.
1
1
1
= (m -1)

f
R1 R 2
1
and m v > m R
f
(m -1)

We know

The increase in refractive index would result in decrease of focal length of lens. Hence, we can
say by replacing red light with violet light, decreases the focal length of the lens used.

8.

The function of transmitter is to convert the message signal produced by the source of information
into a form suitable for transmission through the channel.

9.

Unit of resolution of microscope

1 22l
dq =
2n sin q
1
Resolving power
unit of resolution
n sin q

(i) When wavelength l decreases, resolving power increases.

(ii) When diameter of obejctive lens decreases, q decreases; so resolving power decreases.

10. 7.

The critical angle for green light C g is

sin C g =

1
1
= 0 7022
=
n g 1 424

C g = sin - 1 ( 0 7022) = 44 6
\ The critical angle for red light
1
1
sin C r =
=

n r 1 39

C r = sin - 1 ( 0 7194) = 46

The critical angle for blue light

1
1
= 0 6775
sin C b =
=
n b 1 476

C b = sin - 1 ( 0 6775) = 42 6

As angle of incidence at face AC is 45,

which is smaller than critical angle for red ray but greater than critical angles, for green and blue
rays, therefore, red-way will be transmitted through the face AC.

11.

q1 + q2 = 7 10 -6 C

(1)

q1 q2
1
=1
4pe 0 ( 0 30) 2
or

q1 q2 =

1
9 10

q1 q2 = ( 4pe 0 ) ( 0 30) 2

9 10 -2 = 10 -11

(2)

( q1 - q2 ) 2 = ( q1 + q2 ) 2 - 4 q1 q2
= (7 10

-6 2

= 49 10

) - 4 10

-12

2
-11

- 40 10 -12 = 9 10 -12

q1 - q2 = 3 10 -6 C

(3)

Solving (1) and (3), we get

q1 = 5 10 -6 C, q2 = 2 10 -6 C

12.

q1 = 5 mC, q2 = 2 mC

The magnetic material is paramagnetic in nature.

For properties
The material having positive susceptibility is paramagnetic material.
Properties
(i) They have tendency to move from a region of weak magnetic field to strong magnetic field,
i.e., they get weakly attracted to a magnet.
(ii) When a paramagnetic material is placed in an external field the field lines get concentrated
inside the material, and the field inside is enhanced.

13.

Change in current ( DI ) = ( 0 0 - 5 0) A = - 5 0 A
Time taken ( Dt) = 100 10 -3 S
Induced emf ( e) = 200 V
Induced emf ( e) is given by
Df
e=Dt
D ( LI )
=Dt
DI
e = -L
Dt
or

L = -e.

Id

I
P

( )

(f = LI)

( 200) . (100 10 -3 )
Dt
=( - 5 0)
DI

L = 40 H

14.

15.

X-rays
Uses: (i) To study crystal structure.
(ii) to detect fracture in bones, stone in gall bladder and kidney etc.

Formation of depletion layer:

At the junction there is diffusion of charge carriers due to thermal agitation; so that some of
electrons of n-region diffuse to p-region while some of holes of p-region diffuse into n-region.
Some charge carriers combine with opposite charges to neutralise each other. Thus near the
junction there is an excess of positively charged ions in n-region and an excess of negatively
2

charged ions in p-region. This sets up a potential difference called potential barrier and hence an
internal electric field Ei across the junctions. The field Ei is directed from n-region to p-region.
This field stops the further diffusion of charge carriers. Thus the layers ( 10 - 4 cm to 10 - 6 cm)
on either side of the junction becomes free from mobile charge carriers and hence is called the
depletion layer.

16.

C = A, D = B
Y = CD = A B = A + B = A + B
The logic circuit performs OR-operation.
Truth table.
A

17.

(a) Charge Q resides on outer surface of spherical conducting shell.

Due to charge q placed at centre, charge induced on inner surface
is q and on outer surface it is +q. So, total charge on inner
surface -q and on outer surface it is Q + q.
q
Surface charge density on inner surface = 4pr12
Q+ q
Surface charge density on outer surface =
4pr 22

r2

Q +q

q -q
O r1

(b) For external points, whole charge acts at centre, so electric field at distance x > r 2 ,
1 Q+q
E( x ) =
.
4pe 0 x 2

18.

