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Inner Surface Lining

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Structural Engineering Design Of Steel Beam Fastest Method With Example

Design Of Steel Beam Fastest


Method With Example
By Ranadip Chakraborty22:06:00Structural EngineeringComments : 5

Civil Engineering is vast field from Culverts to


Dam , Buildings To Steel Bridges, so as so the
Civil Engineering Materials, It includes Steel,
Concrete, Timber, Aluminium, Glass etc. Steel
Design is much easier in most of the cases than
RCC Design in Structural Engineering. Civil
Engineering Broadly has three main phase
namely Planning consisting of Drawing,
Estimating etc. Structural Engineering Design
consisting of Analysis of Structures and Design Of
Structures and last of all Execution which means
erecting the actual work according to the
Planning and Designing. Structural Engineering
has always been a field of respect amongst all
the Civil Engineers. Today I will discuss about a
part of Structural Engineering which will be
dedicated toward the Design of Steel Beam
specifically Steel I Beam. After reading this article
you will be able to design a steel beam by your

own without any problem. To make the


explanation easy for understanding I will
elaborate a simple yet considerably good
problem which will cover all your needs as far as
the Civil Engineering and Structural Design is
concerned. I know now a days all the Structural
Engineering Analysis and Design is being done by
Computer Software like STAAD Pro, Ansys and all
that, but without having the knowledge of
manual Design of civil and structural engineering
all those are useless because you will be not able
to understand the Design Data and the outcome
from the software.
But before going to start You need to understand
few things which I should tell you first or at the
later stage you may find some problem.

What is a Structural Engineer and Job


Profile :Civil Engineering as you already know is a vast
field with full of opportunities, there are every
aspect of civilization which is either directly or
indirectly elated and proportional with the growth
of the civil engineering field itself. Civil Eng ineering

mainly deals with the few categories of engineers who take cares of different things, like
Structural Engineer who deals with the all civil engineering structural design and analysis
works for the safety and stability of the structure. Another important filed very close to

bout
soil and its data collections tests bearing capacity
determinations etc. And there is also
Construction Engineers who do the actual
Structural Engineering is Geotechnical Engineering which deals with the all a

construction on the field. In civil engineering


structural engineer generally performs the
structural design of Beams columns foundations
slabs and other structural components, and also
does the analysis jobs of an existing structure for
determining its ability to carry loafs that it has
been designed for. These Structural Engineer are
well recognized amongst all the other fields of
civil engineering. Structural Engineer and there
jobs are mainly outsourced to a third party
structural engineering firms in most cases.
As a Civil Construction material steel was vastly
used in early days for building works and in cases
where the loads are heavy but now a days most
of the buildings are made of RCC however Steel
is used in the places like Steel Bridge Design,
Railways, Docks , Over bridges and etc. places
where the loads are very heavy because the
Bearing and Shearing capabilities of Steel is more
than Concrete. And many a buildings in places
like United Kingdom, United States, Australia and
many other modern countries Slab Beam and
Column Design are still being done with Steel as
a Civil Construction material. Steel which are
used in structural design as a construction
material are used in the form of Rolled Steel
Sections of different shapes like I Sections,
Channels, Tubes, and also in built up sections. For
Design of Steel beam mainly I sections are used.
Now remember that great equation of the Theory
of Bending which is (M/I) = (f/y) = (E/R) , I know
you can steel recall this dont you?. Okay let us