Working of meter bridge is based on Wheatstone bridge.

The error may be minimised by taking balancing length near the middle of the bridge.

19.

Wavefront: A wavefront is a locus of particles of medium all vibrating in the same phase.
C
Law of Reflection: Let XY be a reflecting surface at
which a wavefront is being incident obliquely. Let v
A'
B
A2
be the speed of the wavefront and at time t = 0, the
D
i A
wavefront touches the surface XY at A. After time t,
1
r
i
r
i
the point B of wavefront reaches the point B of the X
Y
A
B'
surface.
According to Huygens principle each point of wavefront acts as a source of secondary waves.
When the point A of wavefront strikes the reflecting surface, then due to presence of reflecting
surface, it cannot advance further; but the secondary wavelet originating from point A begins to
spread in all directions in the first medium with speed v. As the wavefront AB advances further, its
points A1 , A 2 , A 3 K etc. strike the reflecting surface successively and send spherical secondary
wavelets in the first medium.
First of all the secondary wavelet starts from point A and traverses distance AA ( = vt) in first
medium in time t. In the same time t, the point B of wavefront, after travelling a distance BB,
reaches point B (of the surface), from where the secondary wavelet now starts. Now taking A as
centre we draw a spherical arc of radius AA ( = vt) and draw tangent A B on this arc from point
B . As the incident wavefront AB advances, the secondary wavelets starting from points between
A and B, one after the other and will touch A B simultaneously. According to Huygens principle
wavefront A B represents the new position of AB, i.e., A B is the reflected wavefront
corresponding to incident wavefront AB.
Now in right-angled triangles ABB and AA B
(both are equal to 90)
ABB = AA B
side BB = side AA
(both are equal to vt)
and side AB is common
i.e., both triangles are congruent.
\
BAB = AB A
i.e., incident wavefront AB and reflected wavefront A B make equal angles with the reflecting
surface XY. As the rays are always normal to the wavefront, therefore the incident and the
reflected rays make equal angles with the normal drawn on the surface XY, i.e.,
angle of incidence i = angle of reflection r

20.

(a) The graph of variation of potential and electric field due to a point
charge Q with distance R from the point charge is shown in fig.
E
(b) Let C be capacitance of each capacitor.
E V
or
C
In series arrangement net capacitance C s = .
V
V
2
E
R
In parallel arrangement, net capacitance, C p = 2C
1
2
Energy stored U = CV
2
If VS and VP are potential differences applied across series and parallel arrangements, then
given
Us =U p
1
1

C S VS2 = C p V p2
2
2
Vp
Cs
C/2 1
=
=
=

Vs
Cp
2C
2
Examination Papers

223

21.

g
g
e0 A
(i) Capacitance of X, CX =
d
e e A
e A
Capacitance of Y, CY = r 0 = 4 0
d
d
CY
\
=4
CY = 4CX
CX

yp p

(1)

As X and Y are in series, so

CX CY
C eq =
CX + CY

4mF =

CX. 4CX
CX + 4CX

CX = 5 mF

and CY = 4CX = 20 mF

(ii) In series charge on each capacitor is same, so

Q 1
P.d. V =
C C
VX CY
=
= 4 VX = 4VY
\
VY CX
Also

VX + VY = 12

Energy stored in X
Energy stored in Y

UX
UY

Q 2 / 2CX
Q 2 / 2CY

=4

(2)
(3)

From (1) and (2),

4VY + VY = 12

VY = 2 4V
\
VX = 4 2 4 = 9 6 V
Thus potential difference across X, V X = 9 6 V, P.d. across Y, VY = 2 4 V
(ii)

CY
CX

=4

22.

From metre bridge formula

100 - l
R
l
X=
=

R
X 100 - l
l
(100 - l)
(1)
Given R = 4 W \
X=
4W
l
On interchanging R and X, the balance point is obtained at a distance (l + 20) cm from end A, so
l + 20
X
=
R 100 - (l + 20)
l + 20
X=
(2)

4W
80 - l
Equating (1) and (2)
(100 - l)
l + 20
4=
4
80 - l
l
Solving we get l = 40 cm
\ Unknown resistance,

100 - l
100 - 40
4W =
4W
l
40
X =6W
X=

23.

p
(i )

g
h
2mqV

de-Broglie wavelength, l =

h
,
2mp qp V

lp =

lp

la

2ma qaV

ma qa
.
mp qp

As ma = 4mp and qa = 2qp

lp
\
= 42 = 8
la
(ii)

la =

lp > la

i.e., Proton has greater de-Broglie wavelengths.

Kinetic energy, K = qV
Kp q p
e 1
=
=
=
Ka q a 2 e 2
Kp < Ka
i.e., proton has less kinetic energy.

24.

Let r0 be the distance of closest approach where the K.E of a-particle is converted into its potential
energy.
Given Z = 75, Ek = 5MeV
( 2e) ( Ze)
1
Ek =
4pe 0
r0
or

r0 =
r0 =

As

r0

1 ( 2e)( Ze)
4pe 0 E k

9 10 9 75 2 (1.6 10 -19 ) 2
6

5 10 1.6 10

-19

18 75 1.6 10 -10
8 10

= 2.7 10 -14 m

1
Ek

Hence, the distance of closest approach is halved if K.E is doubled.

25.

25.

g
p
p
(i) Forward Bias: In this arrangement the positive terminal of battery is connected to p-end
and negative terminal to n-end of the crystal, so that an external electric field E is
established directed from p to n-end to oppose the internal field Ei as shown in Fig. The
external field E is much stronger than internal field Ei .
Ei

Ei

n
+

+
(a) No current

(b) Forward current

Reverse Bias: In this arrangement the positive terminal of battery is connected to n-end
and negative terminal to p-end of the crystal, so that the external field is established to
help the internal field Ei as shown in Fig. Under the biasing the holes in p-region and the
electrons in n-region are pushed away from the junction to widen the depletion layer and
hence increases the potential barrier, therefore the current flow stops.
Ei

E
p

n
+

K
(c) Reverse current

+
Reverse biasing

(ii) V-I Characteristics of (a) forward bias and (b) reverse bias:
(a) Forward
bias

I (mA)
Avalanche
breakdown

() V

(b) Reverse
bias

(+)

I (A)

26.

The mode of propagation used by short wave

broadcast services having frequency range from a few
MHz upto 30 MHz is sky wave propagation.
The diagram is shown in fig.
There is an upper limit of frequency because for
frequency higher than 30 MHz the radiowaves
penetrate through the ionosphere and escape.

The internal resistance of a cell depends on

(i) distance (l) between electrodes.

Ionospheric
layers

Sky wave communication

The variation of binding energy per nucleon versus mass number is shown in figure.
9.0

Binding Energy per Nucleon (in MeV)

27.

O16
8.0C12
F18
He4 N14
7.0

Fe56
U238

6.0
Li7

5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0

H2

1.0
0.0

20

40

60

80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240

Mass Number

Inferences from graph

1. The nuclei having mass number below 20 and above 180 have relatively small binding
energy and hence they are unstable.
2. The nuclei having mass number 56 and about 56 have maximum binding energy 58
MeV and so they are most stable.
3. Some nuclei have peaks, e.g., 2 He 4 , 6 C12 , 8 O16 ; this indicates that these nuclei are
relatively more stable than their neighbours.
Explanation: When a heavy nucleus (A 235 say) breaks into two lighter nuclei (nuclear
fission), the binding energy per nucleon increases i.e, nucleons get more tightly bound. This
implies that energy would be released in nuclear fission.
When two very light nuclei ( A 10) join to form a heavy nucleus, the binding is energy per
nucleon of fused heavier nucleus more than the binding energy per nucleon of lighter nuclei,
so again energy would be released in nuclear fusion.

28.

Astronomical Telescope: Magnifying power of astronomical telescope in normal

adjustment is defined as the ratio of the angle subtended at the eye by the final image to the
angle subtended at the eye, by the object directly, when the final image and the object both
lie at infinite distance from the eye.