just recap it in an easy way, in this equation the


denotations are as follows :M = Bending Moment Acting on the Beam due to
loads
I = Moment of Inertia of the Beam section
f = Bending Stress in the Steel Beam
y = Distance between the any fibre of section
and the Neutral Axis [For getting maximum
Bending Stress the value of y must be maximum
as the Bending Stress is directly proportional to
the distance between fibre at a point and the
Neutral Axis, hence we need to consider extreme
fibre which gives maximum value of 'y', this
equals to h/2 where h is the depth of section, as
the Neutral Axis of symmetrical sections like ISection will fall at its C.G.]
E = Modulus of Elasticity of the Beam section
R = Radius of Curvature of the Shape of Bending
of the Beam
But we wont be needing all these, we just need
the (M/I) =(f/y) for the design of steel beam.
Now we can rewrite the equation (M/I) =(f/y) as
(M/f) = (i/y) can we? Yes we surely can by cross
multiplication. Here the term obtained (i/y) is
known as Section Modulus and this is a very
important factor because upon it the strength of
any section depends. Actually When the
Maximum distance between Neutral Axis and the
fibre is considered, that is the distance between
the Neutral Axis and the extreme fibre, meaning
the maximum value of 'y', This term (i/ymax) or

Section Modulus is denoted with Z , therefore


Z=(i/ymax) . I hope up to this level you have
understood, and these things you have already
studied in structural analysis isnt it? Yes you
have for sure. So basically in a Structural Steel
Design of Beam we will design the beam for
flexur, that is for Maximum Bending Moment and
then chose a suitable Beam section from the list
of available sections which varies from country to
country and this list can obtained from bureau of
standards of your country. And after choosing
that section then we will check for other factors
like Shear Stress, Deflection and look if that
section can stand safely. Thats all isnt it simple?
Okay now lets get started, I will discuss How to
Design a Steel Beam in Step By Step that You
cannot escape without Understanding.
Let us consider a problem for explanation,
suppose there is a hall room measuring 15m X
6m inside and the walls are 250mm thick. And it
is given or you have thought to provide beams at
a centre to centre distance of 3m apart. The
beams are supporting a R.C.C. roof slab of
150mm thick with finishing on it, the flanges
being restrained on slab. The Hall is a
commercial type building. So let us design these
beams.

Step 1 Preparing a Neat Sketch from the Problem For


Steel Beam Design :-

This is important in all types of Civil Engineering Structural Design


Problem. As You know Drawing is the Language of Engineers and Line is
the Language of Drawing, so prepare a neat drawing after reading the
problem and give all the dimensions possible in the drawing. A Drawing is
a must and it must be 100% correct as all the designing will be dependent
upon this drawing. So prepare the drawing with caution. Here Ive
prepared one, now study it thoroughly, What Data you are getting? Yes the
inside dimensions of the room that is 15m X 6m, This thickness of the wall
which will act as the bearing of the beam are 250mm thick, and the
Centre to Centre distance between the beam that is 3m.

STEEL BEAM PLAN

Step 2 Calculation of the Influence Area of the


Structural Steel Beam :The

Influence Area of a Beam means the area of


which the loads are acting that beam, or simply
you can say that the beams have to be designed
for the loads on that area that is the influence
are. Here in this particular problem we see that
all the beams are in a similar situation, that
means they are within a same room and same
direction, they are supporting the same roof with
same finishing, and these beams are spaced at a

same distance, that means the condition of all


these beams are identical to each other, so we
will do structural design for any one of the beams
and that design will be fit for other beams. If the
conditions were not identical then we have to
design each of them individually for economy or
we have to design the beam which is having the
greatest load on it. Let us consider the Beam B
for Design
Here all beams are 3m apart C/C distance from
each other, hence a single beam B is having
Beam A on the left at 3m distance apart and
Beam C on the right side is also 3m apart, so the
Beam B is supporting half of the load of the area
between Beam B and Beam A on the left side and
on the right side the Beam B is supporting half of
the load of the area between Beam B and Beam
C. Hence it means on the left side supporting a
strip of (3/2) = 1.5m width and on the right side
again supporting a strip of (3/2) = 1.5m width. So
the influence area becomes a strip of width 1.5m
+ 1.5 m = 3m and its length being from centre to
centre of the bearing at the each end of the
Beam that is the Effective Length of the Beam.

STEEL BEAM I - SECTION

Step 3 Calculation Of Loads acting on the Steel Beam :-

Now we have to calculate the loads acting on


that influence area as calculated above as Civil
Engineering Structural Design will be based on
these Loads. These loads can be broadly
classified as Dead Loads and Live Loads. Dad
loads means the loads coming from all
unmovable Objects like Slab, Beam itself,
Flooring etc. and Live Loads Means the load
coming due to the movable objects such as we
humans, furniture and other movable loads.
Generally Dead Loads are calculated and Live
Loads are specified according to the Type of the
structure, varying in intensities with different
types. Like for residential building generally it is 2
KN/ m2 and for Commercial Building it is 4 KN/m2.
The Dead Loads which are to be calculated are as
follows:Dead Loads 1) Self weight of beam(Assumed
1KN per m)
2) Load of slab supported @25 KN /m3 for R.C.C.
3) Load of floor finishing (generally 0.5KN/m2)
4) Load of Brickwork if any @19.2 KN/m3
All the loads are to be calculated on per m run
basis so that it becomes a U.D.L. The total load
acting on the beam will be the sum of the Dead
Loads and Live Loads
Therefore, Total Load per metre run, w = Dead
Loads + Live Loads

Here in this case the load calculation will be as


follows :
A) Dead Loads
I.
Due to the self weight of the
beam 1 KN/m
II.
Due to the 150mm thick slab = (1
x 3 x 0.15) x 25 = 11.25
KN/m
that is [Length x
Breadth x Thickness] x Density
III.
Due to Floor Finishing @ 0.5
KN/m2 = (1 x 3) x 0.5 = 1.5
KN/m
that is [Length x
Breadth] x Load Intensity
B)Live Load - @ 4 KN/m2 = (1 x 3) x 4 = 12
KN/m [Length x Breadth] x Load Intensity
Therefore, Total Load per metre run, w = (1 +
11.25 + 1.5) +12 = 13.75 + 12 = 25.75 KN/m

Step 4 Calculation of Effective Length Steel Beam :-

It is taken as the length between the centre of


bearings of the beam at each end.
Therefore in our case having a clear span of 6m
and 250mm support at each end by means of
wall we get,
Effective length, l = 6 + (0.25/2) + (0.25/2) =
6+0.125+0.125 = 6.25m

Step 5 Calculation of Maximum Bending Moment On


The Steel Beam :-

Here we will introduce the Structural Steel Beam


Design Formulae for the first time. Now calculate
the maximum bending moment acting on the
beam by adopting suitable formula which are as
follows :i)
For point load at the mid span of the
beam: M = (w.l/4)
ii)
For U.D.L. Throughout the span of the
beam :- M= (w.l2/8)
iii)
For Point load at any point of beam :- M
= (w.a.b/l)
For any unusual loading you have to calculate the
maximum bending moment and shear force by
shear force bending moment diagram drawing
procedure.
Here in this case as we are having a U.D.L. of
25.75 KN/m throughout the span hence we will
use the second formula that is M = (w.l2/8)
Therefore, in our problem we get,
Maximum Bending Moment, M = (w.l2/8) =
((25.75 x 6.252)/8) = 125.73 KN-m
= 125.73 x1000 x 1000 N-mm = 125730000 Nmm
Step 6 Calculation of Section Modulus Required For
Steel I Beam :-

Here we will use another Civil and Structural


Engineering Design Formula for steel beam
design. Here we will determine the Section