F0
a

b
a

Magnifying power, m =

(1)

As angles a and b are small, therefore, a tan a and b tan b.

tan b
From equation (1),
m=
tan a
In DA B C 2 ,

tan b =

A B
C 2 B

In DA B C 1 ,

tan a =

A B
C 1B

Put in equation (2),

m=

or

m=

(2)

A B C 1 B C 1 B

=
C 2 B A B C 2 B
f0
- fe

where C 1 B = f 0 = focal length of objective lens,

C 2 B = - f e = focal length of eye lens.
Negative sign of m indicates that final image is inverted.
The diameter of objective is kept large to increase (i) intensity of image, (ii) resolving
power of telescope.

Distinction
Telescope

Compound Microscopes

1.

Objective lens is of large focal length and Both objective and eye lenses are of small focal
eye lens is of small focal length.
lengths but focal length of eye lens is larger
than that of objective lens.

2.

Objective is of very large aperature.

Objective is of small aperture.

29.

(a)

Principle: The positive ions produced

from a source are accelerated. Due to
Dee-1
the presence of perpendicular magnetic
field the ion will move in a circular
path. The phenomenon is continued till
S
R.F.
oscillator
the ion reaches at the periphery where
an auxiliary negative electrode
Dee-2
(deflecting
plate)
deflects
the
accelerated ion on the target to be Beam
bombarded.
Expression for K.E. attained:
If R be the radius of the path and v max the velocity of the ion when it leaves the periphery,
then
qBR
v max =
m
The kinetic energy of the ion when it leaves the apparatus is,
q2B 2R 2
1
2
mv max
=
2
2m
When charged particle crosses the gap between dees it gains KE = q V
In one revolution, it crosses the gap twice, therefore if it completes n-revolutions before
emerging the does, the kinetic energy gained
K. E. =

Thus

= 2nqV
q2B 2R 2
K.E. =
= 2nqV
2m

(b) I 1 = 2 A , I 2 = 5 A, a = 1 cm = 1 10 -2 m
Force between two parallel wires per unit length is given by
I I
m
F= 0 1 2
2p
a
25
-7
= 2 10
= 20 10 -5 N (Repulsive)
-2
1 10

30.

(i) Principle: It is based on the principle of mutual inductance and transforms the alternating
low voltage to alternating high voltage and in this the number of turns in secondary coil is
more than that in primary coil. (i. e., N S > N p ).
Working: When alternating current source is connected to the ends of primary coil, the
current changes continuously in the primary coil; due to which the magnetic flux linked with
the secondary coil changes continuously, therefore the alternating emf of same frequency is
developed across the secondary.
Let N p be the number of turns in primary coil, NS the number of turns in secondary coil and f
the magnetic flux linked with each turn. We assume that there is no leakage of flux so that
the flux linked with each turn of primary coil and secondary coil is the same. According to
Faradays laws the emf induced in the primary coil
Df
...(i)
ep =-Np
Dt
and emf induced in the secondary coil
Df
...(ii)
eS = - NS
Dt
From (i) and (ii)
eS NS
...(iii)
=
ep Np
If the resistance of primary coil is negligible, the emf ( e p ) induced in the primary coil, will be
equal to the applied potential difference (V p ) across its ends. Similarly if the secondary circuit
is open, then the potential difference VS across its ends will be equal to the emf ( e S ) induced
in it; therefore
VS e S N S
...(iv)
=
=
= r (say)
Vp e p N p
where r =

NS
is called the transformation ratio. If i p and i s are the instantaneous currents in
Np

primary and secondary coils and there is no loss of energy; then

For about 100% efficiency,
Power in primary = Power in secondary
V p i p = VS i S
iS V p N p 1
...(v)
\
=
=
=
i p VS N S r

In step up transformer,

N s > N p r >1;

So
VS > V p and i S < i p
i.e., step up transformer increases the voltage.
Soft iron-core

Ns

Secondary

Primary

Np

Two coils on separate limbs of the core

(ii) Reasons for energy losses in a transformer:

(a) Joule Heating: Energy is lost in resistance of primary and secondary windings as heat
( I 2 Rt).
(b) Flux Leakage: Energy is lost due to coupling of primary and secondary coils not being
perfect, i.e., whole of magnetic flux generated in primary coil is not linked with the
secondary coil.
(iii) When output voltage increases, the output current automatically decreases to keep the power
same. Thus, there is no violation of conservation of energy in a step up transformer.