Modulus required in order to resist the Maximum


Bending Moment acting on the beam. At the star
of this article we had found that (M/I) = (f/y) or
(M/f) = (i/y) again Z=(i/ymax) therefore we can
rewrite it as Z=(M/f). The value of f depends
upon the grade of steel and factor of safety.
Considering Fe250 Grade of steel, and according
to code of practice of the different country the
factor safety will vary for obtaining the
permissible stress (f) from the Yield Strength of
Steel. Here I will follow the IS 800 Code and
according to it Maximum Permissible Stress =
0.66 X Yield Strength. But in case of I beam and
channel with equal flanges the permissible
bending compressive stress shall be calculated
from the table given in the code by knowing the
value of ((D/T)/(l/ryy)) where,
D = Overall depth of the beam
T = Mean thickness of gthe compression flange,
which equals to the area of horizontal portion of
flange divided by width
l = Effective length of compression flange
ryy = Radius of gyration of section about its axis
of minimum strength (y-y axis)
However the value of permissible compressive
stress shall never exceed 0.66fy, where fy = Yield
Strength of Steel. Here for easy understanding
considering that the permissible compressive
stress has got the same value that of 0.66fy.
in case of Fe250 the Yield Strength is 250 N/mm2,
Hence Maximum Permissible Stress, f = 0.66 x
250 = 165 N/mm2.
Thus returning to our problem we get that,

Zrequired = (M/f) = (125730000/165) = 762000


mm3
[Unit Derivation, Z = (i/ymax) =
4
(mm /mm) = mm3]
For selecting a suitable section from the steel
table that is the chart of Rolled Steel Section we
have to get the value in terms of cm3, Hence
762000 mm3 = (762000/(10x10x10)) = 762 cm3

Step 7 Steel I Beam Selection of Suitable Section from


Steel Table :-

Now we have to use the steel table which has the


standard Rolled Steel Section List and their
properties written on. These Tables are country
specific and will vary from United Kingdom to
United States to Australia to India. So you need
to use your country specific steel table. We have
to choose a section, preferably a I Section from
the Steel Table, which will have a Section
Modulus (use section modulus about x-x
axis) or Z equal to or greater than what is
found to be required (Zrequired), and also have to
note all necessary properties of that Steel
Section. In our case I will use SP-6 Steel Table,
and I have found the following section to be
suitable in case of our Civil Engineering Design
Problem:Let us Try ISMB 350 @52.4 kg/m Having the
following properties,
Sectional Area, a =66.71 cm2

Depth of Section, h = 350mm


Thickness of Web, tw = 8.1mm
Moment of Inertia, Ixx = 13630.3cm4
Section Modulus, Zxx = 778.9 cm3

Step 8 Check For Shear Of Steel Beam :-

As of now we have made a design based on


flexural strength that is based on Maximum
Bending Moment, and selected such a section
which will be safe in Bending. Now we have to
check if that section will be safe in shear or not.
For this we have to calculate the Maximum Shear
Force acting on the beam, as for U.D.L. this can
be calculated by using the Structural Engineering
Analysis Formula V=(w.l/2) , where,
V = Maximum Shear Force
w = Load per metre run
l = Effective Length of the Beam
Then by this shear force we have to calculate the
average shear stress on the beam due to the
Maximum Shear Force, by using the formula Tva =
(V/h.tw), After getting this Average Shear Stress
we have to calculate the permissible Shear Stress
which depends upon the grade of steel and also
upon the factor of safety which is varying
according to Code of Practice of different country,
according to IS 800 Permissible Shear Stress =
0.4 x Yield Strength of Steel, Hence for Fe250
Grade Steel we get, Permissible Shear Stress,
Tvm = 0.4 x 250 = 100 N/mm2. Now if the

permissible stress is greater than or equal to that


of the Average Shear Stress on Beam then the
Section is Safe In Shear, or else it is unsafe
therefore, we have to select the next higher
section in terms of Section Modulus and area of
Web (h.tw) and give trial for shear check, until it
becomes safe.
In Our case of problem it will be as follows :Maximum Shear Force, V = (w.l/2) = ((25.75 x
6.25)/2) = 80.45 KN = 80450 N
Average Shear Stress in Beam, Tva = (V/h.tw) =
(80450/(350 x 8.1)) = 28.38 N/mm2 < 100 N/mm2
Hence the section is Safe In Shear.

STEEL COLUMN BEAM CONNECTION

Step 9 Check for Deflection Of Steel Beam :-

We are almost done in the Design of Steel Beam,


this the last check we have to perform, the rule is
same, if the section satisfies the check then it is
safe, or otherwise we have to check with another
section having more depth (h). For this check we
have to calculate the Actual Deflection on the

beam by using the Structural Analysis Formula in


case of U.D.L. the formula is :Del(Symbolic) = (5/384) x (W.l3/E.I)
Where,
Del = Deflection in cm
W = Total Load = w.l in N
E = Modulus of Elasticity, For Steel E = 2 x
105 N/cm2
l = Effective Length in cm
[ Small L]
4
I = Moment of Inertia in cm [Notation = Capital
Eye]
And Permissible Deflection = l/300
Here, In the case of our problem the calculations
will be as follows :W = Total Load = w.l = 25.75 x 6.25 = 160.94 KN
= 160940 N
E = 2 x 107 N/cm2
l = 6.25 m = 625 cm
I = 13630.3 cm4
Actual Deflection, Del = (5/384) x (W.l3/E.I) =
(5/384) X ((160940 X 6253)/((2x107) X 13630.3))
= 1.877 cm
Permissible Deflection = l/300 = 625/300 = 2.083
cm > Actual Deflection, Hence Safe.
Therefore The Section selected by us is Safe in All
Respects.
Therefore Let Us Provide ISMB 350 @ 52.4 kg/m
Do Really Think that You Know The Dark Secrets
Behind the Shear Force and Bending Moment????
Really!!!!! Take A Look

Apart from these checks there are also other


checks like, Check for Vertical Buckling
[Important for Point Loads], Check for Direct
Compression in Web, Check for Diagonal
Buckling.This check procedure have not been
included in this article now, but will be Updated
Soon.
For making this Article Universal I've used only
Common Terms and Denotations which are well
known in all of the Countries Like United
Kingdom, United States, Australia, India and
other places, as the Denotations may vary Code
to Code of Different Countries.
Now the Structural Design of Steel Beam has
successfully completed in all respect. I hope You
understood all along with ease, Ive made it as
much as easy as possible. Do Share the Link of
this Article On Your Network Of People of All
Fellow Civil Engineers and Your Social Network as
a Token for Appreciation of this Article if this
Article Helped You in Understanding.Keep Visiting
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at www.technogenome.com. Please do comment
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5 COMMENTS :
1.

EbramJuly 29, 2015


Great

work

Mr.Ranadip

I am doing a research on the difference between codes for designing simple beam to see
how it will be the differences and i wonder if you could help me for providing the codes
like
If

Indian
you

could

code,

uk

provide

us

and

if

the

table

for

you

know

sections

for

any
the

other
other

resources
countries

Again i'd love to thank you very much for that example, have a nice day.
Reply
2.
KOUSIK MITRAAugust 21, 2015
Mr. Ranadip, the code used for the type of beam design is perhaps IS:800-2000.Pl.explain
the method using IS:800-2007
Reply

3.

Uday KarandikarSeptember 13, 2015


Mr.Ranadip,
You have made beam design calculations lucidly simple. Many thanks and compliments.
Had I come across such clear & step by step explanation of beam design 35 years ago I
would have certainly opted to be a civil engineer. Incidentally I have a steel/Pre-stressed
RCC I beam design problem for which I need advise. Is it possible to connect with you by
e-mail. Please inform. Best regards. Uday Karandikar
Reply

4.

Ankita PalMay 15, 2016


thank u so much , Mr Ranadip ,it helped me a lot for revision during exam time , but i
want that there should some example on roof truss also :)
Reply
Replies

1.
Ranadip ChakrabortyMay 15, 2016
I appreciate you comment highly, thanks for stopping by the comment section.I will
definitely try to take care of your request, as I'm already getting too many requests for
writing more on Structural Engineering. But unfortunately at this moment I'm a little busy
with something, hoping to catch you soon. till then enjoy Techno Genome at
www.technogenome.com and My Civil at www.mycivil.engineer , and do share this link of
web address and help this website to grow. Than You.
Thanks For Stopping By, Please Give a Second to Share Your Thoughts About The Article

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